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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Winners and nominees 2 References 3 External links World Fantasy Award—Novella Français Русский Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item World Fantasy Award—Novella Awarded for The best fantasy story of 10,000 to 40,000 words published in English in the prior calendar year Presented by World Fantasy Convention First award 1982 Most recent winner R.B. Lemberg , (Yoke of Stars) Website worldfantasy.org/index.php/awards/ The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction published in English during the previous calendar year. The awards have been described by book critics such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", [ 1 ] and one of the three most prestigious speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The World Fantasy Award—Novella is given each year for fantasy stories published in English. A work of fiction is eligible for the category if it is between 10,000 and 40,000 words in length; awards are also given out for longer pieces in the Novel category and shorter lengths in the Short Fiction category. The Novella category has been awarded annually since 1982, though between 1975—when the World Fantasy Awards were instated—and 1982 the short fiction category covered works of up to 40,000 words. [ 4 ] In 2016, the name of the category was changed from Best Novella to Long Fiction, before reverting to Novella in 2018. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. [ 4 ] [ 8 ] The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors [ 9 ] and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. [ 4 ] The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. [ 8 ] Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree. [ 10 ] During the 44 nomination years, 161 authors have had works nominated; 43 of them have won, including ties and co-authors. Only five authors have won more than once: Elizabeth Hand , with three wins out of nine nominations; Richard Bowes , with two wins out of three nominations; K. J. Parker , who also won twice out of three nominations; Ellen Klages , with two wins out of two nominations; and Kij Johnson , also with two wins out of two nominations. Of authors who have won at least once, Hand has the most nominations, followed by George R. R. Martin at five and Ursula K. Le Guin at four. Lucius Shepard has the most nominations without winning and the most overall at ten; he is followed by Kim Newman , who has six nominations without winning. Winners and nominees In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a yellow background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; the other entries are the other nominees on the shortlist. * Winners Year Author Work Publisher/publication Ref. 1982 Parke Godwin * " The Fire When It Comes " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 11 ] C. J. Cherryh Ealdwood Donald M. Grant [ 11 ] Robert Holdstock " Mythago Wood " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 11 ] Karl Edward Wagner " The River of Night's Dreaming " Whispers III ( Doubleday ) [ 11 ] 1983 Charles L. Grant * " Confess the Seasons " Perpetual Light ( Warner Books ) [ 12 ] Karl Edward Wagner * " Beyond Any Measure " Whispers [ 12 ] Stephen King " The Breathing Method " Different Seasons ( Viking Press ) [ 12 ] Fritz Leiber "Horrible Imaginings" Death ( Playboy Press ) [ 12 ] Charles L. Grant "Night's Swift Dragons" Nightmare Seasons ( Doubleday ) [ 12 ] 1984 Kim Stanley Robinson * " Black Air " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 13 ] Scott Baker " The Lurking Duck " Omni [ 13 ] Michael Bishop " The Monkey's Bride " Heroic Visions ( Ace Books ) [ 13 ] Tanith Lee "Nunc Dimittis" The Dodd, Mead Gallery of Horror ( Dodd, Mead and Company ) [ 13 ] Elizabeth A. Lynn The Red Hawk Cheap Street [ 13 ] 1985 Geoff Ryman * " The Unconquered Country " Interzone [ 14 ] Stephen King " The Ballad of the Flexible Bullet " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 14 ] Gerald Pearce "In the Sumerian Marshes" Amazing Stories [ 14 ] Clive Barker " Jacqueline Ess: Her Will and Testament " Clive Barker's Books of Blood, Vol. II ( Sphere Books ) [ 14 ] Lucius Shepard " The Man Who Painted the Dragon Griaule " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 14 ] 1986 T. E. D. Klein * " Nadelman's God " Dark Gods ( Viking Press ) [ 15 ] David Morrell "Dead Image" Night Visions 2 (Dark Harvest) [ 15 ] Chelsea Quinn Yarbro "Do I Dare to Eat a Peach?" Shadows 8 ( Doubleday ) [ 15 ] Peter Dickinson "Flight" Imaginary Lands ( Ace Books ) [ 15 ] Kate Wilhelm " The Gorgon Field " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] 1987 Orson Scott Card * " Hatrack River " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Connie Willis "Chance" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Clive Barker " The Hellbound Heart " Night Visions 3 (Dark Harvest) [ 16 ] Tim Powers Night Moves Axolotl Press [ 16 ] J. N. Williamson " The Night Seasons " Night Cry [ 16 ] 1988 Ursula K. Le Guin * " Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 17 ] Robert R. McCammon "Best Friends" Night Visions 4 (Dark Harvest) [ 17 ] Alan Rodgers " The Boy Who Came Back from the Dead " Masques II (Maclay & Associates) [ 17 ] Alan Moore " A Hypothetical Lizard " Liavek: Wizard's Row ( Ace Books ) [ 17 ] Scott Baker "Nesting Instinct" The Architecture of Fear ( Arbor House ) [ 17 ] George R. R. Martin " The Pear-Shaped Man " Omni [ 17 ] Lucius Shepard "Shades" In the Field of Fire ( Tor Books ) [ 17 ] 1989 George R. R. Martin * " The Skin Trade " Night Visions 5 (Dark Harvest) [ 18 ] Jane Yolen " The Devil's Arithmetic " Viking Kestrel [ 18 ] Sheri S. Tepper " The Gardener " Night Visions 6 (Dark Harvest) [ 18 ] Lucius Shepard " The Scalehunter's Beautiful Daughter " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] 1990 John Crowley * " Great Work of Time " Novelty ( Doubleday ) [ 19 ] Michael Bishop Apartheid, Superstrings, and Mordecai Thubana Axolotl Press [ 19 ] Howard Waldrop A Dozen Tough Jobs Mark V. Ziesing [ 19 ] Lucius Shepard " The Father of Stones " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 19 ] Joe R. Lansdale " On the Far Side of the Cadillac Desert with Dead Folks " Book of the Dead ( Bantam Books ) [ 19 ] 1991 Pat Murphy * " Bones " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] F. Paul Wilson " The Barrens " Lovecraft's Legacy ( Tor Books ) [ 20 ] Jonathan Carroll Black Cocktail Legend Press [ 20 ] Joe Haldeman " The Hemingway Hoax " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] 1992 Robert Holdstock * " The Ragthorn " A Whisper of Blood ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 21 ] Garry Kilworth * Kristine Kathryn Rusch The Gallery of His Dreams Axolotl Press [ 21 ] C. J. Cherryh "Gwydion and the Dragon" Once Upon a Time ( Legend Press ) [ 21 ] Charles de Lint Our Lady of the Harbour Axolotl Press [ 21 ] S. P. Somtow " The Pavilion of Frozen Women " Cold Shocks ( Avon ) [ 21 ] Darrell Schweitzer "To Become a Sorcerer" Weird Tales [ 21 ] 1993 Peter Straub * " The Ghost Village " MetaHorror ( Abyss ) [ 22 ] Charles de Lint "Paperjack" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Bradley Denton " The Territory " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Jonathan Carroll "Uh-Oh City" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Nina Kiriki Hoffman Unmasking Axolotl Press [ 22 ] 1994 Terry Lamsley * " Under the Crust " Under the Crust (Wendigo) [ 23 ] Elizabeth Hand " The Erl-King " Full Spectrum 4 ( Bantam Spectra ) [ 23 ] Harlan Ellison Mefisto in Onyx Mark V. Ziesing [ 23 ] Jack Cady " The Night We Buried Road Dog " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] Walter Jon Williams "Wall, Stone, Craft" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] 1995 Elizabeth Hand * " Last Summer at Mars Hill " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 24 ] Peter Straub "Fee" Borderlands 4 (Borderlands Press) [ 24 ] Brian W. Aldiss " The God Who Slept With Women " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Lucius Shepard " The Last Time " Little Deaths ( Millennium ) [ 24 ] Kim Newman "Out of the Night, When the Full Moon Is Bright..." The Mammoth Book of Werewolves ( Carroll & Graf Publishers ) [ 24 ] Robert Devereaux " A Slow Red Whisper of Sand " Love In Vein ( HarperPrism ) [ 24 ] 1996 Michael Swanwick * " Radio Waves " Omni [ 25 ] Ursula K. Le Guin "Ether OR" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 25 ] Nina Kiriki Hoffman "Home for Christmas" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] Jonathan Lethem " The Insipid Profession of Jonathan Hornebom " Full Spectrum 5 ( Bantam Spectra ) [ 25 ] Michael Marshall Smith "More Tomorrow" Dark Terrors ( Victor Gollancz ) [ 25 ] Tim Powers Where They Are Hid Charnel House [ 25 ] 1997 Mark Helprin * A City in Winter Viking Ariel [ 26 ] Suzy McKee Charnas "Beauty and the Opéra or The Phantom Beast" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] George R. R. Martin " Blood of the Dragon " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] Susan Palwick "GI Jesus" Starlight 1 ( Tor Books ) [ 26 ] Michael Marshall Smith "Hell Hath Enlarged Herself" Dark Terrors 2 ( Victor Gollancz ) [ 26 ] 1998 Richard Bowes * " Streetcar Dreams " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 27 ] Kim Newman "Coppola's Dracula" The Mammoth Book of Dracula ( Robinson Publishing ) [ 27 ] Brian Hodge " The Dripping of Sundered Wineskins " Love In Vein II ( HarperPrism ) [ 27 ] Ellen Kushner " The Fall of the Kings " Bending the Landscape: Fantasy ( White Wolf Publishing ) [ 27 ] Delia Sherman Douglas E. Winter " The Zombies of Madison County " Dark of the Night (Pumpkin Books) [ 27 ] 1999 Ian R. MacLeod * " The Summer Isles " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 28 ] A. S. Byatt "Cold" Elementals: Stories of Fire and Ice ( Chatto & Windus ) [ 28 ] Ursula K. Le Guin " Dragonfly " Legends ( Voyager Books ) [ 28 ] George R. R. Martin " The Hedge Knight " Legends ( Voyager Books ) [ 28 ] Peter Straub "Mr. Clubb and Mr. Cuff" Murder for Revenge ( Delacorte Press ) [ 28 ] 2000 Laurel Winter * " Sky Eyes " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 29 ] Jeff VanderMeer * " The Transformation of Martin Lake " Palace Corbie Eight (Merrimack Books) [ 29 ] Lucius Shepard "Crocodile Rock" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 29 ] Tanith Lee "Scarlet and Gold" Weird Tales [ 29 ] Connie Willis " The Winds of Marble Arch " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 29 ] Michael Meddor " The Wizard Retires " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 29 ] 2001 Steve Rasnic Tem * The Man on the Ceiling American Fantasy Press [ 30 ] Melanie Tem * Michael Bishop "Blue Kansas Sky" Blue Kansas Sky ( Golden Gryphon Press ) [ 30 ] Elizabeth Hand "Chip Crockett's Christmas Carol" Sci Fiction [ 30 ] Glen Hirshberg "Mr. Dark's Carnival" Shadows and Silence ( Ash-Tree Press ) [ 30 ] Susanna Clarke "Mr. Simonelli or the Fairy Widower" Black Heart, Ivory Bones ( Avon Publications ) [ 30 ] David Case "Pelican Cay" Dark Terrors 5 ( Victor Gollancz ) [ 30 ] Ted Chiang " Seventy-Two Letters " Vanishing Acts ( Tor Books ) [ 30 ] 2002 S. P. Somtow * " The Bird Catcher " The Museum of Horrors ( Leisure Books ) [ 31 ] Elizabeth Hand "Cleopatra Brimstone" Redshift ( Roc Books ) [ 31 ] Lucius Shepard "Eternity and Afterward" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 31 ] Ursula K. Le Guin " The Finder " Tales from Earthsea ( Harcourt ) [ 31 ] Paul Di Filippo "Karuna, Inc." Fantastic Stories of the Imagination [ 31 ] Glen Hirshberg "Struwwelpeter" Sci Fiction [ 31 ] 2003 Zoran Živković * " The Library " Leviathan 3 (The Ministry of Whimsy Press) [ 32 ] Neil Gaiman Coraline HarperCollins [ 32 ] Elizabeth Hand " The Least Trumps " Conjunctions [ 32 ] Charles de Lint Seven Wild Sisters Subterranean Press [ 32 ] Paul Di Filippo A Year in the Linear City PS Publishing [ 32 ] 2004 Greer Gilman * " A Crowd of Bone " Trampoline ( Small Beer Press ) [ 33 ] Glen Hirshberg "Dancing Men" The Dark ( Tor Books ) [ 33 ] Jeffrey Ford " The Empire of Ice Cream " Sci Fiction [ 33 ] Simon Clark "Exorcising Angels" Exorcising Angels ( Earthling Publications ) [ 33 ] Tim Lebbon Kelly Link " The Hortlak " The Dark ( Tor Books ) [ 33 ] 2005 Michael Shea * " The Growlimb " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 34 ] Gene Wolfe "Golden City Far" Flights ( Roc Books ) [ 34 ] Lisa Tuttle My Death PS Publishing [ 34 ] Kim Newman "Soho Golem" Sci Fiction [ 34 ] Leena Krohn Tainaron: Mail from Another City Prime Books [ 34 ] 2006 Joe Hill * Voluntary Committal Subterranean Press [ 35 ] Simon Morden Another War Telos Publishing [ 35 ] Laird Barron " The Imago Sequence " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 35 ] Michael Cunningham "In the Machine" Specimen Days ( Farrar, Straus and Giroux ) [ 35 ] Kelly Link " Magic for Beginners " Magic for Beginners ( Small Beer Press ) [ 35 ] Tanith Lee "UOUS" The Fair Folk ( Science Fiction Book Club ) [ 35 ] 2007 Jeffrey Ford * " Botch Town " The Empire of Ice Cream ( Golden Gryphon Press ) [ 36 ] Norman Partridge Dark Harvest Cemetery Dance Publications [ 36 ] Ysabeau S. Wilce " The Lineaments of Gratified Desire " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 36 ] Kim Newman " The Man Who Got Off the Ghost Train " The Man from the Diogenes Club ( MonkeyBrain Books ) [ 36 ] M. Rickert "Map of Dreams" Map of Dreams ( Golden Gryphon Press ) [ 36 ] 2008 Elizabeth Hand * Illyria PS Publishing [ 37 ] Kim Newman "Cold Snap" The Secret Files of the Diogenes Club ( MonkeyBrain Books ) [ 37 ] Ian R. MacLeod " The Master Miller's Tale " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] Robert Edric The Mermaids PS Publishing [ 37 ] Lucius Shepard "Stars Seen through Stone" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] 2009 Richard Bowes * " If Angels Fight " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 38 ] Nisi Shawl "Good Boy" Filter House ( Aqueduct Press ) [ 38 ] Neil Gaiman Odd and the Frost Giants Bloomsbury Publishing [ 38 ] Albert E. Cowdrey " The Overseer " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 38 ] Peter S. Beagle "Uncle Chaim and Aunt Rifke and the Angel" Strange Roads ( DreamHaven Books ) [ 38 ] 2010 Margo Lanagan * " Sea-Hearts " X 6 (Coeur de Lion Publishing) [ 39 ] Paul Witcover "Everland" Everland and Other Stories ( PS Publishing ) [ 39 ] Richard Bowes "I Needs Must Part, the Policeman Said" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 39 ] Steve Duffy " The Lion's Den " Cern Zoo (Megazanthus Press) [ 39 ] Andy Duncan The Night Cache PS Publishing [ 39 ] Kage Baker The Women of Nell Gwynne's Subterranean Press [ 39 ] 2011 Elizabeth Hand * " The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon " Stories ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 40 ] Elizabeth Bear Bone and Jewel Creatures Subterranean Press [ 40 ] Michael Byers The Broken Man PS Publishing [ 40 ] Rachel Swirsky The Lady Who Plucked Red Flowers Beneath the Queen's Window Subterranean Press [ 40 ] George R. R. Martin " The Mystery Knight " Warriors ( Tor Books ) [ 40 ] Tim Lebbon The Thief of Broken Toys ChiZine Publications [ 40 ] 2012 K. J. Parker * " A Small Price to Pay for Birdsong " Subterranean Magazine [ 41 ] Elizabeth Hand " Near Zennor " A Book of Horrors ( Jo Fletcher Books ) [ 41 ] Robert Shearman "Alice Through the Plastic Sheet" A Book of Horrors ( Jo Fletcher Books ) [ 41 ] Lucius Shepard "Rose Street Attractors" Ghosts by Gaslight ( Harper Voyager ) [ 41 ] Catherynne M. Valente "Silently and Very Fast" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 41 ] 2013 K. J. Parker * " Let Maps to Others " Subterranean Magazine [ 42 ] Laird Barron "Hand of Glory" The Book of Cthulhu II ( Night Shade Books ) [ 42 ] Brandon Sanderson The Emperor's Soul Tachyon Publications [ 42 ] Lucius Shepard " The Skull " The Dragon Griaule ( Subterranean Press ) [ 42 ] Kaaron Warren "Sky" Through Splintered Walls (Twelfth Planet Press) [ 42 ] 2014 Andy Duncan * " Wakulla Springs " Tor.com [ 43 ] Ellen Klages * Caitlín R. Kiernan Black Helicopters Subterranean Press [ 43 ] K. J. Parker " The Sun and I " Subterranean Magazine [ 43 ] Veronica Schanoes "Burning Girls" Tor.com [ 43 ] Catherynne M. Valente Six-Gun Snow White Subterranean Press [ 43 ] 2015 Daryl Gregory * We Are All Completely Fine Tachyon Publications [ 5 ] Kai Ashante Wilson " The Devil in America " Tor.com [ 5 ] Rachel Swirsky "Grand Jeté (The Great Leap)" Subterranean Magazine [ 5 ] Michael Libling "Hollywood North" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 5 ] Mary Rickert " The Mothers of Voorhisville " Tor.com [ 5 ] Pasi Ilmari Jääskeläinen "Where the Trains Turn" Tor.com [ 5 ] 2016 Kelly Barnhill * The Unlicensed Magician PS Publishing [ 6 ] Bud Webster "Farewell Blues" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 6 ] Kim Newman "Guignol" Horrorology ( Jo Fletcher Books ) [ 6 ] Usman T. Malik "The Pauper Prince and the Eucalyptus Jinn" Tor.com [ 6 ] Kelly Robson " Waters of Versailles " Tor.com [ 6 ] 2017 Kij Johnson * The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe Tor.com Publishing [ 44 ] Victor LaValle The Ballad of Black Tom Tor.com Publishing [ 44 ] Paul F. Olson "Bloodybones" Whispered Echoes ( Cemetery Dance Publications ) [ 44 ] Seanan McGuire Every Heart a Doorway Tor.com Publishing [ 44 ] Kai Ashante Wilson A Taste of Honey Tor.com Publishing [ 44 ] 2018 Ellen Klages * Passing Strange Tor.com Publishing [ 7 ] JY Yang The Black Tides of Heaven Tor.com Publishing [ 7 ] Peter S. Beagle In Calabria Tachyon Publications [ 7 ] Stephen Graham Jones Mapping the Interior Tor.com Publishing [ 7 ] Simon Avery The Teardrop Method TTA Press [ 7 ] 2019 Kij Johnson * " The Privilege of the Happy Ending " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 45 ] Brooke Bolander The Only Harmless Great Thing Tor.com Publishing [ 45 ] P. Djèlí Clark The Black God's Drums Tor.com Publishing [ 45 ] Aliette de Bodard The Tea Master and the Detective Subterranean Press [ 45 ] Seanan McGuire Beneath the Sugar Sky Tor.com Publishing [ 45 ] 2020 Emily Tesh * Silver in the Wood Tor.com Publishing [ 46 ] Nathan Ballingrud "The Butcher's Table" Wounds ( Saga Press ) [ 46 ] Rivers Solomon The Deep Saga Press [ 46 ] Daveed Diggs William Hutson Jonathan Snipes C. S. E. Cooney Desdemona and the Deep Tor.com Publishing [ 46 ] Seanan McGuire In an Absent Dream Tor.com Publishing [ 46 ] 2021 Tochi Onyebuchi * Riot Baby Tor.com Publishing [ 47 ] Kathleen Jennings Flyaway Tor.com Publishing [ 47 ] R. B. Lemberg The Four Profound Weaves Tachyon Publications [ 47 ] P. Djèlí Clark Ring Shout, or Hunting Ku Kluxes in the End Times Tor.com Publishing [ 47 ] Leah Cypess "Stepsister" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 47 ] 2022 Premee Mohamed * And What Can We Offer You Tonight Neon Hemlock Press [ 48 ] Isabel Yap "A Canticle for Lost Girls" Never Have I Ever ( Small Beer Press ) [ 48 ] A. M. Muffaz Finches Vernacular Books [ 48 ] Elizabeth Hand "For Sale by Owner" When Things Get Dark ( Penguin Random House ) [ 48 ] Cassandra Khaw Nothing But Blackened Teeth Nightfire Books [ 48 ] 2023 Priya Sharma * Pomegranates Absinthe Books [ 49 ] Naseem Jamnia The Bruising of Qilwa Tachyon Publications [ 49 ] C. L. Polk Even Though I Knew the End Tordotcom [ 49 ] Naben Ruthnum Helpmeet Undertow Publications [ 49 ] Dennis Mombauer The House of Drought Stelliform Press [ 49 ] 2024 Josh Malerman * " Half the House Is Haunted " Spin a Black Yarn ( Del Rey Books ) [ 50 ] Kelly Barnhill The Crane Husband Tordotcom [ 50 ] Nghi Vo Mammoths at the Gates Tordotcom [ 50 ] Kelly Link "Prince Hat Underground" White Cat, Black Dog ( Random House ) [ 50 ] Lina Rather A Season of Monstrous Conceptions Tordotcom [ 50 ] Ursula Vernon (as T. Kingfisher) Thornhedge Tor Books / Titan UK ) [ 50 ] 2025 R. B. Lemberg * Yoke of Stars Tachyon Publications [ 51 ] Nathan Ballingrud Crypt of the Moon Spider Nightfire Books / Titan UK [ 51 ] Michael R. Fletcher In the Shadow of Their Dying Grimdark Magazine [ 51 ] Anna Smith Spark Lee Mandelo The Woods All Black Tordotcom [ 51 ] Premee Mohamed The Butcher of the Forest Tordotcom / Titan UK [ 51 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Flood, Alison (2014-09-17). 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Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2000" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f g "World Fantasy Awards 2001" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2002" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2003" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2004" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2005" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2006" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2007" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2008" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2009" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2010" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-26 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2011" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2012" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-17 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2013" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-17 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2014" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . 2014-11-09. Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2014-11-10 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2017" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-22 . Retrieved 2017-11-08 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2019" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-24 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2020" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-23 . Retrieved 2020-11-05 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2021" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-23 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2022" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-11-08 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2023" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2025-09-01 . Retrieved 2023-08-07 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2024" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2025-09-11 . Retrieved 2024-10-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2025" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Retrieved 2024-10-20 . External links World Fantasy Convention official site .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e World Fantasy Award — Novella v t e 1982–2000 The Fire When It Comes by Parke Godwin (1982) Confess the Seasons by Charles L. Grant (1983, tie) Beyond Any Measure by Karl Edward Wagner (1983, tie) Black Air by Kim Stanley Robinson (1984) The Unconquered Country by Geoff Ryman (1985) Nadelman's God by T. E. D. Klein (1986) Hatrack River by Orson Scott Card (1987) Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight by Ursula K. Le Guin (1988) The Skin Trade by George R. R. Martin (1989) " Great Work of Time " by John Crowley (1990) Bones by Pat Murphy (1991) The Ragthorn by Robert Holdstock and Garry Kilworth (1992) The Ghost Village by Peter Straub (1993) Under the Crust by Terry Lamsley (1994) Last Summer at Mars Hill by Elizabeth Hand (1995) Radio Waves by Michael Swanwick (1996) A City in Winter by Mark Helprin (1997) Streetcar Dreams by Richard Bowes (1998) The Summer Isles by Ian R. MacLeod (1999) The Transformation of Martin Lake by Jeff VanderMeer (2000, tie) Sky Eyes by Laurel Winter (2000, tie) The Fire When It Comes by Parke Godwin (1982) Confess the Seasons by Charles L. Grant (1983, tie) Beyond Any Measure by Karl Edward Wagner (1983, tie) Black Air by Kim Stanley Robinson (1984) The Unconquered Country by Geoff Ryman (1985) Nadelman's God by T. E. D. Klein (1986) Hatrack River by Orson Scott Card (1987) Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight by Ursula K. Le Guin (1988) The Skin Trade by George R. R. Martin (1989) " Great Work of Time " by John Crowley (1990) Bones by Pat Murphy (1991) The Ragthorn by Robert Holdstock and Garry Kilworth (1992) The Ghost Village by Peter Straub (1993) Under the Crust by Terry Lamsley (1994) Last Summer at Mars Hill by Elizabeth Hand (1995) Radio Waves by Michael Swanwick (1996) A City in Winter by Mark Helprin (1997) Streetcar Dreams by Richard Bowes (1998) The Summer Isles by Ian R. MacLeod (1999) The Transformation of Martin Lake by Jeff VanderMeer (2000, tie) Sky Eyes by Laurel Winter (2000, tie) 2001–present The Man on the Ceiling by Steve Rasnic Tem & Melanie Tem (2001) The Bird Catcher by S. P. Somtow (2002) The Library by Zoran Živković (2003) A Crowd of Bone by Greer Gilman (2004) The Growlimb by Michael Shea (2005) Voluntary Committal by Joe Hill (2006) Botch Town by Jeffrey Ford (2007) Illyria by Elizabeth Hand (2008) If Angels Fight by Richard Bowes (2009) Sea-Hearts by Margo Lanagan (2010) The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon by Elizabeth Hand (2011) A Small Price to Pay for Birdsong by Tom Holt (2012) Let Maps to Others by Tom Holt (2013) Wakulla Springs by Andy Duncan and Ellen Klages (2014) We Are All Completely Fine by Daryl Gregory (2015) The Unlicensed Magician by Kelly Barnhill (2016) The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe by Kij Johnson (2017) Passing Strange by Ellen Klages (2018) " The Privilege of the Happy Ending " by Kij Johnson (2019) Silver in the Wood by Emily Tesh (2020) Riot Baby by Tochi Onyebuchi (2021) And What Can We Offer You Tonight by Premee Mohamed (2022) Pomegranates by Priya Sharma (2023) Half the House Is Haunted by Josh Malerman (2024) The Man on the Ceiling by Steve Rasnic Tem & Melanie Tem (2001) The Bird Catcher by S. P. Somtow (2002) The Library by Zoran Živković (2003) A Crowd of Bone by Greer Gilman (2004) The Growlimb by Michael Shea (2005) Voluntary Committal by Joe Hill (2006) Botch Town by Jeffrey Ford (2007) Illyria by Elizabeth Hand (2008) If Angels Fight by Richard Bowes (2009) Sea-Hearts by Margo Lanagan (2010) The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon by Elizabeth Hand (2011) A Small Price to Pay for Birdsong by Tom Holt (2012) Let Maps to Others by Tom Holt (2013) Wakulla Springs by Andy Duncan and Ellen Klages (2014) We Are All Completely Fine by Daryl Gregory (2015) The Unlicensed Magician by Kelly Barnhill (2016) The Dream-Quest of Vellitt Boe by Kij Johnson (2017) Passing Strange by Ellen Klages (2018) " The Privilege of the Happy Ending " by Kij Johnson (2019) Silver in the Wood by Emily Tesh (2020) Riot Baby by Tochi Onyebuchi (2021) And What Can We Offer You Tonight by Premee Mohamed (2022) Pomegranates by Priya Sharma (2023) Half the House Is Haunted by Josh Malerman (2024) v t e World Fantasy Awards v t e Fiction Novel Novella Short fiction Anthology Collection Novel Novella Short fiction Anthology Collection Other Artist Life achievement Convention award Special award—Professional Special award—Non-professional Artist Life achievement Convention award Special award—Professional Special award—Non-professional Awards established in 1982 Novella awards World Fantasy Awards Speculative fiction award–winning novellas 1982 establishments in the United States Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Articles with hCards This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 21:28 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award%E2%80%94Novella
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Vòblad 't Durpsuus Juust angepast Aolle bladzies Bladzie op goed geluk Ulpe Donaoties Account aanmaken Anmelden Donaoties Account aanmaken Anmelden Vòblad Hoofdpagina Overleg Lezen Brontekst bekijken Geschiedenisse bekiek'n Lezen Brontekst bekijken Geschiedenisse bekiek'n Links nae deze bladzie Gerelateerde bewerkiengen Upload bestand Permanente lienk Paginagegevens Citeer deze bladzie Verkorte URL verkrijgen QR-code downloaden Naar de oude parser overschakelen Boek aanmaken Downloaden als PDF Printbaere versie Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia-voorlichting Meertalige Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifuncties Wikimania Wikidata-item @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Luctor et Emergo Ik worstel en kom boven (waepenspreuk van Zeêland ) Oôsterscheldekering . Welkom op de Zeêuwse Wikipedia , de vrieë encyclopedie die-a iedereêne kan bewarke, opgezet in 't Zeêuws , de Nederlandse streektaele van de provincie Zeêland en 't Zuud-'Ollandse eiland Goereê-Overflakkeê , en naeuw verwant mie 't West-Vlaems . Noe op 10 januaori 2026 binne d'r 7.137 artikels in 't Zeêuws. Zeêuwse (en West-Vlaomse) taelhebied 't Eit d'r maendelang om ge'angen oft 'n d'r wè komme zou, mae sind 1 oktober 2006 staet de eêrste Zeêuwse encyclopedie uut de geschiedenisse toch online. Artikel van de Maend ( Eerder Uutgelichte Artikels ) Australië is een land in Oceanië en tevens een eige waerelddeêl of ok we eiland dat a tussen de Hroôte Oceaon en de Indische Oceaon lig, ten wessen van Nieuw-Zeêland . Australië besli een oppervlak van 7,7 meljoen km² en ao 27 meljoen inweuners (2024). Drievierde besti uut woestijn en vurral de provincie Queensland uut rehenwoud. In 't land komm'n vee unieke beêstensoôrten voe, wironder de kanheroes, de koala's, de wombats en aore klimbudelbeêsten . ( lees vadder ) Wiste je dat? ... uut onderzoek is 'ebleken dat Abraham Lincoln mogelijk 'n spierziekte ao? dit zou verklaeren wirom um zulleke lange ermen en benen ao. ... da 't Soepuus in Goes vroeher een tiejewaetermeule 'eweest is? ... in de Joanneskerke van Krunehe het waeter 1,85 meter 'oôge stong bie de waetersnoôdramp ? ... Vanof de boulevard van Vlissienge tiejens de Eerste Weareldoôrlog op een mooie zeumeraevond vanof de terassen de lichtflitsen in de varte van 't front ezieje konne worre? ... Zeêland het in de Twidde Weareldoôrlog nog een paer daehen langer eit vol'ehouwe tegen de Duutsers dan de rest van Nederland ? 'Angige plekke Vo bie te praoten over van alles wat-a mee Wikipedia te maeken eit mo je in 't Durpsuus weze. Oefene kan op 't Strange . A je as gebruker opzichter (sysop) of bureaucraot oftewel amtenaer (bureaucrat) wil ore, of a je robotstatus vò 'n account wil anvraege, bin je terechte op Wikipedia:Speciaole gebrukersrechten . Op Wikipedia:Etalage/Anmelding Artikels kan'j artikels opgeven vò d'n Etalage. As'j 'n coach nodig eit of wil 'ôre kan'j terecht op Wikipedia:Coachingsprogramma . As'j een vraeg hebt kan'j terecht op Ulpe:Ulpe vraegen . Nieuwe artikels/bladzies kan'j vinde op Nieuwe pagina's Wikipedias in verwante taelen binne: int Afrikaons -> Afrikaans int Duuts -> Deutsch int Fries -> Frysk int Iengels -> English int Limburgs -> Limburgs int Luxemburgs -> Lëtzebuergesch int Nederlands -> Nederlands int Nedersaksisch -> Neadersassisk int Noordfries -> Nuurdfresk int Platduuts -> Plattdüütsch int Ripuarisch -> Ripoarisch int Saterfries -> Seeltersk int West-Vlaoms -> West-Vlamsch Onderwerpen Zeêland Bouwwêrken - Chrissendom - Economie - Geografie - Gerechten - Geschiedenissse - Museums - Muziek - Natuur - Politiek - Rieksmonumenten - Sport - Toerisme - Vervoer - Zeêuwen Lieste mee pleknaemen in Zeêland, Goereê-Overflakkeê en Wesvore Lieste mee Deltawêrken Lieste mee Zeêuwse rampen Zeêuwse streêken: Flupland - Noôrd-Beveland - Schouwen-Duveland - Tole - Walchren - Zeêuws-Vlaonderen - Zuud-Beveland Zeêuwstaelige streêken in Zuud-'Olland : Goereê-Overflakkeê - Svore Nederland Politiek in Nederland Peiliengen Twidde Kaemer Lieste van Nederlandse kabinet'n Lieste van Nederlandse gemeênten Lieste van Nederlandse provincies Lieste van Nederlandse streêken Lieste van Nederlandse waeterschappen België West- en Oôst-Vlaonderen Vlaonderen Wallonië Brussels Hewest Luxemburg Exacte weêtenschappen Biologie - Fysische geografie - Informaotica - Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Staerrekunde - Wiskunde Sociaole weêtenschappen Antropologie - Economie - Filosofie - Geschiedenisse - Heografie - Politiek - Psyholohie - Recht - Sociologie - Taelkunde Kunst en cultuur Architectuur - Beêldouwkunst - Literatuur - Muziek - Religie - Schilderkunst Daegeliks leven Gezondeid - Koôkkunste - Sport - Tillevisie - Toerisme en vèdder Categorie: Aol - Categorie: Persoôn - Liesten - Gebeurtenisse in 2026 Etalage D'r bin op dit moment 13 artikels in d'n Etalage. Informaotie A je zelf Zeêuws praote, gae je gang dan maer en elp maer mee an dit project: klikt op 'n roôd lienkje en schrieft 't artikel vol, of vult 'n bestaend artikel vedder an. Vergeêt ok nie 't artikel vol te zetten mee lienkjes en die ok weer te vullen - oe meer oe beter, zoôlank a je jen eige maer an de Richtlienen ouwe. Luctor et Emergo Ik worstel en kom boven (waepenspreuk van Zeêland ) Oôsterscheldekering . Welkom op de Zeêuwse Wikipedia , de vrieë encyclopedie die-a iedereêne kan bewarke, opgezet in 't Zeêuws , de Nederlandse streektaele van de provincie Zeêland en 't Zuud-'Ollandse eiland Goereê-Overflakkeê , en naeuw verwant mie 't West-Vlaems . Noe op 10 januaori 2026 binne d'r 7.137 artikels in 't Zeêuws. Zeêuwse (en West-Vlaomse) taelhebied Luctor et Emergo Ik worstel en kom boven (waepenspreuk van Zeêland ) Oôsterscheldekering . Welkom op de Zeêuwse Wikipedia , de vrieë encyclopedie die-a iedereêne kan bewarke, opgezet in 't Zeêuws , de Nederlandse streektaele van de provincie Zeêland en 't Zuud-'Ollandse eiland Goereê-Overflakkeê , en naeuw verwant mie 't West-Vlaems . Noe op 10 januaori 2026 binne d'r 7.137 artikels in 't Zeêuws. . Welkom op de Zeêuwse Wikipedia , de vrieë encyclopedie die-a iedereêne kan bewarke, opgezet in 't Zeêuws , de Nederlandse streektaele van de provincie Zeêland en 't Zuud-'Ollandse eiland Goereê-Overflakkeê , en naeuw verwant mie 't West-Vlaems . Noe op 10 januaori 2026 binne d'r 7.137 artikels in 't Zeêuws. Zeêuwse (en West-Vlaomse) taelhebied 't Eit d'r maendelang om ge'angen oft 'n d'r wè komme zou, mae sind 1 oktober 2006 staet de eêrste Zeêuwse encyclopedie uut de geschiedenisse toch online. Artikel van de Maend ( Eerder Uutgelichte Artikels ) Australië is een land in Oceanië en tevens een eige waerelddeêl of ok we eiland dat a tussen de Hroôte Oceaon en de Indische Oceaon lig, ten wessen van Nieuw-Zeêland . Australië besli een oppervlak van 7,7 meljoen km² en ao 27 meljoen inweuners (2024). Drievierde besti uut woestijn en vurral de provincie Queensland uut rehenwoud. In 't land komm'n vee unieke beêstensoôrten voe, wironder de kanheroes, de koala's, de wombats en aore klimbudelbeêsten . ( lees vadder ) Wiste je dat? ... uut onderzoek is 'ebleken dat Abraham Lincoln mogelijk 'n spierziekte ao? dit zou verklaeren wirom um zulleke lange ermen en benen ao. ... da 't Soepuus in Goes vroeher een tiejewaetermeule 'eweest is? ... in de Joanneskerke van Krunehe het waeter 1,85 meter 'oôge stong bie de waetersnoôdramp ? ... Vanof de boulevard van Vlissienge tiejens de Eerste Weareldoôrlog op een mooie zeumeraevond vanof de terassen de lichtflitsen in de varte van 't front ezieje konne worre? ... Zeêland het in de Twidde Weareldoôrlog nog een paer daehen langer eit vol'ehouwe tegen de Duutsers dan de rest van Nederland ? 'Angige plekke Vo bie te praoten over van alles wat-a mee Wikipedia te maeken eit mo je in 't Durpsuus weze. Oefene kan op 't Strange . A je as gebruker opzichter (sysop) of bureaucraot oftewel amtenaer (bureaucrat) wil ore, of a je robotstatus vò 'n account wil anvraege, bin je terechte op Wikipedia:Speciaole gebrukersrechten . Op Wikipedia:Etalage/Anmelding Artikels kan'j artikels opgeven vò d'n Etalage. As'j 'n coach nodig eit of wil 'ôre kan'j terecht op Wikipedia:Coachingsprogramma . As'j een vraeg hebt kan'j terecht op Ulpe:Ulpe vraegen . Nieuwe artikels/bladzies kan'j vinde op Nieuwe pagina's Wikipedias in verwante taelen binne: int Afrikaons -> Afrikaans int Duuts -> Deutsch int Fries -> Frysk int Iengels -> English int Limburgs -> Limburgs int Luxemburgs -> Lëtzebuergesch int Nederlands -> Nederlands int Nedersaksisch -> Neadersassisk int Noordfries -> Nuurdfresk int Platduuts -> Plattdüütsch int Ripuarisch -> Ripoarisch int Saterfries -> Seeltersk int West-Vlaoms -> West-Vlamsch Artikel van de Maend ( Eerder Uutgelichte Artikels ) Australië is een land in Oceanië en tevens een eige waerelddeêl of ok we eiland dat a tussen de Hroôte Oceaon en de Indische Oceaon lig, ten wessen van Nieuw-Zeêland . Australië besli een oppervlak van 7,7 meljoen km² en ao 27 meljoen inweuners (2024). Drievierde besti uut woestijn en vurral de provincie Queensland uut rehenwoud. In 't land komm'n vee unieke beêstensoôrten voe, wironder de kanheroes, de koala's, de wombats en aore klimbudelbeêsten . ( lees vadder ) Australië is een land in Oceanië en tevens een eige waerelddeêl of ok we eiland dat a tussen de Hroôte Oceaon en de Indische Oceaon lig, ten wessen van Nieuw-Zeêland . Australië besli een oppervlak van 7,7 meljoen km² en ao 27 meljoen inweuners (2024). Drievierde besti uut woestijn en vurral de provincie Queensland uut rehenwoud. In 't land komm'n vee unieke beêstensoôrten voe, wironder de kanheroes, de koala's, de wombats en aore klimbudelbeêsten . ( lees vadder ) Wiste je dat? ... uut onderzoek is 'ebleken dat Abraham Lincoln mogelijk 'n spierziekte ao? dit zou verklaeren wirom um zulleke lange ermen en benen ao. ... da 't Soepuus in Goes vroeher een tiejewaetermeule 'eweest is? ... in de Joanneskerke van Krunehe het waeter 1,85 meter 'oôge stong bie de waetersnoôdramp ? ... Vanof de boulevard van Vlissienge tiejens de Eerste Weareldoôrlog op een mooie zeumeraevond vanof de terassen de lichtflitsen in de varte van 't front ezieje konne worre? ... Zeêland het in de Twidde Weareldoôrlog nog een paer daehen langer eit vol'ehouwe tegen de Duutsers dan de rest van Nederland ? ... uut onderzoek is 'ebleken dat Abraham Lincoln mogelijk 'n spierziekte ao? dit zou verklaeren wirom um zulleke lange ermen en benen ao. ... da 't Soepuus in Goes vroeher een tiejewaetermeule 'eweest is? ... in de Joanneskerke van Krunehe het waeter 1,85 meter 'oôge stong bie de waetersnoôdramp ? ... Vanof de boulevard van Vlissienge tiejens de Eerste Weareldoôrlog op een mooie zeumeraevond vanof de terassen de lichtflitsen in de varte van 't front ezieje konne worre? ... Zeêland het in de Twidde Weareldoôrlog nog een paer daehen langer eit vol'ehouwe tegen de Duutsers dan de rest van Nederland ? 'Angige plekke Vo bie te praoten over van alles wat-a mee Wikipedia te maeken eit mo je in 't Durpsuus weze. Oefene kan op 't Strange . A je as gebruker opzichter (sysop) of bureaucraot oftewel amtenaer (bureaucrat) wil ore, of a je robotstatus vò 'n account wil anvraege, bin je terechte op Wikipedia:Speciaole gebrukersrechten . Op Wikipedia:Etalage/Anmelding Artikels kan'j artikels opgeven vò d'n Etalage. As'j 'n coach nodig eit of wil 'ôre kan'j terecht op Wikipedia:Coachingsprogramma . As'j een vraeg hebt kan'j terecht op Ulpe:Ulpe vraegen . Nieuwe artikels/bladzies kan'j vinde op Nieuwe pagina's Wikipedias in verwante taelen binne: int Afrikaons -> Afrikaans int Duuts -> Deutsch int Fries -> Frysk int Iengels -> English int Limburgs -> Limburgs int Luxemburgs -> Lëtzebuergesch int Nederlands -> Nederlands int Nedersaksisch -> Neadersassisk int Noordfries -> Nuurdfresk int Platduuts -> Plattdüütsch int Ripuarisch -> Ripoarisch int Saterfries -> Seeltersk int West-Vlaoms -> West-Vlamsch Vo bie te praoten over van alles wat-a mee Wikipedia te maeken eit mo je in 't Durpsuus weze. Oefene kan op 't Strange . A je as gebruker opzichter (sysop) of bureaucraot oftewel amtenaer (bureaucrat) wil ore, of a je robotstatus vò 'n account wil anvraege, bin je terechte op Wikipedia:Speciaole gebrukersrechten . Op Wikipedia:Etalage/Anmelding Artikels kan'j artikels opgeven vò d'n Etalage. As'j 'n coach nodig eit of wil 'ôre kan'j terecht op Wikipedia:Coachingsprogramma . As'j een vraeg hebt kan'j terecht op Ulpe:Ulpe vraegen . Nieuwe artikels/bladzies kan'j vinde op Nieuwe pagina's Wikipedias in verwante taelen binne: int Afrikaons -> Afrikaans int Duuts -> Deutsch int Fries -> Frysk int Iengels -> English int Limburgs -> Limburgs int Luxemburgs -> Lëtzebuergesch int Nederlands -> Nederlands int Nedersaksisch -> Neadersassisk int Noordfries -> Nuurdfresk int Platduuts -> Plattdüütsch int Ripuarisch -> Ripoarisch int Saterfries -> Seeltersk int West-Vlaoms -> West-Vlamsch int Afrikaons -> Afrikaans int Duuts -> Deutsch int Fries -> Frysk int Iengels -> English int Limburgs -> Limburgs int Luxemburgs -> Lëtzebuergesch int Nederlands -> Nederlands int Nedersaksisch -> Neadersassisk int Noordfries -> Nuurdfresk int Platduuts -> Plattdüütsch int Ripuarisch -> Ripoarisch int Saterfries -> Seeltersk int West-Vlaoms -> West-Vlamsch Onderwerpen Zeêland Bouwwêrken - Chrissendom - Economie - Geografie - Gerechten - Geschiedenissse - Museums - Muziek - Natuur - Politiek - Rieksmonumenten - Sport - Toerisme - Vervoer - Zeêuwen Lieste mee pleknaemen in Zeêland, Goereê-Overflakkeê en Wesvore Lieste mee Deltawêrken Lieste mee Zeêuwse rampen Zeêuwse streêken: Flupland - Noôrd-Beveland - Schouwen-Duveland - Tole - Walchren - Zeêuws-Vlaonderen - Zuud-Beveland Zeêuwstaelige streêken in Zuud-'Olland : Goereê-Overflakkeê - Svore Nederland Politiek in Nederland Peiliengen Twidde Kaemer Lieste van Nederlandse kabinet'n Lieste van Nederlandse gemeênten Lieste van Nederlandse provincies Lieste van Nederlandse streêken Lieste van Nederlandse waeterschappen België West- en Oôst-Vlaonderen Vlaonderen Wallonië Brussels Hewest Luxemburg Exacte weêtenschappen Biologie - Fysische geografie - Informaotica - Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Staerrekunde - Wiskunde Sociaole weêtenschappen Antropologie - Economie - Filosofie - Geschiedenisse - Heografie - Politiek - Psyholohie - Recht - Sociologie - Taelkunde Kunst en cultuur Architectuur - Beêldouwkunst - Literatuur - Muziek - Religie - Schilderkunst Daegeliks leven Gezondeid - Koôkkunste - Sport - Tillevisie - Toerisme en vèdder Categorie: Aol - Categorie: Persoôn - Liesten - Gebeurtenisse in 2026 Etalage D'r bin op dit moment 13 artikels in d'n Etalage. Informaotie A je zelf Zeêuws praote, gae je gang dan maer en elp maer mee an dit project: klikt op 'n roôd lienkje en schrieft 't artikel vol, of vult 'n bestaend artikel vedder an. Vergeêt ok nie 't artikel vol te zetten mee lienkjes en die ok weer te vullen - oe meer oe beter, zoôlank a je jen eige maer an de Richtlienen ouwe. Onderwerpen Zeêland Bouwwêrken - Chrissendom - Economie - Geografie - Gerechten - Geschiedenissse - Museums - Muziek - Natuur - Politiek - Rieksmonumenten - Sport - Toerisme - Vervoer - Zeêuwen Lieste mee pleknaemen in Zeêland, Goereê-Overflakkeê en Wesvore Lieste mee Deltawêrken Lieste mee Zeêuwse rampen Zeêuwse streêken: Flupland - Noôrd-Beveland - Schouwen-Duveland - Tole - Walchren - Zeêuws-Vlaonderen - Zuud-Beveland Zeêuwstaelige streêken in Zuud-'Olland : Goereê-Overflakkeê - Svore Nederland Politiek in Nederland Peiliengen Twidde Kaemer Lieste van Nederlandse kabinet'n Lieste van Nederlandse gemeênten Lieste van Nederlandse provincies Lieste van Nederlandse streêken Lieste van Nederlandse waeterschappen België West- en Oôst-Vlaonderen Vlaonderen Wallonië Brussels Hewest Luxemburg Exacte weêtenschappen Biologie - Fysische geografie - Informaotica - Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Staerrekunde - Wiskunde Sociaole weêtenschappen Antropologie - Economie - Filosofie - Geschiedenisse - Heografie - Politiek - Psyholohie - Recht - Sociologie - Taelkunde Kunst en cultuur Architectuur - Beêldouwkunst - Literatuur - Muziek - Religie - Schilderkunst Daegeliks leven Gezondeid - Koôkkunste - Sport - Tillevisie - Toerisme en vèdder Categorie: Aol - Categorie: Persoôn - Liesten - Gebeurtenisse in 2026 Zeêland Bouwwêrken - Chrissendom - Economie - Geografie - Gerechten - Geschiedenissse - Museums - Muziek - Natuur - Politiek - Rieksmonumenten - Sport - Toerisme - Vervoer - Zeêuwen Lieste mee pleknaemen in Zeêland, Goereê-Overflakkeê en Wesvore Lieste mee Deltawêrken Lieste mee Zeêuwse rampen Zeêuwse streêken: Flupland - Noôrd-Beveland - Schouwen-Duveland - Tole - Walchren - Zeêuws-Vlaonderen - Zuud-Beveland Zeêuwstaelige streêken in Zuud-'Olland : Goereê-Overflakkeê - Svore Bouwwêrken - Chrissendom - Economie - Geografie - Gerechten - Geschiedenissse - Museums - Muziek - Natuur - Politiek - Rieksmonumenten - Sport - Toerisme - Vervoer - Zeêuwen Lieste mee pleknaemen in Zeêland, Goereê-Overflakkeê en Wesvore Lieste mee Deltawêrken Lieste mee Zeêuwse rampen Zeêuwse streêken: Flupland - Noôrd-Beveland - Schouwen-Duveland - Tole - Walchren - Zeêuws-Vlaonderen - Zuud-Beveland Zeêuwstaelige streêken in Zuud-'Olland : Goereê-Overflakkeê - Svore Nederland Politiek in Nederland Peiliengen Twidde Kaemer Lieste van Nederlandse kabinet'n Lieste van Nederlandse gemeênten Lieste van Nederlandse provincies Lieste van Nederlandse streêken Lieste van Nederlandse waeterschappen Politiek in Nederland Peiliengen Twidde Kaemer Lieste van Nederlandse kabinet'n Lieste van Nederlandse gemeênten Lieste van Nederlandse provincies Lieste van Nederlandse streêken Lieste van Nederlandse waeterschappen België West- en Oôst-Vlaonderen Vlaonderen Wallonië Brussels Hewest West- en Oôst-Vlaonderen Vlaonderen Wallonië Brussels Hewest Luxemburg Exacte weêtenschappen Biologie - Fysische geografie - Informaotica - Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Staerrekunde - Wiskunde Biologie - Fysische geografie - Informaotica - Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Staerrekunde - Wiskunde Sociaole weêtenschappen Antropologie - Economie - Filosofie - Geschiedenisse - Heografie - Politiek - Psyholohie - Recht - Sociologie - Taelkunde Antropologie - Economie - Filosofie - Geschiedenisse - Heografie - Politiek - Psyholohie - Recht - Sociologie - Taelkunde Kunst en cultuur Architectuur - Beêldouwkunst - Literatuur - Muziek - Religie - Schilderkunst Architectuur - Beêldouwkunst - Literatuur - Muziek - Religie - Schilderkunst Daegeliks leven Gezondeid - Koôkkunste - Sport - Tillevisie - Toerisme Gezondeid - Koôkkunste - Sport - Tillevisie - Toerisme en vèdder Categorie: Aol - Categorie: Persoôn - Liesten - Gebeurtenisse in 2026 Categorie: Aol - Categorie: Persoôn - Liesten - Gebeurtenisse in 2026 Etalage Etalage Etalage D'r bin op dit moment 13 artikels in d'n Etalage. Informaotie Informaotie Informaotie A je zelf Zeêuws praote, gae je gang dan maer en elp maer mee an dit project: klikt op 'n roôd lienkje en schrieft 't artikel vol, of vult 'n bestaend artikel vedder an. Vergeêt ok nie 't artikel vol te zetten mee lienkjes en die ok weer te vullen - oe meer oe beter, zoôlank a je jen eige maer an de Richtlienen ouwe. Vòblad Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Deêze bladzie is vò 't lèst bewerkt op 6 jan 2026 om 10:08. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Muskalla, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10520 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY Breaking Up with Normatively Monolithic Agency with GRACE: A Reason-Based Neuro-Symbolic Architecture for Safe and Ethical AI Alignment Authors: Felix Jahn , Yannic Muskalla , Lisa Dargasz , Patrick Schramowski , Kevin Baum Abstract : As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normati… ▽ More As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normative reasoning from instrumental decision-making and can contain AI agents of virtually any design. GRACE restructures decision-making into three modules: a Moral Module (MM) that determines permissible macro actions via deontic logic-based reasoning; a Decision-Making Module (DMM) that encapsulates the target agent while selecting instrumentally optimal primitive actions in accordance with derived macro actions; and a Guard that monitors and enforces moral compliance. The MM uses a reason-based formalism providing a semantic foundation for deontic logic, enabling interpretability, contestability, and justifiability. Its symbolic representation enriches the DMM's informational context and supports formal verification and statistical guarantees of alignment enforced by the Guard. We demonstrate GRACE on an example of a LLM therapy assistant, showing how it enables stakeholders to understand, contest, and refine agent behavior. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted at 2nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI'26) arXiv:2601.10520 [ pdf , ps , other ] Breaking Up with Normatively Monolithic Agency with GRACE: A Reason-Based Neuro-Symbolic Architecture for Safe and Ethical AI Alignment Authors: Felix Jahn , Yannic Muskalla , Lisa Dargasz , Patrick Schramowski , Kevin Baum Abstract : As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normati… ▽ More As AI agents become increasingly autonomous, widely deployed in consequential contexts, and efficacious in bringing about real-world impacts, ensuring that their decisions are not only instrumentally effective but also normatively aligned has become critical. We introduce a neuro-symbolic reason-based containment architecture, Governor for Reason-Aligned ContainmEnt (GRACE), that decouples normative reasoning from instrumental decision-making and can contain AI agents of virtually any design. GRACE restructures decision-making into three modules: a Moral Module (MM) that determines permissible macro actions via deontic logic-based reasoning; a Decision-Making Module (DMM) that encapsulates the target agent while selecting instrumentally optimal primitive actions in accordance with derived macro actions; and a Guard that monitors and enforces moral compliance. The MM uses a reason-based formalism providing a semantic foundation for deontic logic, enabling interpretability, contestability, and justifiability. Its symbolic representation enriches the DMM's informational context and supports formal verification and statistical guarantees of alignment enforced by the Guard. We demonstrate GRACE on an example of a LLM therapy assistant, showing how it enables stakeholders to understand, contest, and refine agent behavior. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted at 2nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Safe & Ethical AI (IASEAI'26) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–3 of 3 results for author: Kurkin, M Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10254 [ pdf , ps , other ] NoReGeo: Non-Reasoning Geometry Benchmark Authors: Irina Abdullaeva , Anton Vasiliuk , Elizaveta Goncharova , Temurbek Rahmatullaev , Zagorulko Ivan , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode sp… ▽ More We present NoReGeo, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the intrinsic geometric understanding of large language models (LLMs) without relying on reasoning or algebraic computation. Unlike existing benchmarks that primarily assess models' proficiency in reasoning-based geometry-where solutions are derived using algebraic methods-NoReGeo focuses on evaluating whether LLMs can inherently encode spatial relationships and recognize geometric properties directly. Our benchmark comprises 2,500 trivial geometric problems spanning 25 categories, each carefully crafted to be solvable purely through native geometric understanding, assuming known object locations. We assess a range of state-of-the-art models on NoReGeo, including frontier models like GPT-4, observing that even the most advanced systems achieve an overall maximum of 65% accuracy in binary classification tasks. Further, our ablation experiments demonstrate that such geometric understanding does not emerge through fine-tuning alone, indicating that effective training for geometric comprehension requires a specialized approach from the outset. Our findings highlight a significant gap in current LLMs' ability to natively grasp geometric concepts, providing a foundation for future research toward models with true geometric cognition. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2505.17974 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Generalized Fisher-Weighted SVD: Scalable Kronecker-Factored Fisher Approximation for Compressing Large Language Models Authors: Viktoriia Chekalina , Daniil Moskovskiy , Daria Cherniuk , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov , Evgeny Frolov Abstract : The Fisher information is a fundamental concept for characterizing the sensitivity of parameters in neural networks. However, leveraging the full observed Fisher information is too expensive for large models, so most methods rely on simple diagonal approximations. While efficient, this approach ignores parameter correlations, often resulting in reduced performance on downstream tasks. In this work… ▽ More The Fisher information is a fundamental concept for characterizing the sensitivity of parameters in neural networks. However, leveraging the full observed Fisher information is too expensive for large models, so most methods rely on simple diagonal approximations. While efficient, this approach ignores parameter correlations, often resulting in reduced performance on downstream tasks. In this work, we mitigate these limitations and propose Generalized Fisher-Weighted SVD (GFWSVD), a post-training LLM compression technique that accounts for both diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the Fisher information matrix, providing a more accurate reflection of parameter importance. To make the method tractable, we introduce a scalable adaptation of the Kronecker-factored approximation algorithm for the observed Fisher information. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on LLM compression, showing improvements over existing compression baselines. For example, at a 20 compression rate on the MMLU benchmark, our method outperforms FWSVD, which is based on a diagonal approximation of the Fisher information, by 5 percent, SVD-LLM by 3 percent, and ASVD by 6 percent compression rate. △ Less Submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.17974 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generalized Fisher-Weighted SVD: Scalable Kronecker-Factored Fisher Approximation for Compressing Large Language Models Authors: Viktoriia Chekalina , Daniil Moskovskiy , Daria Cherniuk , Maxim Kurkin , Andrey Kuznetsov , Evgeny Frolov Abstract : The Fisher information is a fundamental concept for characterizing the sensitivity of parameters in neural networks. However, leveraging the full observed Fisher information is too expensive for large models, so most methods rely on simple diagonal approximations. While efficient, this approach ignores parameter correlations, often resulting in reduced performance on downstream tasks. In this work… ▽ More The Fisher information is a fundamental concept for characterizing the sensitivity of parameters in neural networks. However, leveraging the full observed Fisher information is too expensive for large models, so most methods rely on simple diagonal approximations. While efficient, this approach ignores parameter correlations, often resulting in reduced performance on downstream tasks. In this work, we mitigate these limitations and propose Generalized Fisher-Weighted SVD (GFWSVD), a post-training LLM compression technique that accounts for both diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the Fisher information matrix, providing a more accurate reflection of parameter importance. To make the method tractable, we introduce a scalable adaptation of the Kronecker-factored approximation algorithm for the observed Fisher information. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on LLM compression, showing improvements over existing compression baselines. For example, at a 20 compression rate on the MMLU benchmark, our method outperforms FWSVD, which is based on a diagonal approximation of the Fisher information, by 5 percent, SVD-LLM by 3 percent, and ASVD by 6 percent compression rate. △ Less Submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2404.06212 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG OmniFusion Technical Report Authors: Elizaveta Goncharova , Anton Razzhigaev , Matvey Mikhalchuk , Maxim Kurkin , Irina Abdullaeva , Matvey Skripkin , Ivan Oseledets , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various… ▽ More Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various CLIP ViT-based encoders (SigLIP, InternVIT, etc.), and their fusing approach, image encoding method (whole image or tiles encoding) and two 7B LLMs (the proprietary one and open-source Mistral). Experiments on 8 visual-language benchmarks show the top score for the best OmniFusion setup in terms of different VQA tasks in comparison with open-source LLaVA-like solutions: VizWiz, Pope, MM-Vet, ScienceQA, MMBench, TextVQA, VQAv2, MMMU. We also propose a variety of situations, where OmniFusion provides highly-detailed answers in different domains: housekeeping, sightseeing, culture, medicine, handwritten and scanned equations recognition, etc. Mistral-based OmniFusion model is an open-source solution with weights, training and inference scripts available at △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, 9 tables, 2 appendices MSC Class: 6804; 68T50 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.10; I.4.9 arXiv:2404.06212 [ pdf , other ] OmniFusion Technical Report Authors: Elizaveta Goncharova , Anton Razzhigaev , Matvey Mikhalchuk , Maxim Kurkin , Irina Abdullaeva , Matvey Skripkin , Ivan Oseledets , Denis Dimitrov , Andrey Kuznetsov Abstract : Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various… ▽ More Last year, multimodal architectures served up a revolution in AI-based approaches and solutions, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLM). We propose an \textit{OmniFusion} model based on a pretrained LLM and adapters for visual modality. We evaluated and compared several architecture design principles for better text and visual data coupling: MLP and transformer adapters, various CLIP ViT-based encoders (SigLIP, InternVIT, etc.), and their fusing approach, image encoding method (whole image or tiles encoding) and two 7B LLMs (the proprietary one and open-source Mistral). Experiments on 8 visual-language benchmarks show the top score for the best OmniFusion setup in terms of different VQA tasks in comparison with open-source LLaVA-like solutions: VizWiz, Pope, MM-Vet, ScienceQA, MMBench, TextVQA, VQAv2, MMMU. We also propose a variety of situations, where OmniFusion provides highly-detailed answers in different domains: housekeeping, sightseeing, culture, medicine, handwritten and scanned equations recognition, etc. Mistral-based OmniFusion model is an open-source solution with weights, training and inference scripts available at △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, 9 tables, 2 appendices MSC Class: 6804; 68T50 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.10; I.4.9 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Winners 2 Multi-time winners 3 Teams 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References NBA Sixth Man of the Year Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item National Basketball Association awards and honors Team awards Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy Bob Cousy Trophy Maurice Podoloff Trophy Wayne Embry Trophy Willis Reed Trophy Chuck Cooper Trophy Walter A. Brown Trophy (defunct) Oscar Robertson Trophy Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton Trophy Earl Lloyd Trophy Sam Jones Trophy NBA Cup Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy Bob Cousy Trophy Maurice Podoloff Trophy Wayne Embry Trophy Willis Reed Trophy Chuck Cooper Trophy Walter A. Brown Trophy (defunct) Oscar Robertson Trophy Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton Trophy Earl Lloyd Trophy Sam Jones Trophy NBA Cup Individual awards All-Star Game MVP Clutch Player of the Year Coach of the Year Comeback Player of the Year (defunct) Community Assist Award Defensive Player of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Finals MVP Hustle Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award IBM Award (defunct) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Social Justice Champion Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Executive of the Year Conference finals MVP Sportsmanship Award Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award All-Star Game MVP Clutch Player of the Year Coach of the Year Comeback Player of the Year (defunct) Community Assist Award Defensive Player of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Finals MVP Hustle Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award IBM Award (defunct) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Social Justice Champion Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Executive of the Year Conference finals MVP Sportsmanship Award Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All-NBA Team All-Rookie Team All-Defensive Team All-NBA Team All-Rookie Team All-Defensive Team .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Sport Basketball League National Basketball Association Awarded for Best performing non-starting player in regular season of the National Basketball Association History First award 1982–83 Most wins Jamal Crawford Lou Williams (tied, 3) Most recent Payton Pritchard , Boston Celtics The National Basketball Association's Sixth Man of the Year (colloquially known as the 6MOY ) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1982–83 NBA season to the league's best performing player for his team coming off the bench as a substitute (or sixth man ). A panel of sportswriters and broadcasters from throughout the United States and Canada votes on the recipient. Since the 2022–23 NBA season , winners receive the John Havlicek Trophy , named after the eight-time NBA champion. Each judge casts a vote for first, second and third place selections. Each first-place vote is worth five points; each second-place vote is worth three points; and each third-place vote is worth one point. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award. To be eligible for the award, a player must come off the bench in more games than he starts. [ 1 ] The 2008–09 winner, Jason Terry , averaged the most playing time of any sixth man in an award-winning season; he finished the year with an average of 33.7 minutes played per game with the Dallas Mavericks . [ 2 ] Bobby Jones was the inaugural winner of the award for the 1982–83 NBA season . The 2023–24 recipient was Naz Reid of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Jamal Crawford and Lou Williams are the only three-time winners of the award. Kevin McHale , Ricky Pierce and Detlef Schrempf won the award twice. McHale, Toni Kukoč , Bobby Jones , Bill Walton , and Manu Ginóbili are the only Hall of Famers who have won the award; Walton, along with James Harden , are the only award winners to have earned NBA MVP honors in their careers. [ 3 ] Manu Ginóbili is the only award winner to be named to an All-NBA team in the same season. Mike Miller and Malcolm Brogdon are the only award winners to have also won NBA Rookie of the Year . Manu Ginóbili , Detlef Schrempf , Leandro Barbosa , Toni Kukoč , and Ben Gordon are the only award winners not born in the United States . Gordon was the first player to win the award as a rookie. [ 4 ] Of the five foreign-born winners, three were trained completely outside the U.S., namely Ginóbili, Barbosa and Kukoč. Schrempf played two years of high school basketball in Centralia, Washington before playing college basketball at Washington , and Gordon was raised in Mount Vernon, New York and went on to play in college at Connecticut . Winners ^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [ a ] Player (#) Denotes the number of times the player has received the award Team (#) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won Season Player Position Nationality Team 1982–83 Bobby Jones * Power forward United States Philadelphia 76ers 1983–84 Kevin McHale * Power forward United States Boston Celtics 1984–85 Kevin McHale * (2) Power forward United States Boston Celtics (2) 1985–86 Bill Walton * Center United States Boston Celtics (3) 1986–87 Ricky Pierce Shooting guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 1987–88 Roy Tarpley Power forward United States Dallas Mavericks 1988–89 Eddie Johnson Small forward United States Phoenix Suns 1989–90 Ricky Pierce (2) Shooting guard United States Milwaukee Bucks (2) 1990–91 Detlef Schrempf Power forward Germany Indiana Pacers 1991–92 Detlef Schrempf (2) Power forward Germany Indiana Pacers (2) 1992–93 Clifford Robinson Power forward United States Portland Trail Blazers 1993–94 Dell Curry Shooting guard United States Charlotte Hornets 1994–95 Anthony Mason Power forward United States New York Knicks 1995–96 Toni Kukoč * Small forward Croatia Chicago Bulls 1996–97 John Starks Shooting guard United States New York Knicks (2) 1997–98 Danny Manning Power forward United States Phoenix Suns (2) 1998–99 Darrell Armstrong Point guard United States Orlando Magic 1999–00 Rodney Rogers Power forward United States Phoenix Suns (3) 2000–01 Aaron McKie Shooting guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (2) 2001–02 Corliss Williamson Small forward United States Detroit Pistons 2002–03 Bobby Jackson Point guard United States Sacramento Kings 2003–04 Antawn Jamison Small forward United States Dallas Mavericks (2) 2004–05 Ben Gordon Shooting guard United Kingdom [ b ] Chicago Bulls (2) 2005–06 Mike Miller Shooting guard United States Memphis Grizzlies 2006–07 Leandro Barbosa Shooting guard Brazil Phoenix Suns (4) 2007–08 Manu Ginóbili * Shooting guard Argentina San Antonio Spurs 2008–09 Jason Terry Shooting guard United States Dallas Mavericks (3) 2009–10 Jamal Crawford Shooting guard United States Atlanta Hawks 2010–11 Lamar Odom Power forward United States Los Angeles Lakers 2011–12 James Harden ^ Shooting guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder 2012–13 J. R. Smith Shooting guard United States New York Knicks (3) 2013–14 Jamal Crawford (2) Shooting guard United States Los Angeles Clippers 2014–15 Lou Williams Shooting guard United States Toronto Raptors 2015–16 Jamal Crawford (3) Shooting guard United States Los Angeles Clippers (2) 2016–17 Eric Gordon ^ Shooting guard United States Houston Rockets 2017–18 Lou Williams (2) Shooting guard United States Los Angeles Clippers (3) 2018–19 Lou Williams (3) Shooting guard United States Los Angeles Clippers (4) 2019–20 Montrezl Harrell Center United States Los Angeles Clippers (5) 2020–21 Jordan Clarkson ^ Shooting guard United States [ c ] Utah Jazz 2021–22 Tyler Herro ^ Shooting guard United States Miami Heat 2022–23 Malcolm Brogdon † Shooting guard United States Boston Celtics (4) 2023–24 Naz Reid ^ Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 2024–25 Payton Pritchard ^ Point guard United States Boston Celtics (5) Multi-time winners Awards Player Team(s) Years 3 Lou Williams Toronto Raptors 2015 Los Angeles Clippers (2) 2018 , 2019 Jamal Crawford Atlanta Hawks 2010 Los Angeles Clippers (2) 2014 , 2016 2 Kevin McHale Boston Celtics 1984 , 1985 Ricky Pierce Milwaukee Bucks 1987 , 1990 Detlef Schrempf Indiana Pacers 1991 , 1992 Teams Awards Teams Years 5 Boston Celtics 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 2023 , 2025 Los Angeles Clippers 2014 , 2016 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 4 Phoenix Suns 1989 , 1998 , 2000 , 2007 3 Dallas Mavericks 1988 , 2004 , 2009 New York Knicks 1995 , 1997 , 2013 2 Indiana Pacers 1991 , 1992 Philadelphia 76ers 1983 , 2001 Milwaukee Bucks 1987 , 1990 Chicago Bulls 1996 , 2005 1 Portland Trail Blazers 1993 Charlotte Hornets 1994 Orlando Magic 1999 Detroit Pistons 2002 Sacramento Kings 2003 Memphis Grizzlies 2006 San Antonio Spurs 2008 Atlanta Hawks 2010 Los Angeles Lakers 2011 Oklahoma City Thunder 2012 Toronto Raptors 2015 Houston Rockets 2017 Utah Jazz 2021 Miami Heat 2022 Minnesota Timberwolves 2024 None Brooklyn Nets Denver Nuggets New Orleans Pelicans Washington Wizards Cleveland Cavaliers Golden State Warriors See also NBA records Sports portal Notes ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for two calendar years. ^ Ben Gordon holds both American and British citizenship as he was born in England but was raised in the United States. [ 5 ] ^ Jordan Clarkson was born in the United States but naturalized Filipino. He represents the Philippines in international games. [ 6 ] References .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "NBA postseason awards: Sixth Man Award" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012 . Retrieved June 2, 2008 . "Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners" . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 11, 2008 . ^ "Ginobili Wins 2007-08 Sixth Man of the Year Award Presented by Kia Motors" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. April 21, 2008. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 11, 2008 . ^ "NBA & ABA Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners" . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 3, 2018 . ^ "Most Valuable Player" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc . Retrieved June 15, 2009 . ^ "Gordon Wins NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award" . NBA.com/Chicago Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. May 3, 2005 . Retrieved July 11, 2008 . ^ "First Person: Ben Gordon, Bulls Guard" . Sports Illustrated. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ "Change of plans, NBA clears Jordan Clarkson to play in Asian Games" . sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on August 17, 2018 . Retrieved August 15, 2018 . v t e NBA Sixth Man of the Year v t e 1983: Jones 1984: McHale 1985: McHale 1986: Walton 1987: Pierce 1988: Tarpley 1989: Johnson 1990: Pierce 1991: Schrempf 1992: Schrempf 1993: Robinson 1994: Curry 1995: Mason 1996: Kukoč 1997: Starks 1998: Manning 1999: Armstrong 2000: Rogers 2001: McKie 2002: Williamson 2003: Jackson 2004: Jamison 2005: B. Gordon 2006: Miller 2007: Barbosa 2008: Ginóbili 2009: Terry 2010: Crawford 2011: Odom 2012: Harden 2013: Smith 2014: Crawford 2015: Williams 2016: Crawford 2017: E. Gordon 2018: Williams 2019: Williams 2020: Harrell 2021: Clarkson 2022: Herro 2023: Brogdon 2024: Reid 2025: Pritchard 1983: Jones 1984: McHale 1985: McHale 1986: Walton 1987: Pierce 1988: Tarpley 1989: Johnson 1990: Pierce 1991: Schrempf 1992: Schrempf 1993: Robinson 1994: Curry 1995: Mason 1996: Kukoč 1997: Starks 1998: Manning 1999: Armstrong 2000: Rogers 2001: McKie 2002: Williamson 2003: Jackson 2004: Jamison 2005: B. Gordon 2006: Miller 2007: Barbosa 2008: Ginóbili 2009: Terry 2010: Crawford 2011: Odom 2012: Harden 2013: Smith 2014: Crawford 2015: Williams 2016: Crawford 2017: E. Gordon 2018: Williams 2019: Williams 2020: Harrell 2021: Clarkson 2022: Herro 2023: Brogdon 2024: Reid 2025: Pritchard Awards established in 1983 NBA awards NBA lists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2023 Articles with hCards Featured lists This page was last edited on 17 October 2025, at 13:07 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-640-8 . Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J. (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed.). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978-0-8203-3113-3 . Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-00273-6 . Tucker, Spencer C. ; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History . ABC-CIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-999-7 . Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.). Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe . Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 227– 326. ISBN 978-0-19-822885-1 . United States Army (1986) [1953]. The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941) . Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army . Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Waltz, Susan (2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Third World Quarterly . 23 (3): 437– 448. doi : 10.1080/01436590220138378 . JSTOR 3993535 . S2CID 145398136 . Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978-0-470-82497-9 . Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1 . Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6 . Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978-1-56032-546-8 . Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-462-7 . Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-478-7 . ——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5 . Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 978-0-8420-2991-9 . Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate . ISBN 978-1-935149-04-0 . Further reading Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War". Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category v t e History of World War II by region and country v t e Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar North Africa Tunisia Morocco Nyasaland Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Uganda Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia 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Cambodia Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Tibet Turkey Tuva Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Spain Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia ( Slovenia ) Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Azerbaijan Byelorussia 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Cherpitel, M Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10191 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI How does downsampling affect needle electromyography signals? A generalisable workflow for understanding downsampling effects on high-frequency time series Authors: Mathieu Cherpitel , Janne Luijten , Thomas Bäck , Camiel Verhamme , Martijn Tannemaat , Anna Kononova Abstract : Automated analysis of needle electromyography (nEMG) signals is emerging as a tool to support the detection of neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), yet the signals' high and heterogeneous sampling rates pose substantial computational challenges for feature-based machine-learning models, particularly for near real-time analysis. Downsampling offers a potential solution, but its impact on diagnostic signa… ▽ More Automated analysis of needle electromyography (nEMG) signals is emerging as a tool to support the detection of neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), yet the signals' high and heterogeneous sampling rates pose substantial computational challenges for feature-based machine-learning models, particularly for near real-time analysis. Downsampling offers a potential solution, but its impact on diagnostic signal content and classification performance remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a workflow for systematically evaluating information loss caused by downsampling in high-frequency time series. The workflow combines shape-based distortion metrics with classification outcomes from available feature-based machine learning models and feature space analysis to quantify how different downsampling algorithms and factors affect both waveform integrity and predictive performance. We use a three-class NMD classification task to experimentally evaluate the workflow. We demonstrate how the workflow identifies downsampling configurations that preserve diagnostic information while substantially reducing computational load. Analysis of shape-based distortion metrics showed that shape-aware downsampling algorithms outperform standard decimation, as they better preserve peak structure and overall signal morphology. The results provide practical guidance for selecting downsampling configurations that enable near real-time nEMG analysis and highlight a generalisable workflow that can be used to balance data reduction with model performance in other high-frequency time-series applications as well. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10191 [ pdf , ps , other ] How does downsampling affect needle electromyography signals? A generalisable workflow for understanding downsampling effects on high-frequency time series Authors: Mathieu Cherpitel , Janne Luijten , Thomas Bäck , Camiel Verhamme , Martijn Tannemaat , Anna Kononova Abstract : Automated analysis of needle electromyography (nEMG) signals is emerging as a tool to support the detection of neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), yet the signals' high and heterogeneous sampling rates pose substantial computational challenges for feature-based machine-learning models, particularly for near real-time analysis. Downsampling offers a potential solution, but its impact on diagnostic signa… ▽ More Automated analysis of needle electromyography (nEMG) signals is emerging as a tool to support the detection of neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), yet the signals' high and heterogeneous sampling rates pose substantial computational challenges for feature-based machine-learning models, particularly for near real-time analysis. Downsampling offers a potential solution, but its impact on diagnostic signal content and classification performance remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a workflow for systematically evaluating information loss caused by downsampling in high-frequency time series. The workflow combines shape-based distortion metrics with classification outcomes from available feature-based machine learning models and feature space analysis to quantify how different downsampling algorithms and factors affect both waveform integrity and predictive performance. We use a three-class NMD classification task to experimentally evaluate the workflow. We demonstrate how the workflow identifies downsampling configurations that preserve diagnostic information while substantially reducing computational load. Analysis of shape-based distortion metrics showed that shape-aware downsampling algorithms outperform standard decimation, as they better preserve peak structure and overall signal morphology. The results provide practical guidance for selecting downsampling configurations that enable near real-time nEMG analysis and highlight a generalisable workflow that can be used to balance data reduction with model performance in other high-frequency time-series applications as well. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Head of government of Mexico City Toggle Head of government of Mexico City subsection 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 4 Senator of the Republic 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Awards 5.1 Awards 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Miguel Ángel Mancera Español فارسی Français مصرى Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Miguel Ángel Mancera Mancera in 2022 Senator of the Republic ( proportional representation ) In office 1 September 2018 ( 2018-09-01 ) – 31 August 2024 ( 2024-08-31 ) 6th head of government of Mexico City In office 5 December 2012 ( 2012-12-05 ) – 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Preceded by Marcelo Ebrard Succeeded by José Ramón Amieva (acting) National Conference of Governors In office 3 May 2017 ( 2017-05-03 ) – 13 December 2017 ( 2017-12-13 ) Preceded by Graco Ramírez Succeeded by Arturo Núñez Jiménez Attorney General of Justice of Mexico City In office 8 July 2008 ( 2008-07-08 ) – 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Governor Marcelo Ebrard Preceded by Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas Succeeded by Jesús Rodríguez Almeida Personal details Born Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( 1966-01-16 ) 16 January 1966 (age 60) Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City , Mexico Party Independent [ a ] Children 3 Residence(s) Mexico City, Mexico Alma mater National Autonomous University of Mexico Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish: [miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa] ; born 16 January 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who has represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). [ a ] He served as the head of government of Mexico City from 2012 to 2018. Mancera earned his law degree from the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1989 and received the Gabino Barreda Medal in 1991 for academic excellence. He holds a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , as well as a Juris Doctor from UNAM. Mancera has taught at several universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and the University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002, he began working in public service when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. In 2006, Mancera was appointed Assistant Attorney General, and from 2008 to 2012, he served as the city's Attorney General. In early 2012, Mancera was selected as the candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District by the Progressive Movement coalition, which included the PRD, the Labor Party , and the Citizens' Movement . In the election held on 1 July 2012, he won with over 66 percent of the vote. He took office on 5 December 2012. During his mandate, Mancera faced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, the first closure of Metro Line 12 due to construction issues, the introduction of the city's constitution, the implementation of new driving regulations, and the 2017 Puebla earthquake . He resigned on 29 March 2018, to run for the Senate , leaving office with the lowest approval rating for a head of government. His administration was scrutinized by his successor, Claudia Sheinbaum , who prosecuted multiple crimes allegedly committed during his tenure. Ultimately, Mancera was sanctioned with a one-year disqualification from holding any public office in the city after promoting a presidential candidate while serving as head of government. He served as proportional-representation senator from 2018 to 2024. Early life and education Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966, in the colonia (neighborhood) of Anáhuac, [ 3 ] in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of the Federal District (later known as Mexico City ). His father founded the restaurant chain Bisquets Obregón . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Mancera has four half-siblings. [ 5 ] When he was four, he lived in the colonia of Tacuba , [ 6 ] where he attended kindergarten. [ 5 ] He later studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School No. 45, both located in the Benito Juárez borough. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For high school, he enrolled at Preparatoria 6 , part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a teenager, Mancera was involved in a car accident in whicht in which the vehicle he was riding in was hit by another. The public prosecutor's office asked him to sign a document absolving the driver of liability . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mancera refused and took the case to Victoria Adato Green, then-Attorney General of the Federal District. With the help of legal advisor Diego Ramudia, he succeeded in having the driver fined. [ 6 ] The experience led him to change his career path from a science-related field to law. He studied at the Faculty of Law [ es ] of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] His thesis, " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ("The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals") earned him the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990. [ 7 ] A year later, in November 1991, he received the Gabino Barreda Medal from the UNAM Faculty of Law for graduating at the top of his 1989 class. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Mancera went on to earn a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco campus , [ 6 ] [ 8 ] and later obtained a Juris Doctor from UNAM, with honors. [ 9 ] His doctoral thesis was titled " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ("Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing"). [ 6 ] He also pursued specialized studies in criminal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile-La Mancha , Spain, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Early political career Mancera has worked as a candidate attorney, lawyer, and adviser at several law firms, including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] He has also been a professor at various Mexican universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , the University of the Valley of Mexico , the Panamerican University , the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and the Autonomous University of Baja California . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In 2002, Mancera served as a member of the review committee for the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District. [ 9 ] Around the same time, he began working in government when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] When Ebrard was later appointed Secretary of Social Development by the head of government Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mancera was named Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat. [ 10 ] In 2006, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City. [ 10 ] Mancera was appointed Attorney General of Mexico City [ es ] on 8 July 2008, following the dismissal of Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas due to the New's Divine nightclub tragedy , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] in which nine teenagers and three police officers died during a failed police operation. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] According to official reports, [ 16 ] crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 percent from 2010 to 2011, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 16 ] while the national crime rate rose by 10.4 percent. [ 3 ] During this period, 179 street gangs comprising 706 members were dismantled, [ 17 ] and kidnappings dropped by 61 percent. [ 18 ] Head of government of Mexico City 2012 elections On 6 January 2012, Mancera resigned as Attorney General to run for Head of Government in the 1 July 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida succeeded him in the role. [ 19 ] Two days later, on 8 January, Mancera registered as a Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) precandidate for head of government of Mexico City. [ 20 ] On 19 January, he was named the official candidate, representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition, which also included the Labor Party , and the Citizen's Movement . He ran against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres , and Joel Ortega Cuevas. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Mancera's opponents were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party – Ecologist Green Party of Mexico coalition Commitment to Mexico ; Isabel Miranda de Wallace , for the National Action Party (PAN); and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party . [ 23 ] Late-January polls showed Mancera leading Paredes by 18 to 30 points, though his support dropped nine points the following month. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] According to El Universal , his favorability rose from 36 percent in March to 41 percent in April, and to 57.5 percent in May. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That same month, Adolfo Hellmund, Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino allegedly borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador at the home of Luis Creel. Both politicians denied involvement, and Mancera filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Mexico City for unauthorized use of his name. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As candidate, the proposals of Mancera included continuing Ebrard's policies, [ 30 ] increasing the number of security cameras from 13,000 to 20,000, [ 31 ] reducing car travel times, expanding Mexico City Metro Line 12 , addressing solid waste management, removing minibuses from circulation, building 18 water purification plants, implementing a Green Plan , and replacing garbage trucks to enable the separation of organic and inorganic waste, among other initiatives. [ 32 ] On 1 July 2012, exit polls indicated Mancera as the likely winner of the election, with an estimated vote share of 59.5–64.5 percent, [ 33 ] placing him roughly 40 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate, Paredes. [ 1 ] On 7 July, the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) declared Mancera the Head of Government-elect and issued him a certificate of majority after he secured 3,031,156 votes (66.56 percent of the total) in a landslide victory , [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] which he received on 8 October 2012. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] First year Mancera assumed office on 5 December 2012, [ 38 ] as the sixth head of government of the Federal District. [ 39 ] On 24 December of the same year, he launched a voluntary disarmament campaign in the borough of Iztapalapa . In exchange for turning in firearms and grenades, participants received money, tablet computers , or home appliances. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The program was later implemented across all Mexico City boroughs in the following years. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] City Mayors Foundation named Mancera the mayor of June 2013. [ 45 ] In November 2013, Mancera opened Line 5 of the Mexico City Metrobús running along northeastern Mexico City from Río de los Remedios to San Lázaro metro station . [ 46 ] In the same month, Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, raising the price from three to five pesos per ride. According to the Metro operator, Sistema Transporte Colectivo, the additional revenue would be used to improve infrastructure and maintain the system's twelve lines and its stations . [ 47 ] The fare increase drew criticism from parts of the city's population, who viewed it as a strain on household finances, especially given that the minimum wage in Mexico City was 64.76 pesos as of January 2013. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In response, Mancera stated that three polling companies would conduct surveys with 7,200 Metro riders between 29 November and 2 December to gather public opinion—the sample represented less than one percent of the system's 5.5 million daily users. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] According to polling company results, over 50 percent of respondents supported the fare increase. The new fare was approved to take effect on 13 December. [ 52 ] Due to this, through the short-lived Movimiento Pos Me Salto , users called to civil disobedience protests by jumping over the turnstiles . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] However, Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second year On 11 March 2014, Mancera's administration closed twelve metro stations on Line 12 of the Metro due to construction-related issues. Metro authorities stated the shutdown would last at least six months, or until "the necessary studies, corrections, and maintenance are carried out to ensure user safety". The line had been inaugurated just a few months earlier, on 30 October 2012, by Ebrard. [ 57 ] Twelve curves suffered significant damage in their tracks, and there was wear on the rails due to incompatibility with the FE-10 model trains. ICA , Grupo Carso and Alstom , the consortium that built the line, denied any wrongdoing. Bernardo Quintana, president of ICA, described the closure as "arbitrary" and stated that proper maintenance and measures to address the incompatibilities were necessary for the line to function correctly. [ 58 ] In addition, the Superior Auditor of the Federation detected a diversion of 7.5 billion pesos from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation during the construction of the line. [ 59 ] Thirty-three officials and former officials, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project, were sanctioned with disqualifications from public service, fines, or both, due to project failures and cost overruns. The relationship between Mancera and Ebrard became strained amid efforts to investigate Ebrard for possible corruption, which he described as a smear campaign . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The administration introduced a basic driving test for all new driver's license applicants. Previously, individuals only needed to present identification, proof of residence, and pay a fee, without having to demonstrate any driving knowledge or skill. [ 62 ] The environmental program Hoy No Circula , which restricts certain vehicles from circulating in the city one day a week based on their license plate number, [ 62 ] was expanded to two days per week over the course of the year. [ 63 ] Third year Mexico City's taxis had their traditional green color replaced with a white-and- Mexican-pink color scheme. [ 64 ] In May 2015, Mancera signed a law granting universal access to individuals accompanied by assistance dogs . [ 65 ] In July, Mancera reshuffled his cabinet, reassigning several secretaries to different positions. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In the same month, Mancera's administration announced a major urban development project: the Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec-Zona Rosa (Creative Cultural Corridor, or CCC), aimed at revitalizing Chapultepec Avenue [ es ] , a thoroughfare connecting Chapultepec Park to the Zona Rosa neighborhood. [ 68 ] Mexican architect Fernando Romero was appointed to lead the design team, alongside architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The plan included preserving the avenue's trees and the Chapultepec aqueduct , while prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access. [ 71 ] The project later received the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category. [ 70 ] On 19 September, Mancera commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1985 earthquake with a tribute that included a concert by Plácido Domingo , who had lost four relatives in a building collapse in Tlatelolco . [ 72 ] On 29 November, the government reopened all the Line 12 stations that had been closed in 2014. [ 73 ] In December, following a public consultation with residents of Cuauhtémoc , the borough where Chapultepec is located, 63 percent voted against the CCC project, leading to its official cancellation. [ 74 ] Fourth year Mancera inaugurated Line 6 of the Mexico City Metrobús on 21 January 2016, serving northern Mexico City from El Rosario metro station to Villa de Aragón metro station . [ 75 ] That same month, on 29 January, following a political reform, Mexico City, then officially known as the Federal District, was renamed Ciudad de México (City of Mexico), and commonly abbreviated as CDMX. [ 76 ] According to a March poll by El Universal , Mancera's approval rating had dropped to 24 percent and 57 percent of disapproval. Survey respondents identified insecurity, corruption, unemployment, and poverty as the most pressing issues. [ 77 ] Mancera announced that for the first time since 2004, a Major League Baseball game would be held in Mexico City, as the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres played two exhibition games at Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium on 26 and 27 March. [ 78 ] In April, construction began on the westbound expansion of Line 12. The project included plans to build two additional stations and to extend the line's terminal at Observatorio metro station . [ 79 ] In July, the city distributed plastic whistles as a means of defense against sexual harassment targeting women, a measure that was criticized as ineffective. [ 80 ] In August, the city's public markets were designated intangible cultural heritage as a way to ensure their preservation. [ 81 ] Fifth year The city's constitution was enacted on 5 February 2017, and was set to take effect on 17 September 2018. [ 82 ] Mancera served as president of the National Conference of Governors from 3 May to 13 December 2017. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"' M w earthquake hit Mexico City at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC ). He led the annual national drill commemorating the 1985 earthquake, held two hours earlier. [ 85 ] In the city, over 220 people died, at least 44 buildings collapsed, and over 3,000 others were evicted. There were nearly 6,000 complaints regarding construction violations since 2012. In 2016, Mancera had halted the law that allowed city departments to penalize Directors Responsible for Construction, the officials in charge of overseeing earthquake resilience. Critics like Josefina MacGregor from the association Suma Urbana, saw it as a way to prioritize urban development over safety. Mancera stated that new regulations were not a factor in the collapse, as many buildings had been constructed before 1985 and were not required to meet the updated standards. However, pre-1985 buildings with newer additions were required to comply with these regulations. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Sixth year Line 7 of the Metrobús system opened on 5 March 2018, running along Paseo de la Reforma . [ 88 ] On 29 March of that year, Mancera left the post of city head after requesting leave to run as a proportional-representation Senate candidate for the PAN in the July elections . José Ramón Amieva succeeded him as interim head of government. [ 89 ] Mancera left office with the lowest approval rating in 20 years, facing criticism over rising insecurity and affected by internal conflicts within the PRD. [ 90 ] Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration When Claudia Sheinbaum took office as Mancera's successor as head of government of Mexico City, the city's Attorney General's Office launched several investigations. These focused on prosecuting various crimes and administrative offenses allegedly committed during Mancera's administration, including actions involving some of his close collaborators. [ 91 ] In 2020, 1,680 public servants were sanctioned by Mexico City Comptroller Office. [ 92 ] On 5 October 2020, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary sanctioned Mancera with a one-year disqualification to any public role in Mexico City after determining that he promoted a presidential candidate, Ricardo Anaya , in 2018, while being head of government, and sanctioned by Mexican electoral laws. [ 93 ] Senator of the Republic Mancera was elected as a senator and led the PRD's legislative caucus, despite having been elected through the PAN party. [ 94 ] On 6 March 2024, he was elected president of the Tourism Commission of the Senate. [ 95 ] Personal life Mancera has been married twice. His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s, with whom he lived in civil union for one year. [ 5 ] They divorced two years later. Six years later, Mancera married Magnolia, with whom he had two children. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] After about a decade, he divorced Magnolia. [ 5 ] Mancera also has a daughter out of wedlock, but he has said the child's mother does not want him to have contact with her. [ 5 ] From 2008 to 2009, Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , [ 5 ] [ 10 ] who was then president of the PRD party, [ 96 ] and who sought to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012. [ 22 ] In September 2007, two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob Mancera while he was driving his BMW on Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers, killing him. [ 10 ] In his spare time, he practices various sports, including Krav Maga , indoor cycling , strength training , hunting and aviation. [ 97 ] On 31 October 2014, he underwent cardiac surgery after a cardiac arrhythmia was detected three months earlier. [ 98 ] During the surgery, he experienced a cardiac perforation. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] He recovered two weeks later. [ 100 ] Awards In 2008, Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award from the UNAM Faculty of Law, recognizing him as the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program. [ 101 ] In September 2011, he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean. [ 102 ] In February 2012, UNAM's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his "academic and professional trajectory". [ 103 ] Bibliography La Tentativa en el Código Penal para el Distrito Federal, una Nueva Propuesta (2003) [ 104 ] La Comisión por Omisión en el Nuevo Código Penal para el Distrito Federal (2003) [ 105 ] López Obrador Caso el Encino. Implicaciones Constitucionales, Penales y de Procedimiento Penal (2005) [ 101 ] Caso el Encino ¿Delito? (2005) [ 101 ] Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado, Tomo III (2006) [ 106 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II (2007) [ 107 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje al Dr. Ricardo Franco Guzmán (2008) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal, Especialidad y Orgullo Universitario Papel del Abogado (2011) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal del enemigo (2011) [ 101 ] El Tipo de la Tentativa: Teoría y Práctica (2012) [ 108 ] See also Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City) Notes ^ a b Although Mancera has worked in PRD-led administrations, he has never been a member of the party. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ventaja histórica de Mancera en el DF" [Historic lead for Mancera in the Federal District]. 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Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Major League Baseball to return to Mexico City in March" . Fox News . 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Sarabia, Dalila (7 July 2021). " 'Dañaron casas y familias': Desde hace 5 años, ampliación de Línea 12 trastorna Álvaro Obregón" ['Homes and families are affected': For 5 years, Line 12 expansion has disrupted Álvaro Obregón]. Animal Político (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Estrella, Alferdo (8 July 2016). "Mexico City's weapon against sexual assault: whistles" . The Peninsula . Agence France-Presse . Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Los Mercados son declarados Patrimonio Cultural Intangible" [Markets are designated Intangible Cultural Heritage]. El Universal (in Spanish). Notimex. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "¿Conoces la nueva Carta Magna de la CDMX?" [Do you know about Mexico City's new Constitution?]. Fundación UNAM (in Spanish). 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 August 2025 . ^ Hernández, Sandra (3 May 2017). "Mancera asume presidencia de la Conago" [Mancera assumes presidency of the National Conference of Governors (Conago)]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2020 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Ramírez, Juan (13 December 2017). "Mancera deja presidencia de Conago en reunión ordinaria" [Mancera leaves presidency of Conago at ordinary meeting]. La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "El simulacro que casi se realiza durante un terremoto de verdad" [The drill that was almost held during a real earthquake]. CNN en Español (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 June 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pskowski, Martha; Adler, David (12 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead" . The Guardian . Mexico City, London. Archived from the original on 14 March 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Linthicum, Kate (12 September 2018). "Corruption caused the collapse of buildings in 2017 Mexico City earthquake, a new report finds" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2024 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "La accidentada primera semana de la L7 del Metrobús" [A bumpy start for Metrobús Line 7]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Álvarez Acevedo, Carlos (29 March 2018). "Miguel Ángel Mancera pide licencia como jefe de Gobierno de la Ciudad de México; será candidato a senador" [Miguel Ángel Mancera requests leave as head of government of Mexico City; will run for senate]. Zeta (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Los claroscuros de Miguel Ángel Mancera en la CDMX" [The highs and lows of Miguel Ángel Mancera in Mexico City]. Expansión (in Spanish). 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pantoja, Sara. "Sheinbaum pide dar seguimiento a investigación por corrupción en gobierno de Mancera" [Sheinbaum asks to follow up on corruption investigation in Mancera government]. Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Cruz Flores, Alejandro (12 August 2020). "Sancionó Contraloría local a mil 680 servidores de esta gestión y anterior" [The local Comptroller sanctioned 1,680 public servants from this and the previous administration]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2025 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Robles, Johana (22 October 2020). "Inhabilitan a Mancera por un año en la CDMX" [Mancera is disqualified for a year in Mexico City]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Teposteco, Miguel (15 August 2018). "Ya es oficial: 'el independiente' Mancera lidera PRD en Senado" [It's official: 'the independent' Mancera leads the PRD in the Senate]. La Hoguera (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 July 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Asume el senador Miguel Ángel Mancera, presidencia de la Comisión de Turismo" [Senator Miguel Ángel Mancera assumes presidency of the Tourism Commission] (in Spanish). LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress . 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Confirman que Alejandra Barrales dejará la dirigencia del PRD en el DF" [Confirmed that Alejandra Barrales to step down as head of the PRD in Mexico City]. esmas.com (in Spanish). 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ "10 facetas desconocidas de Miguel Ángel Mancera" [10 lesser-known facets of Miguel Ángel Mancera]. ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ a b Navarro, Israel; Domínguez, Pedro (1 November 2015). "Perforación cardiaca ocasionó cirugía de Mancera" [Cardiac perforation led to Mancera’s surgery]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Ramírez, Kenya; Pazos, Francisco (1 November 2015). "Se complica operación de Mancera" [Mancera's surgery complicates]. Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Montes, Rafael (18 November 2014). "Mancera reaparece en evento público tras operación de corazón" [Mancera reappears at public event after heart surgery]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2024 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ a b c d e f "Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa" . Red Politica (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ "Por la vida y la seguridad de las mujeres y las niñas en AL" [For the life and safety of women and girls in Latin America] (in Spanish). Mexico: Comunicación e Información de la Mujer AC. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Cruz Monroy, Filiberto (9 February 2012). "Condecoran a Miguel Ángel Mancera en la UNAM" [Miguel Ángel Mancera honored at UNAM]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Vargas Casillas, Leticia A.; et al. (2003). Proyectos legislativos y otros temas penales: Segundas Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. pp. 115– 124. ISBN 970-32-0313-2 . OCLC 52004788 . No. 129. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2003). Análisis del Nuevo Código Penal Para el Distrito Federal: Terceras Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal "Fernando Castellanos Tena" . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico . ISBN 970-32-0568-2 . OCLC 53836151 . No. 144. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2006). Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado. Libro Segundo (Artículos 250 al 365 y Transitorios) Tomo III . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. XIX (I ed.). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Editorial Porrúa . ISBN 9700766799 . OCLC 254345014 . No. 348. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; et al. (2007). Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. ISBN 978-970-32-439-14 . OCLC 166310075 . No. 129. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ "Presentan libro de Mancera" [Mancera's book unveiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Mayor of the Month for June 2013 by the City Mayors Foundation Profile of Miguel Ángel Mancera by the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of government of Mexico City v t e 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara César López de Lara 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada v t e National Autonomous University of Mexico v t e Faculties Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine FES Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Schools Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Centres Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Institutes Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Buildings Central Library National Library of Mexico Central Library National Library of Mexico Facilities Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) History 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico Alumni Alumni Astronomical Society Alumni Astronomical Society Professors and researchers Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Sports Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM v t e Senators of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress v t e PRI Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum PAN Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales PRD Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera PVEM Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * PT de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso MC Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández MORENA Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché PES Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora Arellano Romo Molina Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora Arellano Romo Molina No party Álvarez Icaza Álvarez Icaza Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Netherlands United States Netherlands 1966 births Living people Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Baja California Academic staff of the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico Academic staff of the Panamerican University Academic staff of Universidad del Valle de México Heads of government of Mexico City National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni Politicians from Mexico City Senators of the LXIV and LXV Legislatures of Mexico University of Barcelona alumni Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana alumni University of Salamanca alumni CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short 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Ĉefpaĝo Komunuma portalo Diskutejo Aktualaĵoj Lastaj ŝanĝoj Novaj paĝoj Hazarda paĝo Specialaj paĝoj Helpo Donaci Krei konton Ensaluti Donaci Krei konton Ensaluti Vikipedio : Ĉefpaĝo Ĉefpaĝo Diskuto Legi Vidi fonton Vidi historion Legi Vidi fonton Vidi historion Ligiloj ĉi tien Rilataj ŝanĝoj Alŝuti dosieron Konstanta ligilo Informoj pri la paĝo Akiri mallongigitan URL Elŝutu QR-kodon Krei libron Elŝuti kiel PDF Presebla versio Vikimedia Komunejo Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Vikispecioj Vikilibroj Vikidatumoj Wikifunctions Wikimania Vikinovaĵoj Vikicitaro Vikifontaro Vikivojaĝo Vikivortaro Ero en Vikidatumoj Bonvenon al Vikipedio La libera enciklopedio redaktebla de ĉiuj . 380 573 artikoloj en Esperanto 444 aktivaj redaktantoj ±650 000 unikaj vizitantoj monate (2025) Helpo Kategorioj Demandoj Regularo Portaloj 380 573 artikoloj en Esperanto 444 aktivaj redaktantoj ±650 000 unikaj vizitantoj monate (2025) Helpo Kategorioj Demandoj Regularo Portaloj Arto Biografioj Filozofio Geografio Historio Matematiko Scienco Socio Teknologio Artikolo de la Monato kolekto de iuj pengvenaj fotoj Pingveno estas iu birdo el la ordo Sfeniskoformaj aŭ Sphenisciformes kaj familio Sfeniskedoj kiu ne povas flugi . Ĝi vivas preskaŭ nur sur la suda hemisfero , sed, male al kutima supozo, ne nur en malvarmaj klimatoj, kiel Antarkto . Fakte malmultaj specioj loĝas en tiom malvarmaj klimatoj, kelkaj specioj vivas en moderklimataj areoj kaj unu specio tiom norde, kiom ĝis la Galapagoj ĉe la Ekvatoro nome la Galapaga pingveno kaj serĉante nutraĵon ili kelkfoje eĉ transiras Ekvatoron . La plejmulto da pingvenoj manĝas krilon , salikokojn , fiŝojn , loligojn kaj aliajn marajn nutraĵojn , kiujn ili kaptas naĝante subakve. Ĉar ili estas akvobirdoj , ili estas adaptitaj por vivo en akvo, nome pingvenoj havas kontrastan malhelan kaj blankan plumaron , kaj ties flugiloj evoluis al naĝiloj . Ili pasigas preskaŭ duonon de siaj vivoj surtere kaj duonon en oceanoj. plena artikolo ... Lastaj artikoloj de la monato: Francisco Antônio de Almeida Júnior , Birdoj , Petro Paŭlo Rubens Proponu! • Elstaraj artikoloj : 314 • Legindaj artikoloj : 395 Artikolo de la Monato Pingveno estas iu birdo el la ordo Sfeniskoformaj aŭ Sphenisciformes kaj familio Sfeniskedoj kiu ne povas flugi . Ĝi vivas preskaŭ nur sur la suda hemisfero , sed, male al kutima supozo, ne nur en malvarmaj klimatoj, kiel Antarkto . Fakte malmultaj specioj loĝas en tiom malvarmaj klimatoj, kelkaj specioj vivas en moderklimataj areoj kaj unu specio tiom norde, kiom ĝis la Galapagoj ĉe la Ekvatoro nome la Galapaga pingveno kaj serĉante nutraĵon ili kelkfoje eĉ transiras Ekvatoron . La plejmulto da pingvenoj manĝas krilon , salikokojn , fiŝojn , loligojn kaj aliajn marajn nutraĵojn , kiujn ili kaptas naĝante subakve. Ĉar ili estas akvobirdoj , ili estas adaptitaj por vivo en akvo, nome pingvenoj havas kontrastan malhelan kaj blankan plumaron , kaj ties flugiloj evoluis al naĝiloj . Ili pasigas preskaŭ duonon de siaj vivoj surtere kaj duonon en oceanoj. plena artikolo ... Lastaj artikoloj de la monato: Francisco Antônio de Almeida Júnior , Birdoj , Petro Paŭlo Rubens Proponu! • Elstaraj artikoloj : 314 • Legindaj artikoloj : 395 Pri Vikipedio Esperanta Vikipedio Esperanta Vikipedio estas projekto de kunlabora enciklopedio, universala kaj plurlingva, kreita interrete laŭ la vikio -principo. Ĝi celas liveri en Esperanto liberan, objektivan kaj kontroleblan enhavon, kiun ĉiuj povas redakti. La projekto estas difinita de la kvin principoj . La enhavo estas disponigata sub la permesilo Krea Komunaĵo Atribuite-Samkondiĉe kaj oni povas kopii kaj reuzi ĝin sub la sama permesilo — eĉ por komercaj celoj — nur respektante la uzkondiĉojn . Ĉiuj redaktantoj de Esperanta Vikipedio estas volontuloj. Ili partoprenas en la kunlaborema komunumo, sen estro, kie la anoj kunordigas siajn strebojn kadre de temaj projektoj kaj pluraj diskutejoj . Ili sekvas la bazajn regulojn establitajn de la komunumo, ekzemple kontrolebleco de la informo aŭ la menciindeco de la temo . Inter la diversaj helpopaĝoj disponeblaj al uloj interesataj kontribui, estas la paĝoj, kiuj instruas kiel krei paĝon aŭ kiel redakti paĝon . Se vi havas demandojn, ne hezitu demandi . Manlibro pri Vikipedio • Komunuma portalo • Konsiletoj • Facebook Esperanto kaj Libera Scio Esperanto kaj Libera Scio estas grupo de Esperanto -parolantaj vikimedianoj . Fondaĵo Vikimedio , kiu funkciigas libersciajn kunlaborajn projektojn inkluzive de la Vikipedio en Esperanto , rekonis ELiSon kiel sian oficialan uzantogrupon ( Wikimedia User Group ) la 4-an de aprilo 2013 . Ĉefa celo de la grupo estas kunigi la Esperanto-parolantojn, kiuj kontribuas al Vikipedio kaj aliaj vikimediaj projektoj aŭ alimaniere deziras subteni liberan scion. Facebook • X • YouTube • Telegram Pri Vikipedio Esperanta Vikipedio Esperanta Vikipedio estas projekto de kunlabora enciklopedio, universala kaj plurlingva, kreita interrete laŭ la vikio -principo. Ĝi celas liveri en Esperanto liberan, objektivan kaj kontroleblan enhavon, kiun ĉiuj povas redakti. La projekto estas difinita de la kvin principoj . La enhavo estas disponigata sub la permesilo Krea Komunaĵo Atribuite-Samkondiĉe kaj oni povas kopii kaj reuzi ĝin sub la sama permesilo — eĉ por komercaj celoj — nur respektante la uzkondiĉojn . Ĉiuj redaktantoj de Esperanta Vikipedio estas volontuloj. Ili partoprenas en la kunlaborema komunumo, sen estro, kie la anoj kunordigas siajn strebojn kadre de temaj projektoj kaj pluraj diskutejoj . Ili sekvas la bazajn regulojn establitajn de la komunumo, ekzemple kontrolebleco de la informo aŭ la menciindeco de la temo . Inter la diversaj helpopaĝoj disponeblaj al uloj interesataj kontribui, estas la paĝoj, kiuj instruas kiel krei paĝon aŭ kiel redakti paĝon . Se vi havas demandojn, ne hezitu demandi . Esperanto kaj Libera Scio Esperanto kaj Libera Scio estas grupo de Esperanto -parolantaj vikimedianoj . Fondaĵo Vikimedio , kiu funkciigas libersciajn kunlaborajn projektojn inkluzive de la Vikipedio en Esperanto , rekonis ELiSon kiel sian oficialan uzantogrupon ( Wikimedia User Group ) la 4-an de aprilo 2013 . Ĉefa celo de la grupo estas kunigi la Esperanto-parolantojn, kiuj kontribuas al Vikipedio kaj aliaj vikimediaj projektoj aŭ alimaniere deziras subteni liberan scion. Bildo de la tago Australia Square en la aŭstralia urbo Sidnejo ( 2007 ). Aldonu la venontan bildon • Indekso • Elstaraj bildoj en la Komunejo Bildo de la tago Nuna Kunlaboraĵo Triangulo de Kanisz La nuna kunlaboraĵo estas Optika iluzio . Bonvolu kunlabori kun ni por levi ĝin al pli bonkvalita nivelo! Kunlaboraĵo estas specifa temo, pri kiu ĝis nun ne ekzistas artikolo aŭ nur ĝermo. Per vasta redakta kunlaboro ni atingu artikolon (aŭ plurajn pri la temo) je nivelo de leginda artikolo aŭ eĉ je nivelo de elstara artikolo . La projekto celas ŝtopi breĉojn en Vikipedio, fokusigi la intereson de la uzantoj kaj doni al ni ĉiuj ion, pri kio eblas fieri. Ĉiu ajn povas kandidatigi artikolon kaj voĉdoni por kandidato. Regule oni nombras la voĉojn kaj la venkinto havos la atenton de kontribuemuloj. Vi povas voĉdoni aŭ proponi la postan kandidaton . Antaŭaj kunlaboraĵoj estis: Tipoj de videoludoj , Mondaj Ludoj de 2025 , Ozzy Osbourne Voĉdonu por la venonta kunlaboraĵo… • redakti Nuna Kunlaboraĵo Kunlaboraĵo estas specifa temo, pri kiu ĝis nun ne ekzistas artikolo aŭ nur ĝermo. Per vasta redakta kunlaboro ni atingu artikolon (aŭ plurajn pri la temo) je nivelo de leginda artikolo aŭ eĉ je nivelo de elstara artikolo . La projekto celas ŝtopi breĉojn en Vikipedio, fokusigi la intereson de la uzantoj kaj doni al ni ĉiuj ion, pri kio eblas fieri. Ĉiu ajn povas kandidatigi artikolon kaj voĉdoni por kandidato. Regule oni nombras la voĉojn kaj la venkinto havos la atenton de kontribuemuloj. Vi povas voĉdoni aŭ proponi la postan kandidaton . Antaŭaj kunlaboraĵoj estis: Tipoj de videoludoj , Mondaj Ludoj de 2025 , Ozzy Osbourne Voĉdonu por la venonta kunlaboraĵo… • redakti Aktualaĵoj Delcy Rodríguez 14-a de januaro 2026 Almenaŭ 32 mortoj pro la kolapso de gruo sur vagonaro en Tajlando . La protestoj en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj jam rezultigis pli ol du mil mortojn. 12-a de januaro 2026 Amasaj protestoj okazas en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj. 3-a de januaro 2026 La armeo de Usono bombardadis diversajn celojn en Venezuelo , inklude en Karakaso , okazigis okdekon da mortoj kaj forportis ties ŝtatestron Nicolás Maduro kaj lian edzinon Cilia Flores . La vicprezidantino Delcy Rodríguez komisiite transprenis liajn funkciojn. 1-a de januaro 2026 Bulgario aniĝis en Eŭrozonon . Almenaŭ 40 mortoj kaj multaj vunditoj pro fajro en trinkejo de skistacio Crans-Montana , Svisio . 26-a de decembro 2025 Israelo iĝis la unua membroŝtato de UN , kiu agnoskis la sendependecon de Somalilando (deklaritan en 1991 ). Trupoj de Usono bombardadis celojn en Niĝerio , kio atingas pinton de 600 celoj atakitaj de Usono en eksteraj landoj, ekde kiam Donald Trump enpoviĝis. Arkivoj por januaro • decembro • novembro • oktobro • redakti Aktualaĵoj Delcy Rodríguez 14-a de januaro 2026 Almenaŭ 32 mortoj pro la kolapso de gruo sur vagonaro en Tajlando . La protestoj en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj jam rezultigis pli ol du mil mortojn. 12-a de januaro 2026 Amasaj protestoj okazas en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj. 3-a de januaro 2026 La armeo de Usono bombardadis diversajn celojn en Venezuelo , inklude en Karakaso , okazigis okdekon da mortoj kaj forportis ties ŝtatestron Nicolás Maduro kaj lian edzinon Cilia Flores . La vicprezidantino Delcy Rodríguez komisiite transprenis liajn funkciojn. 1-a de januaro 2026 Bulgario aniĝis en Eŭrozonon . Almenaŭ 40 mortoj kaj multaj vunditoj pro fajro en trinkejo de skistacio Crans-Montana , Svisio . 26-a de decembro 2025 Israelo iĝis la unua membroŝtato de UN , kiu agnoskis la sendependecon de Somalilando (deklaritan en 1991 ). Trupoj de Usono bombardadis celojn en Niĝerio , kio atingas pinton de 600 celoj atakitaj de Usono en eksteraj landoj, ekde kiam Donald Trump enpoviĝis. Delcy Rodríguez Almenaŭ 32 mortoj pro la kolapso de gruo sur vagonaro en Tajlando . La protestoj en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj jam rezultigis pli ol du mil mortojn. Amasaj protestoj okazas en Irano pro ekonomiaj kaj sociaj kialoj. La armeo de Usono bombardadis diversajn celojn en Venezuelo , inklude en Karakaso , okazigis okdekon da mortoj kaj forportis ties ŝtatestron Nicolás Maduro kaj lian edzinon Cilia Flores . La vicprezidantino Delcy Rodríguez komisiite transprenis liajn funkciojn. Bulgario aniĝis en Eŭrozonon . Almenaŭ 40 mortoj kaj multaj vunditoj pro fajro en trinkejo de skistacio Crans-Montana , Svisio . Israelo iĝis la unua membroŝtato de UN , kiu agnoskis la sendependecon de Somalilando (deklaritan en 1991 ). Trupoj de Usono bombardadis celojn en Niĝerio , kio atingas pinton de 600 celoj atakitaj de Usono en eksteraj landoj, ekde kiam Donald Trump enpoviĝis. Arkivoj por januaro • decembro • novembro • oktobro • redakti Ĉu vi scias ke...? Pristimantis gretathunbergae Listen to Wikipedia Fluganta Spagetmonstro Dunianto estas nova planlingvo, kiu transprenas la regulan gramatikon de Esperanto kaj kombinas ĝin kun tutmondeca vortprovizo, en kiu reprezentiĝas la plej parolataj lingvoj de Azio , Afriko , Eŭropo , Ameriko kaj Oceanio . La oficiala pilko de la Futbala Mondpokalo 2022 surhavas tekston en Esperanto . Rano estis nomita laŭ klimata aktivulino Greta Thunberg . Eblas aŭskulti Vikipedion per programo Listen to Wikipedia . Por moki la argumentojn de la proparolantoj de inteligenta dezajno kaj kreismo , aperis Dio el spagetoj . Antikvegiptaj fabloj ne estis verkitaj uzante hieroglifojn . Nombro de lernantoj de la irlanda lingvo estas pli ol nombro de ĝiaj denaskaj parolantoj . San-Marino , laŭ legendo fondita en 301, foje estas konsiderata la plej malnova respubliko en la mondo, kun verŝajne la plej malnova leĝbazo de ĉiuj landoj. 7,7 milionoj da litroj da biero estis servitaj dum la plej granda kermeso en 2013. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . 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Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . 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Hari tu dalam sejarah 13 Januari : Hari Sante Knut di Finland enggau Sweden. 1435 – Paus Eugenius IV mantaika bulla paus Sicut dudum , ti nagang pengawa orang Sepanyol ngasuh orang asal Guanche ari Pulau-pulau Kanaria nyadi ulun. 1842 – Perang Afghan-Inggeris Keterubah : Pemantu pakar buntas soldadu British William Brydon datau di Jalalabad , nyadi orang kampar ari Kabul ti likun. 1915 – Urung 300,000 parai lebuh tanah berenyang nyadi ba Provinsi L'Aquila di Itali. 1968 – Penanyi Amerika Johnny Cash (gambar) ngerikut album tebilang keterubah iya At Folsom Prison terus ba Rumah Jil Negeri Folsom di California. 2000 – Steve Ballmer nganti Bill Gates nyadi tuai pemesai eksekutif Microsoft . Hari-hari sebedau: 12 Januari – 11 Januari – 10 Januari Arkib · Nengah e-mel · Silik agi... Projek Wikimedia bukai Wikipedia nya projek Yayasan Wikimedia , siti gerempung ti nadai nguntungka orang ti mega bejalaika beberapa projek mayuh macham jaku ke bukai. 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Haribulan: Hari Dua, 13 Januari 2026 Pemadah · Kedai Kupi · Tanya ke suah · Duta · Pengelala jaku Iban Kuching tauka Nengeri Kuching (Urup Jawi: .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} كوچيڠ ) ianya, indu nengeri sereta nengeri ti pemadu besai ba Sarawak ti bepalan ba Malaysia Timur. Nengeri tu mega nyadi indu Bagi Menua Kuching . Nengeri tu bepalan ba Sungai Sarawak ba ujung barat daya negeri Sarawak ba pulau Borneo ti nyengkaum pemesai 431 kilometer persegi (166 bt) enggau pemayuh orang urung 631,000. Kuching nyadi indu nengeri Sarawak ketiga maya taun 1827 iya nya jeman perintah Empayar Brunei. Dalam taun 1841, Kuching nyadi indu Perintah Sarawak sepengudah kandang menua ba kandang menua nya diserahka ngagai James Brooke ketegal ti udah mantu empayar Brunei dalam ngemuntanka sebengkah penyarut kelebih agi ari raban bansa Bidayuh ti diau di pedalaman Borneo ti udah nya nyadi nembiak taluk iya sepengudah mayuh sida diampun iya lalu enggau ba piak iya. Berindik serang ti betuaika Saudi , soldadu perintah Yemen ngambi kuasa Aden , indu nengeri Kaunsil Pengalih Selatan Faustin-Archange Touadéra (gambar) dipilih baru nyadi presiden Republik Afrika Tengah . Delcy Rodríguez ngangkat sumpah nyadi presiden Venezuela interim berindik pengetan Nicolás Maduro lebuh Amerika Serikat nyerang indu nengeri . Luke Littler menang Championsyip Dambak PDC . Protes Iran Perang Rusia-Ukraine Perang sivil Sudan Terry Yorath Jim Dennison Wanda Perdelwitz Tim Shadbolt Martin Chivers Aldrich Ames Mayuh pasal pekara kemaya tu... ... Gerija Sante Benoit ba Istanbul nya gerija Roman Katolik ti pemadu tuai ba mengeri nya ke mengkang dikena? ... Ratna Asmara nya pengarah filem indu keterubah dalam sejarah Indonesia? ... ba taun 1960-an, polisi perintah Singapura bisi nagang lelaki ngembuan buk panjai lalu tagang nya pengujung iya dikinsil dalam taun 1990-an? 1435 – Paus Eugenius IV mantaika bulla paus Sicut dudum , ti nagang pengawa orang Sepanyol ngasuh orang asal Guanche ari Pulau-pulau Kanaria nyadi ulun. 1842 – Perang Afghan-Inggeris Keterubah : Pemantu pakar buntas soldadu British William Brydon datau di Jalalabad , nyadi orang kampar ari Kabul ti likun. 1915 – Urung 300,000 parai lebuh tanah berenyang nyadi ba Provinsi L'Aquila di Itali. 1968 – Penanyi Amerika Johnny Cash (gambar) ngerikut album tebilang keterubah iya At Folsom Prison terus ba Rumah Jil Negeri Folsom di California. 2000 – Steve Ballmer nganti Bill Gates nyadi tuai pemesai eksekutif Microsoft . Arkib · Nengah e-mel · Silik agi... Wikikamus Kamus bibas Wikibup Bup teks enggau manual bibas Wikibunsu Librari bibas Wikiberita Pun berita bibas Wikiquote Koleksyen jaku ambi Wikivoyage Pengiring pejalai bibas Commons Koleksyen multimedia bibas Meta-Wiki Standardisasyen projek Wikimedia Wikidata Pengkalan penemu bibas Wikiversiti Perengka pelajar bibas Wikispesies Pengiring spesies MediaWiki Pemansang isi bebas Lebih 5,000,000 artikel : English (Jaku Inggeris) • Cebuano (Jaku Cebu) Lebih 2,000,000 artikel : Deutsch (Jaku Jereman) • français (Jaku Peranchis) • svenska (Jaku Sweden) • Nederlands (Jaku Belanda) • pyccкий (Jaku Rusia) • español (Jaku Sepanyol) Lebih 1,000,000 artikel : italiano (Jaku Itali) • polski (Jaku Poland) • مصرى (Jaku Arab Ejip) • 中文 (Jaku China) • 日本語 (Jaku Jipun) • Українська (Jaku Ukraine) • Tiếng Việt (Jaku Vietnam) • Winaray (Jaku Waray) • العربية (Jaku Arab) • português (Jaku Portugis) • فارسی (Jaku Parsi) Lebih 500,000 artikel : Català (Jaku Catalonia) • Indonesia (Jaku Indonesia) • српски/srpski (Jaku Serbia) • 한국어 (Jaku Korea) • norsk (bokmål) (Jaku Norway (Bokmål)) • Türkçe (Jaku Turki) • Нохчийн (Jaku Chechen) • suomi (Jaku Finland) • čeština (Jaku Czech) • magyar (Jaku Hungary) • română (Jaku Romania) • Tatarça / Татарча (Jaku Tatar) Lebih 250,000 artikel : Srpskohrvatski/Српскохрватски (Jaku Serbo-Croatia) • euskara (Jaku Basque) • Bân-lâm-gú/閩南語 (Jaku Hokkien) • Melayu (Jaku Melayu) • עברית (Jaku Hebrew) • Esperanto (Jaku Esperanto) • Հայերեն (Jaku Armenia) • dansk (Jaku Denmark) • Български (Jaku Bulgaria) • O‘zbek (Jaku Uzbek) • Cymraeg (Jaku Wales) • Simple English (Jaku Inggeris Mudah) • slovenčina (Jaku Slovak) • Беларуская (Jaku Belarus) • eesti (Jaku Estonia) • Ελληνικά (Jaku Gerika) Lebih 100,000 artikel : تۆرکجه (Jaku Azerbaijan Selatan) • Қазақша (Jaku Kazakh) • Bahaso Minangkabau (Jaku Minangkabau) • hrvatski (Jaku Croatia) • lietuvių (Jaku Lithuania) • galego (Jaku Galicia) • اردو (Jaku Urdu) • Azərbaycanca (Jaku Azerbaijan) • slovenščina (Jaku 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Honorary awards 2 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards 3 Bodil Awards 4 British Academy Film Awards 5 Filmfare Awards 6 National Board of Review 7 National Film Awards 8 Other annual film awards 9 Major film festival awards Toggle Major film festival awards subsection 9.1 Berlin International Film Festival 9.2 Cannes Film Festival 9.3 San Francisco International Film Festival 9.4 Venice Film Festival 9.5 Other international film festival awards 9.1 Berlin International Film Festival 9.2 Cannes Film Festival 9.3 San Francisco International Film Festival 9.4 Venice Film Festival 9.5 Other international film festival awards 10 See also 11 Explanatory notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item A portrait of Satyajit Ray A portrait of Satyajit Ray Awards for films [ a ] Awards for the films directed by Ray Film Won Nominated Pather Panchali 18 20 Aparajito 9 10 Parash Pathar 0 1 Jalsaghar 2 3 Apur Sansar 6 7 Devi 1 2 Teen Kanya 5 5 Rabindranath Tagore 3 3 Kanchenjungha 2 2 Abhijan 3 3 Mahanagar 4 5 Charulata 8 9 Two 0 0 Kapurush -O- Mahapurush 1 2 Nayak 7 8 Chiriyakhana 2 2 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 11 11 Aranyer Din Ratri 1 1 Pratidwandi 7 7 Seemabaddha 5 5 Sikkim 0 0 The Inner Eye 1 1 Ashani Sanket 6 6 Sonar Kella 8 8 Jana Aranya 5 5 Bala 0 0 Shatranj Ke Khilari 3 3 Joi Baba Felunath 2 2 Hirak Rajar Deshe 2 2 Pikoo 0 0 Sadgati 1 1 Ghare Baire 2 3 Sukumar Ray 0 0 Ganashatru 1 1 Shakha Proshakha 1 1 Agantuk 7 7 Total number of awards and nominations Totals 134 146 Awards for the films contributed by Ray Film Won Nominated Baksa Badal 1 1 Goopy Bagha Phire Elo 2 2 Uttoran 1 1 Total number of awards and nominations Totals 4 4 Awards for films [ a ] Awards for the films directed by Ray Film Won Nominated Pather Panchali 18 20 Aparajito 9 10 Parash Pathar 0 1 Jalsaghar 2 3 Apur Sansar 6 7 Devi 1 2 Teen Kanya 5 5 Rabindranath Tagore 3 3 Kanchenjungha 2 2 Abhijan 3 3 Mahanagar 4 5 Charulata 8 9 Two 0 0 Kapurush -O- Mahapurush 1 2 Nayak 7 8 Chiriyakhana 2 2 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 11 11 Aranyer Din Ratri 1 1 Pratidwandi 7 7 Seemabaddha 5 5 Sikkim 0 0 The Inner Eye 1 1 Ashani Sanket 6 6 Sonar Kella 8 8 Jana Aranya 5 5 Bala 0 0 Shatranj Ke Khilari 3 3 Joi Baba Felunath 2 2 Hirak Rajar Deshe 2 2 Pikoo 0 0 Sadgati 1 1 Ghare Baire 2 3 Sukumar Ray 0 0 Ganashatru 1 1 Shakha Proshakha 1 1 Agantuk 7 7 Awards for the films directed by Ray Film Won Nominated Pather Panchali 18 20 Aparajito 9 10 Parash Pathar 0 1 Jalsaghar 2 3 Apur Sansar 6 7 Devi 1 2 Teen Kanya 5 5 Rabindranath Tagore 3 3 Kanchenjungha 2 2 Abhijan 3 3 Mahanagar 4 5 Charulata 8 9 Two 0 0 Kapurush -O- Mahapurush 1 2 Nayak 7 8 Chiriyakhana 2 2 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 11 11 Aranyer Din Ratri 1 1 Pratidwandi 7 7 Seemabaddha 5 5 Sikkim 0 0 The Inner Eye 1 1 Ashani Sanket 6 6 Sonar Kella 8 8 Jana Aranya 5 5 Bala 0 0 Shatranj Ke Khilari 3 3 Joi Baba Felunath 2 2 Hirak Rajar Deshe 2 2 Pikoo 0 0 Sadgati 1 1 Ghare Baire 2 3 Sukumar Ray 0 0 Ganashatru 1 1 Shakha Proshakha 1 1 Agantuk 7 7 Total number of awards and nominations Totals 134 146 Awards for the films contributed by Ray Film Won Nominated Baksa Badal 1 1 Goopy Bagha Phire Elo 2 2 Uttoran 1 1 Awards for the films contributed by Ray Film Won Nominated Baksa Badal 1 1 Goopy Bagha Phire Elo 2 2 Uttoran 1 1 Total number of awards and nominations Totals 4 4 Satyajit Ray ( listen ⓘ ; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian filmmaker who worked prominently in Bengali cinema . Ray received numerous awards and honours, including India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1984) and India's highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna (1992). He was also awarded the Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour , the highest decoration in France (1987) and an Honorary Award at the 64th Academy Awards (1991). [ 1 ] Often regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of world cinema , [ 2 ] Ray made his directorial debut in 1955 with Pather Panchali . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The film earned critical acclaim and was awarded under the Best Film category at various award ceremonies and film festivals, including the 3rd National Film Awards (1955), 7th Berlin International Film Festival (1957), and 1st San Francisco International Film Festival (1957). Pather Panchali was also awarded the "Prix du document humain" prize at the 9th Cannes Film Festival (1956). Ray won thirty-five National Film Awards during his four-decade career. Six of his films— Pather Panchali , Apur Sansar (1959), Charulata (1964), Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1968), Seemabaddha (1971), and Agantuk (1991)—won the Best Feature Film . Three films— Jalsaghar (1958), Abhijan (1962), and Pratidwandi (1970)—were awarded with Second Best Feature Film and Mahanagar (1963) was adjudged the Third Best Feature Film . Ray's 1961 documentary on Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore received awards at the Locarno and Montevideo film festivals as well as the National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film . His Hindi film Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977) won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi , and the Filmfare Award for Best Director . Ray's Apu Trilogy (1955–59), comprising Pather Panchali , Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar (1959), appeared in Time 's All-Time 100 Movies in 2005. [ 5 ] Ray won 21 awards for his direction, including seven Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, six Indian National Film Awards, two Silver Bear awards at the Berlin International Film Festival, and two Golden Gate Awards at the San Francisco International Film Festival. In addition to directing, Ray was a music composer and also wrote the screenplay, lyrics, and dialogues for several films. [ 3 ] He won twelve awards for his screenplay writing, including one posthumous award in 1994, one award for his original story idea, seven awards for his dialogues, five awards for his music compositions, and two awards for lyric-writing. Ray also received various awards and honours at international film festivals and universities. These include awards at the 9th Chicago International Film Festival (1973), 28th Berlin International Film Festival (1978), 11th Moscow International Film Festival (1979), 35th Cannes Film Festival (1982), 39th Venice International Film Festival (1982), 4th Tokyo International Film Festival (1991), and 35th San Francisco International Film Festival (1992). He was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art (1974), a Doctor of Letters from the University of Oxford (1978), the British Film Institute Fellowship (1983), and two Sangeet Natak Akademi awards (1959, 1986). Honorary awards Year No. Awards and honours Awarding body .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Refs. 1958 1 Padma Shri Government of India [ 6 ] 1959 2 Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar Sangeet Natak Akademi [ 7 ] 1965 3 Padma Bhushan Government of India [ 6 ] 1967 4 JLCCA Ramon Magsaysay Award Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation [ 8 ] 1971 5 Yugoslav Star with Golden Wreath Government of Yugoslavia [ 9 ] 1973 6 Doctor of Letters University of Delhi [ 10 ] 7 Festival Honoree Chicago International Film Festival (9th) [ 11 ] 1974 8 Honorary Doctors Royal College of Art [ 12 ] 1976 9 Padma Vibhushan Government of India [ 6 ] 10 Desikottam Visva-Bharati University [ 13 ] 1978 11 Doctor of Letters University of Oxford [ 14 ] 12 Special Award Berlin International Film Festival ( 28th ) [ 15 ] 1979 13 Special Award Moscow International Film Festival ( 11th ) [ 16 ] 1980 14 Doctor of Letters University of Burdwan [ 10 ] 15 Doctor of Letters Jadavpur University [ 17 ] 1981 16 Doctorate Banaras Hindu University [ 10 ] 17 Doctor of Letters University of North Bengal [ 10 ] 1982 18 Hommage à Satyajit Ray Cannes Film Festival ( 35th ) [ 18 ] 19 Golden Lion Honorary Award Venice Film Festival ( 39th ) [ 19 ] 20 Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar (Literature) Government of West Bengal [ 20 ] 1983 21 British Film Institute Fellowship British Film Institute [ 21 ] 1984 22 Dadasaheb Phalke Award Directorate of Film Festivals [ 22 ] 1985 23 Doctor of Literature University of Calcutta [ 23 ] 24 Soviet Land Nehru Award Soviet Union [ 10 ] 1986 25 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi [ 24 ] 1987 26 Dadabhai Naoroji Memorial Award Government of India ( Ministry of Science and Technology ) [ 25 ] [ 26 ] 1987 27 Commander of the Legion of Honour Government of France [ 27 ] 28 Doctor of Letters Rabindra Bharati University [ 28 ] 1991 29 Academy Honorary Award Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( 64th ) [ 29 ] 30 Special Achievement Award Tokyo International Film Festival (4th) [ 30 ] 1992 31 Akira Kurosawa Award San Francisco International Film Festival (35th) [ 31 ] 32 Bharat Ratna Government of India [ 32 ] Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards The Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards , commonly referred as BFJA Awards, are awarded annually by The Bengal Film Journalists' Association founded in 1937. [ 33 ] Ray won thirty-nine awards for sixteen of his films and three awards for two films by other directors; Nityananda Dutta and Sandip Ray . Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1962 Teen Kanya 25th Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 34 ] Best Indian Films Won 1963 Abhijan 26th Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 35 ] Best Indian Films Won Kanchenjungha Best Indian Films Won Best Dialogue Won 1964 Mahanagar 27th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 36 ] Best Dialogue Won 1965 Charulata 28th Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 37 ] Best Indian Films Won Best Screenplay Won Best Music Director Won 1966 Baksa Badal [ b ] 29th Annual BFJA Awards Best Dialogue Won [ 39 ] Kapurush-O-Mahapurush • Kapurush • Mahapurush Best Indian Films Won 1967 Nayak 30th Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 40 ] Best Indian Films Won Best Screenplay Won Best Dialogue Won 1970 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 33rd Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 41 ] Best Indian Films Won Best Screenplay Won Best Music Director Won Best Lyricist Won Best Dialogue Won 1971 Aranyer Din Ratri 34th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 42 ] Pratidwandi Best Indian Films Won Best Director Won Best Screenplay Won Best Dialogue Won 1972 Seemabaddha 35th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 43 ] Best Screenplay Won Best Dialogue Won 1974 Ashani Sanket 37th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 44 ] 1975 Sonar Kella 38th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 45 ] 1986 Ghare Baire 49th Annual BFJA Awards Best Indian Films Won [ 46 ] 1993 Agantuk 56th Annual BFJA Awards Best Director Won [ 47 ] Best Indian Films Won Best Screenplay Won Best Original Story Won Goopy Bagha Phire Elo [ c ] Best Music Director Won Best Lyricist Won Shakha Proshakha Best Indian Films Won Bodil Awards Established in 1948, the Bodil Awards are presented annually at a ceremony in Copenhagen by Danish Film Critics Association . [ 49 ] Ray received two awards. Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1967 Aparajito 21st Bodil Awards Best Non-European Film Won [ 50 ] 1969 Pather Panchali 23rd Bodil Awards Best Non-European Film Won [ 51 ] British Academy Film Awards The British Academy Film Awards is an annual event organised by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). [ 52 ] Ray received three nominations. Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1958 Pather Panchali 11th British Academy Film Awards Best Film from Any Source Nominated [ 53 ] 1959 Aparajito 12th British Academy Film Awards Best Film from Any Source Nominated [ 54 ] 1962 Apur Sansar 15th British Academy Film Awards Best Film from Any Source Nominated [ 55 ] Filmfare Awards The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group for the Bollywood films. [ 56 ] Ray received two awards. Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1977 Shatranj Ke Khilari 26th Filmfare Awards Critics Award for Best Movie Won [ 57 ] Best Director Won [ 58 ] National Board of Review Established in 1909, the National Board of Review awards are awarded annually by The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . [ 59 ] Ray received four awards. Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1958 Pather Panchali 30th National Board of Review Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won [ 60 ] Top Foreign Language Films Won 1960 Apur Sansar 32nd National Board of Review Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won [ 61 ] Top Foreign Language Films Won National Film Awards The Indian National Film Awards are presented by Directorate of Film Festivals during its annual ceremony to honour the best films of the Indian cinema in the given year. [ 62 ] Ray won thirty-five awards for twenty-five of his films and one posthumous award for the film directed by his son Sandip Ray . He won maximum number of awards (six) for the Best Director. [ 63 ] † Indicates certificate of merit ‡ Indicates a posthumous win Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1955 Pather Panchali 3rd National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 64 ] Best Feature Film in Bengali Won 1958 Jalsaghar 6th National Film Awards Second Best Feature Film † Won [ 65 ] Best Feature Film in Bengali † Won 1959 Apur Sansar 7th National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 66 ] 1960 Devi 8th National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali Won [ 67 ] 1961 Teen Kanya [ d ] 9th National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali Won [ 68 ] Rabindranath Tagore 9th National Film Awards Best Documentary Film Won [ 68 ] 1962 Abhijan 10th National Film Awards Second Best Feature Film † Won [ 69 ] 1963 Mahanagar 11th National Film Awards Third Best Feature Film † Won [ 70 ] 1964 Charulata 12th National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 71 ] 1966 Nayak 14th National Film Awards Best Screenplay Won [ 72 ] 1967 Chiriyakhana 15th National Film Awards Best Director Won [ 73 ] 1968 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 16th National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 74 ] Best Director Won 1970 Pratidwandi 18th National Film Awards Second Best Feature Film Won [ 75 ] Best Director Won Best Screenplay Won 1971 Seemabaddha 19th National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 76 ] 1972 The Inner Eye 20th National Film Awards Best Information Film (Documentary) Won [ 77 ] 1973 Ashani Sanket 21st National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali Won [ 78 ] Best Music Director Won 1974 Sonar Kella 22nd National Film Awards Best Director Won [ 79 ] Best Screenplay Won Best Feature Film in Bengali Won 1975 Jana Aranya 23rd National Film Awards Best Director Won [ 80 ] 1977 Shatranj Ke Khilari 25th National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Hindi Won [ 81 ] 1978 Joi Baba Felunath 26th National Film Awards Best Children's Film Won [ 82 ] 1980 Hirak Rajar Deshe 28th National Film Awards Best Music Director Won [ 83 ] Best Feature Film in Bengali Won 1981 Sadgati 29th National Film Awards Special Jury Award Won [ 84 ] 1984 Ghare Baire 32nd National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali Won [ 85 ] 1989 Ganashatru 37th National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali Won [ 86 ] 1991 Agantuk 39th National Film Awards Best Feature Film Won [ 87 ] Best Director Won 1994 Uttoran [ e ] 41st National Film Awards Best Screenplay ‡ Won [ 88 ] Other annual film awards Year Film Ceremony Category Result Refs. 1967 Pather Panchali 40th Kinema Junpo Awards Best Foreign Film Won [ 89 ] 1968 Chiriyakhana West Bengal Government Film Awards Best Direction Won [ 90 ] 1973 Ashani Sanket West Bengal Government Film Awards Best Film Won [ 91 ] 1974 Sonar Kella West Bengal Government Film Awards Best Film Won Best Direction Best Screenplay 1975 Jana Aranya West Bengal Government Film Awards Best Film Won Best Direction Best Screenplay Major film festival awards Berlin International Film Festival Founded in 1951, the Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is an annual film festival held in Berlin, Germany. [ 92 ] Ray won nine awards and three nominations for seven of his films. He is one of the four directors to win the Silver Bear for Best Director more than once and received maximum number of nominations (seven) for the Golden Bear for Best Film. Year Film Film festival Category Result Refs. 1957 Pather Panchali 7th Berlin International Film Festival Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film Won [ 89 ] 1960 Aparajito 10th Berlin International Film Festival Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film Won [ 93 ] 1963 Teen Kanya 13th Berlin International Film Festival Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film Won [ 94 ] 1964 Mahanagar 14th Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear for Best Film Nominated [ 95 ] Silver Bear for Best Director Won [ 96 ] 1965 Charulata 15th Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear for Best Film Nominated [ 97 ] Silver Bear for Best Director Won [ 98 ] OCIC Catholic Award Won [ 99 ] 1966 Nayak 16th Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear for Best Film Nominated [ 100 ] Special Recognition Won [ 101 ] Critics' Prize (UNICRIT Award) Won [ 72 ] 1973 Ashani Sanket 23rd Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear for Best Film Won [ 102 ] Cannes Film Festival Originally set to be held in 1939 but subsequently held in 1946, the Cannes Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France. Ray won two awards and four nominations for four of his films. [ 103 ] Year Film Film festival Category Result Refs. 1956 Pather Panchali 1956 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for Best Film Nominated [ 104 ] Prix du document humain Won OCIC Catholic Award Won [ 105 ] 1958 Parash Pathar 1958 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for Best Film Nominated [ 104 ] 1962 Devi 1962 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for Best Film Nominated [ 104 ] 1984 Ghare Baire 1984 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for Best Film Nominated [ 104 ] San Francisco International Film Festival Organized by the San Francisco Film Society and founded in 1957, the San Francisco International Film Festival is billed as "the longest-running film festival in the Americas". [ 106 ] Ray won four awards for two of his films. Year Film Film festival Category Result Refs. 1957 Pather Panchali 1st San Francisco International Film Festival Golden Gate Award for Best Film Won [ 107 ] Golden Gate Award for Best Director Won 1958 Aparajito 2nd San Francisco International Film Festival Golden Gate Award for Best Film Won [ 108 ] Golden Gate Award for Best Director Won Venice Film Festival Initially named as "Esposizione d'Arte Cinematografica", the Venice Film Festival was founded in 1932 as part of the 18th Venice Biennale . [ 109 ] Ray won five awards and one nomination for four of his films. Year Film Film festival Category Result Refs. 1957 Aparajito 18th Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion for Best Film Won [ 110 ] Cinema Nuovo Award Won [ 93 ] FIPRESCI Critics' Award Won [ 111 ] 1965 Kapurush 28th Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion for Best Film Nominated [ 112 ] 1972 Seemabaddha 33rd Venice International Film Festival FIPRESCI Critics' Award Won [ 76 ] Other international film festival awards Year Film Film festival Category Result Refs. 1956 Pather Panchali 9th Edinburgh International Film Festival Diploma Of Merit Won [ 89 ] Manila Film Festival Golden Carbao Won Rome Film Festival Vatican Award Won 1958 Pather Panchali Stratford Film Festival Critics' Award for Best Film of the Year Won [ 113 ] Vancouver International Film Festival Best Film Won [ 89 ] 1958–59 Aparajito USA Film Festival Golden Laurel for Best Foreign Film Won [ 93 ] 1959 Jalsaghar 1st Moscow International Film Festival Grand prix for Best Film Nominated [ 114 ] Pather Panchali New York Film Festival Cultural Award: Best Foreign Film Won [ 89 ] 1960 Apur Sansar 7th BFI London Film Festival Sutherland Trophy for Best Original And Imaginative Film Won [ 115 ] 1961 Apur Sansar 14th Edinburgh International Film Festival Diploma Of Merit Won [ 115 ] Rabindranath Tagore 14th Locarno International Film Festival Golden Sail for Short Films Won [ 116 ] 1962 Two Daughters [ f ] 10th Melbourne International Film Festival Golden Boomerang for Best Film Won [ 94 ] 1962 Rabindranath Tagore Montevideo Film Festival Special Mention Won [ 118 ] 1965 Charulata Acapulco Film Festival Best Film Won [ 99 ] 1969 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne Auckland International Film Festival Silver Cross Award for Best Direction and Originality Won [ 119 ] [ 120 ] 1970 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne 18th Melbourne International Film Festival Best Film Won [ 120 ] Tokyo Film Festival Merit Award Won [ 118 ] 1973 Ashani Sanket 9th Chicago International Film Festival Gold Hugo for Best Feature Film Won [ 121 ] [ 90 ] [ 122 ] 1975 Sonar Kella 10th Teheran International Festival of Films for Children and Young Adults Golden Statue for Best Live Feature Film Won [ 123 ] 1976 Jana Aranya 30th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Karlovy Vary Prize Won [ 124 ] 1979 Joi Baba Felunath 3rd Hong Kong International Film Festival Best Feature Film Won [ 125 ] 1980 Pather Panchali 27th BFI London Film Festival Wington Award Won [ 115 ] Aparajito Won Apur Sansar Won See also Film India Explanatory notes ^ Certain awarding bodies like the National Film Awards do not announce the nominees and only award winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. ^ The film was directed by Nityananda Dutta. Ray composed the music for the film and wrote the screenplay along with the dialogue. [ 38 ] ^ The film was directed by Sandip Ray . Satyajit Ray composed the music for the film and wrote the screenplay along with the lyrics. [ 48 ] ^ The award was given to one of three parts of the film, Samapti . ^ The film was directed by Sandip Ray. Satyajit Ray wrote the screenplay for the film. [ 48 ] ^ The original title of the film Teen Kanya means three daughters (or girls), however the international version of the film is titled Two Daughters . Though the feature film has three different stories, only two of them were included for the international release— The Postmaster and Samapti . [ 117 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Fondements et histoire" (in French). legiondhonneur.fr. 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Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "25th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 18 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "26th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 14 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "28th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. pp. 20, 24 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "29th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 21 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ "32nd National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 32 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . ^ "37th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 64 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ "39th National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. pp. 14, 16 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . ^ "41st National Film Awards" (PDF) . Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 50 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ a b c d e Ray 2013 , p. 139. ^ a b Robinson 1989 , p. 365. ^ Ray 2013 , p. 154. ^ "Oscar Martay profile" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ a b c Ray 2013 , p. 140. ^ a b Ray 2013 , p. 144. ^ "Programme 1964: In Competition" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Prizes & Honours 1964" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Programme 1965: In Competition" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Prizes & Honours 1965" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ a b Ray 2013 , p. 147. ^ "Programme 1966: In Competition" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Prizes & Honours 1966" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Programme 1973: In Competition" . Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "About the Festival: History of the Festival" . Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ a b c d "Cannes Film Festival: Satyajit Ray profile" . Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ Lyden, John (2009). The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film . Taylor & Francis. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-415-44853-6 . ^ "About San Francisco International Film Festival" . San Francisco International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ "Pather Panchali@San Francisco International Film Festival" . San Francisco International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ "Aparajito@San Francisco International Film Festival" . San Francisco International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ "The 30s@Venice Film Festival" . la Biennale di Venezia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ "The awards of the Venice Film Festival" . la Biennale di Venezia. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ "FIPRESCI Award 1957" . International Federation of Film Critics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 170. ^ "Indian Film Honored; 'Pather Panchali' Wins Prize at Stratford, Ont., Fete" . The New York Times . 14 July 1958. p. 16. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ "1959 :: Moscow International Film Festival" . Moscow International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ a b c Ray 2013 , p. 142. ^ "Golden Sail for Short Films (1961)" . Festival del film Locarno. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . ^ "Teen Kanya (Three Daughters / Two Daughters)" . satyajitray.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . ^ a b Ray 2013 , p. 145. ^ Perera, Charith (4 August 2013). "Chandran Rutnam: First Lankan director to win Best Director Award" . Sunday Observer . Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . ^ a b Ray 2013 , p. 150. ^ "9th Chicago Film Festival (1973)" . Cinema/Chicago Inc. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Ray 2012 , p. 454. ^ Ray 2013 , p. 155. ^ Robinson 1989 , p. 366. ^ "India International Centre: Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF) . India International Centre. p. 244 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Bibliography Ray, Bijoya (2012). Manik and I: My Life with Satyajit Ray . Penguin Books . p. 624. ISBN 978-81-8475-750-7 . Ray, Satyajit (2013). Ray, Sandip (ed.). Satyajit Ray on Cinema . Columbia University Press . p. 171. ISBN 978-0-231-16495-5 . Robinson, Andrew (1989). Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1-86064-965-3 . External links Satyajit Ray at IMDb SatyajitRay.org Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center: University of California – Santa Cruz Archived 13 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Satyajit Ray society .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Satyajit Ray v t e Filmography Bibliography Accolades Filmography Bibliography Accolades Films directed The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Calcutta Trilogy Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Goopy–Bagha Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Feluda Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Others Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Documentaries Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) The Apu Trilogy Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Pather Panchali (1955) Aparajito (1956) The World of Apu (1959) Calcutta Trilogy Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Pratidwandi (1970) Seemabaddha (1971) Jana Aranya (1976) Goopy–Bagha Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) Hirak Rajar Deshe (1980) Feluda Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Sonar Kella (1974) Joi Baba Felunath (1978) Others Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Parash Pathar (1958) Jalsaghar (1958) Devi (1960) Teen Kanya (1961) Kanchenjungha (1962) Abhijan (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Charulata (1964) Kapurush (1965) Mahapurush (1965) Nayak (1966) Chiriyakhana (1967) Days and Nights in the Forest (1970) Distant Thunder (1973) The Chess Players (1977) Pikoo (1980) Sadgati (1981) Ghare Baire (1984) Ganashatru (1989) Shakha Proshakha (1990) Agantuk (1991) Documentaries Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) Rabindranath Tagore (1961) Two (1964) Sikkim (1971) The Inner Eye (1972) Bala (1976) Sukumar Ray (1987) Written only Goopy - Bagha Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Feluda Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Others The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) Goopy - Bagha Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Goopy Bagha Phire Elo (1991) Goopy Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya (2014) Feluda Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Kissa Kathmandu Mein (1986) Baksho Rahashya (1996) Bombaiyer Bombete (2003) Kailashey Kelenkari (2007) Tintorettor Jishu (2008) Gorosthaney Sabdhan (2010) Royal Bengal Rahashya (2011) Badshahi Angti (2014) Double Feluda (2016) Others The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) The Alien (unproduced) Target (1995) Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Bombay Talkies (2013) Chaar (2014) Anukul (2017) Professor Shonku O El Dorado (2019) Books Our Films, Their Films Jakhan Choto Chilam Bishoy Chalachchitra Our Films, Their Films Jakhan Choto Chilam Bishoy Chalachchitra Characters Feluda Professor Shonku Tarini Khuro Lalmohan Ganguly Feluda Professor Shonku Tarini Khuro Lalmohan Ganguly Related Sandesh magazine Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Sandesh magazine Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Category Category Satyajit Ray Lists of awards received by Indian film director Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Webarchive template wayback links Featured lists This page was last edited on 21 December 2024, at 03:02 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January 1945 2 February 1945 3 March 1945 4 April 1945 5 May 1945 6 June 1945 7 July 1945 8 August 1945 9 September 1945 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links Timeline of World War II (1945) العربية Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands ไทย Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of World War II" 1945 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( April 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of World War II" 1945 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( April 2022 ) 1945 in the Second World War ← 1944 Aftermath → Allied leaders meet at the Yalta Conference (top left), Soviets raise their flag over the Reichstag, (top right) Americans raise their flag over Iwo Jima, (bottom left) nuclear weapons first used in the bombing of Hiroshima (bottom right.) Location Global Location Global Belligerents Allies .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Greece Italy Romania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Finland Philippines Ethiopia Mexico Brazil Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Greece Italy Romania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Finland Philippines Ethiopia Mexico Brazil Axis Germany Japan Italian Social Republic Slovakia Hungary Croatia Thailand Germany Japan Italian Social Republic Slovakia Hungary Croatia Thailand Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e This is a timeline of the events that took place during 1945, the last year of World War II . January 1945 January 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th February 1945 February 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th March 1945 March 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th April 1945 April 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th May 1945 May 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th June 1945 June 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th July 1945 July 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th August 1945 August 1945 1st 1st 15th 15th September 1945 See also Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II Notes and references ^ a b c d e f g h i j .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "1945 Timeline" . WW2DB . Retrieved 2011-02-09 . ^ a b c d e "Chronology of World War Two" . andrew.etherington. Archived from the original on 2012-10-26 . Retrieved 2015-01-19 . ^ Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron Rennell of Rodd (1948). "Chronology 1941-1945". British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941-1947 . H.M. Stationery Office. p. 617 . Retrieved January 14, 2009 . Turkey declared war on the Axis Powers ^ Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron Rennell of Rodd (1948). "Chronology 1941-1945". British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941-1947 . H.M. Stationery Office. p. 617 . Retrieved January 14, 2009 . Egypt declared war on Germany and Japan ^ Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron Rennell of Rodd (1948). "Chronology 1941-1945". British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941-1947 . H.M. Stationery Office. p. 617 . Retrieved January 14, 2009 . Syria declared war on Germany and Japan ^ Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron Rennell of Rodd (1948). "Chronology 1941-1945". British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941-1947 . H.M. Stationery Office. p. 617 . Retrieved January 14, 2009 . Saudi Arabia declared war on Germany and Japan ^ "ConflictTimeLine" . onwar.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . ^ Long, Tony (March 9, 2011). "Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy" . Wired . ^ Keating, J.K.; Harvey, D.W. "Site Security" (PDF) . History of the Plutonium Production Facilities at the Hanford Site Historic District, 1943–1990 . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2006 . Retrieved April 27, 2007 . ^ Swanston, Alexander; Swanston, Malcolm. The Historical atlas of World War 2 . p. 323. ^ "Doden op 7 mei 1945" . Amsterdam City Archives . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ "80th Task Force Smythe — Surrender of 6th German Army at Garstan, Austria" (PDF) . ^ Stanley (1997) Page 175. Bibliography Stanley, Peter (1997). Tarakan. An Australian Tragedy . Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-278-8 . External links Timeline of WWII World History Database Timeline of WWII Documents of World War II World War II Timeline v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland 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Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category Chronology of World War II 1945 in military history World War II by year United States military history timelines Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2022 All pages needing 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 2 Territorial control 3 Administration Toggle Administration subsection 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 4 Foreign relations Toggle Foreign relations subsection 4.1 Israel 4.1 Israel 5 Human rights 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Bibliography 7.1 Bibliography Southern Transitional Council العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Southern Transitional Council .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي ( Arabic ) Chairman Aidarus al-Zoubaidi ( AWOL ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Vice president Hani bin Burayk Foundation 11 May 2017 ( 2017-05-11 ) Dissolved 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Split from Southern Movement Groups .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Headquarters Aden , Yemen (until 2026) Ideology Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Part of Presidential Leadership Council (PLC) (2022–2026) Allies State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] Opponents State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province Wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Flag Website en .stcaden .com The Southern Transitional Council ( STC ; Arabic : المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي , romanized : al-Majlis al-Intiqālī al-Janūbī ) was a political and military organization in Yemen that existed from 2017 until its dissolution in 2026. Formed as a faction of the Southern Movement , it had called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of former South Yemen , with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia . [ 14 ] The organization was backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 15 ] The council was headed by the former Governor of Aden Governorate , Aidarus al-Zoubaidi , as chairman , [ 1 ] with former minister of state and militant Salafi Islamist , Hani bin Burayk , as vice president. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The formation of the council was authorized a week earlier by the "Historic Declaration", announced at a rally protesting the dismissal of al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor. The STC, a major party to the Yemeni Civil War , once controlled all of the territories of the former South Yemeni state. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The 26 members of the STC included the governors of five southern governorates and two government ministers. In April 2022, the STC joined the Presidential Leadership Council , after then-Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned and transferred presidential powers to the newly formed body. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the Vice President of the new government. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The STC increased its influence in the council by enlarging its membership to three out of the eight, through internal reorganization in May 2023. [ 24 ] In December 2025, the group launched a major offensive to retake the territory of former South Yemen . This was initially widely successful, with the STC capturing almost the entire territory of the former southern state. However, this prompted a PLC - HTA counter-offensive with direct Saudi military support. This turned the tables on the STC and in early January 2026, the council had lost most of its territory, including its capital Aden . [ 25 ] A dispute over the group's fate arose, as an STC delegation in Riyadh announced the group would dissolve, while the group's official spokesperson and other high-ranking officials stated that the Riyadh statement was 'null and void', [ 4 ] had been made under duress and the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] History In 1914, following the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 , the United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire divided Arabian Peninsula into two parts: the northwest under Ottoman control and influence, and the southeast under British control and influence. [ 26 ] The UK established the Aden Colony in 1937 and a Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia in 1959 which evolved into the Federation of South Arabia in 1963. Following an armed rebellion , British forces withdrew from southern Yemen in November 1967, resulting in the independence of the People's Republic of Southern Yemen which later became the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and neighbouring Yemen Arab Republic merged in May 1990 as the Republic of Yemen . Southern separatists proclaimed a Democratic Republic of Yemen in May 1994, however the attempted secession was defeated in July that year. Formation On 27 April 2017, President Hadi dismissed Aidarus al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor of Aden Governorate due to his close ties with the United Arab Emirates , which President Hadi described as "acting like occupiers" in Aden . [ 27 ] This was met with large demonstrations in the city in support of the deposed but popular Zoubaidi. [ 28 ] In 4 May 2017, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a speech which the STC describes as the "Aden Historic Declaration" ( Arabic : إعلان عدن التاريخي , romanized : Iʿlān ʿAdan at-Tārīḵiyy ). The speech was delivered in Aden's Freedom Square ( Arabic : ساحة الحرية , romanized : sahat alhuriya ), formerly known as Exhibition Square in Khormaksar district . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] With the help and support of the United Arab Emirates, the STC was formed on 11 May 2017 with al-Zoubaidi as its leader. [ 31 ] Immediately, President Hadi called the council illegitimate. [ 32 ] [ 19 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Capture of Aden Beginning on 28 January 2018, forces loyal to the STC seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi government. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] In January 2018, as the head of the STC, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a state of emergency in Aden and that "the STC has begun the process of overthrowing Hadi's rule over the South". [ 37 ] On 27 August 2019, tensions continued to escalate in southern Yemen after the UAE-backed Security Belt Forces (SBF) lost territories to troops loyal to the Saudi-backed government of President Hadi. The troops advanced on the capital Aden and instead of engaging in street fighting, took positions outside of the city in order to prevent civilian casualties. On 29 August 2019, to stop government forces from advancing and reclaiming the capital, the UAE carried out airstrikes on government positions outside of Aden, which killed and injured over 300 government soldiers. Despite membership in the coalition fighting the Iran-aligned Houthi rebels, the UAE fell out with Hadi's government after the former accused Hadi of aligning with the powerful Islah party , which the UAE viewed as ideologically close to the Muslim Brotherhood . [ citation needed ] Post-Riyadh Agreement On 5 November 2019, the STC and the Yemeni government signed the Riyadh Agreement , which resulted in the latter recognizing the former's legitimacy and allowing them into the government, in exchange for the STC withdrawing militarily from Aden and giving up some security control in the south of the country. [ 38 ] It followed the Southern Yemen clashes of August 2019, with the goal of ending the fighting and establishing a united front against the Houthi rebels. [ 39 ] The STC declared self-governance on 26 April 2020. [ 40 ] The government said local and security authorities in the provinces of Hadramaut , Abyan , Shabwa , al-Mahra , and the island of Socotra dismissed the move as a "clear and definite coup". [ 41 ] In Aden, the movement's attempt was successful, as it occupied all governmental institutions. [ 42 ] To deal with the infighting between the Yemeni government and the Southern Transitional Council, a new cabinet was formed with the backing of neighbouring Saudi Arabia. [ 43 ] The formation of the new unity government in December 2020, which includes equal numbers of representatives from each region of Yemen's northern and southern areas, was the result of over a year's worth of intense negotiations mediated by the Saudis, and was meant to end the infighting so that the two sides could fight together against the Houthi rebels in the ongoing civil war . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] In April 2022, STC formally became part of the Presidential Leadership Council, the new governing body of the Republic of Yemen established after the resignation of the former president. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the new Vice President . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] During the STC congress held between 4–8 May 2023, the "Southern National Pact" was adopted, demanding the incorporation of the Southern Movement in the Yemeni peace process under an "independent framework". Houthi insurgents vehemently denounced the congress and its resolutions. Nevertheless, STC managed to increase its share in the Presidential Leadership Council to three members out of the total eight seats. [ 46 ] In August 2022, the STC launched an offensive in the Abyan and Shabwah provinces, capturing most districts of those provinces. [ 47 ] On 25 September 2025, the STC called for a "two-state solution" to the Yemeni civil war. STC president Aidarus al-Zubaidi said that such an agreement would be the best path towards peace and stability, as he believed there was "no prospect" of dislodging the Houthis from Northern Yemen and that the country was already effectively divided into two states. [ 48 ] December 2025 offensive On 2 December 2025, the STC launched an offensive across southern Yemen , codenamed "Operation Promising Future", [ 49 ] and by 8 December, had captured most of the territory comprising the 6 governorates of the former South Yemen . The STC declared its intention to continue advancing until it captures the Houthi-held capital of Sanaa . [ 50 ] In the immediate aftermath of the offensive, Presidential Leadership Council chair Rashad al-Alimi and prime minister Salem Saleh bin Braik left Aden for Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . [ 51 ] Following the offensive, rallies and sit-ins were held in Aden and other cities demanding the re-establishment of an independent state in South Yemen. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] By 21 December several ministers in the Yemeni cabinet had issued statements supporting southern independence and STC leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi had declared that the "next stage will be the stage of building institutions of the future state of South Arabia". [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In response the chair of Yemen's Presidential Leadership Council, Rashad al-Alimi, stated that these ministers had "exceeded their functional responsibilities" and ordered legal action against "violations undermining state authority". [ 57 ] January 2026 constitutional declaration On 2 January 2026, the STC published a constitutional declaration for the State of South Arabia, conterminous with the borders of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen , which had existed as an independent sovereign United Nations member state between 1967 and 1990. [ 58 ] The STC leader Aidarous al-Zubaid stated that the constitution would be in effect for two years, after which a referendum on "exercising the right to self-determination for the people of the South" would be held. al-Zubaid also called for dialogue between the relevant parties in northern and southern Yemen regarding the "paths and mechanisms that guarantee the right of the people of the south." [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Nevertheless, al-Zubaid stated that the constitutional declaration could take effect immediately if the call for dialogue is ignored or if STC forces come under military attack. [ 61 ] January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution Saudi-backed forces loyal to the Presidential Leadership Council launched a counteroffensive in early January 2026. PLC forces took back control of Hadhramaut and Al Mahrah governorates between 2 and 4 January 2026. [ 62 ] Following Saudi air strikes, pro-PLC forces pushed the STC out of Abyan and Shabwah between 6 and 7 January 2026. STC leader, Aidarous al-Zoubaidi left Aden on 7 January, initially to Berbera, Somaliland and then onwards to the United Arab Emirates . [ 63 ] On 9 January 2026, members and affiliated bodies of the Southern Transitional Council announced that they had decided to dissolve the council. Members of the group said in a statement that they did not participate in the decision regarding the offensive in Hadhramaut and al-Mahra, adding that this operation "harmed the southern cause" and that the council has not "achieved its intended aims." [ 64 ] Consequently, STC leader Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates. [ 65 ] However, the UAE-based official spokesman of the STC, Anwar al-Tamimi, called the news "ridiculous" and rejected the announcement. [ 66 ] The spokesperson, backed by other high-ranking officials, denied that the STC had disbanded and stated that the Riyadh statement had been made under duress and demanded that the delegation be released from Riyadh. [ 67 ] The group published a statement on the following day, stating that the dissolution announcement had been made under pressure and that the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] The STC called for mass protests in Aden in support of the group. Saudi-backed forces announced a ban on demonstrations, but this was ignored by several thousand STC supporters who gathered in the streets in support of the council. [ 68 ] Territorial control The STC claimed all the territory of the former South Yemen as part of its proposed State of South Arabia. This is located at the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula and includes the islands of Socotra in Arabian Sea and Perim in the Strait of Mandeb . After the 2018 Battle of Aden , the group took over parts of Lahij and Dhale governorates . [ 69 ] After 2019 Southern Yemen clashes , the STC controlled territory in Aden Governorate , and in parts of Abyan , Lahij and Shabwah governorates. [ 70 ] On 2020, STC took over of Socotra Governorate . From 2022 Southern Yemen offensive , the STC controlled most remaining parts of Abyan and Shabwah governorates. [ 71 ] As a result of the 2025 Southern Yemen offensive which began on 2 December 2025, the STC gained control Hadhramawt and Al Mahrah governorates thus controlling most of the territory of the former South Yemen. [ 72 ] [ 50 ] [ 73 ] Following a counteroffensive by PLC forces in early January 2026, the STC lost most of the territorial gains they had made during the December 2025 offensive. [ 25 ] Administration Presidential Commission An STC Presidential Commission was announced in May 2017 and as of May 2023 has 26 members with Aidarus al-Zoubaidi serving as president and Hani Bin Breik as vice-president. [ 16 ] [ 74 ] In 2017 the membership of the Presidential Commission was as follows: [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ better source needed ] Name Position or profession Aidarus al-Zoubaidi President Hani bin Breik Vice-president Fadhl al-Ghadi Governor for Dhale Lutfi Bashareef Minister for Communications Murad al-Hallemy Minister for Transport Hamid Lamlas Governor for Shabwah Nasser al-Khobbaki Governor for Lahij Ahmed bin Breik Governor for Hadramout Saleh al-Awlaqi Parliamentarian Abdulhadi Shayif Economist Abdullah Arefarar Representative for Socotra Abdurrab al-Naqeep Representative for Yafa'a Adnan al-Kaaf Member of Parliament for Aden Ahmed al-Socotry Governor for Socotra Mona Basharaheed Professor of Literature Aqel al-Attas Activist Lutfi Shatara Journalist Sahair Ali Professor of Law Ahmed Bamuallem Brigadier General and representative for Hadramaut Abdurahman Shaikh Member of Parliament for Aden Salem al-Awlaqi Activist Ameen Saleh Activist Nasser Assadi Brigadier General Ali Ashaibah Brigadier General Niran Suqi Jurist Ali al-Kathiri Representative of the Southern Movement National Assembly The National Assembly, established in December 2017, was a deliberative body consisting of 303 members representing the districts and governorates of southern Yemen, it was chaired by member of the STC's presidency Ali Al-Kathiri. [ 77 ] Foreign relations Israel In December 2023, the Southern Transitional Council reportedly said that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthi ship attacks . [ 78 ] In September 2025, Zoubaidi said in an interview that if the STC were to achieve an independent state, it would likely grant recognition to Israel by joining the Abraham Accords . He stated that "If Gaza and Palestine regain their rights, the Accords will be essential for stability in the region." [ 79 ] Human rights Amnesty International has reported a series of human rights concerns in areas under the control of the Southern Transitional Council (STC). Since 2023, the authorities in Aden have introduced restrictions on civil society organizations , requiring permits from STC-run bodies for public activities. According to Amnesty, these permit requirements often involved extensive reporting obligations and were sometimes used to limit funding or deny approval for organizations perceived as politically opposed to the STC. [ 80 ] In some cases, events organized by non-governmental organizations were prevented from taking place, or were halted after approval had been granted. Venues were reportedly ordered to close events mid-way without explanation. [ 80 ] Civil society groups have also reported reduced access to funding and increased self-censorship in response to the restrictions. [ 80 ] Human rights defenders and journalists have been targets of the STC's security forces arbitrary detention. On 16 November 2023, lawyer Sami Yassin Ka'id Marsh was arrested by STC security forces as he was leaving work. He was detained without charge at the al-Nasr military camp, an unofficial facility, held incommunicado , and reportedly subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. In March 2024, he was transferred to Aden's Bir Ahmad prison, where a leaked photograph showed him seriously ill in a hospital bed, raising concerns for his health and wellbeing. Amnesty International reported that he was subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. [ 81 ] On 26 May 2024, armed individuals affiliated with the STC and the Southern Women Union took control of the Yemeni Women Union centre in Aden, a shelter for survivors of gender-based violence. Staff and residents were expelled, and access to the premises was blocked. [ 82 ] See also South Yemen insurgency Southern Movement Yemeni Socialist Party References ^ a b Heibach 2021 , p. 2. ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Faisal Ali,Alma Milisic,Yasmeen Aboujabal. "Updates: Saudi-led coalition targets Yemen; STC head dismissed from gov't" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council to dismantle, a day after its leader fled to the UAE" . ABC News . AP. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ a b c "STC denies disbandment statement, rumors | The Jerusalem Post" . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com . 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b c "Yemen's STC denies dissolution, demands release of detained delegation in Riyadh" . english.news.cn . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b "Israel, the UAE, and Yemen's South: The Politics of Unlikely Alliances" . Arab Center Washington DC. 22 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . Central to this narrative is the STC's openness to cooperation with Israel, which is reinforced by reports of quiet intelligence coordination between the UAE and Israel, with the STC as a local partner, against Houthi threats, underscoring the image it strives to cultivate of a capable, secular, and pro-Western force aligned with the broader anti-Iran coalition. ^ a b Lyubarsky, Nikkie (8 December 2025). "UAE-Backed Forces Expand Control in Southern Yemen" . The Soufan Center . Retrieved 16 December 2025 . ^ a b "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council: A Delicate Balancing Act" . ^ "South Yemen leader: We'd join Abraham Accords, back Israel" . The Jerusalem Post . 25 September 2025. ^ Karim, Khalil. "The STC is courting Israel in its drive for secession in Yemen" . The New Arab . ^ "Normalization in Exchange for a State?.. STC Bets on Israel for Yemen's South Secession" . 15 October 2025. ^ Arab, The New. "UAE-backed Yemen separatists declare support for Libyan warlord Haftar" . The New Arab . Archived from the original on 16 June 2025 . Retrieved 16 December 2025 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (26 December 2025). "Southern separatists in Yemen report Saudi airstrikes near positions" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Wajdi, Izzat (6 October 2025). "حل الدولتين.. في اليمن" [The two-state solution... in Yemen]. الحرة (in Arabic) . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . القطيعة مع فكرة يمن موحد، حسب الزبيدي، "ستكون نهائية. لن يحمل اسم الدولة القادمة حتى كلمة اليمن". "دولة الجنوب العربي" هو الأكثر قبولاً لدى أنصار المجلس الانتقالي، وهو اسم قديم يعود إلى الاتحاد الذي أنشأه المستعمر البريطاني عند توحيده عددا من المشيخات والسلطنات في الجنوب قبل الاستقلال عام 1967. [The break with the idea of a unified Yemen, according to Al-Zubaidi, "will be final. The name of the future state will not even include the word Yemen." "The State of South Arabia" is the most acceptable name among supporters of the Transitional Council. It is an old name that dates back to the union created by the British colonists when they unified a number of sheikhdoms and sultanates in the south before independence in 1967.] ^ ^ a b "Where Coalitions Come to Die" . Sana'a Center . 4 September 2019. ^ Forster, R (September 2017). "The Southern Transitional Council: Implications for Yemen's peace process" (PDF) . Middle East Policy . 24 (3): 133– 144. doi : 10.1111/mepo.12295 . hdl : 20.500.11820/eb7d2018-0f05-478d-aa15-3b38cdd796fa . ^ The New Arab (16 May 2017). "GCC: Aden-based Southern Transitional Council 'doomed to fail' " . alaraby . alaraby.co.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ a b "Banished Aden governor forms independent "South Yemen" council" . alaraby . alaraby.co.uk. 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ Saudi Research & Marketing (uk) Ltd. "Thirty Southern Figures Reject Transitional Council in Aden – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English" . english.aawsat.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ "Separatist group announces self-rule in southern Yemen" . Al Jazeera . 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. ^ a b Ghobari, Mohamed (7 April 2022). "Yemen president sacks deputy, delegates presidential powers to council" . Aden: Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ a b Al-Sakani, Ali (19 April 2022). "Yemen inaugurates new presidential council" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council reshuffle strengthens body, analysts say" . National News . 9 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. ^ a b "Saudi-backed forces move on Aden as Yemen secessionist leader vanishes" . Al Jazeera. 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ Schofield 1999 . sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchofield1999 ( help ) ^ Hearst, David (12 May 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Yemen president says UAE acting like occupiers" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via middleeasteye.com. ^ "Yemenis march against Hadi after sacking of Aden governor" . Middle East Eye . 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via middleeasteye.com. ^ "PA-X: Yemen Timeline: Conflict Events & Peace and Transition Documents" . peaceagreements.org . Retrieved 2 October 2020 . ^ "اليمن: إعلان عدن "التاريخي" وآراء المتظاهرين" . bbc.cu.uk . 4 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2020 . ^ Farrukh, Maher (2 November 2017). "Threat Update: Yemen and Southern Secessionism" . Critical Threats . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ "GCC rejects formation of Yemen transitional council" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ al Qurashi, Ibrahim (12 May 2017). "Hadi Rejects 'South Council,' Urges Members to Clarify their Stances" . english.aawsat.com . Asharq Al-Awsat English. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ "Yemen gov't rejects formation of "southern transitional council" – Xinhua | English.news.cn" . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ "Separatist clashes flare in south Yemen" . BBC News. 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ "Yémen: les séparatistes sudistes, à la recherche de l'indépendance perdue" . Le Point (in French). 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . ^ Jonkers, Brecht (29 January 2018). "South Yemen separatists send reinforcements to Aden" . AMN (Al Masdar News). Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. ^ Forster, Robert (14 November 2019). "Yemen's 'Handshake moment': What other peace processes can tell us about the Riyadh Agreement" . Chr. Michelsen Institute . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3561618 . SSRN 3561618 . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ "The Graveyard of Hubris – Yemen Annual Review 2021" . Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies . 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 May 2022 . ^ "Yemen separatists declare self-governance of south" . news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 26 April 2020 . ^ "Yemen provinces reject separatists' claim to self-rule" . news.yahoo.com . 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020 . Retrieved 26 April 2020 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (26 April 2020). "Crisis in Yemen as Aden separatists declare self-rule" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2020 . ^ "At least 22 killed, dozens wounded in Yemen airport attack" . Al Jazeera. ^ "New Yemen gov't sworn in after Saudi-brokered power-sharing deal" . Al Jazeera. ^ Al-Batati, Saeed (26 December 2020). "Yemen's new government sworn in, ending months of wrangling" . Arab News . ^ Furlan, Marta (29 March 2023). "Developments In Southern Yemen: Significance, Implications, And Prospects For Peace" . Orion Policy Institute . Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. ^ Knights, Michael; al-Gabarni, Adnan; Coombs, Casey (21 October 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Houthi Jihad Council: Command and Control in 'the Other Hezbollah' " (PDF) . CTC Sentinel . 15 (10). West Point, New York : Combating Terrorism Center : 1– 23. 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South24 Center . Aden. 18 December 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ Al-Fallahi, Ashraf (21 December 2025). "3 وزراء يمنيون يعلنون تأييدهم للمجلس الانتقالي وإعلان الانفصال (شاهد)" . arabi21.com (in Arabic). Aden . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ "Yemeni gov't ministries voice support for STC's military expansion in south" . Big News Network . Aden. 22 December 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ "New Statements from Aden Ministries Back STC and Call for South Arabia State" . South24 Center . Aden. 22 December 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ "Yemeni presidency rejects ministers' pro-secession statements" . Big News Network . Aden. 22 December 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ Lucente, Adam (2 January 2026). "Yemen's STC announces self-determination process for south: What to know" . Al-Monitor . ^ Quillen, Stephen; Magee, Caolán; Hume, Tim; Adler, Nils (2 January 2026). "Updates: Fighting breaks out in east Yemen along border with Saudi Arabia" . Al Jazeera . ^ Al-Haj, Ahmed; Khaled, Fatma (2 January 2026). "Yemen's separatists announce a constitution for an independent south in escalation of conflict" . NewsNation . ^ Berry, Alex (2 January 2026). "Yemen separatists plan transition to independence by 2028" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ^ "Deadly battles erupt in southern Yemen as Saudi Arabia strikes separatists" . ^ Rasheed, Zaheena. "Saudi-led coalition says STC's al-Zubaidi fled to UAE via Somaliland" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's STC dissolves itself, says group didn't achieve intended aims" . Al Arabiya . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Rasheed, Zaheena. "Saudi-led coalition says STC's al-Zubaidi fled to UAE via Somaliland" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ McLoughlin, Paul. "South Yemen separatists call foul as STC 'announce dissolution' " . The New Arab . Archived from the original on 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Thousands rally in support of Yemen's main separatist group" . Reuters . 10 January 2026. ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council: A Delicate Balancing Act" . ^ [ bare URL PDF ] ^ "Frontlines Remain Relatively Calm Despite Houthi Drone Attacks Against Southern Ports – the Yemen Review, November 2022" . ^ "Separatists claim broad control of southern Yemen" . The New Arab . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Yemen conflict: Who controls what areas?" . ^ Forster, R (September 2017). "The Southern Transitional Council: Implications for Yemen's peace process" (PDF) . Middle East Policy . 24 (3): 133– 144. doi : 10.1111/mepo.12295 . hdl : 20.500.11820/eb7d2018-0f05-478d-aa15-3b38cdd796fa . ^ ^ "Biểu tượng đánh dấu #SouthYemen trên Twitter" . twitter.com . ^ "اليمن.. المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي يعقد أولى جلسات الجمعية الوطنية" . 24 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. ^ "Yemen's STC 'ready to work with Israel' against Houthis" . New Arab . 12 December 2023 . Retrieved 14 December 2023 . ^ Harisi, Mohamad Ali (24 September 2025). "Yemen's Al Zubaidi on Southern independence and what comes next" . The National . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ^ a b c "Yemen: Southern Transitional Council must end crackdown on civic space" . Amnesty International . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 18 August 2025 . ^ "Yemen: STC must immediately release arbitrarily detained human rights lawyer amid fears for his health" . Amnesty International . 20 March 2024 . Retrieved 18 August 2025 . ^ "Yemen: STC de facto authorities must ensure safety of women's shelter following takeover of Yemeni Women Union centre" . Amnesty International . 6 June 2024 . Retrieved 18 August 2025 . Bibliography Heibach, Jens (2021). "The Future of South Yemen and the Southern Transitional Council" . GIGA Focus Middle East (2). ISSN 1862-3611 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2017 establishments in Yemen 2026 disestablishments in Yemen Arab separatism Military units and formations disestablished in 2026 Military units and formations established in 2017 Secessionist organizations Separatism in Yemen United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Yemeni crisis CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Harv and Sfn no-target errors CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing Arabic-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2026 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:01 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council#cite_ref-Arab_Center_Washington_DC_6-0
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الصفحة الرئيسة الأحداث الجارية أحدث التغييرات أحدث التغييرات الأساسية المواضيع أبجدي بوابات مقالة عشوائية تصفح من غير إنترنت تواصل مع ويكيبيديا مساعدة الميدان صفحات خاصة تبرع إنشاء حساب دخول تبرع إنشاء حساب دخول وفيات 2026 Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch English Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français Galego Magyar Italiano 日本語 한국어 کٲشُر Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 مقالة نقاش اقرأ عدّل تاريخ اقرأ عدّل تاريخ ماذا يصل هنا تغييرات ذات علاقة رفع ملف وصلة دائمة معلومات الصفحة استشهد بهذه الصفحة احصل على مسار مختصر تنزيل رمز الاستجابة السريعة إنشاء كتاب تحميل بصيغة PDF نسخة للطباعة ويكيميديا كومنز عنصر ويكي بيانات محتويات يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر القائمة التالية لأبرز وفيات 2026 . يسرد الإدخالات لكل يوم حسب تاريخ الوفاة . يتضمن الإدخال النموذجي المعلومات بالتسلسل التالي: الاسم، العمر، دولة الجنسية عند الولادة، دولة الجنسية اللاحقة (إن وجدت)، سبب الشهرة، سبب الوفاة (إن عُرف)، والمصدر . وفيات يناير 1 نجدة داشي ، 81، سياسي يوغوسلافي ثُمَّ صربي ثُمَّ كوسوفي . [ 1 ] موريس خان ، 95، رجل أعمال إسرائيلي . [ 2 ] محسن محمدييف ، 59، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم سوفيتي ثُمَّ طاجيكي . [ 3 ] برايان دويل ، 90، كاتب كندي . [ 4 ] حسين علي حسين ، 77، روائي وكاتب سعودي . [ 5 ] جون لانغدون ، 79، مصمم جرافيك أمريكي . [ 6 ] هيروشي كومي ، 81، كاتب وصحفي ومذيع ياباني . [ 7 ] 2 تيم روبرتسون ، 81، ممثل وكاتب أسترالي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 8 ] صالح ارشيدات ، 80، سياسي أردني . [ 9 ] باتريك دوفي ، 105، سياسي بريطاني . [ 10 ] عبد الرحمن الفريح ، 69، مؤرخ وكاتب وسياسي سعودي . [ 11 ] ستيفن إدوارد هاغرتي ، 87، عالم فيزياء أرض أمريكي . [ 12 ] 3 جميل عازر ، 89، إعلامي أردني . [ 13 ] ديميتار بينيف ، 80، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم بلغاري . [ 14 ] إيفا شلوس ، 96، كاتبة نمساوية . [ 15 ] نام سينغ ثابا ، 79، ملاكم نيبالي . [ 16 ] تيري وارتون ، 83، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي . [ 17 ] ديفيد إم. مادوكس ، 87، قائد عسكري أمريكي . [ 18 ] 4 علي أبو الراغب ، 79، سياسي أردني . [ 19 ] سفيري أنكار ويسدال ، 81، ممثل نرويجي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 20 ] ميلوراد كوسانوفيتش ، 75، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم يوغوسلافي ثُمَّ صربي . [ 21 ] ألان بيكر ، 81، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 22 ] جون مريديث ، 85، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 23 ] مايكل ريغان ، 80، صحفي وناقد سياسي أمريكي . [ 24 ] بوبي هولمز ، 93، لاعب كرة قدم اسكتلندي . [ 25 ] فورست أبل ، 93، لاعب كرة سلة أمريكي . [ 26 ] جورج كابوت لودج ، 98، أكاديمي وسياسي أمريكي . [ 27 ] رالف إل. طوماس ، 86، مخرج وكاتب سيناريو كندي . [ 28 ] 5 كولن مكدونالد ، 95، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي . [ 29 ] ألدريش أميس ، 84، جاسوس أمريكي عمل لصالح الاتحاد السوفيتي ثُمَّ روسيا. [ 30 ] بونيفاسيو أفيلا ، 75، ملاكم كولومبي . [ 31 ] أندرو بودنار ، 71، عازف قيثارة بريطاني (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 32 ] أندرو كارتر ، 86، مُلحِّن بريطاني . [ 33 ] جوان أولدهام ، 68، لاعب كرة سلة أمريكي . [ 34 ] أسامة النجار ، 58، سياسي وأستاذ جامعي وأخصائي مخبري فلسطيني . [ 35 ] 6 بيلا تار ، 70، مخرج مجري . [ 36 ] ألكس فيليبي ، 32، لاعب كرة صالات برازيلي . [ 37 ] أناتولي يفتوشينكو ، 91، لاعب ومدرب كرة يد سوفيتي ثُمَّ روسي . [ 38 ] يوهانس فابيان ، 88، عالم إنسانيات هولندي . [ 39 ] إديث فلانيغن ، 96، عالمة كيمياء أمريكية . [ 40 ] أنجيلا دوروثيا فيرجسون ، 100، طبيبة أطفال أمريكية . [ 41 ] 7 طوني فيلد ، 79، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي . [ 42 ] أوري لويوليانسكي ، 74، سياسي إسرائيلي . [ 43 ] مراد وهبة ، 99، فيلسوف ومفكر مصري . [ 44 ] جون ليندسي ، 90، سياسي أمريكي . [ 45 ] ريبيكا كيلغور ، 76، مغنية وموسيقية أمريكية . [ 46 ] فيرا فرانسيس ، 95، ممثلة بريطانية . [ 47 ] 8 فيجاي سينغ ، 55، سياسي هندي . [ 48 ] هيروشي ناكامورا ، 93، رسام ياباني . [ 49 ] تيري يورات ، 75، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم ويلزي . [ 50 ] أستريد رومر ، كاتبة سورينامية هولندية . [ 51 ] قاي مون ، 63، مُلحِّن أمريكي . [ 52 ] هوارد رايلي ، 87، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي . [ 53 ] مجتبى ترشيزي ، 47، لاعب كرة قدم إيراني . [ 54 ] 9 سعيد بن عبد الله القحطاني ، عسكري سعودي . [ 55 ] بياتريس غونزاليس ، 87، رسامة ونحاتة كولومبية . [ 56 ] هانز هيرمان ، 97، سائق سيارات سباق ألماني . [ 57 ] طوماس كنت كارتر ، 69، ممثل أمريكي . [ 58 ] لويس يوجين بروس ، 82، عالم كيمياء أمريكي . [ 59 ] 10 مانويل كارلوس ، 92، كاتب سيناريو برازيلي . [ 60 ] إريك فون دانكن ، 90، كاتب سويسري . [ 61 ] جيم هارتونغ ، 65، لاعب جمباز أمريكي . [ 62 ] ديريك مارتن ، 92، ممثل وكاتب بريطاني . [ 63 ] مانولو فيلافيردي ، 91، ممثل كوبي أمريكي . [ 64 ] بوب وير ، 78، موسيقي أمريكي . [ 65 ] ريتشارد أولدينغ هاينز ، 81، عالم أحياء بريطاني أمريكي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 66 ] 11 أحمد مللي ، 77، ممثل سوري . [ 67 ] روبرت هوبكينز ، 64، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 68 ] كاثرين السميع ، 92، ممثلة فرنسية . [ 69 ] طوماس كوسي ، 76، مهندس صوت أمريكي . [ 70 ] 12 رولاند كوربيس ، 72، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم فرنسي . [ 71 ] إدي مكريدي ، 85، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم اسكتلندي . [ 72 ] روبرت فيتا كون ، 72، عالم رياضيات أمريكي . [ 73 ] 13 سكوت آدامز ، 68، كاتب ورسام قصص مصورة أمريكي . [ 74 ] كلوديت كولفن ، 86، ناشطة حقوقية أمريكية . [ 75 ] جورج فاسيليو ، 94، سياسي قبرصي كان ثالث رؤساء جمهورية بلاده. [ 76 ] بلانش مارفن ، 100، كاتبة وناقدة مسرحية أمريكية . [ 77 ] 14 ريك لينك ، 66، مصارع محترف أمريكي . [ 78 ] إرنستين راسيل ، 87، لاعبة جمباز كندية . [ 79 ] ديميتري أكيموف ، 45، لاعب كرة قدم سوفيتي ثُمَّ روسي . [ 80 ] 15 إيرين أميرة اليونان والدنمارك ، 83، بنت بولس ملك اليونان . [ 81 ] كيني موريس ، 68، موسيقي بريطاني (أُعلنت وفاته بهذا اليوم). [ 82 ] الوفيات حسب الشهر وفيات يناير 2026 وفيات فبراير 2026 وفيات مارس 2026 وفيات أبريل 2026 وفيات مايو 2026 وفيات يونيو 2026 وفيات يوليو 2026 وفيات أغسطس 2026 وفيات سبتمبر 2026 وفيات أكتوبر 2026 وفيات نوفمبر 2026 وفيات ديسمبر 2026 المراجع ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin .mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.75em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)} (بالألبانية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-02 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (بالروسية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-01 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-03 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ الروائي حسين علي حسين في ذمة الله. نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Vale: Tim Robertson نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-02 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} الأردنية (بترا)، وكالة الأنباء. "رئيس الوزراء ينعى نائب رئيس الوزراء والوزير الأسبق الدكتور صالح إرشيدات" . بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية . اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2026-01-02 . ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ أمير حائل ونائبه يقدّمان واجب العزاء لأسرة العفنان. نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر عن 89 عاماً. نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-03 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ E-News — January 2026 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ الأردنية (بترا)، وكالة الأنباء. "رئيس الوزراء الدكتور جعفر حسان ينعى رئيس الوزراء الأسبق المهندس علي أبو الراغب" . بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية . اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2026-01-04 . ^ Muri, Karin; Aftret, Nora Holm (4 Jan 2026). "Sverre Anker Ousdal er død" . VG (بالنرويجية). Archived from the original on 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ^ "Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović - Sport - Dnevni list Danas" (بالصربية). 4 Jan 2026. Archived from the original on 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ John Meredith (1940 - 2026) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ Bobby Holmes نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-08 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ George Lodge نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-05 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (بالإسبانية) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (بالهولندية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ وفاة نقيب الطب المخبري وعضو المجلس الثوري لحركة فتح د.أسامة النجار. ^ Pulver, Andrew (6 Jan 2026). "Béla Tarr, Hungarian director of Sátántangó and Werckmeister Harmonies, dies aged 70" . The Guardian (بالإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN : 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 2026-01-14 . Retrieved 2026-01-06 . ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (بالروسية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-07 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (بالروسية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-08 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Johannes Fabian (بالهولندية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Edith Flanigen نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-08 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ وفاة المفكر المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام. نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-09 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-09 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-09 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (باليابانية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-09 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (بالهولندية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-10 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (بالفارسية) ^ i_waleeed22@، إبراهيم العلوي (جدة) (9 يناير 2026). "5 عقود من العمل الأمني المميز.. الفريق أول سعيد القحطاني في ذمة الله" . عكاظ . اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2026-01-09 . {{ استشهاد ويب }} : صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين ( link ) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (بالإسبانية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-10 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-10 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (بالبرتغالية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (بالألمانية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (بالإسبانية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ وفاة الممثل السوري أحمد مللي عن 80 عاماً. نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-11 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Robert Hopkins (1961–2026) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-12 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (بالفرنسية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (بالفرنسية) نسخة محفوظة 2026-01-13 على موقع واي باك مشين . ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Former President of Cyprus George Vassiliou has died ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (بالروسية) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (بالإسبانية) ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:right;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-left:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-right:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}} ع ن ت → وفيات عقد 2020 ← ع ن ت 2020 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2021 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2022 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2023 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2024 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2025 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر 2026 يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر بوابة أعلام بوابة التاريخ بوابة زمن بوابة عقد 2020 بوابة موت وفيات 2026 قوائم وفيات في 2026 مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الألبانية (sq) قالب أرشيف الإنترنت بوصلات واي باك مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الروسية (ru) صيانة الاستشهاد: استشهادات بمسارات غير مؤرشفة الاستشهاد بمصادر باللغة النرويجية (no) الاستشهاد بمصادر باللغة الصربية (sr) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الإسبانية (es) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الهولندية (nl) الاستشهاد بمصادر باللغة الإنجليزية البريطانية (en-gb) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة اليابانية (ja) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الفارسية (fa) صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة البرتغالية (pt) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الألمانية (de) مقالات تحوي وصلات خارجية باللغة الفرنسية (fr) صفحات تستخدم روابط المشاريع الشقيقة مع عدم تطابق نطاق ويكي بيانات بوابة أعلام/مقالات متعلقة بوابة التاريخ/مقالات متعلقة بوابة زمن/مقالات متعلقة بوابة عقد 2020/مقالات متعلقة بوابة موت/مقالات متعلقة آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة كان يوم 16 يناير 2026، الساعة 07:39. النصوص متاحة تحت رخصة المشاع الإبداعي الملزمة بنسبة العمل لمؤلفه وبترخيص الأعمال المشتقة بالمثل 4.0 ؛ قد تُطبّق شروط إضافية. استخدامُك هذا الموقع هو موافقةٌ على شروط الاستخدام وسياسة الخصوصية . ويكيبيديا ® هي علامة تجارية مسجلة لمؤسسة ويكيميديا ، وهي منظمة غير ربحية. سياسة الخصوصية حول ويكيبيديا إخلاء مسؤولية القواعد السلوكية المطورون إحصائيات بيان تعريف الارتباطات نسخة للأجهزة المحمولة
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https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_2026
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Outlines Ænglisc বাংলা فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Монгол नेपाली Polski Walon Yorùbá 粵語 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Outlines Below is a summary of the world's knowledge, in the form of an outline . Each subject in turn links to an outline that summarizes that subject. Together, these outlines also form a multipage site map of Wikipedia. General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Human activities Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences General reference Books – a book is a set of written, printed, illustrated sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are used to convey knowledge and other information. Great books listed in How to Read a Book Great Books of the Western World Harvard Classics Great books listed in How to Read a Book Great Books of the Western World Harvard Classics General subject outlines (trees of knowledge) Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Subject classification systems Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie ) Outline of academic disciplines Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ) Outline of the knowledge of humanity Subject classification systems Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Academic classification systems Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Fields of doctoral studies (United States) Joint Academic Classification of Subjects Library classification systems Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Bliss bibliographic classification Colon classification Cutter Expansive Classification New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Knowledge – familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. Wikipedia – free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia, supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of its articles. Wikipedia is the sixth-most visited website and constitutes the Internet's largest and most popular general reference work. Culture and the arts The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. Literature – the art of written works. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Literature – the art of written works. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking. Cuisines – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Meals – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific prepared food. Food , human food and drink Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking. Cuisines – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Meals – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific prepared food. Food , human food and drink Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Recreation and Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Drugs, recreational Cannabis Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. Tourism – travel for pleasure or business and the structures that support this travel. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Drugs, recreational Cannabis Cannabis Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. Tourism – travel for pleasure or business and the structures that support this travel. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Rome. Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Rome. Geography and places Health and fitness Health – Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. This is a level of functional and (or) metabolic efficiency of a person in mind, body, and spirit; being free from illness, injury or pain (as in " good health " or " healthy "). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Death – cessation of life. Exercise – any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons, including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, and mental health, including the prevention of depression. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such as heart disease , cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Nutrition – provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Life extension – The study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. Health sciences – applied sciences that address the use of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics in the delivery of healthcare to human beings. Medicine – science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Anesthesia – a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using a medicine called anesthetics. Cardiology – the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Clinical research – an aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices, and vaccines in humans. Dentistry – a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial area, and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the human body. Emergency medicine – medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians undertake acute investigations and interventions to resuscitate and stabilize patients. Obstetrics – medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth, and the postnatal period. Trauma and Orthopedics – medical specialty dealing with bones, joints and operative management of trauma. Pathology – focuses on the study, diagnosis, and understanding of disease Disease – abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Infectious disease – illness or disorder when pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade and multiply within the body of a host organism and release toxins, causing various clinical symptoms which can potentially lead to severe health complications or even death. Psychiatry – medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities. Autism – mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Dyslexia – learning disability that affects either reading or writing. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Bipolar disorder – mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood. Psychiatric survivors movement – diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health. Anesthesia – a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using a medicine called anesthetics. Cardiology – the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Clinical research – an aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices, and vaccines in humans. Dentistry – a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial area, and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the human body. Emergency medicine – medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated, unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians undertake acute investigations and interventions to resuscitate and stabilize patients. Obstetrics – medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth, and the postnatal period. Trauma and Orthopedics – medical specialty dealing with bones, joints and operative management of trauma. Pathology – focuses on the study, diagnosis, and understanding of disease Disease – abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Infectious disease – illness or disorder when pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade and multiply within the body of a host organism and release toxins, causing various clinical symptoms which can potentially lead to severe health complications or even death. Disease – abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Infectious disease – illness or disorder when pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade and multiply within the body of a host organism and release toxins, causing various clinical symptoms which can potentially lead to severe health complications or even death. Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Infectious disease – illness or disorder when pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade and multiply within the body of a host organism and release toxins, causing various clinical symptoms which can potentially lead to severe health complications or even death. Psychiatry – medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities. Autism – mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Dyslexia – learning disability that affects either reading or writing. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Bipolar disorder – mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood. Psychiatric survivors movement – diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health. Autism – mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Dyslexia – learning disability that affects either reading or writing. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Bipolar disorder – mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood. Psychiatric survivors movement – diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health. Public health – preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic History and events History, by period (See also Timeline of world history ) Prehistory ( timeline ) – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Ancient history ( timeline ) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Post-classical history Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899 Modern history – since 1900. Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present Prehistory ( timeline ) – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Ancient history ( timeline ) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Post-classical history Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899 Modern history – since 1900. Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present History, by region History of South Asia ( timeline ) History of Western civilization History of the British Isles History of existing states United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) Historical states Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. History of South Asia ( timeline ) History of Western civilization History of the British Isles History of existing states United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) Historical states Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. History, by subject (see also, timelines ) History, by field History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. History, by field History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The Troubles ( timeline ) – historical ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years, beginning in the late 1960s and ending with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". Iraq War ( timeline )– Invasion by a United States-led coalition, followed by occupation. The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration's war on terror following the September 11 attacks. The war lasted from 2003 to 2011. Russo-Ukrainian War ( timeline ) — war of aggression by Russia upon Ukraine, including Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, the War in Donbas (2014-), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-). Gaza war ( timeline ) – armed conflict between Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups and Israeli military forces, starting with a Hamas attack on southern Israel, which triggered extensive strikes against Palestine's Gaza Strip by Israel and a subsequent invasion of Gaza. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gatseva, Penka D.; Argirova, Mariana (1 June 2011). "Public health: the science of promoting health" . Journal of Public Health . 19 (3): 205– 206. doi : 10.1007/s10389-011-0412-8 . ISSN 1613-2238 . S2CID 1126351 . ^ Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory (1920). "The Untilled Field of Public Health" . Modern Medicine . 2 (1306): 183– 191. Bibcode : 1920Sci....51...23W . doi : 10.1126/science.51.1306.23 . PMID 17838891 . History of political science ( timeline ) History of science ( timeline ) Slavic history History of technology ( timeline ) Prehistoric technology Prehistoric technology Historical sciences – fields dealing with history Archaeology ( timeline ) Astronomy ( timeline ) Environmental history Geology ( timeline ) Geological history Archaeology ( timeline ) Astronomy ( timeline ) Environmental history Geology ( timeline ) Geological history Geological history Human activities Agriculture The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. Communication Education Entertainment Exercise Government Industry Law enforcement Philosophy Politics Religion Science Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include all fields of engineering. Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include all fields of engineering. Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another. Underwater diving – practice of people descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment. Underwater divers Recreational dive sites Underwater divers Recreational dive sites War – state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Impact of human activity Environmentalism National parks of the United States Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park National parks of the United States Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park Mathematics and logic Mathematics – study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, and formulate new conjectures. (See also: Lists of mathematics topics ) Arithmetic – the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Analysis/Calculus – the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Discrete mathematics – the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Geometry – this is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Mathematical logic – study of formal logic within mathematics. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Arithmetic – the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Analysis/Calculus – the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Discrete mathematics – the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Geometry – this is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Mathematical logic – study of formal logic within mathematics. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Logic – formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. Other mathematical sciences – academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper. Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation. Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation. Natural and physical sciences Basis of natural science – natural science is a major branch of science, that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. Metrology and measurement – Metrology is the study of measurement. Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering. Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering. Branches of natural science – also called "the natural sciences", which are: Biology – study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biological phenomena Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Branches of biology (life sciences) Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Life forms – living organisms Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Biological phenomena Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Branches of biology (life sciences) Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Life forms – living organisms Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Physical sciences – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Space science Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Space science Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. People and self Types of people Children Self Children Self Aspects of people Their bodies ( biology ) Their minds ( psychology ) Thought Their behavior ( sociology ) Human sexuality BDSM LGBTQ Relationships Adoption Their bodies ( biology ) Their minds ( psychology ) Thought Thought Their behavior ( sociology ) Human sexuality BDSM LGBTQ Relationships Adoption Human sexuality BDSM LGBTQ BDSM LGBTQ Relationships Adoption Adoption Specific people Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Augustus The Beatles Bob Marley George Washington Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henry Ford Joseph Smith Jesus William Shakespeare Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Augustus The Beatles Bob Marley George Washington Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henry Ford Joseph Smith Jesus William Shakespeare Philosophy and thinking Branches of philosophy Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief. Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies. Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief. Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies. Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Philosophies Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+ . Political philosophies: Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Philosophical debates: Creation–evolution controversy Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+ . Political philosophies: Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Philosophical debates: Creation–evolution controversy Creation–evolution controversy Thought – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Psychology – science of behavior and mental processes. Religion and belief systems World's religions: Abrahamic religions: Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. Christianity – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Jesus – the founder of Christianity Bible – the holy text of Christianity Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith. Catholic canon law Catholic ecumenical councils Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons". Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Islam – monotheistic religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: الله Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah. Mandaeism – a monotheistic ethnic religion practiced by the Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Bábism – Predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of Manifestations of God. Baháʼí Faith – a monotheistic religion founded by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind East Asian religions: Taoism – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao . The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism. Indian religions: Buddhism – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many other expressions. Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination. Sikhism – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji). Contemporary Paganism – a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East). Abrahamic religions: Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. Christianity – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Jesus – the founder of Christianity Bible – the holy text of Christianity Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith. Catholic canon law Catholic ecumenical councils Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons". Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Islam – monotheistic religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: الله Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah. Mandaeism – a monotheistic ethnic religion practiced by the Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Bábism – Predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of Manifestations of God. Baháʼí Faith – a monotheistic religion founded by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. Christianity – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Jesus – the founder of Christianity Bible – the holy text of Christianity Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith. Catholic canon law Catholic ecumenical councils Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons". Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Jesus – the founder of Christianity Bible – the holy text of Christianity Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated. The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions, nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith. Catholic canon law Catholic ecumenical councils Catholic canon law Catholic ecumenical councils Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical Reformism not to be Protestant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement. Members are known as "Mormons". Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. Islam – monotheistic religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: الله Allāh), and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah. Mandaeism – a monotheistic ethnic religion practiced by the Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Bábism – Predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of Manifestations of God. Baháʼí Faith – a monotheistic religion founded by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind East Asian religions: Taoism – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao . The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism. Taoism – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao . The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism. Indian religions: Buddhism – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many other expressions. Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination. Sikhism – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji). Buddhism – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many other expressions. Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination. Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination. Sikhism – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji). Contemporary Paganism – a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East). Religious debates: Creation–evolution controversy – recurring theological and cultural-political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the proponents of various forms of abiogenesis, and proponents of the various forms of special creation. In both cases, there is limited scientific support for any origin of life hypothesis. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and cosmology. Creation–evolution controversy – recurring theological and cultural-political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the proponents of various forms of abiogenesis, and proponents of the various forms of special creation. In both cases, there is limited scientific support for any origin of life hypothesis. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and cosmology. Religious issues: Theology – systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary. Christian theology – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity. Death – end of physical life Theology – systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary. Christian theology – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity. Christian theology – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify, examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity. Death – end of physical life Irreligion – absence of religious belief, or indifference or hostility to religion, or active rejection of religious traditions. Atheism – rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists. Secular humanism – embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making. Atheism – rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists. Secular humanism – embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making. Spirituality – can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of their being; or the "deepest values and meanings by which people live." Society and social sciences Anthropology – study of how humans developed biologically and culturally. Archaeology – study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. Economics – study of how people satisfy their wants and needs. Economics is also the study of supply and demand. Futures studies – seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change Genocide studies Greek genocide Greek genocide Geography – study of physical environments and how people live in them. History – study of the past. Law – set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. (For branches, see Law under Society below). Civil law – non-criminal law, in common law countries. It pertains to lawsuits, civil liability, etc. Civil law – non-criminal law, in common law countries. It pertains to lawsuits, civil liability, etc. Linguistics – study of natural languages. Esperanto – the international constructed language. German language – the German language. Korean language – the Korean language. Principles of interpretation – methods used to understand language and texts, primarily legal documents and sacred texts. Esperanto – the international constructed language. German language – the German language. Korean language – the Korean language. Principles of interpretation – methods used to understand language and texts, primarily legal documents and sacred texts. Organizational theory – interdisciplinary study of social organizations and how groups of individuals behave differently than individuals. Political science – study of different forms of government and the ways citizens relate to them. Psychology – study of the mind, mental processes and behavior. Abnormal psychology – is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Human intelligence – mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn. Human sexuality – impacts and is impacted upon by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life. Sexual activity is a vital principle of human living that connects the desires, pleasures, and energy of the body with a knowledge of human intimacy. Parapsychology – study of alleged psychic phenomena and similar paranormal claims, often regarded as pseudoscientific and dismissed by most mainstream scientists. Abnormal psychology – is the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Human intelligence – mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn. Human sexuality – impacts and is impacted upon by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life. Sexual activity is a vital principle of human living that connects the desires, pleasures, and energy of the body with a knowledge of human intimacy. Parapsychology – study of alleged psychic phenomena and similar paranormal claims, often regarded as pseudoscientific and dismissed by most mainstream scientists. Semiotics – study of symbols and how they relate to one another. Sociology – study of the formation of human societies and social organizations, their structure, and the interaction and behavior of people in organized groups. Society – group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social relations between them. Community – group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household. LGBTQ – lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community Transgender LGBTQ – lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community Transgender Transgender Business – organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers for the purpose of making a profit. Accounting – measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities. Actuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. Business administration – also called "business management", this comprises planning, organizing, staffing, and directing a company's operations in order to achieve its goals. Finance – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise. Corporate finance – deals with the sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, increasing the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. Production – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production. Project management – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations). Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Industrial organization – studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and markets and the strategic interactions of firms. Accounting – measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities. Actuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. Business administration – also called "business management", this comprises planning, organizing, staffing, and directing a company's operations in order to achieve its goals. Finance – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise. Corporate finance – deals with the sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, increasing the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. Production – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production. Project management – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations). Finance – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise. Corporate finance – deals with the sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, increasing the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Corporate finance – deals with the sources of funding, the capital structure of corporations, increasing the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. Production – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production. Project management – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations). Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Industrial organization – studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and markets and the strategic interactions of firms. Communication – activity of conveying meaningful information, which requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient. Journalism – gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. It includes both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it. Environmental journalism – collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact. Public relations – practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public. Music – Musical sound programming, Lyrics production , Remixing , Dance Programming or Production. Journalism – gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. It includes both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it. Environmental journalism – collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact. Environmental journalism – collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact. Public relations – practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public. Music – Musical sound programming, Lyrics production , Remixing , Dance Programming or Production. Education – any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Education can also be defined as the process of becoming an educated person. Academia – nationally and internationally recognized establishment of professional scholars and students, usually centered around colleges and universities, who are engaged in higher education and research. Harvard University – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College ) chartered in that country. Open educational resources Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Educational aims Education in China Academia – nationally and internationally recognized establishment of professional scholars and students, usually centered around colleges and universities, who are engaged in higher education and research. Harvard University – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College ) chartered in that country. Harvard University – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College ) chartered in that country. Open educational resources Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Educational aims Education in China Globalization – process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Politics – process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society. Political ideologies: Environmentalism – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. Green politics – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy. Government types: Democracy – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. International organizations: United Nations Political movements: Houthi movement Psychiatric survivors movement Public affairs – public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public administration is "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Politics, by region: American politics – politics of the United States. Political ideologies: Environmentalism – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. Green politics – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy. Environmentalism – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. Green politics – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy. Government types: Democracy – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. International organizations: United Nations United Nations Political movements: Houthi movement Psychiatric survivors movement Houthi movement Psychiatric survivors movement Public affairs – public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public administration is "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Politics, by region: American politics – politics of the United States. American politics – politics of the United States. Law – A set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. Commercial law – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. Criminal justice – system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. Crime Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Forgery – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Law enforcement – any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders. Intellectual property – distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law. Patents – set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property. Tort law – laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else. A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort. Law of the United States Evidence law in the United States – United States federal Indian law and policy – Commercial law – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. Criminal justice – system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. Crime Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Forgery – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Law enforcement – any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders. Crime Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Forgery – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship (marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Forgery – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Law enforcement – any system by which some members of society act in an organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and apprehend offenders. Intellectual property – distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law. Patents – set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property. Patents – set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property. Tort law – laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual duty) owed to someone else. A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort. Law of the United States Evidence law in the United States – United States federal Indian law and policy – Evidence law in the United States – United States federal Indian law and policy – Rights – legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Urban planning – technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Technology and applied sciences Technology – The making, usage, knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function is referred as technology. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. Technologies and applied sciences Aerospace – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth. Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft. Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft. Applied physics – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering. Meteorology – forecasts the weather. Meteorology – forecasts the weather. Agriculture – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms. Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Communication – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Computing – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more. Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Computer industry Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Computer industry Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Construction – building or assembly of any physical structure. Design – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment. Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings. Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings. Electronics – the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas. Industry – production of an economic good or service. Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor. Industrial machinery – Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work. Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Metalworking – the science, art, industry, and craft of shaping metal. Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Object recognition Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor. Industrial machinery – Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work. Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Metalworking – the science, art, industry, and craft of shaping metal. Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Object recognition Object recognition Energy – is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems. Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction. Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later. Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun . Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction. Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later. Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun . Engineering – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems. Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials. Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance. Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics. Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering , physics , and materials science for the design , analysis, manufacturing , and maintenance of mechanical systems . Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials. Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance. Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics. Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering , physics , and materials science for the design , analysis, manufacturing , and maintenance of mechanical systems . Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Firefighting – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill. Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action. Futures studies – includes identification and forecasting of possible futures and future events, and analysis of their ramifications Health Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease. Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease. Hydrology – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification , manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information . [ 1 ] Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields. Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields. Military science – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict. Mining – extraction of mineral resources from the earth. Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Rocketry – the design and construction of rockets. Sustainability – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another. Transport, by type : Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation Systems Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things. Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Transport, by type : Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation Systems Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things. Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims ^ Merriam-Webster and American Heritage Dictionary . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Individual records Toggle Individual records subsection 1.1 Franchise leaders 1.1.1 Other statistics (regular season) 1.1 Franchise leaders 1.1.1 Other statistics (regular season) 1.1.1 Other statistics (regular season) 2 Individual honors 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Houston Rockets accomplishments and records Français 日本語 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Houston Rockets accomplishments and records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball franchise based in Houston , Texas . The team plays in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team was established in 1967, and played in San Diego , California for four years, before relocating to Houston. [ 1 ] They have made the playoffs in 25 of their 42 seasons, and won their division and conference four times each; they also won back-to-back NBA championships in 1994 and 1995 . [ 2 ] They won 22 straight games during the 2007–08 season, the third-longest streak in NBA history . [ 3 ] Hakeem Olajuwon , the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player in both of the Rockets' championship seasons, played for the Rockets for 17 years and is the career leader for the franchise in 9 categories. He also holds the NBA records for blocks in a playoff game and most points and blocks in a 4-game playoff series. Moses Malone , who played 6 of 19 seasons for the Rockets, had the most points, rebounds , and free throws made in a season for the Rockets, and he also holds the NBA records for most offensive rebounds in a regular season and playoff game. The individual player records section lists the Rockets career leaders in major statistical categories, as well as franchise records for single seasons and games. The team section lists the Rockets' teams that have recorded the highest and lowest totals in a category in a single season and game, and any NBA records that the Rockets have set as a team. Individual records Franchise leaders Bold denotes still active with team. Italic denotes still active but not with team. Points scored (regular season) (as of the end of the 2020–21 season) [ 4 ] @media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}} 1. Hakeem Olajuwon (26,511) 2. James Harden (18,365) 3. Calvin Murphy (17,949) 4. Rudy Tomjanovich (13,383) 5. Elvin Hayes (11,762) 6. Moses Malone (11,119) 7. Yao Ming (9,247) 8. Robert Reid (8,823) 9. Mike Newlin (8,480) 10. Otis Thorpe (8,177) 11. Cuttino Mobley (7,448) 12. Steve Francis (7,281) 13. Tracy McGrady (6,888) 14. Allen Leavell (6,684) 15. Vernon Maxwell (6,002) 16. Ralph Sampson (5,995) 17. Kenny Smith (5,910) 18. Luis Scola (5,597) 19. Rodney McCray (5,059) 20. Sleepy Floyd (5,030) 21. Stu Lantz (4,947) 22. Trevor Ariza (4,863) 23. Eric Gordon (4,564) 24. Lewis Lloyd (4,384) 25. Clyde Drexler (4,155) 26. Buck Johnson (4,139) 27. John Block (4,138) 28. Clint Capela (4,075) 29. Don Kojis (4,037) 30. John Lucas II (3,756) Other statistics (regular season) (as of May 16, 2021) [ 4 ] Most minutes played Player Minutes Hakeem Olajuwon 42,844 Calvin Murphy 30,607 Rudy Tomjanovich 25,714 James Harden 23,006 Robert Reid 21,718 Elvin Hayes 20,782 Otis Thorpe 18,631 Moses Malone 17,780 Mike Newlin 17,646 Cuttino Mobley 16,343 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Hakeem Olajuwon 13,382 Elvin Hayes 6,974 Moses Malone 6,959 Rudy Tomjanovich 6,198 Otis Thorpe 5,010 Yao Ming 4,494 James Harden 3,736 Robert Reid 3,706 Clint Capela 3,243 Ralph Sampson 3,189 Most assists Player Assists James Harden 4,796 Calvin Murphy 4,402 Allen Leavell 3,339 Hakeem Olajuwon 2,992 Mike Newlin 2,581 Kenny Smith 2,457 Steve Francis 2,411 Sleepy Floyd 2,363 John Lucas 2,358 Robert Reid 2,253 Most steals Player Steals Hakeem Olajuwon 2,088 Calvin Murphy 1,165 James Harden 1,087 Allen Leavell 929 Robert Reid 881 Trevor Ariza 683 Steve Francis 619 Vernon Maxwell 559 Cuttino Mobley 526 Sleepy Floyd 470 Most blocks Player Blocks Hakeem Olajuwon 3,740 Yao Ming 920 Moses Malone 758 Ralph Sampson 585 Clint Capela 491 Kelvin Cato 431 Kevin Kunnert 413 James Harden 390 Robert Reid 364 Shane Battier 351 Most three-pointers made Player 3-pointers made James Harden 2,029 Eric Gordon 956 Trevor Ariza 876 Vernon Maxwell 730 Cuttino Mobley 672 Shane Battier 576 Matt Bullard 557 Kenny Smith 521 Rafer Alston 517 Patrick Beverley 477 Individual honors NBA Most Valuable Player Award Moses Malone – 1979, 1982 [ 5 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 [ 6 ] James Harden – 2018 [ 7 ] NBA Finals MVP Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994, 1995 [ 6 ] NBA Scoring Champions Elvin Hayes – 1969 [ 8 ] James Harden – 2018, 2019, 2020 [ 9 ] NBA Defensive Player of the Year [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993, 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year [ 10 ] Ralph Sampson – 1984 Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year [ 10 ] Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player [ 10 ] Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year [ 10 ] Tom Nissalke – 1977 Don Chaney – 1991 Mike D'Antoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year Ray Patterson – 1977 [ 11 ] Daryl Morey – 2018 [ 12 ] J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Calvin Murphy – 1979 [ 13 ] Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 [ 14 ] Best NBA Player ESPY Award Hakeem Olajuwon – 1995, 1996 NBA Most Valuable Player Award Moses Malone – 1979, 1982 [ 5 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 [ 6 ] James Harden – 2018 [ 7 ] NBA Finals MVP Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994, 1995 [ 6 ] NBA Scoring Champions Elvin Hayes – 1969 [ 8 ] James Harden – 2018, 2019, 2020 [ 9 ] NBA Defensive Player of the Year [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993, 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year [ 10 ] Ralph Sampson – 1984 Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year [ 10 ] Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player [ 10 ] Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year [ 10 ] Tom Nissalke – 1977 Don Chaney – 1991 Mike D'Antoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year Ray Patterson – 1977 [ 11 ] Daryl Morey – 2018 [ 12 ] J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Calvin Murphy – 1979 [ 13 ] Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 [ 14 ] Best NBA Player ESPY Award Hakeem Olajuwon – 1995, 1996 NBA All-Defensive First Team [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994 Rodney McCray – 1988 Scottie Pippen – 1999 Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1979 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985, 1991, 1996, 1997 Rodney McCray – 1987 Shane Battier – 2008, 2009 Ron Artest – 2009 Patrick Beverley – 2014 [ 15 ] NBA All-Rookie First Team [ 10 ] Elvin Hayes – 1969 Calvin Murphy – 1971 Joe Meriweather – 1976 John Lucas – 1977 Ralph Sampson – 1984 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 Steve Francis – 2000 Yao Ming – 2003 Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team [ 10 ] Robert Horry – 1993 Matt Maloney – 1997 Cuttino Mobley – 1999 Michael Dickerson – 1999 Eddie Griffin – 2002 Luther Head – 2006 Carl Landry – 2008 Chandler Parsons – 2012 NBA All-Defensive First Team [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994 Rodney McCray – 1988 Scottie Pippen – 1999 Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1979 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985, 1991, 1996, 1997 Rodney McCray – 1987 Shane Battier – 2008, 2009 Ron Artest – 2009 Patrick Beverley – 2014 [ 15 ] NBA All-Rookie First Team [ 10 ] Elvin Hayes – 1969 Calvin Murphy – 1971 Joe Meriweather – 1976 John Lucas – 1977 Ralph Sampson – 1984 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 Steve Francis – 2000 Yao Ming – 2003 Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team [ 10 ] Robert Horry – 1993 Matt Maloney – 1997 Cuttino Mobley – 1999 Michael Dickerson – 1999 Eddie Griffin – 2002 Luther Head – 2006 Carl Landry – 2008 Chandler Parsons – 2012 All-NBA First Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1979, 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1997 James Harden – 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 All-NBA Second Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1980, 1981 Ralph Sampson – 1985 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986, 1990, 1996 Yao Ming – 2007, 2009 Tracy McGrady – 2007 Dwight Howard – 2014 [ 16 ] All-NBA Third Team [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991, 1995, 1999 Clyde Drexler – 1995 Yao Ming – 2004, 2006, 2008 Tracy McGrady – 2005, 2008 James Harden – 2013 Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-NBA First Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1979, 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1997 James Harden – 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 All-NBA Second Team [ 10 ] Moses Malone – 1980, 1981 Ralph Sampson – 1985 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986, 1990, 1996 Yao Ming – 2007, 2009 Tracy McGrady – 2007 Dwight Howard – 2014 [ 16 ] All-NBA Third Team [ 10 ] Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991, 1995, 1999 Clyde Drexler – 1995 Yao Ming – 2004, 2006, 2008 Tracy McGrady – 2005, 2008 James Harden – 2013 Russell Westbrook – 2020 NBA All-Star Selections [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Don Kojis – 1968, 1969 Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 Jack Marin – 1973 Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977, 1979 Moses Malone – 1978–1982 Calvin Murphy – 1979 Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990, 1992–1997 Otis Thorpe – 1992 Charles Barkley – 1997 Clyde Drexler – 1996, 1997 Steve Francis – 2002–2004 Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 Yao Ming – 2003–2009, 2011 James Harden – 2013–2020 Dwight Howard – 2014 Russell Westbrook – 2020 Chris Paul – 2018–2019 All-Star head coach [ 18 ] Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 Mike D'Antoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP [ 10 ] Ralph Sampson – 1985 [ 19 ] NBA All-Star Selections [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Don Kojis – 1968, 1969 Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 Jack Marin – 1973 Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977, 1979 Moses Malone – 1978–1982 Calvin Murphy – 1979 Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990, 1992–1997 Otis Thorpe – 1992 Charles Barkley – 1997 Clyde Drexler – 1996, 1997 Steve Francis – 2002–2004 Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 Yao Ming – 2003–2009, 2011 James Harden – 2013–2020 Dwight Howard – 2014 Russell Westbrook – 2020 Chris Paul – 2018–2019 All-Star head coach [ 18 ] Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 Mike D'Antoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP [ 10 ] Ralph Sampson – 1985 [ 19 ] See also NBA records Notes .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} a Shooting percentages in basketball are calculated by taking the number of field goals, three-pointers, or free throws attempted, and dividing it by the corresponding number of shots taken. b A regulation NBA game is 48 minutes long. [ 20 ] Both games went to triple overtime . [ 21 ] c The record only applies for a player that had 10 or more field goal attempts in a game. [ 22 ] d The record only applies for a player that had 5 or more three-point field goals made in a game. [ 22 ] f This means that the Rockets made 61 fields goals out of 89 attempted. g Drexler shares this record with 10 other players. [ 23 ] h Olajuwon shares this record with Mark Eaton . [ 24 ] i This record was achieved in one other game, between the New Jersey Nets and the Portland Trail Blazers . [ 25 ] j The Rockets share this record with the Washington Wizards . [ 26 ] k The Rockets share this record with the Orlando Magic (January 19, 2009) l The Rockets share this record with the Denver Nuggets (February 13, 2017). References .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "2008–09 Houston Rockets Media Guide" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009 . Retrieved March 11, 2009 . "Houston Rockets Career Leaders" . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved March 4, 2009 . "Houston Rockets Season Leaders" . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on January 3, 2009 . Retrieved March 7, 2009 . "NBA.com:All-Time Records Index" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 11, 2009 . ^ "Owners, fans waited years before Rockets took off" . Houston Chronicle . September 20, 2001. Archived from the original on May 4, 2010 . Retrieved May 13, 2008 . ^ "Houston Rockets" . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on June 26, 2004 . Retrieved May 14, 2008 . ^ Pierce, Damien (March 18, 2008). "Celtics end Rockets' 22-game winning streak" . NBA.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009 . Retrieved February 23, 2009 . ^ a b "Houston Rockets Players | Basketball-Reference.com" . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 28, 2018 . Retrieved July 28, 2018 . ^ "Moses Malone Statistics" . Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013 . Retrieved March 3, 2009 . ^ a b "Hakeem Olajuwon Statistics" . Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012 . Retrieved March 3, 2009 . ^ "James Harden Statistics" . Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ "Elvin Hayes Statistics" . Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013 . Retrieved March 3, 2009 . ^ "James Harden Statistics" . Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 2015–16 Media Guide , p. 150 ^ "NBA Awards – Executive of the Year" . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 . Retrieved March 3, 2009 . ^ "Rockets' Daryl Morey named NBA Executive of the Year" . Houston Chronicle . June 25, 2018. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018 . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ "J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010 . Retrieved July 24, 2008 . ^ "Mutombo wins J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award" . NBA.com . April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009 . Retrieved April 23, 2009 . ^ "Pat Beverley makes NBA All-Defensive Team on second unit" . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 7, 2014 . ^ "Durant, LeBron headline 2013–14 All-NBA First Team" . NBA.com. June 4, 2014. Archived from the original on June 4, 2014 . Retrieved May 21, 2015 . ^ "Houston Rockets All-Star Game Selections" . Basketball-Reference . March 1, 2024. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024 . Retrieved March 1, 2024 . ^ a b 2015–16 Media Guide , pp. 152–3 ^ "Ralph Sampson Statistics" . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 11, 2004 . Retrieved February 18, 2009 . ^ "NBA.com: Rule No. 5 – Scoring and Timing" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008 . Retrieved March 10, 2009 . ^ "Rockets Prevail in Triple-Overtime Thriller" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. February 22, 2004. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012 . Retrieved April 17, 2008 . ^ a b "2008–09 Houston Rockets Media Guide" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. p. 118. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009 . Retrieved February 23, 2009 . ^ "NBA.com: Regular Season Records: Steals" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on April 20, 2007 . Retrieved March 26, 2009 . ^ "NBA.com: Playoff Records: Blocked Shots – Game" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009 . Retrieved March 26, 2009 . ^ "NBA.com: Regular Season Records: Points" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2009 . ^ "NBA.com: Regular Season Records: Miscellaneous" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008 . Retrieved March 26, 2009 . External links Rockets.com Archived June 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Houston Rockets official site Houston Rockets Archived June 26, 2004, at the Wayback Machine Statistics at Basketball-Reference.com .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Houston Rockets v t e Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego (1967–1971) Based in Houston, Texas Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego (1967–1971) Based in Houston, Texas Franchise History All-time roster Draft history 1967 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season History All-time roster Draft history 1967 1967 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Pechanga Arena Hofheinz Pavilion Astrodome HemisFair Arena The Summit/Compaq Center Toyota Center Pechanga Arena Hofheinz Pavilion Astrodome HemisFair Arena The Summit/Compaq Center Toyota Center Personnel Owner(s) Tilman Fertitta President Gretchen Sheirr General manager Rafael Stone Head coach Ime Udoka G League affiliate Rio Grande Valley Vipers Rio Grande Valley Vipers Retired numbers 11 22 23 24 34 44 45 11 22 23 24 34 44 45 NBA championships 1994 1995 1994 1995 Rivalries Dallas Mavericks San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Dallas Mavericks San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Culture and lore Red Rowdies ClutchFans Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear Dancing Barry The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 13 points in 35 seconds 22 wins in a row The Year of the Yao June 17th, 1994 27 consecutive 3-pointers missed Red Rowdies ClutchFans Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear Dancing Barry The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 13 points in 35 seconds 22 wins in a row The Year of the Yao June 17th, 1994 27 consecutive 3-pointers missed v t e National Basketball Association team records v t e NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All-Star Game records NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All-Star Game records Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Houston Rockets lists NBA accomplishments and records by team Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from August 2024 Webarchive template wayback links Featured lists This page was last edited on 14 November 2025, at 08:55 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Films 2 Television 3 Music videos 4 Discography 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Ranbir Kapoor filmography বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu اردو Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Ranbir Kapoor is an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi -language films. He worked as an assistant director on the films Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999) and Black (2005), before making his acting debut in Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's romantic drama Saawariya (2007). [ 1 ] It earned Kapoor the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He established himself in 2009 with leading roles in three films—the coming-of-age drama Wake Up Sid , the comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani and the drama Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year . He won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his combined work in these three films. [ 3 ] In 2010, Kapoor played a character based on Arjuna and Michael Corleone in the commercially successful political thriller Raajneeti . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] From 2011 to 2013, Kapoor's releases were among the highest-grossing Hindi films of their respective years. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In Imtiaz Ali 's musical Rockstar (2011), he played an aspiring singer, and in Anurag Basu 's comedy-drama Barfi! (2012), he starred as a joyful deaf and mute man. [ 9 ] His performance in both films was critically acclaimed and he earned two consecutive Best Actor awards at Filmfare and the former also earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013) further established him as a star. [ 7 ] [ 13 ] This success was followed by some commercial failures, including the period drama Bombay Velvet (2015), the romance Tamasha (2015), and the comic mystery Jagga Jasoos (2017); the latter also marked Kapoor's first production venture. [ 4 ] [ 14 ] His sole commercial success in this period came with Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016), in which he starred as a musician. [ 7 ] [ 15 ] In 2018, Kapoor portrayed the actor Sanjay Dutt in the biopic Sanju , which grossed over ₹ 5.87 billion (US$69 million) becoming highest-grossing Hindi film of the year, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] and earned him another Filmfare Award for Best Actor. [ 18 ] In 2022, he starred in the period film Shamshera and the fantasy film Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva . [ 19 ] The latter ranks among the most expensive Indian films and the highest-grossing Hindi films . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In 2023, he starred in the romantic comedy Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar and played a violent criminal in the action thriller Animal , which earned over ₹ 9 billion (US$110 million) to emerge as his highest-grossing release and one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of all time. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] For the latter, he won his fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actor. [ 24 ] Films † Denotes film or TV productions that have not yet been released All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted. Year Title Role Notes Ref. 1996 Prem Granth — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a Assistant director 1999 Aa Ab Laut Chalen — N/a Assistant director [ 25 ] 2004 Karma Aryan Malhotra Short film [ 26 ] 2005 Black — N/a Assistant director [ 27 ] 2007 Saawariya Ranbir Raj Debut film [ 28 ] 2008 Bachna Ae Haseeno Raj Sharma [ 29 ] 2009 Wake Up Sid Siddharth "Sid" Mehra [ 30 ] Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani Prem Shankar Sharma [ 31 ] Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year Harpreet Singh Bedi [ 32 ] 2010 Raajneeti Samar Pratap [ 33 ] Anjaana Anjaani Akash [ 34 ] 2011 Rockstar Janardhan "Jordan" Jakhar (JJ) [ 35 ] 2012 Barfi! Murphy "Barfi" Johnson [ 36 ] 2013 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Kabir "Bunny" Thapar [ 37 ] Besharam Babli Chautala [ 38 ] [ 39 ] 2014 PK Alien Cameo [ 40 ] 2015 Roy Roy [ 25 ] Bombay Velvet Johnny Balraj [ 41 ] Tamasha Ved Vardhan Sahni [ 42 ] 2016 Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Ayan Sanger [ 43 ] 2017 Jagga Jasoos Jagga Rana Bagchi Also producer [ 44 ] 2018 Sanju Sanjay Dutt [ 45 ] 2022 Shamshera Shamshera / Balli [ a ] [ 46 ] Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva Shiva Also producer [ 47 ] 2023 Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar Rohan "Mickey" Arora [ 48 ] Animal Ranvijay Singh / Aziz Haque [ a ] [ 49 ] 2026 Love & War † TBA Filming [ 50 ] Ramayana Part 1 † Rama / Parshurama [ a ] Post - production [ 51 ] 2027 Ramayana Part 2 † Rama / Parshurama [ a ] Filming [ 52 ] Television Year Title Role Ref. 2009 54th Filmfare Awards Host [ 53 ] 2011 56th Filmfare Awards [ 54 ] 2012 57th Filmfare Awards [ 55 ] 2014 59th Filmfare Awards [ 56 ] 2023 The Romantics Himself [ 57 ] 2025 The Ba***ds of Bollywood [ 58 ] Dining with the Kapoors [ 59 ] Music videos Year Title Performer(s) Ref. 1993 "Pyar Ki Ganga Bahe" Mohammed Aziz, Udit Narayan , Manhar Udhas & Jolly Mukherjee [ 60 ] 2010 " Phir Mile Sur Mera Tumhara " Various [ 61 ] 2019 "Smile Deke Dekho" Amit Trivedi , Sunidhi Chauhan & Nakash Aziz [ 62 ] Discography Year Track Album Ref. 2014 "Love Ki Ghanti" Besharam [ 63 ] 2018 "Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya" Sanju [ 64 ] See also List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor Notes ^ a b c d Kapoor played dual roles in the film. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Masand, Rajeev (1 October 2007). 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Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Chatterjee, Suprateek (28 October 2016). " 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' Review: A Generic Tearjerker That Spontaneously Combusts" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Vetticad, Anna M (14 July 2017). "Jagga Jasoos movie review: Ranbir-Katrina's bow to Broadway is a laudable experiment that zigzags off course" . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Narayan, Shreya (7 April 2018). "Sanjay Dutt biopic: Ranbir Kapoor confirms release date of the teaser" . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ "Shamshera: Ranbir Kapoor, Vaani Kapoor's Film Goes on Floors" . News18 . 4 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018 . Retrieved 4 December 2018 . ^ " 'Brahmastra': Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt begin shooting today" . The Times of India . 24 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ "Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor's romantic comedy titled 'Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar' " . Mid-Day . 14 December 2022 . Retrieved 14 December 2022 . ^ "Sandeep Reddy Vanga's directorial starring Ranbir Kapoor, Rashmika Mandanna, Anil Kapoor, and Bobby Deol goes on floors" . Bollywood Hungama . 22 April 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 22 April 2022 . ^ Mankad, Himesh (19 November 2024). "Exclusive: Alia Bhatt joins Ranbir Kapoor, Vicky Kaushal and Sanjay Leela Bhansali on Love And War sets in Mumbai" . Pinkvilla . Retrieved 19 November 2024 . ^ Verma, Sakshi (2 July 2025). "Ramayana: Fresh update on Ranbir Kapoor's mythological movie as actor wraps up shooting for part 1" . India TV News . Retrieved 27 September 2025 . ^ Verma, Sakshi (2 July 2025). "Ramayana: Fresh update on Ranbir Kapoor's mythological movie as actor wraps up shooting for part 1" . India TV News . Retrieved 27 September 2025 . ^ "Ranbir & Imran to host Filmfare" . The Times of India . 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Dubey, Bharti; Iyer, Meena (30 January 2011). "Filmfare Awards: When stars strut" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Vyavahare, Renuka (15 January 2012). "Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir to host 57th Idea Filmfare Awards" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ "Priyanka Chopra, Ranbir Kapoor to co-host 59th Filmfare awards" . India Today . 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ "Ahead of The Romantics premiere, Ranbir Kapoor says 'DDLJ influenced the way I spoke to a girl' " . India Today . 12 February 2023 . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ba***ds Of Bollywood: Aryan Khans Show Features Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol And..." Zee News . 18 August 2025 . Retrieved 25 August 2025 . ^ "Dining With The Kapoors: Kareena, Ranbir, Karisma, Neetu Singh Bond Over Food And Family" . NDTV . 4 February 2025 . Retrieved 29 October 2025 . ^ "When Ranbir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Anil Kapoor shared the frame" . The Times of India . 14 May 2020. ^ "Amitabh launches new version of Mile sur mera tumhara" . Hindustan Times . 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . ^ Kanyal, Jyoti (20 December 2019). "Watch: Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt say smile deke dekho in new music video" . India Today . Retrieved 24 August 2024 . ^ Mangaoka, Shalvi (26 June 2013). "Ranbir Kapoor is back with an item number in Besharam" . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Shiksha, Shruti (1 July 2018). "Sanju Song Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya: A Treat To Ranbir Kapoor And Sanjay Dutt Fans" . NDTV . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . External links Ranbir Kapoor at IMDb Ranbir Kapoor on Bollywood Hungama Indian filmographies Male actor filmographies Kapoor family Bhatt family Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use Indian English from November 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English This page was last edited on 18 December 2025, at 21:19 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho 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Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. Official website Batman (1989) Official website at DC Comics .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)#cite_note-87
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Tasna n usnubg Aggur n tgrawt Isnfal imggura Tasna s udhmas Tiwisi Tasniwin timẓlatin Tikki Rẓm amiḍan Zmmem akccum Tikki Rẓm amiḍan Zmmem akccum Tasna Tamzwarut Tasna n usnubg Amsgdal Taclḥit ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ Taclḥit Ɣr Ẓṛ inigl n usagʷm Ẓṛ amzruy Ɣr Ẓṛ inigl n usagʷm Ẓṛ amzruy Mad d ittawin s ɣid Isnfal izdin Sktur afaylu Asɣun amɣlal Umlan f tasna ad Bdr tasna ad Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Agʷm d inigl n QR Snulfu adlis Agm t id s PDF Siggz tasna ad Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata taɣawsa Brrk dar Wikipidya Asamu adrfi ilelli nna ɣ iẓḍaṛ kraygatt yan ad ittara ! Asimwas 3 Innayr 2976 16 Innayr 2026 D.T d imsackan d 27 Rajab 1447 D.M Uṭṭun n imnnitn : 10 882 Uṭṭun n imdrawn ikuyassn : 25 Uṭṭun n imdrawn : 26 076 Asɣiws · Tiɣbula · Tiwizi · Anmuggar · Sti tifinaɣ · Purge · Ssumr amnni amaynu · imnnitn isɣawsan azzruy Amzruy Tusnakt Tarakalt Tutlayt Tunnunt Timassanin Taẓuṛi Tadlsa Asgd Ttiknulujya Tasnijjit Taɣrma Asnubbg Tasnslkimt Taflsuft Imaziɣn Tiwisi Tasasfrt Agmmay Tamtti 50 Tiɣbula Asɣiws g Wikipidya Amawal awikipidyan Anmuggar Tamddult nɣ Tamdult nɣ tamddult n Waqqa nɣ akkʷ tamddult Wwaqqa tga tiɣrmt tamɣribt taqqburt ittuyssann dar imaziɣn mas tnɣuba ddaw ufus n mḥnnd u ɛli amnṣag . Tlla tɣrmt n tmddult g tama n tɣrmt n waqqa , taggug fllas s 13 kilumitr. Isagurn n Tmddult suln g iggi n yat tukart imẓẓiyn g wammas n uzaɣar n tgrawt n tuzunin . Tugt n id bumzruy zun Lbkri , Lyaɛqubi d Lḥasan Lwzzan ar ttinin mas tuṣka n tmddult tlla g tasut tiss 9 dat tlalit, tddr ar tasut tiss 16 dat tlalit llig tt ixla Mḥnnd u Ɛli Amnṣag g uzmz n Isaɛdiyn . Da ttinin ayt umzruy mas tlla tuṣka n tmddult g tasut tiss 9 dat tlalit g uzmz n tuṣka awd n tɣrmt n iglmusn, xf ufus n Ɛbdllah u Dris , agllid n Sus , Aɣmat , Nnfis d tmazirt n Imṣmuḍn nɣ imẓmuḍn. maca id bumzruyn yaḍni ar ttinin mas tamddult tqqbur xf usakud ad, d mas Ɛbdllah u Dris (Ɛbdllah bn Dris) is ka yuls tuṣka i tɣrmt n tmdult acku tga aɣaras n tasbbabt n wurɣ sg uzmz n Ifiniqn . ḍaṛat tasut tiss 9, tẓḍaṛ tamddult ad dars ili kra n ism yaḍni g isaɣuln iqqburn. Bikks tuggas ad ur tilit ɣ tuggas. Wanna isastann ur ar ijllu Wanna ur iẓṛin s wallxf nns ur rad iẓṛ s walln nns. Iɣ ur iṛẓi iɣf, ijji, ur ar iqqʷay awal. Mnck n waman ad izrin, mnck ad d yuckan. Erreur : au moins un vers est nécessaire. Tga Wikipidya yat tsanayt nɣ d asamu amuṭṭun igan ilelli nɣ aḥuṛṛi illan s kigan n tutlayin , tettuskar af ad tg yat twuri n umyawas innurẓmn i kraygatt yan, xdmn gis agudi n imaran nna gis ittaran bla zgis ɣʷin tiɣrad . Wikipidya iga yan zɣ iɣbula n umlan lli kullu imqqurn d lli kullu ittussann ɣ umaḍal ɣ yigr n wantirnit, ig zɣ smmus d mraw isitn lli d bahra ttkkan middn s ussinaw lli tskr Aliska ɣ wayyur n yunyu 2020. Ar takka tsanayt ad yan ukttur igan fabuṛ war asussn. Tumẓ tt tmrslt n Wikimidya , tettkellef sis. Tg tmrslt ad yat tmaddast mi ur igi uwttas iqariḍn , ar tt ttmuwwaln middn ɣar s twizi d ttabarruɛat. Llan isɣnutn n Wikipidya s tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍnin, llan gisn willi yad ṭṭafnin asml amaddud ɣ Wikipidya, wiyyaḍ ur ta, suln ɣ ma mi nttini Inkubator lli ɣ ttilin isɣnutn n Wikimidya lli ta ur ittuqbaln. Ɣil ad, Wikipidya Taclḥiyt llan gis: 10 882 n imnnitn 25 n imdrawn ikuyasn 26 076 n imdrawn s umata 26 Yulyuz 2023 : Anngʷdm asrdas f unssixf Muḥmmad Bazum g tmazirt n Nnijr . 23 Ɣuct 2023 : Tamttant n Ivgini Prigujin , anssixf n Vagnr , g tḍuṛi n taylalt ns, tama n tmaẓunt tarusit Muṣku . 30 Ɣuct 2023 : Anngʷdm asdras g tmazirt n Lgabun f unssixf Ɛali Bungu . 8 Cutanbir 2023 : Yut umndudi n wakal Lḥawz , g tsragt tiss 23 n iḍ d 11 n tusdadin, inɣ uggar n 820 n ufgan. Iga Alugaritm agaman nɣ Alugaritm anipiri (s tanglizt : Natural logarithm) yat tsɣnt bahra ittyusann ɣ tusnakt . Ar tsnfal tasɣnt ad afaris s tmrnit zun d tisɣnin ilugaritmiyn yaḍnin. Ar tt nttara s mk ad : ln ( ) {\displaystyle \ln()} . Ar nttini is iga alugaritm agaman s uzadur n e {\displaystyle e} acku l n ( e ) = 1 {\displaystyle ln(e)=1} . Iga alugaritm agaman tamnzut n tsɣnt : x ⟼ 1 / x {\displaystyle x\longmapsto 1/x} ɣ uzilal ] 0 ; + ∞ [ {\displaystyle ]0;+\infty [} . Alugaritm ad dars yan yism yaḍn ad t igan d "anipiri". Ism ad ikka d John Napir , yan umusnak askatlandi, amskar amzwaru n tflwit talugaritmiyt (tmzaray f talli nssn). Tettyawskar tazmilt n ulugaritm zɣ dar Grégoire de Saint-Vincent d Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa ɣ usggʷas n 1649... ( Ɣr uggar ... ) Tram ad tdrum? Ɣrat ilugnn , tiḍfurm aylli illan ɣ tsniwin n Tiwisi . Ur d iqqan uzmmem, macc ittuwṣṣa sis Awsat ɣ tirra n imnnitn n Wikipidya s tutlayt Taclḥyit af ad yimɣur uggar. Iɣ tsɣawsat s twisi ɣ tirra n imnnitn, tẓḍaṛt ad nn taggʷt ɣ Tasna n Tiwisi . Iga Wikipidya yan zɣ isɣnutn n Tmrslt n Wikimidya , ilin daɣ isɣnutn yaḍnin iwalan i tmrslt ad zun d: .mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{text-align:left;background:transparent;margin:1px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div:first-child{min-width:50px;text-align:center} Ur ar ak ttḍman Wikipidya asɣʷẓn n tumayt ittufsarn Timrslt n Wikimidya , ur ar tsnbgiw amr asit ad, d ur tzḍar ad tg tanbdadt f kra n uzggal mknna ira ig t. Kraygatt amara iga anbdad f tdrawin nns lli srs ẓlinin. Ur ar ak ttḍman Wikipidya asɣʷẓn n tumayt ittufsarn Timrslt n Wikimidya , ur ar tsnbgiw amr asit ad, d ur tzḍar ad tg tanbdadt f kra n uzggal mknna ira ig t. Kraygatt amara iga anbdad f tdrawin nns lli srs ẓlinin. Iskkiln ilatinen n tutlayt tamaziɣt A B G Gʷ D Ḍ E F K Kʷ H Ḥ Ɛ X Q I J L M N U R Ṛ Ɣ S Ṣ C T Ṭ W Y Z Ẓ Ẓṛ ula Taclḥit ɣ Wikimawal lli illan ɣ Wikimidya Incubator Tasna tamzwarut Askkil amaziɣ Interwiki link sidebar templates Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Tikklt tamggarut ɣ tettusnfal tasna ad tga t ass n 16 Yunyu 2025, ɣ 20:14. Aḍṛiṣ ad illa ddu Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; ẓḍarn ad fllas zaydn tifadiwin yaḍn. Ẓr Tifadiwin n uswuri iɣ trit ad tssnt uggar. Tasrit n tnnutla F Wikipedia Asmigl Inigl n tmskrt Imsɣiwsn Tisiḍan Tasɣrut n Ikukizn Annay n ttilifun
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https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasna_Tamzwarut
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Tabana levu Soqosoqo toso Veisau vovou Vakawasoma tabana Veivuke Tabana vakamareqeti Soli Create account Log in Soli Create account Log in Tabana levu Main Page Veiwasei Read View source View history Read View source View history Sema cava oqo Veisau e veiwekani Vakavodoka faile Sema tudei Page information Vola dau vaqarai Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Cakava na ivola Lavetaka me vaka PDF Tikina e rawa ni tabaki Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata item Ni sa kidavaki ki na Wikipedia , na nisaikolopedia sega ni saumi ka rawa vua e dua me cau. Edemede 1,657 itukutuku mai Viti Cakacaka ni Liga iTukutuku ni Bula Vanua ni Veivanua iTukutuku Makawa Fika Vakadidike iSoqosoqo Tekinoloji Tikina taucoko Ni sa bula Wikipedia ! E tiko beka e dua eke ka rawa ni vosa vaka-Viti? Au kila ga vakalailai na vosa vaka-Viti ... vei-vuke vola. Era tu 1,657 tabana eke. Io, au sa kila kina na vosavakaviti, ka'u na rawa beka ni vukei iko mo vulica kina na vosa . A cava beka ko sa via vulica? Ko sa tiko mai Viti? Se, e dua tale na vanua? Yavu Viti Vanua Levu Viti Levu Suva Nadi Cakaudrove Labasa Lautoka Savusavu Kadavu Ratu Josefa Iloilo Laisenia Qarase Ratu Ovini Bokini Bau Itaba vakaiyaloyalo Suva Kuila mai Viti Related Wikipedias Fiji Hindi • ’Āfiritana • Farāni • Hāmoa • Hawai’i • Heremani • Hōrana • Huitene • ’Inītia • ’Irāna • ’Itāriana • Māori Cakacaka ni Liga iTukutuku ni Bula Vanua ni Veivanua iTukutuku Makawa Fika Vakadidike iSoqosoqo Tekinoloji Tikina taucoko Ni sa bula Wikipedia ! E tiko beka e dua eke ka rawa ni vosa vaka-Viti? Au kila ga vakalailai na vosa vaka-Viti ... vei-vuke vola. Era tu 1,657 tabana eke. Io, au sa kila kina na vosavakaviti, ka'u na rawa beka ni vukei iko mo vulica kina na vosa . A cava beka ko sa via vulica? Ko sa tiko mai Viti? Se, e dua tale na vanua? Yavu Viti Vanua Levu Viti Levu Suva Nadi Cakaudrove Labasa Lautoka Savusavu Kadavu Ratu Josefa Iloilo Laisenia Qarase Ratu Ovini Bokini Bau Yavu Viti Vanua Levu Viti Levu Suva Nadi Cakaudrove Labasa Lautoka Savusavu Kadavu Ratu Josefa Iloilo Laisenia Qarase Ratu Ovini Bokini Bau Yavu Viti Vanua Levu Viti Levu Suva Nadi Cakaudrove Labasa Lautoka Savusavu Kadavu Ratu Josefa Iloilo Laisenia Qarase Ratu Ovini Bokini Bau Itaba vakaiyaloyalo Suva Kuila mai Viti Itaba vakaiyaloyalo Suva Kuila mai Viti Itaba vakaiyaloyalo Suva Kuila mai Viti Related Wikipedias Fiji Hindi • ’Āfiritana • Farāni • Hāmoa • Hawai’i • Heremani • Hōrana • Huitene • ’Inītia • ’Irāna • ’Itāriana • Māori Related Wikipedias Fiji Hindi • ’Āfiritana • Farāni • Hāmoa • Hawai’i • Heremani • Hōrana • Huitene • ’Inītia • ’Irāna • ’Itāriana • Māori Related Wikipedias Fiji Hindi • ’Āfiritana • Farāni • Hāmoa • Hawai’i • Heremani • Hōrana • Huitene • ’Inītia • ’Irāna • ’Itāriana • Māori Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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پہلا صفہ رلواں صفحہ نواں آرٹیکل لِکھو سارے صفحے سریع لسٹ اج کل دیاں خبراں مدد بیٹھک نویاں تبدیلیاں فائل اپلوڈ رابطہ کرو دان کرو کھاتہ بݨاؤ لاگ ان کرو دان کرو کھاتہ بݨاؤ لاگ ان کرو پہلا صفہ پہلا صفحہ گل بات پڑھو ماخذ ویکھو تریخ دیکھو پڑھو ماخذ ویکھو تریخ دیکھو ایتھے کیہہ جڑدا رلدیاں ملدیاں تبدیلیاں فائل چڑھاؤ پکا جوڑ صفحے بارے جاݨکاری اج دے رُجحان ہفتے دے رُجحان مہینے دے رُجحان ایس صفحے دا حوالہ دیو Get shortened URL Download QR code کتاب بناؤ PDF وجوں ڈاؤن لوڈ کرو چھاپݨ والا صفحہ ویکیمیڈیا کامنز Wikimedia Foundation میڈیاویکی میٹاویکی Wikimedia Outreach کثیر لسانی ویکی زریعے ویکی انواع وِکیڈیٹا Wikifunctions ویکی مینیا ویکیلغت وِکیڈیٹا تے مد ایہہ اک کھلا آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا ہے جتھے کوئی وی لکھ یا ترمیم کر سکدا ہے اج ہفتہ ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ ء بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری _ ہݨ تک پنجابی ویکیپیڈیا اُتے _ ۷۴,۹۶۳ _ لیکھ نیں وکیپیڈیا تعارف ترمیم کِداں کرئیے؟ پنجابی وچ پڑھݨا لکھݨا اوکھا؟ اصول ضابطے اَتے ہور حکمت عملیاں آف لائن نسخہ پنجابی وچ ٹائپنگ سِکھن دے لئی کلک کرو موبائل ویب سائٹ ایہہ اک کھلا آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا ہے جتھے کوئی وی لکھ یا ترمیم کر سکدا ہے اج ہفتہ ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ ء بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری _ ہݨ تک پنجابی ویکیپیڈیا اُتے _ ۷۴,۹۶۳ _ لیکھ نیں وکیپیڈیا تعارف ترمیم کِداں کرئیے؟ پنجابی وچ پڑھݨا لکھݨا اوکھا؟ اصول ضابطے اَتے ہور حکمت عملیاں آف لائن نسخہ پنجابی وچ ٹائپنگ سِکھن دے لئی کلک کرو موبائل ویب سائٹ وکیپیڈیا تعارف ترمیم کِداں کرئیے؟ پنجابی وچ پڑھݨا لکھݨا اوکھا؟ اصول ضابطے اَتے ہور حکمت عملیاں آف لائن نسخہ پنجابی وچ ٹائپنگ سِکھن دے لئی کلک کرو موبائل ویب سائٹ سارے صفحے ا ب بھ پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج جھ چ چھ ح خ د دھ ڈ ڈھ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک کھ گ گھ ل ݪ م ن ݨ و ۋ ھ ء ی ے چونواں مضمون تاشقند دا طائرانہ منظر تاشقند ازبکستان دا راجگھر تے سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے ۔ ایہہ صوبہ تاشقند دا صدر مقام وی اے ۔ 2006ء دے سرکاری اعداد و شمار دے مطابق شہر دی آبادی 31 لکھ جد کہ غیر سرکاری اعداد شمار دے مطابق 40 لکھ توں وی ودھ اے ۔ قرون وسطی وچ ایہہ شہر چچ دے ناں نال جانیا جاندا سی جہڑا بعد وچ چچ قند یا چش قند تے فیر تاشقند بن گئیا ۔ ترک زبان چ تاش دا مطلب پتھر اے قند شہر لئی استعمال ہندا اے جداں قوقند ، سمرقند وغیرہ ۔ ناں دی ایہہ تبدیلی 16ویں صدی عیسوی دے بعد عمل چ آئی ۔ تاشقند سویت دور ج سویت یونین دا وسطی ایشیا چ اہم شہر تے پورے وسطی ایشیا دا غیر اعلانیہ صدرمقام وی رہیا ۔ تاشقند شہر دے موجودہ ہجے " تاشکینت" وی روسی اثرات ظاہر کردے نیں ۔ سنہ 1219ء چ چنگیز خان نے حملہ کرکے شہر نوں تباہ کردتا ۔ تیموریاں تے شیبانیاں دے دور چ اس شہر نے خوب ترقی کیتی۔ تاہم اس عرصے چ ایہہ ازبک اں ، قازق اں ، فارسیاں تے منگولاں دے حملیاں دا نشانہ بندا رہیا ۔ 1809ء چ تاشقند خانان قوقند دے قبضے چ چلا گئیا ، اس وقت تاشقند دی آبادی اک لکھ سی تے ایہہ وسطی ایشیا دا خوشحال ترین شہر سی ۔ مئی 1865ء چ جنرل میخائیل چرنیائيف نے شہر تے حملہ کرکے اسنوں فتح کرلئیا ، عددی برتری تے مضبوط حصار حاصل ہون دے باوجود خانان قوقند دی فوجاں 2 دن وی روسی سلطنت دی فوج دے ساہمنے ٹھہر نا سکیاں تے شہر روسیاں دے قبضے چ چلاگئیا ۔ چرنیائيف جہڑا کہ شیر تاشقند دے ناں نال مشہور ہوئیا نے عوام دے دل جتن لئی خانان دے لگاۓ ہوۓ سارے ناجائز محصولات اک سال ختم کردتے تے عام لوکاں دے مسائل دے خاتمے دیاں کوششاں کیتیاں ۔ اسنوں زار روس ولوں تاشقند دا گورنر بنائیا گئیا تے اسنے زار الیگزینڈر II کول ایہہ سفارش وی کیتی کہ تاشقند نوں روسی سلطنت دے زیر تحفظ اک آزاد ریاست بنا دتا جاوے ۔ زار نے چرنیائیف تے اسدے سپاہیاں نوں اعزازات تے تمغیاں نال نوازیا پر جنرل نے ایہہ حملہ زار دی اجازت توں بغیر کیتا سی اس لئی اوہ زیادہ عرصہ اپنا عہدہ برقرار رکھن چ ناکام رہیا تے چھیتی ای اسدی جگہ قسطنطین پیترووچ وان کوف مین نوں مقرر کردتا گئیا تے تاشقند نوں اک آزاد ریاست تصور کرن دی بجاۓ اسنوں روسی ترکستان دا راجگھر بنا دتا گئیا ۔ جس دا پہلا گورنر جنرل کوف مین سی ۔ پرانے شہر دے نیڑے اک چھاؤنی تے روسی آبادی بنائی گئی تے ملک دے کئی علاقیاں توں روسی لوکاں تے تاجراں نوں ایتھے آباد کیتا گئیا ۔ وسط ایشیا تے اپنا اثر و رسوخ رکھن لئی روس تے برطانیہ دے مابین ہون والے تنازعے جسنوں وڈی کھیڈ اکھیا جاندا اے دے دوران ایہہ شہر جاسوسی دا گڑھ بن گئیا ۔ 1889ء چ ٹرانس کیسپیئن ریلوے دی پٹری ایتھے پہنچی تے جنہاں کارکناں نے پٹری تعمیر کیتی اوہ ایتھے ای آباد ہوگئے تے جنہاں نے بالشویک انقلاب ( انقلاب روس ) دی نیہہ وی ایتھے رکھی ۔۔۔۔ سارا پڑھن لئی ایتھے کلک کرو۔۔۔ پنجابی بولی پنجابی پاکستان وچ بولن وچ پہلے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی برطانیہ وچ بولن وچ انگریزی مگروں دوجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی دکھنی ایشیاء وچ بولن وچ ہندی ، بنگالی مگروں تیجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی کینیڈا وچ بولن وچ چوتھے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی بولن والیاں دا سب توں وڈا شہر لہور ہے۔ پنجابی وچ سب توں بوہتی چھپݨ والی کتاب میلہ اکھیاں دا ہے۔ پنجابی دا پہلا وڈا انسائیکلوپیڈیا پنجابی وکیپیڈیا ہے۔ دنیا دی سب توں پہلی گرامر اشٹادھیایی پنجاب وچ لکھی گئی۔ پنجابی دا سب توں پہلا اخبار ہندو پرکاش 1873 وچ امرتسر توں شروع ہویا ۔ شاہ مکھی لِپی وچ سب توں پہلا اخبار امرت پترکا 1896 وچ جاری ہویا۔ تسیں جاندے او میری کیوری • …کہ سب توں ودھ استعمال ہوݨ والی ویب سائٹ گوگل سرچ اے ؟ • …کہ دوسرے مغل شہنشاہ نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں نے شیر شاہ سوری توں شکست کھانے دے بعد 15 سال جلاوطنی وچ گزارے تے 1555ء وچ اپنے سپہ سالار بیرم خان دی مدد توں ہندوستان اُتے دوبارہ حملہ کيتا تے اقتدار حاصل کیا؟ • …کہ میری کیوری (تصویر وچ ) نوبل انعام جیتنے والی پہلی سواݨی تے دو وکھ وکھ سائنسی شعبےآں وچ دو نوبل انعام جیتنے والی واحد سواݨی نيں؟ • …کہ ٹیلی ویژن ریموٹ کنٹرول دے موجد رابرٹ ایڈلر سن ؟ • …کہ چمگادڑ واحد ممالیہ جانور اے جو اڑ سکدے نيں؟ ہور "کیہ تسيں جاݨدے ہو" اج کل دیاں خبراں مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ جاری : حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع حالیہ موتاں : ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی اج دا شبد عام طور تے پنجابی وچ : انگریزی لفظ انٹرنیشنل لئی بین الاقوامی ورتیا جاندا ہے پر پنجابی وچ :انٹرنیشنل لئی قومانتری لفظ ہے جسنوں ورتݨ دی لوڑ ہے ایہہ لفظ : قومانتری قوم+انتری(انتر مطلب وچکار) نال مل کے بݨیا ہے۔ اس لفظ نوں ورتنا چاہیدا ہے ۔ اج دی گل پنجابی نوں قومانتری پدھر اُتے لیاوݨ لئی پنجابی وچ لِکھݨ اَتے پڑھن دی کوشش کرنی چاہیدی ہے! سہ ماہی منصوبہ فوری توجہ لوڑیندے لیکھ (دسمبر) ← لہور دی تریخ ، پنجاب دی تریخ ، رائے احمد خان کھرل ، اسلام ، پاکستان دی تریخ ،کیمسٹری ، پنجاب دے دریاواں تے نہراں دی تریخ ، ہندو مت ، بوآ کرکٹ ، تریخ ، لسٹاں نامزدگی: چنویں لیکھ ( چنویں لسٹ ) · ودھیا لیکھ · اج دا دن اج : ہفتہ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ عیسوی بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری ( متناسق عالمی وقت ) 630ء – محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ و سلم نے 10،000 افراد دی پرامن پیشرفت توں مکہ فتح کيتا۔ 1966ء – پاکستان دے صدر ایوب خان تے بھارت دے وزیر اعظم لال بہادر شاستری نے تاشقند وچ امن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ 2008ء – لاہور ، پاکستان وچ خودکش حملہ، 22 افراد جاں بحق۔ 2003ء – شمالی کوریا نے جوہری عدم پھیلاؤ دے معاہدے این پی ٹی اُتے دستخط کیتے 1992ء – لاہور اسلام آباد موٹروے دی تعمیر دا آغاز ہويا 1989ء – کیوبن فورسز دا انگولا توں انخلا 1966ء – پاکستان تے بھارت نے معاہدہ تاشقند اُتے دستخط کیتے 1955ء – پاکستان گورنر جنرل غلام محمد نے اورینٹ ایئرویز نوں پی آئی اے وچ مدغم کرنے دا آرڈینس جاری کیا 1946ء – اقوام متحدہ دی جنرل اسمبلی دا پہلا اجلاس لندن وچ منعقد ہويا 1946ء – امریکی افواج نے چاند نال رابطہ رکھنے والا پہلا ریڈار تشکیل دتا 1946ء – لندن وچ اقوام متحدہ دی پہلی جنرل اسمبلی دا قیام ہويا 1920ء – لیگ آف نیشنز دا قیام عمل وچ آیا جم 1916ء – سیون برگ سٹورم ، Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب) laureate (d. 2004) 1936ء – رابرٹ وڈرو ولسن ، American physicist and astronomer, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فزکس]] laureate 1949ء – لنڈا لولیس ، American porn actress and activist (d. 2002) 1961ء – جینٹ جونز ، American actress 1974ء – ریتیک روشن ، Indian actor 1984ء – مروان شماخ ، Moroccan footballer 1984ء – کلکی کوچھیلن ، Indian actress موتاں 1988ء پاکستان معروف ناول نگار جمیلہ ہاشمی 2020ء سلطنت عمان دے سلطان قابوس بن سعید آل سعید → پچھلا دن – اگلا دن ← جنوری دے چُنویں واقعات – ہور دن... ' اج دیاں مورتاں مغل راج دا لہور شالیمار باغ عالمگیری دروازہ بادشاہی مسجد سارے صفحے ا ب بھ پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج جھ چ چھ ح خ د دھ ڈ ڈھ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک کھ گ گھ ل ݪ م ن ݨ و ۋ ھ ء ی ے سارے صفحے ا ب بھ پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج جھ چ چھ ح خ د دھ ڈ ڈھ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک کھ گ گھ ل ݪ م ن ݨ و ۋ ھ ء ی ے چونواں مضمون تاشقند دا طائرانہ منظر تاشقند ازبکستان دا راجگھر تے سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے ۔ ایہہ صوبہ تاشقند دا صدر مقام وی اے ۔ 2006ء دے سرکاری اعداد و شمار دے مطابق شہر دی آبادی 31 لکھ جد کہ غیر سرکاری اعداد شمار دے مطابق 40 لکھ توں وی ودھ اے ۔ قرون وسطی وچ ایہہ شہر چچ دے ناں نال جانیا جاندا سی جہڑا بعد وچ چچ قند یا چش قند تے فیر تاشقند بن گئیا ۔ ترک زبان چ تاش دا مطلب پتھر اے قند شہر لئی استعمال ہندا اے جداں قوقند ، سمرقند وغیرہ ۔ ناں دی ایہہ تبدیلی 16ویں صدی عیسوی دے بعد عمل چ آئی ۔ تاشقند سویت دور ج سویت یونین دا وسطی ایشیا چ اہم شہر تے پورے وسطی ایشیا دا غیر اعلانیہ صدرمقام وی رہیا ۔ تاشقند شہر دے موجودہ ہجے " تاشکینت" وی روسی اثرات ظاہر کردے نیں ۔ سنہ 1219ء چ چنگیز خان نے حملہ کرکے شہر نوں تباہ کردتا ۔ تیموریاں تے شیبانیاں دے دور چ اس شہر نے خوب ترقی کیتی۔ تاہم اس عرصے چ ایہہ ازبک اں ، قازق اں ، فارسیاں تے منگولاں دے حملیاں دا نشانہ بندا رہیا ۔ 1809ء چ تاشقند خانان قوقند دے قبضے چ چلا گئیا ، اس وقت تاشقند دی آبادی اک لکھ سی تے ایہہ وسطی ایشیا دا خوشحال ترین شہر سی ۔ مئی 1865ء چ جنرل میخائیل چرنیائيف نے شہر تے حملہ کرکے اسنوں فتح کرلئیا ، عددی برتری تے مضبوط حصار حاصل ہون دے باوجود خانان قوقند دی فوجاں 2 دن وی روسی سلطنت دی فوج دے ساہمنے ٹھہر نا سکیاں تے شہر روسیاں دے قبضے چ چلاگئیا ۔ چرنیائيف جہڑا کہ شیر تاشقند دے ناں نال مشہور ہوئیا نے عوام دے دل جتن لئی خانان دے لگاۓ ہوۓ سارے ناجائز محصولات اک سال ختم کردتے تے عام لوکاں دے مسائل دے خاتمے دیاں کوششاں کیتیاں ۔ اسنوں زار روس ولوں تاشقند دا گورنر بنائیا گئیا تے اسنے زار الیگزینڈر II کول ایہہ سفارش وی کیتی کہ تاشقند نوں روسی سلطنت دے زیر تحفظ اک آزاد ریاست بنا دتا جاوے ۔ زار نے چرنیائیف تے اسدے سپاہیاں نوں اعزازات تے تمغیاں نال نوازیا پر جنرل نے ایہہ حملہ زار دی اجازت توں بغیر کیتا سی اس لئی اوہ زیادہ عرصہ اپنا عہدہ برقرار رکھن چ ناکام رہیا تے چھیتی ای اسدی جگہ قسطنطین پیترووچ وان کوف مین نوں مقرر کردتا گئیا تے تاشقند نوں اک آزاد ریاست تصور کرن دی بجاۓ اسنوں روسی ترکستان دا راجگھر بنا دتا گئیا ۔ جس دا پہلا گورنر جنرل کوف مین سی ۔ پرانے شہر دے نیڑے اک چھاؤنی تے روسی آبادی بنائی گئی تے ملک دے کئی علاقیاں توں روسی لوکاں تے تاجراں نوں ایتھے آباد کیتا گئیا ۔ وسط ایشیا تے اپنا اثر و رسوخ رکھن لئی روس تے برطانیہ دے مابین ہون والے تنازعے جسنوں وڈی کھیڈ اکھیا جاندا اے دے دوران ایہہ شہر جاسوسی دا گڑھ بن گئیا ۔ 1889ء چ ٹرانس کیسپیئن ریلوے دی پٹری ایتھے پہنچی تے جنہاں کارکناں نے پٹری تعمیر کیتی اوہ ایتھے ای آباد ہوگئے تے جنہاں نے بالشویک انقلاب ( انقلاب روس ) دی نیہہ وی ایتھے رکھی ۔۔۔۔ سارا پڑھن لئی ایتھے کلک کرو۔۔۔ پنجابی بولی پنجابی پاکستان وچ بولن وچ پہلے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی برطانیہ وچ بولن وچ انگریزی مگروں دوجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی دکھنی ایشیاء وچ بولن وچ ہندی ، بنگالی مگروں تیجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی کینیڈا وچ بولن وچ چوتھے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی بولن والیاں دا سب توں وڈا شہر لہور ہے۔ پنجابی وچ سب توں بوہتی چھپݨ والی کتاب میلہ اکھیاں دا ہے۔ پنجابی دا پہلا وڈا انسائیکلوپیڈیا پنجابی وکیپیڈیا ہے۔ دنیا دی سب توں پہلی گرامر اشٹادھیایی پنجاب وچ لکھی گئی۔ پنجابی دا سب توں پہلا اخبار ہندو پرکاش 1873 وچ امرتسر توں شروع ہویا ۔ شاہ مکھی لِپی وچ سب توں پہلا اخبار امرت پترکا 1896 وچ جاری ہویا۔ تسیں جاندے او میری کیوری • …کہ سب توں ودھ استعمال ہوݨ والی ویب سائٹ گوگل سرچ اے ؟ • …کہ دوسرے مغل شہنشاہ نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں نے شیر شاہ سوری توں شکست کھانے دے بعد 15 سال جلاوطنی وچ گزارے تے 1555ء وچ اپنے سپہ سالار بیرم خان دی مدد توں ہندوستان اُتے دوبارہ حملہ کيتا تے اقتدار حاصل کیا؟ • …کہ میری کیوری (تصویر وچ ) نوبل انعام جیتنے والی پہلی سواݨی تے دو وکھ وکھ سائنسی شعبےآں وچ دو نوبل انعام جیتنے والی واحد سواݨی نيں؟ • …کہ ٹیلی ویژن ریموٹ کنٹرول دے موجد رابرٹ ایڈلر سن ؟ • …کہ چمگادڑ واحد ممالیہ جانور اے جو اڑ سکدے نيں؟ ہور "کیہ تسيں جاݨدے ہو" چونواں مضمون تاشقند ازبکستان دا راجگھر تے سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے ۔ ایہہ صوبہ تاشقند دا صدر مقام وی اے ۔ 2006ء دے سرکاری اعداد و شمار دے مطابق شہر دی آبادی 31 لکھ جد کہ غیر سرکاری اعداد شمار دے مطابق 40 لکھ توں وی ودھ اے ۔ قرون وسطی وچ ایہہ شہر چچ دے ناں نال جانیا جاندا سی جہڑا بعد وچ چچ قند یا چش قند تے فیر تاشقند بن گئیا ۔ ترک زبان چ تاش دا مطلب پتھر اے قند شہر لئی استعمال ہندا اے جداں قوقند ، سمرقند وغیرہ ۔ ناں دی ایہہ تبدیلی 16ویں صدی عیسوی دے بعد عمل چ آئی ۔ تاشقند سویت دور ج سویت یونین دا وسطی ایشیا چ اہم شہر تے پورے وسطی ایشیا دا غیر اعلانیہ صدرمقام وی رہیا ۔ تاشقند شہر دے موجودہ ہجے " تاشکینت" وی روسی اثرات ظاہر کردے نیں ۔ سنہ 1219ء چ چنگیز خان نے حملہ کرکے شہر نوں تباہ کردتا ۔ تیموریاں تے شیبانیاں دے دور چ اس شہر نے خوب ترقی کیتی۔ تاہم اس عرصے چ ایہہ ازبک اں ، قازق اں ، فارسیاں تے منگولاں دے حملیاں دا نشانہ بندا رہیا ۔ پنجابی بولی پنجابی پاکستان وچ بولن وچ پہلے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی برطانیہ وچ بولن وچ انگریزی مگروں دوجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی دکھنی ایشیاء وچ بولن وچ ہندی ، بنگالی مگروں تیجے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی کینیڈا وچ بولن وچ چوتھے نمبر تے ہے۔ پنجابی بولن والیاں دا سب توں وڈا شہر لہور ہے۔ پنجابی وچ سب توں بوہتی چھپݨ والی کتاب میلہ اکھیاں دا ہے۔ پنجابی دا پہلا وڈا انسائیکلوپیڈیا پنجابی وکیپیڈیا ہے۔ دنیا دی سب توں پہلی گرامر اشٹادھیایی پنجاب وچ لکھی گئی۔ پنجابی دا سب توں پہلا اخبار ہندو پرکاش 1873 وچ امرتسر توں شروع ہویا ۔ شاہ مکھی لِپی وچ سب توں پہلا اخبار امرت پترکا 1896 وچ جاری ہویا۔ تسیں جاندے او • …کہ سب توں ودھ استعمال ہوݨ والی ویب سائٹ گوگل سرچ اے ؟ • …کہ دوسرے مغل شہنشاہ نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں نے شیر شاہ سوری توں شکست کھانے دے بعد 15 سال جلاوطنی وچ گزارے تے 1555ء وچ اپنے سپہ سالار بیرم خان دی مدد توں ہندوستان اُتے دوبارہ حملہ کيتا تے اقتدار حاصل کیا؟ • …کہ میری کیوری (تصویر وچ ) نوبل انعام جیتنے والی پہلی سواݨی تے دو وکھ وکھ سائنسی شعبےآں وچ دو نوبل انعام جیتنے والی واحد سواݨی نيں؟ • …کہ ٹیلی ویژن ریموٹ کنٹرول دے موجد رابرٹ ایڈلر سن ؟ • …کہ چمگادڑ واحد ممالیہ جانور اے جو اڑ سکدے نيں؟ اج کل دیاں خبراں مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ جاری : حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع حالیہ موتاں : ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی اج دا شبد عام طور تے پنجابی وچ : انگریزی لفظ انٹرنیشنل لئی بین الاقوامی ورتیا جاندا ہے پر پنجابی وچ :انٹرنیشنل لئی قومانتری لفظ ہے جسنوں ورتݨ دی لوڑ ہے ایہہ لفظ : قومانتری قوم+انتری(انتر مطلب وچکار) نال مل کے بݨیا ہے۔ اس لفظ نوں ورتنا چاہیدا ہے ۔ اج دی گل پنجابی نوں قومانتری پدھر اُتے لیاوݨ لئی پنجابی وچ لِکھݨ اَتے پڑھن دی کوشش کرنی چاہیدی ہے! سہ ماہی منصوبہ فوری توجہ لوڑیندے لیکھ (دسمبر) ← لہور دی تریخ ، پنجاب دی تریخ ، رائے احمد خان کھرل ، اسلام ، پاکستان دی تریخ ،کیمسٹری ، پنجاب دے دریاواں تے نہراں دی تریخ ، ہندو مت ، بوآ کرکٹ ، تریخ ، لسٹاں نامزدگی: چنویں لیکھ ( چنویں لسٹ ) · ودھیا لیکھ · اج دا دن اج : ہفتہ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ عیسوی بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری ( متناسق عالمی وقت ) 630ء – محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ و سلم نے 10،000 افراد دی پرامن پیشرفت توں مکہ فتح کيتا۔ 1966ء – پاکستان دے صدر ایوب خان تے بھارت دے وزیر اعظم لال بہادر شاستری نے تاشقند وچ امن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ 2008ء – لاہور ، پاکستان وچ خودکش حملہ، 22 افراد جاں بحق۔ 2003ء – شمالی کوریا نے جوہری عدم پھیلاؤ دے معاہدے این پی ٹی اُتے دستخط کیتے 1992ء – لاہور اسلام آباد موٹروے دی تعمیر دا آغاز ہويا 1989ء – کیوبن فورسز دا انگولا توں انخلا 1966ء – پاکستان تے بھارت نے معاہدہ تاشقند اُتے دستخط کیتے 1955ء – پاکستان گورنر جنرل غلام محمد نے اورینٹ ایئرویز نوں پی آئی اے وچ مدغم کرنے دا آرڈینس جاری کیا 1946ء – اقوام متحدہ دی جنرل اسمبلی دا پہلا اجلاس لندن وچ منعقد ہويا 1946ء – امریکی افواج نے چاند نال رابطہ رکھنے والا پہلا ریڈار تشکیل دتا 1946ء – لندن وچ اقوام متحدہ دی پہلی جنرل اسمبلی دا قیام ہويا 1920ء – لیگ آف نیشنز دا قیام عمل وچ آیا جم 1916ء – سیون برگ سٹورم ، Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب) laureate (d. 2004) 1936ء – رابرٹ وڈرو ولسن ، American physicist and astronomer, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فزکس]] laureate 1949ء – لنڈا لولیس ، American porn actress and activist (d. 2002) 1961ء – جینٹ جونز ، American actress 1974ء – ریتیک روشن ، Indian actor 1984ء – مروان شماخ ، Moroccan footballer 1984ء – کلکی کوچھیلن ، Indian actress موتاں 1988ء پاکستان معروف ناول نگار جمیلہ ہاشمی 2020ء سلطنت عمان دے سلطان قابوس بن سعید آل سعید → پچھلا دن – اگلا دن ← جنوری دے چُنویں واقعات – ہور دن... ' اج کل دیاں خبراں اج کل دیاں خبراں مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ جاری : حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع حالیہ موتاں : ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی مارک کارنی (تصویر وِچ) لبرل پارٹی دی قیادت دا چُناؤ جِتّن توں بعد کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم منتخب ہوئے۔ پاکستان وچ، بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی نے جعفر ایکسپریس ٹرین نوں اپنے قبضے وچ لے لیا جیہدے نتیجے وچ گھٹوں گھٹ 71 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ جسٹن ٹروڈو نے کینیڈا دے وزیر اعظم دے عہدے توں استعفیٰ دینے دا اعلان کيتا۔ نزاری اسماعیلی دے 49 ویں امام، آغا خان چہارم ، 88 سال دی عمر چ انتقال کر گئے اتے اُنھاں دے پُتُر، آغا خان پنجم نے جانشینی سنبھالی۔ احمد الشرع سوریہ دی عبوری حکومت دے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔ حماس اسرائیل جنگ میانمار خانہ جنگی یوکرین اُتے روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع ساجد حیدر منموہن سنگھ ندیم الواجدی اج دا شبد اج دا شبد عام طور تے پنجابی وچ : انگریزی لفظ انٹرنیشنل لئی بین الاقوامی ورتیا جاندا ہے پر پنجابی وچ :انٹرنیشنل لئی قومانتری لفظ ہے جسنوں ورتݨ دی لوڑ ہے ایہہ لفظ : قومانتری قوم+انتری(انتر مطلب وچکار) نال مل کے بݨیا ہے۔ اس لفظ نوں ورتنا چاہیدا ہے ۔ عام طور تے پنجابی وچ : انگریزی لفظ انٹرنیشنل لئی بین الاقوامی ورتیا جاندا ہے پر پنجابی وچ :انٹرنیشنل لئی قومانتری لفظ ہے جسنوں ورتݨ دی لوڑ ہے ایہہ لفظ : قومانتری قوم+انتری(انتر مطلب وچکار) نال مل کے بݨیا ہے۔ اس لفظ نوں ورتنا چاہیدا ہے ۔ اج دی گل اج دی گل پنجابی نوں قومانتری پدھر اُتے لیاوݨ لئی پنجابی وچ لِکھݨ اَتے پڑھن دی کوشش کرنی چاہیدی ہے! پنجابی نوں قومانتری پدھر اُتے لیاوݨ لئی پنجابی وچ لِکھݨ اَتے پڑھن دی کوشش کرنی چاہیدی ہے! سہ ماہی منصوبہ سہ ماہی منصوبہ فوری توجہ لوڑیندے لیکھ (دسمبر) ← لہور دی تریخ ، پنجاب دی تریخ ، رائے احمد خان کھرل ، اسلام ، پاکستان دی تریخ ،کیمسٹری ، پنجاب دے دریاواں تے نہراں دی تریخ ، ہندو مت ، بوآ کرکٹ ، تریخ ، لسٹاں نامزدگی: چنویں لیکھ ( چنویں لسٹ ) · ودھیا لیکھ · فوری توجہ لوڑیندے لیکھ (دسمبر) ← لہور دی تریخ ، پنجاب دی تریخ ، رائے احمد خان کھرل ، اسلام ، پاکستان دی تریخ ،کیمسٹری ، پنجاب دے دریاواں تے نہراں دی تریخ ، ہندو مت ، بوآ کرکٹ ، تریخ ، لسٹاں نامزدگی: چنویں لیکھ ( چنویں لسٹ ) · ودھیا لیکھ · اج دا دن اج دا دن اج : ہفتہ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ عیسوی بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری ( متناسق عالمی وقت ) 630ء – محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ و سلم نے 10،000 افراد دی پرامن پیشرفت توں مکہ فتح کيتا۔ 1966ء – پاکستان دے صدر ایوب خان تے بھارت دے وزیر اعظم لال بہادر شاستری نے تاشقند وچ امن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ 2008ء – لاہور ، پاکستان وچ خودکش حملہ، 22 افراد جاں بحق۔ 2003ء – شمالی کوریا نے جوہری عدم پھیلاؤ دے معاہدے این پی ٹی اُتے دستخط کیتے 1992ء – لاہور اسلام آباد موٹروے دی تعمیر دا آغاز ہويا 1989ء – کیوبن فورسز دا انگولا توں انخلا 1966ء – پاکستان تے بھارت نے معاہدہ تاشقند اُتے دستخط کیتے 1955ء – پاکستان گورنر جنرل غلام محمد نے اورینٹ ایئرویز نوں پی آئی اے وچ مدغم کرنے دا آرڈینس جاری کیا 1946ء – اقوام متحدہ دی جنرل اسمبلی دا پہلا اجلاس لندن وچ منعقد ہويا 1946ء – امریکی افواج نے چاند نال رابطہ رکھنے والا پہلا ریڈار تشکیل دتا 1946ء – لندن وچ اقوام متحدہ دی پہلی جنرل اسمبلی دا قیام ہويا 1920ء – لیگ آف نیشنز دا قیام عمل وچ آیا جم 1916ء – سیون برگ سٹورم ، Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب) laureate (d. 2004) 1936ء – رابرٹ وڈرو ولسن ، American physicist and astronomer, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فزکس]] laureate 1949ء – لنڈا لولیس ، American porn actress and activist (d. 2002) 1961ء – جینٹ جونز ، American actress 1974ء – ریتیک روشن ، Indian actor 1984ء – مروان شماخ ، Moroccan footballer 1984ء – کلکی کوچھیلن ، Indian actress موتاں 1988ء پاکستان معروف ناول نگار جمیلہ ہاشمی 2020ء سلطنت عمان دے سلطان قابوس بن سعید آل سعید → پچھلا دن – اگلا دن ← جنوری دے چُنویں واقعات – ہور دن... ' اج : ہفتہ، ۱۰ جنوری ۲۰۲۶ عیسوی بمطابق ۲۱ رجب ۱۴۴۷ ہجری ( متناسق عالمی وقت ) 630ء – محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ و سلم نے 10،000 افراد دی پرامن پیشرفت توں مکہ فتح کيتا۔ 1966ء – پاکستان دے صدر ایوب خان تے بھارت دے وزیر اعظم لال بہادر شاستری نے تاشقند وچ امن معاہدے اُتے دستخط کیتے۔ 2008ء – لاہور ، پاکستان وچ خودکش حملہ، 22 افراد جاں بحق۔ 2003ء – شمالی کوریا نے جوہری عدم پھیلاؤ دے معاہدے این پی ٹی اُتے دستخط کیتے 1992ء – لاہور اسلام آباد موٹروے دی تعمیر دا آغاز ہويا 1989ء – کیوبن فورسز دا انگولا توں انخلا 1966ء – پاکستان تے بھارت نے معاہدہ تاشقند اُتے دستخط کیتے 1955ء – پاکستان گورنر جنرل غلام محمد نے اورینٹ ایئرویز نوں پی آئی اے وچ مدغم کرنے دا آرڈینس جاری کیا 1946ء – اقوام متحدہ دی جنرل اسمبلی دا پہلا اجلاس لندن وچ منعقد ہويا 1946ء – امریکی افواج نے چاند نال رابطہ رکھنے والا پہلا ریڈار تشکیل دتا 1946ء – لندن وچ اقوام متحدہ دی پہلی جنرل اسمبلی دا قیام ہويا 1920ء – لیگ آف نیشنز دا قیام عمل وچ آیا جم 1916ء – سیون برگ سٹورم ، Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فعلیات و طب) laureate (d. 2004) 1936ء – رابرٹ وڈرو ولسن ، American physicist and astronomer, Nobel Prize(⎘ نوبل انعام برائے فزکس]] laureate 1949ء – لنڈا لولیس ، American porn actress and activist (d. 2002) 1961ء – جینٹ جونز ، American actress 1974ء – ریتیک روشن ، Indian actor 1984ء – مروان شماخ ، Moroccan footballer 1984ء – کلکی کوچھیلن ، Indian actress موتاں 1988ء پاکستان معروف ناول نگار جمیلہ ہاشمی 2020ء سلطنت عمان دے سلطان قابوس بن سعید آل سعید اج دیاں مورتاں مغل راج دا لہور شالیمار باغ عالمگیری دروازہ بادشاہی مسجد کیہ تسیں لکھنا چاہندے او؟ پنجابی شاہ مکھی وکیپیڈیا 24 اکتوبر 2008ء نوں شروع ہویا تے 13 اگست 2009ء نوں انکوبیٹر وِچوں نِکݪ کے ایہنے اک مکمّل وکیپیڈیا دا درجہ حاصل کرلیا۔ پنجابی وکیپیڈیا اُتے اِس ویلے ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ موجود نیں۔ کِسے وی موضوع اُتے لیکھ لِکھݨ توں پہلاں اِس صفحہ تلاش اُتے جا کے عنوان لِکھ کے لبّھݨ دی کوشش کرو، مُمکن اے مطلُوبہ لیکھ پہلاں توں موجود ہووے۔ جے لیکھ موجود نہ ہووے تاں تھلّے خانّے وچ عنوان لِکھ کے نواں لیکھ تحریر کیتا جا سَکدا اے۔ وکیپیڈیا وچ لبھو ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والے ویکیپیڈیا ورتوں کار یا ورتنوالے اوہ لوک نیں جیہڑے ویکیپیڈیا وچ اپݨا کھاتہ بݨاندے نیں، اس وچ لکھن اَتے سنوارن دا کم کردے نیں اَتے انسائیکلوپیڈیا دی بہتری لئی اس وچ لیکھ لکھن ، کیٹاگریاں بنان اَتے ہور دوجے کم کرن چ لگے ہوئے نیں۔ ویکیپیڈیا نوں ہر لحاظ نال اک کُھلا انسائیکلوپیڈیا دی شکل دین لئی اج دوجے نوں تعاون دیندے نیں۔ پنجابی ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والیاں دی گݨتی ہُݨ تک ۴۲,۸۲۴ ہوچکی ہے۔ پر ایہناں چوں اک گھٹ گݨتی ہی مستقل پابندی نال اس منصوبہ وچ شریک ہے۔ اس توں وکھ غیر اندراج ہوئے ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والیاں دی اک وڈی گݨتی ہے جو اس منصوبہ وچ کدی کدی شریک ہوندی ہے۔ ویکیپیڈیا دا حصہ بنو! وِکیپیڈیا اک آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا ہے جیہڑا وکھ وکھ بولیاں وچ ہے تے جس وچ اسیں سارے رَل مِل کے لِکھدے ہاں تے ایہنوں سواردے ہاں۔ وِکیپیڈیا منصُوبے دا آغاز جنوری 2001ء وچ ہویا۔ پنجابی وِکیپیڈیا دا مڈھ اکتوبر 2008ء نوں انکیوبیٹر وچ رکھیا گیا تے 13 اگست 2009ء نوں ایہنوں باقاعدہ وِکیپیڈیا دا درجہ حاصل ہوگیا۔ اس ویلے پنجابی وِکیپیڈیا وچ ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ موجود نیں۔ ساڈے نال رلو جے تہاڈا کھاتہ پہلے توں موجود ہے تاں لاگ اِن ہووو کیہ تسیں حالے تک کھاتہ نہیں بݨایا ؟ مڈھلی سائنس فلكیات · بیالوجی · زمین دی سائنس · جیومیٹری · سٹیٹ · جیون پڑھت · فزکس · ریاضی · کیمسٹری · جغرافیہ جانکاری سائنس کمیونیکیشن · اکنامکس · دوائی · کمپیوٹر · قنون · ٹیکنالوجی · وائی بیجی · انجینرنگ ادب ساہت · آثار قدیمہ · تريخ · اسلام دی تریخ · مذاہب تے عقیدے · نفسیات · بولیاں · سماج · فلاسفی سوہنے کم معماری · ناچ · کھیڈ · پینٹنگ · ساہت · موسیقی · فلم کیہ تسیں لکھنا چاہندے او؟ پنجابی شاہ مکھی وکیپیڈیا 24 اکتوبر 2008ء نوں شروع ہویا تے 13 اگست 2009ء نوں انکوبیٹر وِچوں نِکݪ کے ایہنے اک مکمّل وکیپیڈیا دا درجہ حاصل کرلیا۔ پنجابی وکیپیڈیا اُتے اِس ویلے ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ موجود نیں۔ کِسے وی موضوع اُتے لیکھ لِکھݨ توں پہلاں اِس صفحہ تلاش اُتے جا کے عنوان لِکھ کے لبّھݨ دی کوشش کرو، مُمکن اے مطلُوبہ لیکھ پہلاں توں موجود ہووے۔ جے لیکھ موجود نہ ہووے تاں تھلّے خانّے وچ عنوان لِکھ کے نواں لیکھ تحریر کیتا جا سَکدا اے۔ وکیپیڈیا وچ لبھو ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والے ویکیپیڈیا ورتوں کار یا ورتنوالے اوہ لوک نیں جیہڑے ویکیپیڈیا وچ اپݨا کھاتہ بݨاندے نیں، اس وچ لکھن اَتے سنوارن دا کم کردے نیں اَتے انسائیکلوپیڈیا دی بہتری لئی اس وچ لیکھ لکھن ، کیٹاگریاں بنان اَتے ہور دوجے کم کرن چ لگے ہوئے نیں۔ ویکیپیڈیا نوں ہر لحاظ نال اک کُھلا انسائیکلوپیڈیا دی شکل دین لئی اج دوجے نوں تعاون دیندے نیں۔ پنجابی ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والیاں دی گݨتی ہُݨ تک ۴۲,۸۲۴ ہوچکی ہے۔ پر ایہناں چوں اک گھٹ گݨتی ہی مستقل پابندی نال اس منصوبہ وچ شریک ہے۔ اس توں وکھ غیر اندراج ہوئے ویکیپیڈیا ورتن والیاں دی اک وڈی گݨتی ہے جو اس منصوبہ وچ کدی کدی شریک ہوندی ہے۔ ویکیپیڈیا دا حصہ بنو! وِکیپیڈیا اک آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا ہے جیہڑا وکھ وکھ بولیاں وچ ہے تے جس وچ اسیں سارے رَل مِل کے لِکھدے ہاں تے ایہنوں سواردے ہاں۔ وِکیپیڈیا منصُوبے دا آغاز جنوری 2001ء وچ ہویا۔ پنجابی وِکیپیڈیا دا مڈھ اکتوبر 2008ء نوں انکیوبیٹر وچ رکھیا گیا تے 13 اگست 2009ء نوں ایہنوں باقاعدہ وِکیپیڈیا دا درجہ حاصل ہوگیا۔ اس ویلے پنجابی وِکیپیڈیا وچ ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ موجود نیں۔ ساڈے نال رلو جے تہاڈا کھاتہ پہلے توں موجود ہے تاں لاگ اِن ہووو مڈھلی سائنس فلكیات · بیالوجی · زمین دی سائنس · جیومیٹری · سٹیٹ · جیون پڑھت · فزکس · ریاضی · کیمسٹری · جغرافیہ مڈھلی سائنس فلكیات · بیالوجی · زمین دی سائنس · جیومیٹری · سٹیٹ · جیون پڑھت · فزکس · ریاضی · کیمسٹری · جغرافیہ جانکاری سائنس کمیونیکیشن · اکنامکس · دوائی · کمپیوٹر · قنون · ٹیکنالوجی · وائی بیجی · انجینرنگ جانکاری سائنس کمیونیکیشن · اکنامکس · دوائی · کمپیوٹر · قنون · ٹیکنالوجی · وائی بیجی · انجینرنگ ادب ساہت · آثار قدیمہ · تريخ · اسلام دی تریخ · مذاہب تے عقیدے · نفسیات · بولیاں · سماج · فلاسفی ادب ساہت · آثار قدیمہ · تريخ · اسلام دی تریخ · مذاہب تے عقیدے · نفسیات · بولیاں · سماج · فلاسفی سوہنے کم معماری · ناچ · کھیڈ · پینٹنگ · ساہت · موسیقی · فلم سوہنے کم معماری · ناچ · کھیڈ · پینٹنگ · ساہت · موسیقی · فلم ہور پاکستانی بولیاں وچ وکیپیڈیا پاکستان بولیاں دے وکیپیڈیا اردو وکیپیڈیا سرائیکی وکیپیڈیا • سندھی وکیپیڈیا • پشتو وکیپیڈیا • کشمیری وکیپیڈیا • جهلسری بلوچی وکیپیڈیا • کھوار وکیپیڈیا • روچ کپتین بلوچی عربی لپی وچ ہور وکیپیڈیا عربی وکیپیڈیا • فارسی وکیپیڈیا • گیلکی وکیپیڈیا • کردی وکیپیڈیا • تورک وکیپیڈیا • لوری وکیپیڈیا • مازندرانی وکیپیڈیا • ایغور وکیپیڈیا • مراکشی عربی وکیپیڈیا • مصری عربی وکیپیڈیا قاشقایی تورکی • خوْراسانی تورکی • عثمانی تورکی ہور پاکستانی بولیاں وچ وکیپیڈیا اردو وکیپیڈیا سرائیکی وکیپیڈیا • سندھی وکیپیڈیا • پشتو وکیپیڈیا • کشمیری وکیپیڈیا • جهلسری بلوچی وکیپیڈیا • کھوار وکیپیڈیا • روچ کپتین بلوچی عربی وکیپیڈیا • فارسی وکیپیڈیا • گیلکی وکیپیڈیا • کردی وکیپیڈیا • تورک وکیپیڈیا • لوری وکیپیڈیا • مازندرانی وکیپیڈیا • ایغور وکیپیڈیا • مراکشی عربی وکیپیڈیا • مصری عربی وکیپیڈیا قاشقایی تورکی • خوْراسانی تورکی • عثمانی تورکی ویکیپیڈیا ہور بولیاں چ وکیپیڈیا دنیا دیاں وکھ وکھ بولیاں وچ اِکّو ویلے لکھیا جاندا ہے۔ اصل ویکیپیڈیا دی شروعات انگریزی چ ۲۰۰۱ء ( ۲۰۰۱ء ) چ ہویا۔ پنجابی وکیپیڈیا اتے حالے تک ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ نیں۔ بوہت سارے ہور وکیپیڈیا وی موجود نیں؛ جنھاں چوں کُجھ وڈے وکیپیڈیا تھلویں نیں: بولیاں ۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: English svenska Deutsch Nederlands français русский italiano español polski Tiếng Việt 日本語 بولیاں ۴۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: português 中文 українська català فارسی norsk srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски العربية بولیاں ۲۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: suomi magyar Bahasa Indonesia română čeština 한국어 српски / srpski Bahasa Melayu Türkçe euskara Esperanto қазақша dansk български slovenčina بولیاں ۱۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: հայերեն עברית lietuvių hrvatski slovenščina eesti galego norsk nynorsk Latina Volapük нохчийн Simple English Ελληνικά беларуская 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí ქართული azərbaycanca हिन्दी oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ไทย سارے وکیپیڈیاواں دی لسٹ خودکار تجدید شماریات ویکیپیڈیا ہور بولیاں چ ۲۰۰۱ء ( ۲۰۰۱ء ) چ ہویا۔ پنجابی وکیپیڈیا اتے حالے تک ۷۴,۹۶۳ لیکھ نیں۔ بوہت سارے ہور وکیپیڈیا وی موجود نیں؛ جنھاں چوں کُجھ وڈے وکیپیڈیا تھلویں نیں: بولیاں ۱,۰۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: English svenska Deutsch Nederlands français русский italiano español polski Tiếng Việt 日本語 English svenska Deutsch Nederlands français русский italiano español polski Tiếng Việt 日本語 بولیاں ۴۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: português 中文 українська català فارسی norsk srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски العربية português 中文 українська català فارسی norsk srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски العربية بولیاں ۲۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: suomi magyar Bahasa Indonesia română čeština 한국어 српски / srpski Bahasa Melayu Türkçe euskara Esperanto қазақша dansk български slovenčina suomi magyar Bahasa Indonesia română čeština 한국어 српски / srpski Bahasa Melayu Türkçe euskara Esperanto қазақша dansk български slovenčina بولیاں ۱۰۰,۰۰۰ توں ودھ لیکھ: հայերեն עברית lietuvių hrvatski slovenščina eesti galego norsk nynorsk Latina Volapük нохчийн Simple English Ελληνικά беларуская 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí ქართული azərbaycanca हिन्दी oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ไทย հայերեն עברית lietuvių hrvatski slovenščina eesti galego norsk nynorsk Latina Volapük нохчийн Simple English Ελληνικά беларуская 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí ქართული azərbaycanca हिन्दी oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ไทย سارے وکیپیڈیاواں دی لسٹ ہور وکیمیڈیا منصوبے کامنز آزاد میڈیا میڈیاوکی وکی سافٹویئر ڈیویلپمنٹ میٹا-وکی وکیمیڈیا تال-میل ویکی بکس آزاد تعلیمی کتاباں ویکی ڈاٹا آزاد علم بیس ویکی خبراں آزاد خبراں ویکی محاورے سیانے بولاں دا اکٹھ ویکی سروت آزاد لائیبریری ویکی سپیشیز نسب نامہ وکیورسٹی آزاد تعلیمی مواد ویکی سفر آزاد سفر گائیڈ وکشنری پنجابی ڈکشنری ہور وکیمیڈیا منصوبے کامنز آزاد میڈیا میڈیاوکی وکی سافٹویئر ڈیویلپمنٹ میٹا-وکی وکیمیڈیا تال-میل ویکی بکس آزاد تعلیمی کتاباں ویکی ڈاٹا آزاد علم بیس ویکی خبراں آزاد خبراں ویکی محاورے سیانے بولاں دا اکٹھ ویکی سروت آزاد لائیبریری ویکی سپیشیز نسب نامہ وکیورسٹی آزاد تعلیمی مواد ویکی سفر آزاد سفر گائیڈ وکشنری پنجابی ڈکشنری مدد دی لوڑ اے؟ ساڈے نال رابطہ کرو! دن پہلا صفہ مضامین جنہاں وچ اردو بولی دا متن شامل اے العربية الدارجة مصرى تۆرکجه کوردی English گیلکی हिन्दी کٲشُر لۊری شومالی مازِرونی ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Русский سنڌي سرائیکی ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche اردو ایس صفحے وچ آخری سودھ ۲ اگست ۲۰۲۵ نوں ۱۸:۱۵ وجے ہوئی۔ لکھت کریئیٹیو کامنز انتساب/ اکوجہے-شراکت لائسنس دے ہیٹھ دستیاب اے، ہور شرطاں وی لاگو ہوسکدیاں نیں۔ ویروے لئی ورتن شرطاں دیکھو۔ پردہ داری وکیپیڈیا بارے دعوے داری Code of Conduct ترقی دین والے انکڑے کوکی تفصیلاں موبائیل سائٹ
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Overview 3 Symbolism Toggle Symbolism subsection 3.1 Party symbols 3.1 Party symbols 4 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 4.1 Party Congress 4.2 National Board 4.3 Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh) 4.1 Party Congress 4.2 National Board 4.3 Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh) 5 Election results Toggle Election results subsection 5.1 Presidential 5.2 Parliamentary 5.1 Presidential 5.2 Parliamentary 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links United Socialist Party of Venezuela العربية Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Find sources: "United Socialist Party of Venezuela" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( June 2025 ) .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . (December 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Find sources: "United Socialist Party of Venezuela" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( June 2025 ) .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . (December 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . United Socialist Party of Venezuela Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela Eternal Leader Hugo Chávez President Nicolás Maduro Secretary-General Diosdado Cabello Founder Hugo Chávez Founded 14 March 2008 ; 17 years ago ( 2008-03-14 ) Merger of MVR , LS , MDD , PU , MIGATO Headquarters Maripérez, Caracas Newspaper Cuatro F Youth wing JPSUV Paramilitary groups .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Colectivos (irregular forces) Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Colectivos (irregular forces) Membership .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2024) .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} approx. 4,240,032 [ 1 ] Ideology Socialism of the 21st century [ 2 ] Bolivarianism [ 3 ] Chavismo [ 4 ] Left-wing populism [ 5 ] Socialism of the 21st century [ 2 ] Bolivarianism [ 3 ] Chavismo [ 4 ] Left-wing populism [ 5 ] Political position Left-wing [ 6 ] to far-left [ 7 ] National affiliation Great Patriotic Pole [ 8 ] Regional affiliation COPPPAL (expelled in 2025) São Paulo Forum International affiliation World Anti-Imperialist Platform [ 9 ] For the Freedom of Nations! Colours .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Red Anthem "La Hora del Pueblo" ( lit. ' People's Hour ' ) [ 10 ] National Assembly 222 / 285 (78%) Latin American Parliament 4 / 12 (33%) Governors 19 / 23 (83%) Mayors 303 / 335 (90%) Party flag Full party logo Website www .psuv .org .ve .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Politics of Venezuela Political parties Elections Politics of Venezuela Political parties Elections The United Socialist Party of Venezuela ( Spanish : Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela , PSUV , [peˈsuβ, peˈsuβe] ) is a socialist political party and the ruling party of Venezuela . It was formed in 2007 from a merger of some of the political and social forces that support the Bolivarian Revolution begun by President Hugo Chávez . At the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election , PSUV lost its majority in the National Assembly for the first time since the unicameral legislature's creation in 2000 against the Democratic Unity Roundtable , winning 55 out of the National Assembly's 167 seats. [ 11 ] In the 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election , amid a widespread opposition boycott, they won back a supermajority of the chamber. [ 12 ] History The process of merging most of the unidentified parties involved in the pro- Bolivarian Revolution coalition was initiated by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez after he won the 2006 Venezuelan presidential election . [ 13 ] The process was led by Chávez's own party, the Fifth Republic Movement , and was supported by a range of smaller parties such as the People's Electoral Movement (MEP), Venezuelan Popular Unity (UPV), the Tupamaro Movement , the Socialist League , and others, [ 14 ] which all together added up 45.99% of the votes received by Chávez during the 2006 election. [ 15 ] Other pro-Bolivarian parties like the Communist Party of Venezuela ( Partido Comunista de Venezuela , PCV), [ 16 ] Fatherland for All ( Patria Para Todos , PPT), [ 17 ] and For Social Democracy (PODEMOS), [ 18 ] which cast 14.60% of the votes from that election, declined to join the new party. On 7 March 2007, Chávez presented a phased plan for founding the new party until November 2007. PODEMOS, PPT, and PCV initially stated they would wait until PSUV had been founded and decide their membership in the new party based on its program. [ citation needed ] On 18 March 2007, Chávez declared on his programme Aló Presidente that he had opened the doors For Social Democracy , the Fatherland for All , and the Communist Party of Venezuela, and that if they want to leave the alliance, "they may do so and leave us in peace". [ 19 ] In his opinion, those parties were near to be on the opposition, and they should choose wisely, between going "in silence, hugging us or throwing stones". [ 20 ] At its 2007 congress on 10 and 11 April, PPT decided not to join but re-affirmed its support for Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. [ 21 ] Parties joining PSUV Parties not joining PSUV Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) For Social Democracy (PODEMOS) People's Electoral Movement (MEP) [ 22 ] Fatherland for All (PPT) Everybody Wins Independent Movement (MIGATO) Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) Venezuelan Popular Unity (UPV) [ 23 ] Revolutionary Middle Class (CMR) Revolutionary Movement Tupamaro (MRT) [ 24 ] Emergent People (GE) Socialist League (LS) [ 25 ] Action Networks of Community Change (REDES) Movement for Direct Democracy (MDD) [ 26 ] Communitary Patriotic Unity [ es ] (UPC) Union Party [ 27 ] New People Concentration Movement (MCGN) Militant Civic Movement [ es ] (MCM) [ 28 ] Active Democracy National Organization (ONDA) Action Force of Base Coordination (FACOBA) National Independent Movement (MNI) Independents for the National Community (IPCN) [ 29 ] Labor Power (PL) Venezuelan Revolutionary Currents (CRV) The party held its founding congress in early 2008, from 12 January to 2 March, with 1681 delegates participating. [ 30 ] Chávez was proclaimed President of the new party on 14 March. [ 30 ] [ non-primary source needed ] As of 2014, the party has been described as "fracturing" and "weakening" due to the loss of Hugo Chávez, the poor state of Venezuela's economy and falling oil prices. [ 31 ] Internal issues also appeared in the party, with an email address and telephone hotline created to report "internal enemies". [ 31 ] In the PSUV elections on 23 November 2014, it was reported by party dissidents that very few individuals participated, with less than 10% of the supposedly 7.6 million members casting a vote. [ 31 ] Overview The PSUV defines its values and principles as follows: The party is constituted as a socialist party, and affirms that a socialist society is the only alternative to overcome the capitalist system. It assumes as ideological sources the thoughts and works of Simón Bolívar , Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora . The party values in the same way the principles of scientific socialism , Christianity , liberation theology , all critical and humanist universal thought, gender equity and equality, and the ethical obligation to build a [political] model respectful of life and mother Earth that guarantees human survival. As a multiethnic and diverse party, it nurtures its roots of Afro-Indianism bequeathed by Guaicaipuro and José Leonardo Chirino , all inspired by the fundamental leadership and revolutionary ideas of Commander Hugo Chávez , aimed at creating the new man and woman in a melting pot of hopes and dreams that make our socialism a mestizo socialism, loaded with Africanity, the elements of the indigenous peoples, and with the international vision that has had Francisco de Miranda as its greatest proponent. We assume the principle of civic-military unity to guarantee the defense of national and popular sovereignty. The party is constituted as a socialist party, and affirms that a socialist society is the only alternative to overcome the capitalist system. It assumes as ideological sources the thoughts and works of Simón Bolívar , Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora . The party values in the same way the principles of scientific socialism , Christianity , liberation theology , all critical and humanist universal thought, gender equity and equality, and the ethical obligation to build a [political] model respectful of life and mother Earth that guarantees human survival. As a multiethnic and diverse party, it nurtures its roots of Afro-Indianism bequeathed by Guaicaipuro and José Leonardo Chirino , all inspired by the fundamental leadership and revolutionary ideas of Commander Hugo Chávez , aimed at creating the new man and woman in a melting pot of hopes and dreams that make our socialism a mestizo socialism, loaded with Africanity, the elements of the indigenous peoples, and with the international vision that has had Francisco de Miranda as its greatest proponent. We assume the principle of civic-military unity to guarantee the defense of national and popular sovereignty. — Article 3: Values and Principles, PSUV Statutes, 2010 [ 32 ] The PSUV defends the Bolivarian Revolution as a process of peaceful transition to socialism and, therefore, of overcoming capitalism . This is in line with Chávez's socialism of the 21st century . The party considers the establishment of socialism to be necessarily linked to an anti-imperialist struggle, that, currently, must consist of the formation of a block of socialist countries in Latin America . [ 33 ] With the creation of PSUV, relationships greatly soured with former coalition parties that chose not to join. By the 2008 regional election campaign in October, Chávez declared that Patria Para Todos and the Communist Party of Venezuela "must be swept from the Venezuelan political map because they are disloyal, liars, and manipulators". [ 34 ] Chávez said that the PSUV was "a very young party" with an average age of 35 among members. Analysts agreed, saying: "The assumption is that the younger people are going to be [ Chavistas ], they are going to be the ones whose families have benefited from Chávez's social programs." [ 35 ] In April 2010, an Extraordinary Congress of the PSUV resulted in the endorsement of a range of "general principles", including among others socialism , Marxism , and Bolivarianism ; humanism , internationalism , and patriotism ; and the defense of participatory democracy and use of internal party democracy. It also defined the party as the "political vanguard of the revolutionary process". [ 3 ] The party held its 3rd Congress in 2014, which elected Nicolás Maduro as the 2nd party president and honored Hugo Chávez posthumously as the party's eternal president and founder, and party policies were updated. It was followed by the 4th Party Congress in 2018. [ 36 ] Symbolism The Party builds on the cult of personality of Hugo Chávez , with revolutionary symbols like the Chávez eyes sometimes along with the party symbols. Party symbols Official logo, 2007–2024 Official logo, 2024–present Electoral logo, 2010 election Variation of the official logo featuring Hugo Chávez's eyes Street painting of Hugo Chávez in Punta de Piedras A billboard with Hugo Chávez's eyes and signature in Guarenas Structure Party Congress The highest level of organization is the National Party Congress, which is the party's supreme organ, and is held upon the discretion of the National Board whenever necessary. It is composed of elected delegates both from the national level and state representatives of party committees, and is empowered to: nominate the President of the Party and his/her Secretary-General elect new or returning members of the National Board, National Political Bureau, and departments of the National Board amend the Party Charter and Rules discuss and enact any new party policies, as well as to amend existing ones The National Party Congress is held every four years. National Board The party is headed at the national level by the Eternal Leader Hugo Chávez (a posthumous title), the president (currently Nicolás Maduro ), secretary-general ( Diosdado Cabello ), and the national board of directors currently made up of the following: Adán Chávez Alí Rodríguez Araque Ana Elisa Osorio Aristóbulo Istúriz Darío Vivas Cilia Flores Elías Jaua Erika Farías Freddy Bernal Héctor Rodríguez Jacqueline Faría Jorge Rodríguez Luis Reyes Reyes [ es ] María Cristina Iglesias María León [ es ] Mario Silva [ es ] Nicolás Maduro Noelí Pocaterra Rafael Ramírez Rafael Gil Barrios Ramón Rodríguez Chacín Rodrigo Cabezas Tareck El Aissami Vanessa Davies Yelitze Santaella [ es ; fr ] The PSUV National Board is the highest organ of party leadership and is empowered by the Charter to enact new policies in between Party Congresses. Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh) The Units of Battle Hugo Chávez (UBCh) is a collection of organizations with multiple members of PSUV involved that has both military and political characteristics. [ 37 ] The UBCh originated as a group to defend the Bolivarian Revolution and support the party through electoral processes in Venezuela, and were transformed into their current name in 2013. [ 37 ] They form the basic party unit in Venezuelan communities, and four or more of them form a People's Struggle Circle ( Círculo de Lucha Popular ) at the community level. The Unit itself is divided into ten Unit Patrols serving various functions for party members in various sectors. Other assisting groups include: PSUV National Political Bureau PSUV Regional Departments, led by Regional Vice Presidents PSUV Sectors Organizations, led by Sectoral Vice Presidents United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth Election results Presidential Election year Name No. of overall votes % of overall vote 2012 Hugo Chávez 8,191,132 55.1 ( 1st ) Major party in the " Great Patriotic Pole ". 2013 Nicolás Maduro 7,587,579 50.6 ( 1st ) Major party in the " Great Patriotic Pole ". 2018 ( disputed ) Nicolás Maduro 6,205,875 67.8 ( 1st ) Major party in the " Great Patriotic Pole ". 2024 ( disputed ) Nicolás Maduro 6,408,844 51.95 ( 1st under CNE ) Major party in the " Great Patriotic Pole ". Parliamentary Election year No. of overall votes % of overall vote No. of overall seats won +/– Leader 2010 5,451,419 ( 1st ) 48.3 96 / 165 22 Diosdado Cabello 2015 5,599,025 (2nd) 40.9 52 / 167 44 2020 6,780,121 ( 1st ) 61.7 222 / 277 170 Jorge Rodríguez References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Más de 4 millones de chavistas apoyan candidatura para reelección de Maduro, según partido" . SWI swissinfo.ch (in European Spanish). 11 March 2024. ^ "Venezuela: la oposición consigue mayoría calificada de 3/5 en las elecciones parlamentarias" . BBC Mundo . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ a b PSUV (June 2010). "Declaración de Principios". Libro Rojo: documentos fundamentales (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 45. ^ Lopéz, Ociel Alí (11 July 2018). "Chavismo: Its Strength Could Be its Greatest Risk" . North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved 27 January 2019 . ^ "Conference Proceedings Library" . International Political Science Association . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ David B. H. Denoon, ed. (2017). China, The United States, and the Future of Latin America: U.S.-China Relations, Volume III . NYU Press. p. 280. ISBN 9781479890330 . ... the result of the parliamentary election in 2015 was a decisive defeat for the left-wing United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which lost control of the Assembly for the first time since 1999. ^ Malešević, Siniša (2023). "The Many Faces of Nationalism" . Nationalities Papers . 52 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of Nationalities: 2. doi : 10.1017/nps.2022.114 . Nationalist ideas are the cornerstone of such ideologically diverse movements as the far right Reconquete! in France and Finns Party in Finland and the far-left groups such as the Catalan"s Candidatura d"Unitat Popular or the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Miranda, Rafael (2017). "¿Qué ha sido de las democracias de la segunda ola? Estudio histórico comparado entre Costa Rica, Colombia y Venezuela" . Democracia, violencia y territorio en América Latina). Ciencia Política (in Spanish). 12 (24). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 300. doi : 10.15446/cp.v12n24.65248 . ISSN 1909-230X . En la actualidad se ha configurado un sistema político bipolar centrifugo, siendo los dos lados de la fractura el chavismo y el anti chavismo, en el primer polo se encuentra el Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) de extrema izquierda, antiliberal y autoritario, y el segundo polo tiene como principal autor la coalición llamada la Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD) donde se encuentran partidos moderados como el tradicional AD hasta partidos de extrema derecha como el Partido Vente Venezuela y el Partido Voluntad Popular, pasando por nuevos partidos que han logrado tener un alcance nacional como el Partido Primero Justicia. [Currently, a centrifugal bipolar political system has been established, with Chavismo and anti-Chavismo on opposite sides of the divide. On one side is the far-left, anti-liberal and authoritarian United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and the second pole is led by the coalition known as the Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD), which includes moderate parties such as the traditional AD and far-right parties such as the Vente Venezuela Party and the Voluntad Popular Party, as well as new parties that have achieved national reach, such as the Primero Justicia Party.] Krause, Katharina Malena (2023). Exploring The Authoritarian Personality (Master thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School. p. 51. doi : 10.17615/r24t-pa82 . Contemporary Venezuela, under leadership of Maduro and the far-left socialist PSUV, and Orbán's Hungary, show that even countries that used to be established democracies can erode quickly if a leader embodying authoritarian character traits assumes office. McKibben, Charlene (2020). "Populism on the periphery of democracy: moralism and recognition theory" . Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy . 26 (6). Routledge. doi : 10.1080/13698230.2020.1799159 . Therefore, many political parties ranging from the far-left, such as Syriza in Greece and Chávez's United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)... Malešević, Siniša (2023). "The Many Faces of Nationalism" . Nationalities Papers . 52 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of Nationalities: 2. doi : 10.1017/nps.2022.114 . Nationalist ideas are the cornerstone of such ideologically diverse movements as the far right Reconquete! in France and Finns Party in Finland and the far-left groups such as the Catalan"s Candidatura d"Unitat Popular or the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Miranda, Rafael (2017). "¿Qué ha sido de las democracias de la segunda ola? Estudio histórico comparado entre Costa Rica, Colombia y Venezuela" . Democracia, violencia y territorio en América Latina). Ciencia Política (in Spanish). 12 (24). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 300. doi : 10.15446/cp.v12n24.65248 . ISSN 1909-230X . En la actualidad se ha configurado un sistema político bipolar centrifugo, siendo los dos lados de la fractura el chavismo y el anti chavismo, en el primer polo se encuentra el Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) de extrema izquierda, antiliberal y autoritario, y el segundo polo tiene como principal autor la coalición llamada la Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD) donde se encuentran partidos moderados como el tradicional AD hasta partidos de extrema derecha como el Partido Vente Venezuela y el Partido Voluntad Popular, pasando por nuevos partidos que han logrado tener un alcance nacional como el Partido Primero Justicia. [Currently, a centrifugal bipolar political system has been established, with Chavismo and anti-Chavismo on opposite sides of the divide. On one side is the far-left, anti-liberal and authoritarian United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), and the second pole is led by the coalition known as the Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD), which includes moderate parties such as the traditional AD and far-right parties such as the Vente Venezuela Party and the Voluntad Popular Party, as well as new parties that have achieved national reach, such as the Primero Justicia Party.] Krause, Katharina Malena (2023). Exploring The Authoritarian Personality (Master thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School. p. 51. doi : 10.17615/r24t-pa82 . Contemporary Venezuela, under leadership of Maduro and the far-left socialist PSUV, and Orbán's Hungary, show that even countries that used to be established democracies can erode quickly if a leader embodying authoritarian character traits assumes office. McKibben, Charlene (2020). "Populism on the periphery of democracy: moralism and recognition theory" . Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy . 26 (6). Routledge. doi : 10.1080/13698230.2020.1799159 . Therefore, many political parties ranging from the far-left, such as Syriza in Greece and Chávez's United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)... ^ "Chavez launches election alliance" . BBC News . 8 October 2011. ^ "Paris Declaration: The rising tide of global war and the tasks of anti-imperialists" . World Anti-Imperialist Platform . 14 October 2022 . Retrieved 29 November 2023 . ^ "Himno del PSUV" . PSUV (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 January 2019 . ^ Rosati, Andrew & Soto, Noris (7 December 2015). "Venezuela Opposition Won Majority of National Assembly Seats" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ "Boycott-tainted poll win gives Maduro total control in Venezuela" . The Jordan Times . 7 December 2020 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Morsbach, Greg (19 December 2006). "Venezuela head seeks party merger" . BBC News . 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Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . ^ Buckman, Robert T. (2012). Latin America . The World Today (46th ed.). Lanham, MD: Stryker-Post. p. 366. ^ Da Corte, María Lilibeth (19 March 2007). "Los que se quieran ir, váyanse, pero escojan bien cómo irse" . El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. ^ "PPT Ratifica su Apoyo a la Revolucion Bolivariana y al Presidente Chavez" [PPT Ratifies its Support for the Bolivarian Revolution and President Chavez]. PPT (in Spanish). 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. ^ Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (ABN) (19 December 2006). "MEP aceptó propuesta de Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela" . Aporrea (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (ABN) (19 December 2006). "UPV se disuelve para formar parte del Partido Socialista Único de Venezuela" . Aporrea (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Gutiérrez Nieves, Luis E. (6 January 2007). "Tupamaros apoya adhesión al PSUV" . El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (ABN) (21 December 2006). "Liga Socialista se adhiere al PSUV" . Aporrea (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Prensa MDD (19 December 2006). "MDD apoya el llamado a conformar el PSUV" . Aporrea (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ "PSUV: Partido Unión se disuelve para incorporarse al PSUV" . PSUV (in Spanish). 27 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ "PSUV: Propuestas del Movimiento Cívico Militante (MCM) sobre el Partido Único y el Socialismo del Siglo XXI" . PSUV (in Spanish). 30 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ "PSUV: Partido Independientes por la Comunidad se incorpora al PSUV" . PSUV (in Spanish). 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ a b "Somos un faro para América Latina y el Mundo" [We are a beacon for Latin America and the World]. PSUV (in Spanish) . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ a b c Macias, Amanda (29 November 2014). "Venezuela Is on Borrowed Time" . Business Insider . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ "Estatutos del Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela" . PSUV (in Spanish). ^ "Bases programáticas del Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV)" . PSUV (in Spanish). 24 April 2010. ^ "Rompe Hugo Chávez con dos partidos aliados" . La Jornada . 12 October 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. ^ Walter, Matthew (11 October 2007). "Venezuela May Lower Voting Age, Add Gay Rights to Constitution" . The New York Sun . ^ "Fourth PSUV congress gets underway" . Economist Intelligence Unit . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2019 . ^ a b "Contraataque de Maduro: alista las "Unidades de Batalla Hugo Chávez" " . Infobae (in Spanish). 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Notes External links Official website Venezuela portal Socialism portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Political parties in Venezuela v t e National Assembly (277 seats) Great Patriotic Pole (253) United Socialist Party of Venezuela 219 Fatherland for All 8 Tupamaro 7 We Are Venezuela Movement 5 Alliance for Change 3 People's Electoral Movement 3 Authentic Renewal Organization 2 Venezuelan Popular Unity 2 Democratic Alliance (22) Democratic Action 11 PODEMOS 4 Progressive Advance 3 Hope for Change 3 Copei 1 United Venezuela Alliance (2) Venezuela First 2 Popular Revolutionary Alternative (1) Communist Party of Venezuela 1 Great Patriotic Pole (253) United Socialist Party of Venezuela 219 Fatherland for All 8 Tupamaro 7 We Are Venezuela Movement 5 Alliance for Change 3 People's Electoral Movement 3 Authentic Renewal Organization 2 Venezuelan Popular Unity 2 United Socialist Party of Venezuela 219 Fatherland for All 8 Tupamaro 7 We Are Venezuela Movement 5 Alliance for Change 3 People's Electoral Movement 3 Authentic Renewal Organization 2 Venezuelan Popular Unity 2 Democratic Alliance (22) Democratic Action 11 PODEMOS 4 Progressive Advance 3 Hope for Change 3 Copei 1 Democratic Action 11 PODEMOS 4 Progressive Advance 3 Hope for Change 3 Copei 1 United Venezuela Alliance (2) Venezuela First 2 Venezuela First 2 Popular Revolutionary Alternative (1) Communist Party of Venezuela 1 Communist Party of Venezuela 1 Extra-parliamentary Agreement for Change Movement for Socialism Democratic Republican Union Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela Red Flag Party Ecological Movement of Venezuela National Council of Venezuelan Indians National Convergence Citizen Force ( es ) Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano Justice First A New Era Popular Will Radical Cause Progressive Movement of Venezuela ( es ) Clear Accounts ( es ) Project Venezuela Come Venezuela Fearless People's Alliance Emergent People Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Humanist Popular Front Union and Change Agreement for Change Movement for Socialism Democratic Republican Union Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela Red Flag Party Ecological Movement of Venezuela National Council of Venezuelan Indians National Convergence Citizen Force ( es ) Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano Justice First A New Era Popular Will Radical Cause Progressive Movement of Venezuela ( es ) Clear Accounts ( es ) Project Venezuela Come Venezuela Fearless People's Alliance Emergent People Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Humanist Popular Front Union and Change Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Venezuela Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Venezuela v t e Venezuela articles v t e History New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état Geography Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Politics Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President President List Vice President Cabinet List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Economy Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag anthem coat of arms flag Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal v t e Hugo Chávez v t e 45th President of Venezuela (1999–2013) Early life and career Military career February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt Military career February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt Presidency Cabinet 1999 Constitution 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 Plaza Altamira military Llaguno Overpass events Plan Bolívar 2000 Vargas tragedy Decree 1011 Tascón List Assassination of Danilo Anderson teleSUR United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni PDVAL affair Death of Franklin Brito Yare prison riot 2013 Uribana prison riot Daktari Ranch affair Rodrigo Granda affair 2004 2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations South American Energy Summit 2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum RCTV Referendum 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis Operation Emmanuel Los Maniceros massacre Censorship during the Bolivarian Revolution Con mis hijos no te metas Economic policy National Center for Foreign Commerce Bolivarian Revolution Boliburguesía Bolivarianism Bolivarian Circles Bolivarian missions Barrio Adentro Florentino Guaicaipuro Hábitat Identidad Mercal Miranda Piar Plan Bolivar 2000 Ribas Robinson Sucre Vuelta al Campo Vuelvan Caras Zamora Chavismo Colectivos Socialism of the 21st century Venezuelan communal councils Snitch Law Foreign policy Bank of the South ALBA Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Petrocaribe Cabinet 1999 Constitution 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 Plaza Altamira military Llaguno Overpass events Plan Bolívar 2000 Vargas tragedy Decree 1011 Tascón List Assassination of Danilo Anderson teleSUR United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni PDVAL affair Death of Franklin Brito Yare prison riot 2013 Uribana prison riot Daktari Ranch affair Rodrigo Granda affair 2004 2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations South American Energy Summit 2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum RCTV Referendum RCTV Referendum 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis Operation Emmanuel Los Maniceros massacre Censorship during the Bolivarian Revolution Con mis hijos no te metas Economic policy National Center for Foreign Commerce National Center for Foreign Commerce Bolivarian Revolution Boliburguesía Bolivarianism Bolivarian Circles Bolivarian missions Barrio Adentro Florentino Guaicaipuro Hábitat Identidad Mercal Miranda Piar Plan Bolivar 2000 Ribas Robinson Sucre Vuelta al Campo Vuelvan Caras Zamora Barrio Adentro Florentino Guaicaipuro Hábitat Identidad Mercal Miranda Piar Plan Bolivar 2000 Ribas Robinson Sucre Vuelta al Campo Vuelvan Caras Zamora Chavismo Colectivos Socialism of the 21st century Venezuelan communal councils Snitch Law Foreign policy Bank of the South ALBA Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Petrocaribe Bank of the South ALBA Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Petrocaribe Electoral history 1998 Venezuelan presidential election 2000 Venezuelan general election 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2006 Venezuelan presidential election Presidential election of 2012 1998 Venezuelan presidential election 2000 Venezuelan general election 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2006 Venezuelan presidential election Presidential election of 2012 Public Image Hugo Chávez's cult of personality Bolivarian propaganda Aló Presidente Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century El ocaso del socialismo mágico El pueblo soy yo Mi amigo Hugo ¿Por qué no te callas? ¿¡Revolución!? The Silence and the Scorpion Venezuelanalysis Venezuela Information Office Hugo Chávez's cult of personality Bolivarian propaganda Aló Presidente Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century El ocaso del socialismo mágico El pueblo soy yo Mi amigo Hugo ¿Por qué no te callas? ¿¡Revolución!? The Silence and the Scorpion Venezuelanalysis Venezuela Information Office Related Death and state funeral United Socialist Party of Venezuela Death and state funeral United Socialist Party of Venezuela ← Rafael Caldera Nicolás Maduro → Category ← Rafael Caldera Nicolás Maduro → Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2007 establishments in Venezuela History of socialism Hugo Chávez Chavismo Left-wing parties in South America Left-wing populism in South America Political parties established in 2007 Political parties in Venezuela Socialist parties Anti-American sentiment in Venezuela Anti-Western sentiment Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism in Venezuela Axis of Resistance CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2025 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Government and politics articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from November 2019 Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing Spanish-language text Pages with Spanish IPA All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2022 This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 22:56 (UTC) . 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Staatsoberhäupter · Wahlen · Nekrolog · Literaturjahr · Musikjahr · Filmjahr · Rundfunkjahr · Sportjahr Januar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 52 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 4 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 5 30 31 Februar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 8 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 9 27 28 März Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 9 1 2 3 4 5 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 13 27 28 29 30 31 April Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 13 1 2 14 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 17 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mai Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 29 30 31 Juni Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 22 1 2 3 4 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 24 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 Juli Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 26 1 2 27 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 29 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 August Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 32 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 33 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 34 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 35 28 29 30 31 September Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 35 1 2 3 36 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 37 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 38 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 39 25 26 27 28 29 30 Oktober Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 39 1 40 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 41 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 42 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 43 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 44 30 31 November Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 44 1 2 3 4 5 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 46 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 47 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 48 27 28 29 30 Dezember Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 48 1 2 3 49 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 51 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 52 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Januar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 52 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 4 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 5 30 31 Januar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 52 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 4 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 5 30 31 Februar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 8 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 9 27 28 Februar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 8 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 9 27 28 März Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 9 1 2 3 4 5 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 13 27 28 29 30 31 März Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 9 1 2 3 4 5 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 13 27 28 29 30 31 April Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 13 1 2 14 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 17 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 April Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 13 1 2 14 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 17 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mai Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 29 30 31 Mai Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 20 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 29 30 31 Juni Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 22 1 2 3 4 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 24 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 Juni Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 22 1 2 3 4 23 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 24 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 Juli Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 26 1 2 27 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 29 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 Juli Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 26 1 2 27 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 29 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 August Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 32 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 33 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 34 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 35 28 29 30 31 August Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 32 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 33 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 34 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 35 28 29 30 31 September Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 35 1 2 3 36 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 37 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 38 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 39 25 26 27 28 29 30 September Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 35 1 2 3 36 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 37 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 38 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 39 25 26 27 28 29 30 Oktober Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 39 1 40 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 41 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 42 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 43 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 44 30 31 Oktober Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 39 1 40 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 41 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 42 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 43 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 44 30 31 November Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 44 1 2 3 4 5 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 46 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 47 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 48 27 28 29 30 November Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 44 1 2 3 4 5 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 46 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 47 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 48 27 28 29 30 Dezember Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 48 1 2 3 49 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 51 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 52 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Dezember Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 48 1 2 3 49 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 51 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 52 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2017 Donald Trump wird als der 45. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika vereidigt. Frank-Walter Steinmeier wird der 12. Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Nachfolger von Joachim Gauck . Helmut Kohl stirbt im Alter von 87 Jahren und wird als erster Europäer mit einem europäischen Staatsakt geehrt. Bei einem Anschlag auf ein Konzert in Manchester werden 22 Menschen getötet und 116 verletzt. Spitzenkandidaten der Nationalratswahl in Österreich bei der Elefantenrunde im ORF . Der G20-Gipfel findet in Hamburg statt. 2017 in anderen Kalendern Ab urbe condita 2770 Armenischer Kalender 1465–1466 Äthiopischer Kalender 2009–2010 Badi-Kalender 173–174 Bengalischer Kalender 1423–1424 Berber-Kalender 2967 Buddhistischer Kalender 2561 Burmesischer Kalender 1379 Byzantinischer Kalender 7525–7526 Chinesischer Kalender – Ära 4713–4714 oder 4653–4654 – 60-Jahre-Zyklus Feuer-Affe ( .mw-parser-output .Hani{font-size:110%} 丙申 , 33)– Feuer-Hahn ( 丁酉 , 34) Feuer-Affe ( .mw-parser-output .Hani{font-size:110%} 丙申 , 33)– Feuer-Hahn ( 丁酉 , 34) Französischer Revolutionskalender 000225 CCXXV – 000226 CCXXVI 225–226 Hindu-Kalender – Vikram Sambat 2073–2074 – Shaka Samvat 1939–1940 Iranischer Kalender 1395–1396 Islamischer Kalender 1438–1439 Japanischer Kalender – Nengō (Ära): Heisei 29 – Kōki 2677 Jüdischer Kalender 5777–5778 Koptischer Kalender 1733–1734 Koreanischer Kalender – Dangun -Ära 4350 – Juche -Ära 106 Minguo-Kalender 106 Olympiade der Neuzeit 000031 XXXI Seleukidischer Kalender 2328–2329 Thai-Solar-Kalender 2560 International war das Jahr durch den Amtsantritt von Donald Trump als 45. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und durch mehrere terroristische Anschläge in verschiedenen Städten und Ländern weltweit geprägt. Auf europäischer Ebene führte der anlaufende Austrittsprozess zum EU-Austritt des Vereinigten Königreichs zu zäh verlaufenden Verhandlungen. Für Deutschland war 2017 durch den Amtsantritt von Frank-Walter Steinmeier als neuer Bundespräsident , den Beschluss zur Einführung der „ Ehe für alle “ im deutschen Bundestag, den in Hamburg stattgefundenen G20-Gipfel sowie durch den zunächst scheiternden Versuch einer Regierungsbildung nach der Bundestagswahl im September geprägt. In Österreich prägte das Jahr 2017 zuerst die Angelobung von Alexander Van der Bellen als Bundespräsident sowie anschließend die vorgezogene Nationalratswahl und die Angelobung der neuen Bundesregierung Kurz I . Ereignisse Politik und Weltgeschehen 0 1. Januar: António Guterres wird Generalsekretär der Vereinten Nationen . 0 1. Januar: Malta übernimmt die EU-Ratspräsidentschaft . 0 1. Januar: Österreich übernimmt die Präsidentschaft der Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE). 0 1. Januar: Doris Leuthard tritt turnusgemäß das Amt der Schweizer Bundespräsidentin an. 17. Januar: Das Bundesverfassungsgericht lehnt ein Verbot der NPD erneut ab. 17. Januar: Antonio Tajani wird als Nachfolger von Martin Schulz zum Präsidenten des Europäischen Parlaments gewählt. 20. Januar: Amtseinführung von Donald Trump als 45. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten 21. Januar: Women’s March on Washington 21. Januar: Wir haben es satt! – Demonstration aus Anlass der Internationalen Grünen Woche in Berlin 26. Januar: Alexander Van der Bellen wird als österreichischer Bundespräsident angelobt. seit dem 31. Januar: Proteste in Rumänien 2017 0 5. Februar: Landtagswahl in Liechtenstein 12. Februar: Wahl von Frank-Walter Steinmeier zum deutschen Bundespräsidenten 17. – 19. Februar: Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz 21./22. Februar: 20. Europäischer Polizeikongress in Berlin 0 2. März: Vorgezogene Neuwahlen in Nordirland 0 9. März: Gegen den Widerstand Polens wird Donald Tusk für eine weitere Amtszeit als Präsident des Europäischen Rates bestätigt. 10. März: Die südkoreanische Präsidentin Park Geun-hye wird durch das Verfassungsgericht ihres Amtes enthoben, aufgrund eines Korruptionsskandals. Der Entscheidung gingen wochenlange Demonstrationen in der Bevölkerung und Parks Suspendierung voran. 15. März: Parlamentswahl in den Niederlanden 19. März: Martin Schulz wird auf einem SPD -Parteitag ohne Gegenstimmen zum Bundesvorsitzenden und Kanzlerkandidaten der SPD für die Bundestagswahl 2017 gewählt. 25. März: Feier 60 Jahre Römische Verträge in Rom 26. März: Landtagswahl im Saarland und im selben Jahr in Nordrhein-Westfalen , in Niedersachsen und in Schleswig-Holstein 29. März: Erklärung des Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs aus der Europäischen Union gemäß Artikel 50 0 2. April: Präsidentschaftswahl in Serbien 0 7. April: Im Bürgerkrieg in Syrien erfolgt ein völkerrechtswidriger Luftangriff auf den Militärflugplatz asch-Schaʿirat durch die USA. 16. April: Durch das umstrittene Ergebnis eines Verfassungsreferendums werden die zukünftigen Befugnisse des Präsidenten in der Türkei wesentlich ausgebaut . 22. April: March for Science in Washington, D.C. 23. April und 7. Mai: Präsidentschaftswahl in Frankreich . In der Stichwahl setzt sich Emmanuel Macron gegen Marine Le Pen durch. 26. – 29. April: 30. ASEAN -Gipfel in Metro Manila , Philippinen 0 9. Mai: Präsidentschaftswahl in Südkorea 19. Mai: Präsidentschaftswahl im Iran 24./25. Mai: NATO -Gipfel in Brüssel 26./27. Mai: G7-Gipfel in Taormina , Italien 0 1. Juni: US-Präsident Donald Trump kündigt den Austritt der USA aus dem Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen an. 0 5. Juni: Montenegro wird 29. Mitgliedstaat der NATO . 0 7./8. Juni: Gipfeltreffen der Shanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit in Astana , Kasachstan 0 8. Juni: Vorgezogene Parlamentswahl im Vereinigten Königreich 11. und 18. Juni: Parlamentswahl in Frankreich 22. Juni: Die nach dem ehemaligen Strafrechtsparagraphen 175 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verurteilten Männer werden durch die Aufhebung der Urteile vom Bundestag rehabilitiert. 30. Juni: Der Deutsche Bundestag beschließt die Einführung der „ Ehe für alle “. 0 1. Juli: Estland übernimmt die EU-Ratspräsidentschaft . 0 7./8. Juli: G20-Gipfel in Hamburg 0 9. Juli: Abschlusskundgebung des Gerechtigkeitsmarschs in der Türkei 17. Juli: Präsidentschaftswahl in Indien 12. August: Hanfparade in Berlin 0 3. September: Kernwaffentest in Nordkorea ; im folgenden Monat wird der Nobelpreis für Frieden an die Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen verliehen. 11. September: Parlamentswahl in Norwegen 24. September: Bundestagswahl in Deutschland 25. September: Unabhängigkeitsreferendum in Irakisch-Kurdistan 0 1. Oktober: Unabhängigkeitsreferendum in Katalonien ; etwa 900 Menschen werden dabei, überwiegend durch Polizeigewalt, verletzt. 15. Oktober: Vorgezogene Parlamentswahl in Österreich ; im Vorfeld der Wahl kommt es zur sog. „ Silberstein-Affäre “. 18. – 24. Oktober: 19. Parteitag der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas in Peking 19. Oktober: Der polnische Chemiker Piotr Szczęsny übergießt sich aus Protest gegen die PiS-Regierung vor dem Warschauer Kulturpalast mit einer brennbaren Flüssigkeit und setzte sich selbst in Flammen; zehn Tage später erliegt er seinen Verletzungen. 20./21. Oktober: Parlamentswahl in Tschechien . Die Partei ANO des Unternehmers Andrej Babiš erhält die meisten Stimmen. Oktober: Öffnung von mehr als 2800 (aber nicht aller) der bisher unter Verschluss gehaltenen Akten zur Ermordung des US-Präsidenten John F. Kennedy ( Attentat auf John F. Kennedy ) 27./28. Oktober: Im Rahmen der Katalonien-Krise wird die katalanische Regionalregierung von der spanischen Zentralregierung für abgesetzt erklärt und es werden von der Zentralregierung Neuwahlen zum katalanischen Regionalparlament für den 21. Dezember 2017 angekündigt. 0 6. – 17. November: UN-Klimakonferenz in Bonn 10./11. November: 29. Gipfeltreffen der Asiatisch-Pazifischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (APEC) in Đà Nẵng , Vietnam 12. November: Parlamentswahl in Äquatorialguinea 2017 13./14. November: 31. ASEAN -Gipfel in Pampanga , Philippinen 19. November: In Deutschland scheitern mehrwöchige Sondierungsgespräche zur Bildung einer „ Jamaika-Koalition “. 21. November: In Simbabwe erklärt der langjährige Präsident Robert Mugabe seinen Amtsverzicht, nachdem es wenige Tage zuvor einen Militärputsch gegen ihn gegeben hatte. 22. November: Ratko Mladić wird vom UN-Kriegsverbrechertribunal wegen Völkermords, Kriegsverbrechen und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit während des Bosnienkriegs zu einer lebenslangen Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt. 0 6. Dezember: Wahl von Alain Berset zum Bundespräsidenten in der Schweiz für das Kalenderjahr 2018 11. – 14. Dezember: 11. Ministerkonferenz der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) in Buenos Aires , Argentinien 12. Dezember: One Planet Summit nahe Paris 12. Dezember: Durch den Verlust eines Sitzes bei einer Nachwahl in Alabama verringert sich die Mehrheit der Republikaner im US-Senat auf eine Stimme. 18. Dezember: Die neue österreichische Bundesregierung Kurz I wird von Bundespräsident Alexander Van der Bellen angelobt. 20. Dezember: Die Europäische Kommission beantragt gegen Polen ein Strafverfahren nach Artikel 7 des EU-Vertrages einzuleiten. 21. Dezember: Von der spanischen Zentralregierung angesetzte Parlamentswahl in Katalonien 21. Dezember: Nach der Deklaration Jerusalems zur israelischen Hauptstadt durch US -Präsident Trump am 6. Dezember weist die Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen mit großer Mehrheit jede einseitige Erklärung Jerusalems zur Hauptstadt Israels zurück. 28. Dezember: Im Iran beginnen Proteste mit wirtschaftlichem und politischem Hintergrund, die sich in den folgenden Tagen ausweiten und mehrere Menschenleben fordern. Terroranschläge (Auswahl) 0 1. Januar: Bei einem Anschlag in einem Nachtclub sterben in Istanbul 39 Menschen und etwa 70 werden verletzt. 29. Januar: Bei einem Anschlag auf ein islamisches Kulturzentrum sterben im kanadischen Québec 6 Menschen und 17 werden verletzt. 22. März: Bei einem Anschlag in London tötet ein Einzeltäter 5 Menschen und verletzt 40 bis 50. 0 3. April: Bei einem Anschlag in der Metro Sankt Petersburg tötet ein Selbstmordattentäter 14 Menschen und verletzt etwa 50. 0 7. April: Bei einem Anschlag tötet in Stockholm ein abgelehnter Asylbewerber 4 Menschen und verletzt 15. 0 9. April: Bei Anschlägen auf zwei koptische Kirchen werden in Ägypten mehr als 40 Menschen getötet und mehr als 120 verletzt. 15. April: Bei einem Anschlag auf einen Flüchtlingskonvoi kommen in Syrien nahe Aleppo mehr als 120 Menschen ums Leben und mehr als 50 werden verletzt. 22. Mai: Bei einem Anschlag werden im britischen Manchester 22 Menschen getötet und 116 verletzt. 31. Mai: Bei einem Anschlag werden in Kabul mindestens 150 Menschen getötet und mehr als 400 verletzt. 0 3. Juni: Bei einem Anschlag werden in London 8 Menschen getötet und etwa 50 verletzt. 0 7. Juni: Bei zwei Anschlägen werden in Teheran mindestens 17 Menschen getötet und mehr als 40 verletzt. 17. August: Bei einem Anschlag werden in Barcelona 14 Menschen getötet und mehr als 130 verletzt. 18. August: Bei einer Messerattacke im finnischen Turku werden 2 Menschen getötet und 10 verletzt. 15. September: Bei einem Anschlag in einer Londoner U-Bahn werden 30 Menschen verletzt. 14. Oktober: Bei einem Anschlag werden in der somalischen Hauptstadt Mogadischu mindestens 358 Menschen getötet sowie mehr als 200 verletzt. 24. November: Bei einem Anschlag werden im Norden der ägyptischen Sinai-Halbinsel während des Freitagsgebets mindestens 305 Menschen getötet und etwa 130 verletzt. Weitere Anschläge (Auswahl) 0 1. Oktober: Bei einem Massaker werden im amerikanischen Las Vegas 58 Menschen von einem einzelnen Täter erschossen und mehr als 520 werden verletzt. 0 5. November: Bei einem Amoklauf werden im texanischen Sutherland Springs 26 Menschen erschossen und 20 verletzt. Sport 0 2. Januar: Michael van Gerwen gewinnt die PDC World Darts Championship . 0 6. Januar: Kamil Stoch gewinnt die 65. Vierschanzentournee . 11. – 29. Januar: 25. Handball-Weltmeisterschaft der Männer in Frankreich ; Weltmeister wird Frankreich . 16. – 29. Januar: 105. Australian Open ; Sieger im Einzel werden Serena Williams (Damen) und Roger Federer (Herren). 21. Januar: Beim Race of Champions im Marlins Park von Miami hat Pascal Wehrlein einen schweren Unfall, bei welchem er sich überschlagen hatte. Hierdurch verpasst er die ersten beiden Rennen der Formel-1-Saison 2017. 0 5. Februar: Super Bowl LI in Houston , Texas ; Sieger werden die New England Patriots . 0 5. Februar: Finale der Fußball-Afrikameisterschaft 2017 ; Afrikameister wird Kamerun . 0 6. – 19. Februar: 44. Alpine Skiweltmeisterschaften 0 8. – 19. Februar: 49. Biathlon-Weltmeisterschaften 26. März – 12. November: Austragung der 69. FIM-Motorrad-Straßenweltmeisterschaft 26. März – 26. November: Austragung der 68. Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 0 5. – 21. Mai: 81. Eishockey-Weltmeisterschaft der Herren (Top-Division) in Paris und Köln ; Weltmeister wird Schweden . 24. Mai: Im Finale der 46. UEFA Europa League im schwedischen Solna siegt Manchester United gegen Ajax Amsterdam . 28. Mai – 11. Juni: 116. French Open in Paris 0 3. Juni: Im Finale der UEFA Champions League 2016/17 im walisischen Cardiff gewinnt Real Madrid gegen Juventus Turin . Als erste Mannschaft gelingt Real Madrid damit die Wiederholung des Titelgewinns aus dem Vorjahr. 16. – 30. Juni: U-21-Fußball-Europameisterschaft in Polen ; Europameister wird Deutschland . 17. Juni – 02. Juli: FIFA-Konföderationen-Pokal 2017 in Russland ; Gewinner wird die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft 22. Juni: Afghanistan und Irland werden Full Member des International Cricket Council (ICC). 0 1. – 23. Juli: 104. Tour de France mit Grand Départ in Düsseldorf 0 3. – 16. Juli: 131. Wimbledon Championships in London 14. – 30. Juli: 17. Schwimmweltmeisterschaften in Budapest 16. Juli – 6. August: 12. Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen in den Niederlanden ; es siegt das Team der Niederlande . 18. – 30. Juli: XXIII. Sommer-Deaflympics in Samsun , Türkei 28. Juli – 6. August: 11. Beachvolleyball-Weltmeisterschaften in Wien 0 4. – 13. August: 16. Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften in London 26. August: Neuseeland gewinnt das Finale der Frauen-Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft in Belfast 41:32 gegen England . 31. August – 17. September: 40. Basketball-Europameisterschaft in vier Ländern; Sieger wird Slowenien . 13. September: Das IOC bestimmt Paris als Austragungsort für die Olympischen Sommerspiele 2024 und Los Angeles als Austragungsort für 2028 . 23. Oktober: Cristiano Ronaldo wird zum FIFA-Weltfußballer des Jahres 2017 ernannt und stellt damit den Rekord für die meisten Auszeichnungen von Lionel Messi mit fünf Auszeichnungen ein. 29. Oktober: Lewis Hamilton gewinnt zum vierten Mal die Formel-1 -Weltmeisterschaft. 12. November: Marc Márquez gewinnt zum vierten Mal die MotoGP -Weltmeisterschaft. 0 1. – 17. Dezember: Handball-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen in Deutschland Kultur und Gesellschaft 11. Januar: Eröffnung der Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg 28. Januar: Chinesisches Neujahrsfest Jahr des Feuer-Hahns (34. Jahr im 78. Zyklus) 0 9. – 19. Februar: Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin (Berlinale) 26. Februar: 89. Oscarverleihung in Los Angeles, Vereinigte Staaten 17. März – 15. September: Festspiele Mecklenburg-Vorpommern an verschiedenen Spielorten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 0 8. April – 16. Juli: Documenta 14 in Athen und 10. Juni bis 17. September in Kassel 13. April – 15. Oktober: Internationale Gartenausstellung im Erholungspark Marzahn in Berlin 0 6. – 7. Mai: Baden-Württemberg-Tag in Karlsruhe 0 9. – 13. Mai: 62. Eurovision Song Contest in Kiew in der Ukraine; es siegt Salvador Sobral aus Portugal . 0 9. – 18. Juni: 57. Hessentag in Rüsselsheim am Main 0 9. – 11. Juni: 16. Thüringentag in Apolda 10. Juni – 1. Oktober: Skulptur.Projekte in Münster 16. – 18. Juni: 21. Sachsen-Anhalt-Tag in der Lutherstadt Eisleben 21. Juni: Fête de la Musique in mindestens 500 Städten weltweit 22. Juni – 1. Juli: WorldPride in Madrid 0 1. – 3. September: 35. Tag der Niedersachsen in Wolfsburg 0 1. – 3. September: 26. Tag der Sachsen in Löbau 0 1. Oktober: Die gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe wird in Deutschland gesetzlich etabliert. 0 3. Oktober: „ Deutschlandfest “ am Tag der Deutschen Einheit in Mainz 10. Oktober: Das Bundesverfassungsgericht erklärt die Regelung im deutschen Personenstandsgesetz , nach der bisher lediglich ein weiblicher oder männlicher Geschlechtseintrag möglich war, für unvereinbar mit dem Grundgesetz und verpflichtet den Gesetzgeber, „bis zum 31. Dezember 2018 eine verfassungsgemäße Regelung herbeizuführen“. Religion 0 7. Januar: orthodoxe Weihnachten 23. Januar: Fernando Ocáriz Braña wird neuer Prälat des Opus Dei . 16. April: Ostern , gleichzeitig mit den orthodoxen Kirchen 10. Mai: Vesakh 24. – 28. Mai: 36. Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag in Berlin und in der Lutherstadt Wittenberg 25. Mai: Christi Himmelfahrt 27. Mai – 24. Juni: Ramadan 0 4. Juni: Pfingsten 15. Juni: Fronleichnam 0 1. September: Islamisches Opferfest 30. September: Jom Kippur 5778 0 3. Oktober: Tag der offenen Moschee 19. Oktober: Diwali 31. Oktober: Reformationsjubiläum (500 Jahre kirchliche Reformation ); der Gedenktag der Reformation gilt diesmal in allen deutschen Ländern als arbeitsfreier Feiertag. 13. – 20. Dezember: Chanukka 25. Dezember: Weihnachten Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur 17. – 20. Januar: Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos , Schweiz 20. – 29. Januar: Internationale Grüne Woche Berlin 30. Januar: Rüdiger Grube erklärt mit sofortiger Wirkung seinen Rücktritt als Vorstandsvorsitzender der Deutsche Bahn AG . 0 6. März: Die französische Groupe PSA wird Opel und Vauxhall Motors übernehmen. 0 8. – 12. März: Internationale Tourismus-Börse Berlin 20. – 24. März: CeBIT in Hannover 23. – 26. März: Leipziger Buchmesse 14. – 29. April: Hannover-Messe 10. Juni: Eröffnung der Expo 2017 in Astana , Kasachstan 15. Juni: In der EU entfallen die Roaminggebühren für die Mobilfunknutzung im Ausland. August: Ein europaweiter Lebensmittelskandal um mit Fipronil belastete Hühnereier wird bekannt. 0 1. – 6. September: Internationale Funkausstellung in Berlin 14. – 24. September: 67. Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung für Personenkraftwagen in Frankfurt am Main 11. – 15. Oktober: Frankfurter Buchmesse 27. Oktober: Die insolvente Fluggesellschaft Air Berlin stellt ihren Betrieb ein; zahlreiche der bisher rund 8000 Mitarbeiter werden voraussichtlich arbeitslos. 10. Dezember: Die Inbetriebnahme der Eisenbahn- Neubaustrecke Ebensfeld-Erfurt soll zu erheblichen Reisezeitverkürzungen im Nord-Süd-Fernverkehr in Deutschland führen. Wissenschaft und Technik 0 5. Mai: Erstflug der Comac C919 , des ersten vollständig in China entwickelten zweistrahligen Passagierflugzeuges 21. Juli: Das Computerspiel Fortnite wird veröffentlicht. Dezember: Erster Zug mit Wasserstoff -Antrieb im regulären Linienverkehr ( Alstom Coradia iLint ) Astronomie und Astrophysik Halbschattenfinsternis ( Mondfinsternis ) am 11. Februar Ringförmige Sonnenfinsternis am 26. Februar ; sichtbar im südlichen Pazifik und Atlantik, Patagonien und Angola Partielle Mondfinsternis am 7. August Totale Sonnenfinsternis am 21. August ; sichtbar im Atlantik, Nordpazifik und in Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia und South Carolina 19. Oktober: Das Pan-STARRS -Teleskop auf Hawaii entdeckt 1I/ʻOumuamua , nachdem es schon an der Sonne vorbeigeflogen ist und sich auf dem Weg zurück in den interstellaren Raum befindet. Wissenschaftspreise Nobelpreise Die Bekanntgabe der Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 2017 erfolgte vom 2. bis zum 9. Oktober. Die Verleihungen fanden am 10. Dezember, dem Todestag Alfred Nobels , in Stockholm und Oslo (nur Friedensnobelpreis ) statt. Physiologie oder Medizin : Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash und Michael W. Young Physik : Barry Barish , Kip Thorne und Rainer Weiss Chemie : Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank und Richard Henderson Literatur : Kazuo Ishiguro Frieden : Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen Alfred-Nobel-Gedächtnispreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften : Richard Thaler Turing Award John L. Hennessy und David A. Patterson für neuartige Herangehensweisen an Entwurf und Bewertung von Computerarchitekturen mit dauerhaften Auswirkungen auf die Mikroprozessor-Industrie. Katastrophen Naturkatastrophen 18. Januar: Bei einem Lawinenunglück nach einem Erdbeben sterben in der italienischen Provinz Pescara 29 Menschen. 31. März: Beim Niedergang einer Schlammlawine werden in der kolumbianischen Stadt Mocoa mehr als 300 Menschen getötet und mehrere hundert verletzt; zahlreiche Menschen werden noch vermisst. [ 1 ] 29. Mai: Durch einen schweren Sturm sterben in Moskau und Umgebung mindestens 13 Menschen. Über 1000 Bäume werden entwurzelt. [ 2 ] ab 17. Juni: Durch großflächige Waldbrände sterben insbesondere in der mittelportugiesischen Region Pedrógão Grande sowie in mehreren Nachbarkreisen mehr als 60 Menschen und mehr als 200 werden verletzt. 14. August: Bei Unwetterereignissen in Sierra Leone kommen, bei einer hohen Zahl noch vermisster Menschen, mehr als 300 Menschen ums Leben. Ende August: In der US-amerikanischen Millionenstadt Houston sowie in weiteren Teilen von Texas und in Louisiana fordern von dem Hurrikan Harvey ausgelöste Überschwemmungen 82 Menschenleben und verursachen nach ersten Angaben vermutlich Schäden in Höhe von mehr als 150 Mrd. US-Dollar. 0 5. – 11. September: Der Hurrikan Irma richtet u. a. auf den karibischen Inseln Barbuda und Kuba sowie in Teilen der USA schwere Verwüstungen an und fordert insgesamt mindestens 60 Menschenleben. 0 8. September: Der Süden Mexikos wird von einem starken Erdbeben betroffen, dem 98 Menschen zum Opfer fallen. seit 18. September: Der Hurrikan Maria verursacht u. a. auf Dominica und Puerto Rico schwere Schäden. Nach einer im August 2018 veröffentlichten Studie der George Washington University sterben auf Puerto Rico infolge des Hurrikans 2975 Menschen, während in offiziellen Angaben der Regierung zunächst lediglich von 64 Toten die Rede war. 19. September: Mexiko wird erneut von einem Erdbeben betroffen, bei dem 369 Menschen sterben und mehr als 8000 Menschen verletzt werden. 0 5./6. Oktober: Das Sturmtief Xavier fordert neun Menschenleben und verursacht im nördlichen und östlichen Mitteleuropa schwere Schäden. 0 8. – 31. Oktober: Bei großflächigen Waldbränden sterben in Nordkalifornien 43 Menschen und mindestens 8900 Anwesen werden zerstört. 12. November: Durch ein Erdbeben nahe Halabdscha im Grenzgebiet von Iran und Irak sterben in der iranischen Provinz Kermānschāh und in der irakischen Autonomen Region Kurdistan mehr als 620 Menschen und mehr als 12.000 werden verletzt. Schwere Unglücksfälle Kleinere Unglücksfälle sind in den Unterartikeln von Katastrophe und in der Liste von Katastrophen aufgeführt. 0 3. Juni: Bei einer Massenpanik während des Public Viewing des Champions-League-Finales werden im norditalienischen Turin mehr als 1500 Menschen verletzt. [ 3 ] 14. Juni: Durch einen Großbrand in einem Wohnhochhaus sterben in London 72 Menschen und mehr als 70 werden verletzt. 0 3. Juli: Bei einem Busunfall sterben auf der A 9 bei Münchberg (Oberfranken) 18 Menschen und 30 werden verletzt. [ 4 ] 11. August: Bei einem Eisenbahnunfall sterben nahe dem ägyptischen Alexandria 41 Menschen und 179 werden verletzt. Naturereignisse Meteorologie Kältewelle in Europa Januar 2017 Gedenktage 0 1. Januar: 200. Todestag des deutschen Chemikers Martin Heinrich Klaproth 0 5. Januar: 100. Geburtstag des deutschen Opernregisseurs Wieland Wagner 13. Januar: 300. Todestag der Naturforscherin Maria Sibylla Merian 21. Januar: 150. Geburtstag des deutschen Schriftstellers Ludwig Thoma 0 6. Februar: 100. Geburtstag der US-amerikanisch-ungarischen Schauspielerin Zsa Zsa Gabor 19. Februar: 200. Geburtstag des niederländischen Königs Wilhelm III. 0 8. März: 100. Todestag des deutschen Luftschiffkonstrukteurs Ferdinand von Zeppelin 15. März: 100. Jahrestag der Abdankung durch Zar Nikolaus II. – Ende der Romanow-Dynastie ( Februarrevolution 1917 ) 26. März: 500. Todestag des franko-flämischen Komponisten Heinrich Isaac 31. März: 100. Todestag des deutschen Mediziners und Nobelpreisträgers Emil von Behring 15. April: 100. Jahrestag der Mustermesse Basel 19. April: 50. Todestag von Konrad Adenauer , erster Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 25. April: 100. Geburtstag der US-amerikanischen Jazz-Sängerin Ella Fitzgerald 13. Mai: 300. Geburtstag von Maria Theresia , Erzherzogin von Österreich, Königin von Ungarn und Böhmen, römisch-deutsche Kaiserin 29. Mai: 100. Geburtstag des US-amerikanischen Politikers John F. Kennedy , 35. Präsident der USA 0 2. Juni: 50. Todestag des West-Berliner Studenten Benno Ohnesorg 0 7. Juni: 100. Geburtstag des US-amerikanischen Entertainers Dean Martin 0 6. Juli: 200. Geburtstag des Schweizers Albert von Kölliker 12. Juli: 200. Geburtstag des amerikanischen Schriftstellers und Philosophen Henry David Thoreau 13. August: 100. Todestag des deutschen Chemikers und Nobelpreisträgers Eduard Buchner 20. August: 100. Todestag des deutschen Chemikers Adolf von Baeyer 25. August: 100. Geburtstag des niederländisch-deutschen Showmasters und Entertainers Lou van Burg 14. September: 200. Geburtstag des deutschen Schriftstellers Theodor Storm 20. September: 400. Jahrestag der Gründung des Akademischen Gymnasiums Salzburg 15. Oktober: 200. Todestag des Schweizer Orientreisenden Jean Louis Burckhardt (1784–1817), Entdecker der nabatäischen Stadt Petra und des Tempels von Abu Simbel 31. Oktober: 500. Jahrestag des Anschlags der 95 Thesen durch Martin Luther 0 2. November: 300. Todestag des deutschen Violinisten und Komponisten Johann Jakob Walther 0 2. November: 100. Jahrestag der Balfour-Deklaration 0 7. November: 100. Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution . In Russland stürzen die Bolschewiki die provisorische Regierung und übernehmen die Macht. 17. November: 100. Todestag des französischen Malers und Bildhauers Auguste Rodin 19. November: 100. Geburtstag der indischen Politikerin und Premierministerin Indira Gandhi 22. November: 50. Jahrestag der Resolution 242 des UN-Sicherheitsrates zum Rückzug der israelischen Truppen aus den im Sechstagekrieg besetzten Gebieten 30. November: 200. Geburtstag des deutschen Historikers Theodor Mommsen 0 6. Dezember: 100. Jahrestag der Unabhängigkeit Finnlands von Russland 0 9. Dezember: 300. Geburtstag des deutschen Archäologen und Kunstschriftstellers Johann Joachim Winckelmann 16. Dezember: 100. Geburtstag des britischen Science-Fiction-Schriftstellers Arthur C. Clarke 21. Dezember: 100. Geburtstag des deutschen Schriftstellers und Literatur-Nobelpreisträgers Heinrich Böll Jahreswidmungen Artenschutz Der Waldkauz ( Strix aluco ) ist Vogel des Jahres . Die Flunder ( Platichthys flesus ) ist Fisch des Jahres ( Deutscher Angelfischerverband DAFV). Die Blindschleiche ( Anguis fragilis ) ist Reptil des Jahres . Die Goldene Acht ( Colias hyale ) ist Schmetterling des Jahres ( Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland Bund). Die Gemeine Fichte ( Picea abies ) ist Baum des Jahres (Kuratorium Baum des Jahres). Der Klatschmohn ( Papaver rhoeas ) ist Blume des Jahres ( Stiftung Natur und Pflanzen ). Das Judasohr ( Auricularia auricula-judae ) ist Pilz des Jahres ( Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie ). Waldkauz ( Strix aluco ) Flunder ( Platichthys flesus ) Blindschleiche ( Anguis fragilis ) Goldene Acht ( Colias hyale ) Gemeine Fichte ( Picea abies ) Klatschmohn ( Papaver rhoeas ) Judasohr ( Auricularia auricula-judae ) Kulturelle Referenzen Der 1987 erschienene Film Running Man spielt im Jahr 2017. Geboren 6. September: Pamuk Pilavci , deutsch-türkische Schauspielerin Tag unbekannt Ilkay Yalcin , deutscher Kinderdarsteller Gestorben Januar 0 1. Januar: Hilarion Capucci , syrischer Theologe und politischer Aktivist (* 1922) 0 1. Januar: Derek Parfit , britischer Philosoph (* 1942) 0 2. Januar: John Berger , britischer Schriftsteller und Kunstkritiker (* 1926) 0 4. Januar: Heinz Billing , deutscher Physiker und Computerpionier (* 1914) 0 4. Januar: Klaus Wildbolz , Schweizer Schauspieler (* 1937) 0 6. Januar: Om Puri , indischer Schauspieler (* 1950) 0 6. Januar: Francine York , US-amerikanische Schauspielerin (* 1936) 0 7. Januar: Mário Soares , portugiesischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1924) 0 8. Januar: Nicolai Gedda , schwedischer Opernsänger (* 1925) 0 8. Januar: James Mancham , seychellischer Politiker (* 1939) 0 8. Januar: Akbar Hāschemi Rafsandschāni , iranischer Geistlicher und Staatspräsident (* 1934) 0 8. Januar: Peter Sarstedt , britischer Singer-Songwriter und Gitarrist (* 1941) 0 9. Januar: Zygmunt Bauman , polnisch-britischer Soziologe und Philosoph (* 1925) 10. Januar: Roman Herzog , deutscher Jurist, Politiker und Bundespräsident (* 1934) 10. Januar: Oliver Smithies , britisch-amerikanischer Biochemiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1925) 11. Januar: François Van der Elst , belgischer Fußballspieler (* 1954) 12. Januar: Giulio Angioni , italienischer Schriftsteller und Anthropologe (* 1939) 13. Januar: Lord Snowdon , britischer Fotograf und Designer (* 1930) 13. Januar: Udo Ulfkotte , deutscher Journalist und Publizist (* 1960) 14. Januar: Herbert Mies , deutscher Politiker (* 1929) 14. Januar: Zhou Youguang , chinesischer Ökonom und Linguist (* 1906) 16. Januar: Eugene Cernan , US-amerikanischer Astronaut (* 1934) 16. Januar: Franz Jarnach , deutscher Musiker und Schauspieler (* 1943) 17. Januar: Walter Lange , deutscher Uhrmacher und Unternehmer (* 1924) 18. Januar: Peter Abrahams , südafrikanischer Schriftsteller (* 1919) 18. Januar: Wilhelm Noll , deutscher Motorradrennfahrer (* 1926) 19. Januar: Miguel Ferrer , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1955) 20. Januar: Klaus Huhn , deutscher Sportjournalist (* 1928) 21. Januar: Keith Hall , britischer Autorennfahrer (* 1929) 22. Januar: Jaki Liebezeit , deutscher Schlagzeuger (* 1938) 23. Januar: Gert Pinkernell , deutscher Romanist und Literaturwissenschaftler (* 1937) 25. Januar: John Hurt , britischer Schauspieler (* 1940) 25. Januar: Mary Tyler Moore , US-amerikanische Schauspielerin (* 1936) 26. Januar: Mike Connors , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1925) 26. Januar: Michael Tönnies , deutscher Fußballspieler (* 1959) 27. Januar: Emmanuelle Riva , französische Schauspielerin (* 1927) 30. Januar: Anne-Marie Vurpas , französische Dialektologin (* 1923) 31. Januar: John Wetton , britischer Rockmusiker (* 1949) Februar 0 1. Februar: Kerstin Gähte , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1958) 0 1. Februar: Étienne Tshisekedi , kongolesischer Politiker (* 1932) 0 3. Februar: Dritëro Agolli , albanischer Schriftsteller (* 1931) 0 3. Februar: Lawrence Zoernig , US-amerikanischer Cellist und Komponist (* 1960) 0 6. Februar: Inge Keller , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1923) 0 6. Februar: Alec McCowen , britischer Schauspieler (* 1925) 0 6. Februar: Raymond Smullyan , US-amerikanischer Mathematiker und Autor (* 1919) 0 7. Februar: Klaus Peter Schreiner , deutscher Kabarettist und Autor (* 1930) 0 7. Februar: Tzvetan Todorov , bulgarisch-französischer Philosoph und Essayist (* 1939) 0 8. Februar: Peter Mansfield , britischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1933) 0 9. Februar: Piet Keizer , niederländischer Fußballspieler (* 1943) 0 9. Februar: Kurt Radeke , deutscher Schauspieler (* 1924) 11. Februar: Kurt Marti , Schweizer Dichter und Schriftsteller (* 1921) 11. Februar: Jirō Taniguchi , japanischer Mangaka (* 1947) 12. Februar: Al Jarreau , US-amerikanischer Jazz-Sänger und Songschreiber (* 1940) 14. Februar: Al Imfeld , Schweizer Publizist und Schriftsteller (* 1935) 15. Februar: Manfred Kaiser , deutscher Fußballspieler (* 1929) 16. Februar: Dick Bruna , niederländischer Autor und Illustrator (* 1927) 16. Februar: Jannis Kounellis , griechischer bildender Künstler (* 1936) 17. Februar: Warren Frost , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Theaterregisseur (* 1925) 17. Februar: Tom Regan , US-amerikanischer Philosoph und Tierrechtler (* 1938) 18. Februar: Umar Abd ar-Rahman , ägyptischer verurteilter Islamist (* 1938) 18. Februar: Heinz Dehne , deutscher Chemiker und Hochschullehrer (* 1936) 19. Februar: Larry Coryell , US-amerikanischer Jazzgitarrist (* 1943) 20. Februar: Mildred Dresselhaus , US-amerikanische Physikerin (* 1930) 20. Februar: Witali Tschurkin , russischer Diplomat (* 1952) 21. Februar: Kenneth Arrow , US-amerikanischer Ökonom und Nobelpreisträger (* 1921) 22. Februar: Fritz Koenig , deutscher Bildhauer (* 1924) 22. Februar: Martin Lüttge , deutscher Schauspieler (* 1943) 23. Februar: Sabine Oberhauser , österreichische Politikerin und Ministerin (* 1963) 25. Februar: Bill Paxton , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1955) 26. Februar: Ludwig Faddejew , sowjetischer bzw. russischer Physiker und Mathematiker (* 1934) 27. Februar: Carlos Humberto Romero , salvadorianischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1924) 27. Februar: Eva María Zuk , mexikanische Pianistin polnischer Herkunft (* 1945) 28. Februar: Mickey Bohnacker , deutscher Pressefotograf und Fotojournalist (* 1928) März 0 1. März: Irmela Brender , deutsche Schriftstellerin und Übersetzerin (* 1935) 0 1. März: Paula Fox , US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin (* 1923) 0 1. März: David Rubinger , israelischer Photograph (* 1924) 0 3. März: Raymond Kopa , französischer Fußballspieler (* 1931) 0 3. März: Misha Mengelberg , niederländischer Jazzpianist (* 1935) 0 3. März: René Préval , haitianischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1943) 0 5. März: Kurt Moll , deutscher Opernsänger (* 1938) 0 7. März: Hans Georg Dehmelt , deutsch-US-amerikanischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1922) 0 8. März: George A. Olah , US-amerikanischer Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1927) 0 9. März: Howard Hodgkin , britischer Maler (* 1932) 0 9. März: Karl Korinek , österreichischer Verfassungsjurist (* 1940) 10. März: John Surtees , britischer Motorrad- und Automobilrennfahrer (* 1934) 12. März: Horst Ehmke , deutscher Politiker und Bundesminister (* 1927) 13. März: Ramesh Mishra , indischer Sarangispieler (* 1948) 13. März: Richard zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg , deutscher Unternehmer (* 1934) 16. März: Johannes Vogel , deutscher Diplomat (* 1928) 17. März: Ingeborg Krabbe , deutsche Schauspielerin und Kabarettistin (* 1931) 17. März: Derek Walcott , lucianisch-britischer Dichter und Nobelpreisträger (* 1930) 18. März: Chuck Berry , US-amerikanischer Rock-’n’-Roll-Musiker (* 1926) 18. März: Miloslav Vlk , tschechischer Kardinal (* 1932) 19. März: Roger Pingeon , französischer Radrennfahrer (* 1940) 20. März: David Rockefeller , US-amerikanischer Bankier und Philanthrop (* 1915) 21. März: Colin Dexter , britischer Schriftsteller (* 1930) 21. März: Martin McGuinness , nordirischer Politiker (* 1950) 22. März: Tomás Milián , kubanischer Schauspieler (* 1933) 23. März: Lola Albright , US-amerikanische Schauspielerin (* 1924) 23. März: Ekkehard Jost , deutscher Musikwissenschaftler und Saxophonist (* 1938) 23. März: William Henry Keeler , US-amerikanischer Kardinal (* 1931) 23. März: Ingeborg Rapoport , deutsche Medizinerin (* 1912) 27. März: Rainer Kussmaul , deutscher Violinist und Konzertmeister (* 1946) 27. März: David Storey , britischer Schriftsteller und Dramatiker (* 1933) 28. März: Christine Kaufmann , deutsche Schauspielerin und Autorin (* 1945) 29. März: Alexei Abrikossow , sowjetischer und US-amerikanischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1928) 31. März: James Rosenquist , US-amerikanischer Pop-Art-Maler (* 1933) April 0 1. April: Jewgeni Jewtuschenko , sowjetischer bzw. russischer Dichter und Schriftsteller (* 1932) 0 1. April: Giovanni Sartori , italienischer Politikwissenschaftler (* 1924) 0 4. April: Karl Stotz , österreichischer Fußballspieler und -trainer (* 1927) 0 5. April: Waldemar Kumming , Herausgeber der Science-Fiction-Fanzine „Munich Round Up“ (* 1924) 0 6. April: Armand Gatti , französischer Schriftsteller und Regisseur (* 1924) 0 6. April: Don Rickles , US-amerikanischer Komiker und Schauspieler (* 1926) 0 8. April: Georgi Gretschko , sowjetischer Kosmonaut (* 1931) 10. April: Jack Ahearn , australischer Motorradrennfahrer (* 1924) 11. April: Michael Ballhaus , deutscher Kameramann (* 1935) 11. April: Jerzy Gajek , polnischer Pianist und Musikpädagoge (* 1936) 12. April: Charlie Murphy , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Komiker (* 1959) 15. April: Allan Holdsworth , britisch-amerikanischer Jazzgitarrist (* 1946) 15. April: Clifton James , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1920) 15. April: Emma Morano , italienische Supercentenarian (* 1899) 18. April: Alexandre de Carvalho Kaneko , brasilianischer Fußballspieler und Unternehmer (* 1946) 20. April: Magdalena Abakanowicz , polnische bildende Künstlerin (* 1930) 22. April: Erin Moran , US-amerikanische Kinderdarstellerin und Schauspielerin (* 1960) 23. April: František Rajtoral , tschechischer Fußballspieler (* 1986) 24. April: Robert M. Pirsig , US-amerikanischer Autor (* 1928) 26. April: Jonathan Demme , US-amerikanischer Filmregisseur (* 1944) 26. April: Christine Oesterlein , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1924) 27. April: Vito Acconci , US-amerikanischer Künstler (* 1940) 27. April: Eduard Brunner , Schweizer Klarinettist und Hochschullehrer (* 1939) 28. April: Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck , österreichischer Militärhistoriker (* 1918) 28. April: Manfred Seitz , deutscher evangelischer Pfarrer und Professor für Praktische Theologie (* 1928) April: Alexander Kobylinski , DDR-Bürgerrechtler und Journalist (* 1964) Mai 0 2. Mai: Heinz Keßler , deutscher Militär und Politiker (* 1920) 0 2. Mai: A. R. Penck , deutscher bildender Künstler (* 1939) 0 3. Mai: Lukas Ammann , Schweizer Schauspieler (* 1912) 0 3. Mai: Daliah Lavi , israelische Sängerin und Schauspielerin (* 1942) 0 4. Mai: William J. Baumol , US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler (* 1922) 0 6. Mai: Steven Holcomb , US-amerikanischer Bobpilot (* 1980) 0 8. Mai: Curt Lowens , deutscher Schauspieler (* 1925) 0 9. Mai: Robert Miles , italienischer Musiker (* 1969) 0 9. Mai: Michael Parks , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1940) 11. Mai: Roland Gräf , deutscher Filmregisseur und Kameramann (* 1934) 11. Mai: Joachim Kaiser , deutscher Journalist und Kritiker (* 1928) 12. Mai: Mauno Koivisto , finnischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1923) 14. Mai: Powers Boothe , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1948) 15. Mai: Karl-Otto Apel , deutscher Philosoph (* 1922) 16. Mai: Gunnar Möller , deutscher Schauspieler (* 1928) 17. Mai: Johannes Grützke , deutscher Maler (* 1937) 17. Mai: Peter Rösch , Bürgerrechtler in der DDR (* 1953) 18. Mai: Chris Cornell , US-amerikanischer Sänger und Songwriter (* 1964) 18. Mai: Jacque Fresco , US-amerikanischer Sozialreformer (* 1916) 19. Mai: Stanislaw Petrow , sowjetischer Oberstleutnant (* 1939) 20. Mai: Paul Falk , deutscher Eiskunstläufer (* 1921) 20. Mai: Waldtraut Lewin , deutsche Schriftstellerin (* 1937) 22. Mai: Nicky Hayden , US-amerikanischer Motorradrennfahrer (* 1981) 23. Mai: Roger Moore , britischer Schauspieler (* 1927) 24. Mai: Denis Johnson , US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller (* 1949) 24. Mai: Fritz Lichtenhahn , Schweizer Schauspieler (* 1932) 24. Mai: Sonny West , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1938) 25. Mai: Willi Fährmann , deutscher Schriftsteller (* 1929) 26. Mai: Zbigniew Brzeziński , polnisch-US-amerikanischer Politologe (* 1928) 27. Mai: Gregg Allman , US-amerikanischer Sänger und Musiker (* 1947) 28. Mai: Eric Broadley , britischer Rennfahrer, Fahrzeugkonstrukteur und Unternehmer (* 1928) 29. Mai: Konstantinos Mitsotakis , griechischer Politiker (* 1918) 29. Mai: Manuel Noriega , panamaischer Politiker (* 1938 ?) 31. Mai: Jiří Bělohlávek , tschechischer Dirigent (* 1946) 31. Mai: Hilde Sochor , österreichische Schauspielerin (* 1924) Juni 0 1. Juni: Tankred Dorst , deutscher Schriftsteller und Dramatiker (* 1925) 0 1. Juni: Alois Mock , österreichischer Politiker (* 1934) 0 1. Juni: Tom Tjaarda , US-amerikanischer Fahrzeugdesigner (* 1934) 0 2. Juni: Peter Sallis , britischer Schauspieler und Sprecher (* 1921) 0 2. Juni: Jeffrey Tate , britischer Dirigent (* 1943) 0 2. Juni: Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada , pakistanischer Jurist und Politiker (* 1923) 0 3. Juni: Heinz Peter Kämmerer , deutscher Chirurg (* 1927) 0 4. Juni: Juan Goytisolo , spanischer Schriftsteller (* 1931) 0 5. Juni: Cheik Tioté , ivorischer Fußballspieler (* 1986) 0 8. Juni: Miguel d’Escoto Brockmann , nicaraguanischer Priester und Politiker (* 1933) 0 8. Juni: Ademar Fonseca , brasilianischer Fußballtrainer (* 1963) 0 9. Juni: Adam West , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1928) 0 9. Juni: Andimba Toivo ya Toivo , namibischer Menschen- und Bürgerrechtler (* 1924) 11. Juni: Alexandra Kluge , deutsche Schauspielerin und Ärztin (* 1937) 12. Juni: Rosalie , deutsche Bühnenbildnerin und Malerin (* 1953) 12. Juni: Charles P. Thacker , US-amerikanischer Informatiker (* 1943) 13. Juni: Anita Pallenberg , deutsche Schauspielerin und Groupie (* 1942) 13. Juni: Rick Tuten , US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler (* 1965) 14. Juni: Renate Holland-Moritz , deutsche Schriftstellerin und Filmkritikerin (* 1935) 14. Juni: Hans-Peter Schwarz , deutscher Politologe und Historiker (* 1934) 15. Juni: Alexei Batalow , sowjetischer Schauspieler und Regisseur (* 1928) 16. Juni: John G. Avildsen , US-amerikanischer Filmregisseur (* 1935) 16. Juni: Helmut Kohl , deutscher Politiker und Bundeskanzler (* 1930) 18. Juni: Tony Liscio , US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler (* 1940) 19. Juni: Ivan Dias , indischer Kurienkardinal (* 1936) 19. Juni: Ilse Pagé , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1939) 20. Juni: Prodigy , US-amerikanischer Rapper (* 1974) 22. Juni: Gunter Gabriel , deutscher Sänger (* 1942) 22. Juni: Hartmut Neugebauer , deutscher Schauspieler und Synchronsprecher (* 1942) 22. Juni: Ketumile Masire , Staatspräsident von Botswana (* 1925) 27. Juni: Peter L. Berger , US-amerikanischer Soziologe (* 1929) 27. Juni: Michael Bond , britischer Schriftsteller (* 1926) 27. Juni: Mikael Nyqvist , schwedischer Schauspieler (* 1960) 30. Juni: Simone Veil , französische Politikerin (* 1927) Juli 0 2. Juli: Chris Roberts , deutscher Schlagersänger (* 1944) 0 3. Juli: Cholo Brenes , dominikanischer Musikpromotor, Rechtsanwalt, Politologe, Soziologe und Kolumnist (* 1942) 0 3. Juli: Zdeněk Juračka , tschechischer Rock-Gitarrist (* 1947) 0 3. Juli: Paolo Villaggio , italienischer Schauspieler und Schriftsteller (* 1932) 0 3. Juli: Monika Völlmeke , deutsche Juristin (* 1946) 0 4. Juli: Daniil Granin , sowjetischer bzw. russischer Schriftsteller (* 1919) 0 4. Juli: Heinz Schneiter , Schweizer Fußballspieler (* 1935) 0 5. Juli: Pierre Henry , französischer Komponist (* 1927) 0 5. Juli: Joachim Kardinal Meisner , deutscher Erzbischof (* 1933) 0 5. Juli: Joaquín Navarro-Valls , spanischer Direktor des vatikanischen Pressebüros (* 1936) 0 8. Juli: Nelsan Ellis , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1977) 0 8. Juli: Elsa Martinelli , italienische Schauspielerin (* 1935) 10. Juli: Dhruba Ghosh , indischer Sarangispieler (* 1957) 10. Juli: Peter Härtling , deutscher Schriftsteller (* 1933) 12. Juli: Armando Almánzar Rodríguez , dominikanischer Schriftsteller und Filmkritiker (* 1935) 13. Juli: Charles Bachman , US-amerikanischer Informatiker (* 1924) 13. Juli: Ina-Maria Federowski , deutsche Schlagersängerin (* 1949) 13. Juli: Liu Xiaobo , chinesischer Schriftsteller und Friedensnobelpreisträger (* 1955) 14: Juli: Henning Brümmer , deutscher Brigadegeneral des Heeres der Bundeswehr (* 1941) 14. Juli: Anne Golon , französische Schriftstellerin (* 1921) 14. Juli: Maryam Mirzakhani , iranische Mathematikerin (* 1977) 15. Juli: Josef Hamerl , österreichischer Fußballspieler (* 1931) 15. Juli: Martin Landau , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1928) 16. Juli: George A. Romero , US-amerikanischer Filmregisseur (* 1940) 18. Juli: Max Gallo , französischer Schriftsteller und Politiker (* 1932) 20. Juli: Chester Bennington , US-amerikanischer Sänger (* 1976) 20. Juli: Andrea Jürgens , deutsche Schlagersängerin (* 1967) 20. Juli: Bernhard Kempa , deutscher Handballspieler und -trainer (* 1920) 20. Juli: Claude Rich , französischer Schauspieler (* 1929) 21. Juli: John Heard , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1946) 22. Juli: Fritz Hellwig , deutscher Politiker (* 1912) 22. Juli: Polo Hofer , Schweizer Mundartrock-Sänger (* 1945) 25. Juli: Gretel Bergmann , deutsch-amerikanische Leichtathletin (* 1914) 26. Juli: Constantin Freiherr von Heereman , deutscher Agrarpolitiker (* 1931) 26. Juli: Leo Kinnunen , finnischer Automobilrennfahrer (* 1943) 27. Juli: Sam Shepard , US-amerikanischer Dramatiker und Schauspieler (* 1943) 30. Juli: Thomas Fredrickson , US-amerikanischer Kontrabassist und Komponist (* 1928) 31. Juli: Jeanne Moreau , französische Schauspielerin und Sängerin (* 1928) August 0 3. August: Robert Hardy , britischer Schauspieler (* 1925) 0 3. August: Ángel Nieto , spanischer Motorradrennfahrer (* 1947) 0 5. August: Dionigi Tettamanzi , italienischer Kardinal (* 1934) 0 5. August: Ernst Zündel , deutscher Holocaustleugner (* 1939) 0 6. August: David Maslanka , US-amerikanischer Komponist (* 1943) 0 6. August: Martin Roth , deutscher Kulturwissenschaftler (* 1955) 0 8. August: Glen Campbell , US-amerikanischer Country-Sänger und -Musiker (* 1936) 10. August: Karin Hertz , deutsche Bildhauerin (* 1921) 10. August: Ruth Pfau , deutsche Ordensschwester und Lepraärztin (* 1929) 10. August: Kim Isabel Frederika Wall , schwedische Journalistin (* 1987) 11. August: Israel Kristal , polnisch-israelischer Holocaust-Überlebender und Altersrekordler (* 1903) 15. August: Gunnar Birkerts , lettisch-amerikanischer Architekt (* 1925) 15. August: Eberhard Jäckel , deutscher Zeithistoriker (* 1929) 18. August: Joachim Nocke , deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler (* 1942) 19. August: Brian Aldiss , britischer Science-Fiction-Autor (* 1925) 19. August: K. O. Götz , deutscher Maler und Lyriker (* 1914) 20. August: Margot Hielscher , deutsche Sängerin und Schauspielerin (* 1919) 20. August: Jerry Lewis , US-amerikanischer Komiker und Schauspieler (* 1926) 22. August: John Abercrombie , US-amerikanischer Gitarrist (* 1944) 26. August: Tobe Hooper , US-amerikanischer Filmregisseur (* 1943) 26. August: Josef Musil , tschechoslowakischer Volleyballspieler (* 1932) 27. August: Gert Richter , deutscher Schauspieldramaturg, Schriftsteller, Verlagsredakteur und Herausgeber (* 1929) 28. August: Mireille Darc , französische Schauspielerin (* 1938) 28. August: Tsutomu Hata , japanischer Politiker (* 1935) 28. August: Raymond Lopez , französischer Autorennfahrer (* 1931) 29. August: Kurt Dahlmann , deutscher Journalist (* 1918) 30. August: Louise Hay , US-amerikanische Autorin (* 1926) 30. August: Károly Makk , ungarischer Filmregisseur (* 1925) 31. August: Richard Anderson , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1926) 31. August: Egon Günther , deutscher Filmregisseur und Schriftsteller (* 1927) September 0 1. September: Cormac Murphy-O’Connor , britischer Kardinal (* 1932) 0 3. September: John Ashbery , US-amerikanischer Dichter (* 1927) 0 3. September: Walter Becker , US-amerikanischer Musiker und Songwriter (* 1950) 0 5. September: Nicolaas Bloembergen , US-amerikanischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger (* 1920) 0 5. September: Holger Czukay , deutscher Musiker (* 1938) 0 5. September: Arno Rink , deutscher Maler (* 1940) 0 6. September: Carlo Caffarra , italienischer Kardinal (* 1938) 0 6. September: Kate Millett , US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin und Feministin (* 1934) 0 6. September: Lotfi Zadeh , US-amerikanischer Informatiker (* 1921) 0 8. September: Pierre Bergé , französischer Unternehmer und Mäzen (* 1930) 0 8. September: Jerry Pournelle , US-amerikanischer Journalist und Schriftsteller (* 1933) 0 8. September: Karl Ravens , deutscher Politiker und Bundesminister (* 1927) 0 8. September: Don Williams , US-amerikanischer Country-Sänger (* 1939) 10. September: Nancy Dupree , US-amerikanische Historikerin und Archäologin (* 1927) 10. September: Len Wein , US-amerikanischer Comicautor (* 1948) 11. September: J. P. Donleavy , US-amerikanisch-irischer Schriftsteller (* 1926) 11. September: Heiner Geißler , deutscher Politiker und Bundesminister (* 1930) 11. September: Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah , malaysischer Wahlkönig (* 1927) 11. September: Peter Hall , britischer Regisseur (* 1930) 13. September: Frank Vincent , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1939) 14. September: Wolfgang Michels , deutscher Musiker und Singer-Songwriter (* 1951) 14. September: Otto Wanz , österreichischer Kraftsportler (* 1943) 15. September: Violet Brown , jamaikanische Altersrekordlerin (* 1900) 15. September: Albert Speer junior , deutscher Architekt und Stadtplaner (* 1934) 15. September: Harry Dean Stanton , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1926) 19. September: Horst Herrmann , deutscher Kirchenkritiker und Schriftsteller (* 1940) 19. September: Jake LaMotta , US-amerikanischer Boxer (* 1921) 21. September: Liliane Bettencourt , französische Unternehmerin (* 1922) 23. September: Charles Bradley , US-amerikanischer Musiker (* 1948) 24. September: Gisèle Casadesus , französische Schauspielerin (* 1914) 24. September: Kito Lorenc , sorbischer Lyriker und Dramatiker (* 1938) 24. September: Ulrike von Möllendorff , deutsche Journalistin und Fernsehmoderatorin (* 1939) 26. September: Noël Cunningham-Reid , britischer Autorennfahrer (* 1930) 27. September: Joy Fleming , deutsche Sängerin (* 1944) 27. September: Hugh Hefner , US-amerikanischer Verleger (* 1926) 28. September: Željko Perušić , jugoslawischer Fußballspieler (* 1936) 28. September: Jürgen Roth , deutscher Publizist (* 1945) 28. September: Andreas Schmidt , deutscher Schauspieler und Regisseur (* 1963) 28. September: Erich Schneider-Wessling , deutscher Architekt (* 1931) 28. September: Benjamin Whitrow , britischer Schauspieler (* 1937) 29. September: Lorenz Funk senior , deutscher Eishockeyspieler (* 1947) 30. September: Wladimir Wojewodski , russischer Mathematiker (* 1966) September: Victor Martin , spanischer Geiger und Musikpädagoge (* 1940) Oktober 0 1. Oktober: Arthur Janov , US-amerikanischer Psychologe und Autor (* 1924) 0 1. Oktober: Herbert Tröndle , deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler (* 1919) 0 2. Oktober: Klaus Huber , Schweizer Komponist (* 1924) 0 2. Oktober: Tom Petty , US-amerikanischer Musiker (* 1950) 0 3. Oktober: Dschalal Talabani , irakischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1933) 0 4. Oktober: Liam Cosgrave , irischer Politiker und Ministerpräsident (* 1920) 0 5. Oktober: Sylke Tempel , deutsche Journalistin und Buchautorin (* 1963) 0 5. Oktober: Anne Wiazemsky , französische Schauspielerin und Schriftstellerin (* 1947) 0 9. Oktober: Jean Rochefort , französischer Schauspieler (* 1930) 10. Oktober: Lissy Tempelhof , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1929) 13. Oktober: Albert Zafy , Präsident von Madagaskar (* 1927) 14. Oktober: Wolfgang Bötsch , deutscher Politiker und Bundesminister (* 1938) 14. Oktober: Roger Delageneste , französischer Autorennfahrer (* 1929) 14. Oktober: Richard Wilbur , US-amerikanischer Dichter und Übersetzer (* 1921) 16. Oktober: Roy Dotrice , britischer Schauspieler (* 1923) 17. Oktober: Danielle Darrieux , französische Schauspielerin (* 1917) 19. Oktober: Umberto Lenzi , italienischer Filmregisseur und Autor (* 1931) 21. Oktober: Martin Giese , deutscher Radrennfahrer (* 1937) 21. Oktober: William Kimberly , US-amerikanischer Autorennfahrer (* 1933) 22. Oktober: George Nicholas Georgano , britischer Autor und Automobilhistoriker (* 1932) 22. Oktober: Paul J. Weitz , US-amerikanischer Astronaut (* 1932) 23. Oktober: Walter Lassally , britischer Kameramann (* 1926) 24. Oktober: Girija Devi , indische Sängerin, Musikpädagogin und Komponistin (* 1929) 24. Oktober: Fats Domino , US-amerikanischer Musiker (* 1928) 24. Oktober: Robert Guillaume , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1927) 25. Oktober: Silvia Bovenschen , deutsche Literaturwissenschaftlerin und Autorin (* 1946) 29. Oktober: Linda Nochlin , US-amerikanische Kunsthistorikerin und Essayistin (* 1931) November 0 1. November: Wladimir Makanin , russischer Schriftsteller (* 1937) 0 3. November: Abdur Rahman Biswas , bangladeschischer Politiker (* 1926) 0 3. November: Odilo Lechner , deutscher Benediktinerabt (* 1931) 0 4. November: Vera Kluth , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1925) 0 5. November: Nancy Friday , US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin (* 1933) 0 5. November: Lothar Thoms , deutscher Radsportler (* 1956) 0 6. November: Karin Dor , deutsche Schauspielerin (* 1938) 0 6. November: Richard Gordon , US-amerikanischer Astronaut (* 1929) 0 6. November: Feliciano Rivilla , spanischer Fußballspieler (* 1936) 0 7. November: Hans-Michael Rehberg , deutscher Schauspieler und Regisseur (* 1938) 0 7. November: Hans Schäfer , deutscher Fußballspieler (* 1927) 0 9. November: John Hillerman , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1932) 10. November: Bernhard Eckstein , deutscher Radrennfahrer (* 1935) 14. November: Wolfgang Schreyer , deutscher Schriftsteller (* 1927) 15. November: Frans Krajcberg , polnisch-brasilianischer Künstler (* 1921) 15. November: Lil Peep , US-amerikanischer Rapper (* 1996) 17. November: Salvatore Riina , italienischer Mafioso (* 1930) 17. November: Naim Süleymanoğlu , bulgarisch-türkischer Gewichtheber (* 1967) 18. November: Azzedine Alaïa , tunesischer Modedesigner (* 1940) 18. November: Friedel Rausch , deutscher Fußballspieler und -trainer (* 1940) 18. November: Gillian Rolton , australische Pferdezüchterin, Vielseitigkeitsreiterin und Olympiasiegerin (* 1956) 18. November: Malcolm Young , britisch-australischer Rockmusiker (* 1953) 19. November: Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo , italienischer Kardinal und vatikanischer Diplomat (* 1925) 19. November: Charles Manson , US-amerikanischer Krimineller (* 1934) 19. November: Jana Novotná , tschechische Tennisspielerin (* 1968) 19. November: Della Reese , US-amerikanische Jazzsängerin und Schauspielerin (* 1931) 20. November: Dieter Bellmann , deutscher Schauspieler und Regisseur (* 1940) 21. November: Peter Berling , deutscher Schauspieler und Schriftsteller (* 1934) 21. November: David Cassidy , US-amerikanischer Sänger und Schauspieler (* 1950) 21. November: Otto Luttrop , deutscher Fußballspieler und -trainer (* 1939) 22. November: George Mesrop Avakian , US-amerikanischer Musikproduzent (* 1919) 22. November: Dmitri Hvorostovsky , russischer Opernsänger (* 1962) 24. November: Hermann Schwörer , deutscher Politiker (* 1922) 25. November: Rance Howard , US-amerikanischer Schauspieler (* 1928) 26. November: Georg Iggers , US-amerikanischer Historiker (* 1926) 28. November: Shadia , ägyptische Filmschauspielerin und Sängerin (* 1931) 29. November: Jerry Fodor , US-amerikanischer Philosoph und Kognitionswissenschaftler (* 1935) 29. November: Slobodan Praljak , kroatischer General und Kriegsverbrecher (* 1945) 29. November: Verena Stefan , Schweizer Schriftstellerin (* 1947) 30. November: Colin Groves , britisch-australischer Anthropologe und Primatologe (* 1942) Dezember 0 1. Dezember: Fredy Schmidtke , deutscher Bahnradsportler und Olympiasieger (* 1961) 0 1. Dezember: Horst Weinheimer , deutscher Schauspieler (* 1930) 0 2. Dezember: Ulli Lommel , deutscher Schauspieler und Filmregisseur (* 1944) 0 4. Dezember: Shashi Kapoor , indischer Schauspieler (* 1938) 0 4. Dezember: Christine Keeler , britisches Model (* 1942) 0 4. Dezember: Manuel Marín , spanischer Politiker (* 1949) 0 4. Dezember: Ali Abdullah Salih , jemenitischer Politiker und Staatspräsident (* 1942) 0 5. Dezember: Johnny Hallyday , französischer Sänger und Schauspieler (* 1943) 0 5. Dezember: Michael I. , König von Rumänien (* 1921) 0 5. Dezember: Jean d’Ormesson , französischer Schriftsteller (* 1925) 10. Dezember: María Judith Franco , puerto-ricanische Schauspielerin und Synchronsprecherin (* 1925) 11. Dezember: Christos M. Joachimides , griechischer Kunsthistoriker und Ausstellungskurator (* 1932) 13. Dezember: Horst Bräunlich , deutscher Sportjournalist und Radrennfahrer (* 1927) 14. Dezember: John Hotchkis , US-amerikanischer Autorennfahrer (* 1931) 15. Dezember: Ilse Harms-Lipski , deutsche Malerin und Illustratorin (* 1927) 18. Dezember: Kim Jong Hyun , südkoreanischer Singer-Songwriter, Radiomoderator und Autor (* 1990) 20. Dezember: Bernard Francis Law , US-amerikanischer Kardinal (* 1931) 21. Dezember: Bruce McCandless , US-amerikanischer Astronaut (* 1937) 26. Dezember: Gerd Cintl , deutscher Ruderer und Olympiasieger (* 1938) 26. Dezember: Gerd Hennig , deutscher Fußballschiedsrichter (* 1935) 26. Dezember: Hans Saner , Schweizer Philosoph (* 1934) 28. Dezember: Sue Grafton , US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin (* 1940) 28. Dezember: Ulrich Wegener , deutscher Brigadegeneral (* 1929) 30. Dezember: Bernd Spier , deutscher Schlagersänger (* 1944) 30. Dezember: Grete Winkels , auch Margarete Debus , deutsche Leichtathletin (* 1918) Galerie der Verstorbenen 6. Januar: Om Puri (2010) (66) 7. Januar: Mário Soares (2008) (92) 8. Januar: Akbar Hāschemi Rafsandschāni (2016) (82) 9. Januar: Zygmunt Bauman (2013) (91) 10. Januar: Roman Herzog (2006) (82) 13. Januar: Udo Ulfkotte (2015) (56) 20. Januar: Klaus Huhn (2011) (88) 27. Januar: John Hurt (2015) (77) 27. Januar: Emmanuelle Riva (2013) (89) 6. Februar: Inge Keller (1950) (93) 12. Februar: Al Jarreau (1981) (76) 25. Februar: Bill Paxton (2016) (61) 1. März: David Rubinger (2014) (92) 3. März: Raymond Kopa (1963) (85) 3. März: Misha Mengelberg (1968) (81) 10. März: John Surtees (1964) (83) 12. März: Horst Ehmke (2003) (90) 17. März: Ingeborg Krabbe (2012) (85) 18. März: Chuck Berry (2007) (90) 20. März: David Rockefeller (1953) (101) 28. März: Christine Kaufmann (2014) (72) 12. April: Michael Ballhaus (2007) (81) 20. April: Magdalena Abakanowicz (2010) (86) 26. April: Jonathan Demme (2015) (73) 3. Mai: Daliah Lavi (1966) (74) 6. Mai: Steven Holcomb (2017) (37) 9. Mai: Robert Miles (2014) (47) 23. Mai: Roger Moore (1973) (89) 9. Juni: Adam West (2014) (88) 16. Juni: Helmut Kohl (1987) (87) 20. Juni: Prodigy (2014) (42) 22. Juni: Gunter Gabriel (2008) (77) 27. Juni: Mikael Nyqvist (2013) (56) 30. Juni: Simone Veil (2008) (89) 3. Juli: Paolo Villaggio (2008) (84) 4. Juli: Daniil Granin (2012) (98) 5. Juli: Joachim Kardinal Meisner (2014) (83) 10. Juli: Peter Härtling (2013) (83) 15. Juli: Martin Landau (2010) (89) 16. Juli: George A. Romero (2009) (77) 20. Juli: Chester Bennington (2014) (41) 27. Juli: Sam Shepard (2004) (73) 31. Juli: Jeanne Moreau (2009) (89) 8. August: Glen Campbell (2004) (81) 20. August: Jerry Lewis (2013) (91) 28. August: Mireille Darc (1989) (79) 12. September: Heiner Geißler (2016) (87) 15. September: Harry Dean Stanton (2006) (91) 27. September: Joy Fleming (2012) (72) 27. September: Hugh Hefner (2010) (91) 28. September: Andreas Schmidt (2016) (53) 2. Oktober: Tom Petty (2010) (66) 9. Oktober: Jean Rochefort (2013) (87) 17. Oktober: Danielle Darrieux (2008) (100) 24. Oktober: Fats Domino (1977) (89) 6. November: Karin Dor (2015) (79) 7. November: Hans-Michael Rehberg (2011) (79) 21. November: David Cassidy (1974) (67) 2. Dezember: Ulli Lommel (2007) (72) 4. Dezember: Shashi Kapoor (2012) (79) 4. Dezember: Manuel Marín (2009) (68) 6. Dezember: Johnny Hallyday (1965) (74) 28. Dezember: Sue Grafton (2009) (77) 18. Dezember: Kim Jong Hyun (2017) (27) Weblinks Einzelnachweise ↑ Zahl der Toten steigt auf 300 nach Schlammlawine , zeit.de, 6. April 2017, abgerufen am 20. April 2017 ↑ Mehrere Menschen bei Sturm von Bäumen erschlagen. Stuttgarter Zeitung, 30. Mai 2017, abgerufen am selben Tag. ↑ Champions-League-Finale: Panik bei Public Viewing in Turin – 1500 Verletzte , Spiegel Online , 3. Juni 2017, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2017 ↑ Alle 18 Toten geborgen auf deutschlandfunk.de, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2017 Karte mit allen verlinkten Seiten: OSM | WikiMap Jahr (21. Jahrhundert) 2017 Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 21. Oktober 2025 um 04:59 Uhr bearbeitet. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definitions Toggle Definitions subsection 1.1 Ludwig Wittgenstein 1.2 Roger Caillois 1.3 Chris Crawford 1.4 Other definitions 1.1 Ludwig Wittgenstein 1.2 Roger Caillois 1.3 Chris Crawford 1.4 Other definitions 2 Gameplay elements and classification Toggle Gameplay elements and classification subsection 2.1 Tools 2.2 Rules and aims 2.3 Skill, strategy, and chance 2.4 Single-player games 2.5 Multiplayer games 2.5.1 Game theory 2.1 Tools 2.2 Rules and aims 2.3 Skill, strategy, and chance 2.4 Single-player games 2.5 Multiplayer games 2.5.1 Game theory 2.5.1 Game theory 3 Types Toggle Types subsection 3.1 Sports 3.1.1 Lawn games 3.2 Tabletop games 3.2.1 Dexterity and coordination games 3.2.2 Board games 3.2.3 Card games 3.2.4 Dice games 3.2.5 Domino and tile games 3.2.6 Pencil and paper games 3.2.7 Guessing games 3.3 Video games 3.3.1 Online games 3.4 Role-playing games 3.5 Business games 3.6 Simulation 3.1 Sports 3.1.1 Lawn games 3.1.1 Lawn games 3.2 Tabletop games 3.2.1 Dexterity and coordination games 3.2.2 Board games 3.2.3 Card games 3.2.4 Dice games 3.2.5 Domino and tile games 3.2.6 Pencil and paper games 3.2.7 Guessing games 3.2.1 Dexterity and coordination games 3.2.2 Board games 3.2.3 Card games 3.2.4 Dice games 3.2.5 Domino and tile games 3.2.6 Pencil and paper games 3.2.7 Guessing games 3.3 Video games 3.3.1 Online games 3.3.1 Online games 3.4 Role-playing games 3.5 Business games 3.6 Simulation 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Game Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item A game is a structured type of play usually undertaken for entertainment or fun , and sometimes used as an educational tool . [ 1 ] Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or video games ) or art (such as games involving an artistic layout such as mahjong , solitaire , or some video games). There are many types of games; popular formats include board games , video games , online games , and card games . Games can be played in a variety of circumstances, and some can be played even without any materials or company. [ 2 ] Games can be played either for enjoyment or for competition; they can be played alone or in teams; they can be played offline or online. In a notable, competitive setting, players may have an audience to watch them play. Examples of games that generally draw audiences are chess championships , e-sports , and professional sports . All games must have a challenge and a structure; barring certain exceptions like sandbox games , all games also have an objective. Multiplayer games also include interaction between two or more players. Not all forms of play are considered games; toys and puzzles , for instance, are not games, as they do not have a structure. Games generally involve either mental stimulation, physical stimulation, or both. Many games help develop practical skills , serve as a form of exercise , or perform an educational , simulational , or psychological role. Attested as early as 2600 BC, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur , Senet , and Mancala are some of the oldest known games. [ 5 ] Definitions Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwig Wittgenstein is well known in the history of philosophy for having addressed the definition of the word game . In his Philosophical Investigations , [ 6 ] Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as play , rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term game to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances . As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one, and today many philosophers, like Thomas Hurka , think that Wittgenstein was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition is a good answer to the problem. [ 7 ] [ 2 ] Roger Caillois French sociologist Roger Caillois , in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men) (1961), [ 8 ] defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics: fun : the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character separate : it is circumscribed in time and place uncertain : the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable non-productive : participation does not accomplish anything useful governed by rules : the activity has rules that are different from everyday life fictitious : it is accompanied by the awareness of a different reality Chris Crawford Game designer Chris Crawford defined the term in the context of computers. [ 9 ] Using a series of dichotomies : Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty and entertainment if made for money. A piece of entertainment is a plaything if it is interactive . Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment. If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy . (Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) The Sims and SimCity are toys, not games.) If it has goals, a plaything is a challenge . If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a puzzle ; if there is one, it is a conflict . (Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably algorithmic artificial intelligence can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade ghosts in Pac-Man .) Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a competition . (Competitions include racing and figure skating .) However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game. Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other. Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain. Other definitions "My conclusion is that to play a game is to engage in activity directed towards bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by rules, where the rules prohibit more efficient in favour of less efficient means, and where such rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity." Bernard Suits [ 2 ] Alternatively: "To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits) [ 10 ] Alternatively: "To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits) [ 10 ] "A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players , make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal." ( Greg Costikyan ) [ 11 ] According to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as Chutes and Ladders , Candy Land , and War are not technically games any more than a slot machine is. "A game is a form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney) [ 12 ] "A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome." ( Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman ) [ 13 ] "A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some limiting context. " ( Clark C. Abt ) [ 14 ] "At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith ) [ 15 ] "When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." ( Jane McGonigal ) [ 16 ] Gameplay elements and classification Games can be characterized by "what the player does". [ 9 ] This is often referred to as gameplay . Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. Tools Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g., miniatures , a ball , cards , a board and pieces , or a computer ). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as rugby , basketball , soccer (football) , cricket , tennis , and volleyball . Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of playing cards . Other games, such as chess , may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of their game pieces. Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board, play money , or an intangible item such as a point scored. Games such as hide-and-seek or tag do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an auto race can be radically different depending on the track or street course, even with the same cars. Rules and aims Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are subject to variations and changes , enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, baseball can be played with "real" baseballs or with wiffleballs . However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing a different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable meta -rules. Rules generally determine the time-keeping system , the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring techniques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals. The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] For most competitive games, the ultimate aim is winning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess. [ 19 ] Common win conditions are being the first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in Settlers of Catan ), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in Monopoly ), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's checkmate ). There may also be intermediate aims, which are tasks that move a player toward winning. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game. An aim identifies a sufficient condition for successful action, whereas the rule identifies a necessary condition for permissible action. [ 18 ] For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players will try to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player must checkmate the other player whenever possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of football that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, following the rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills. Skill, strategy, and chance A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy, luck , or a combination thereof and are classified accordingly. Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestling , tug of war , hopscotch , target shooting , and games of mental skill, such as checkers and chess . Games of strategy include checkers, chess, Go , arimaa , and tic-tac-toe , and often require special equipment to play them. Games of chance include gambling games ( blackjack , Mahjong , roulette , etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors ; most require equipment such as cards or dice . However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy, while tiddlywinks , poker , and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-taking games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as Risk , Settlers of Catan , and Carcassonne . Single-player games Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a yo-yo or playing tennis against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually puzzles or recreations . Multiplayer games A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally using game theory as the players may form and switch coalitions . [ 20 ] The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory. Game theory John Nash proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the Nobel Prize for economics for this important result which extended von Neumann's theory of zero-sum games. Nash's stable solution is known as the Nash equilibrium . [ 21 ] If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and conflict , no good general theory has yet been developed. [ 21 ] In quantum game theory , it has been found that the introduction of quantum information into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The entanglement of player's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from what is known as betrayal . [ 22 ] Types Games can take a variety of forms, from competitive sports to board games and video games. Sports Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playing fields, leading to the involvement of a community much larger than the group of players. A city or town may set aside such resources for the organization of sports leagues. Popular sports may have spectators who are entertained just by watching games. A community will often align itself with a local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. The concept of fandom began with sports fans. Lawn games Lawn games are outdoor games that can be played on a lawn , an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded soil) generally smaller than a sports field (pitch). Variations of many games that are traditionally played on a sports field are marketed as "lawn games" for home use in a front or back yard. Common lawn games include horseshoes , sholf , croquet , bocce , and lawn bowls . Tabletop games A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to a small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placing, picking up, and moving game pieces. Most of these games are played at a table around which the players are seated and on which the game's elements are located. However, many games falling into this category, particularly party games , are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Still, these games do not require a large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box. Dexterity and coordination games This class of games includes any game in which the skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination but excludes the class of video games (see below). Games such as jacks , paper football , and Jenga require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as pinball , billiards , air hockey , foosball , and table hockey , require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which the game is played. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey; however, air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms. These games and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such, the games are popular as drinking games . In addition, dedicated drinking games such as quarters and beer pong also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons. Board games Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve dice or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the board may be a map on which the players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes a move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games. Some games, such as chess and Go , are entirely deterministic, relying only on the strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as having " perfect information "; the only unknown is the exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the outcome of any unknown event inherent in the game (such as a card draw or die roll). Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Candy Land and Chutes and Ladders having virtually no decisions to be made. By some definitions, such as that by Greg Costikyan , they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect the outcome. [ 11 ] Many other games involving a high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the random event simply determines a gain or loss in the standing of the current player within the game, which is independent of any other player; the "game" then is actually a "race" by definitions such as Crawford's. Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of backgammon requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two dice . Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games. Board game groups include race games , roll-and-move games, abstract strategy games , word games , and wargames , as well as trivia and other elements. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres: Cranium is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language. Card games Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard Anglo-American (52-card) deck of playing cards (such as for bridge , poker , Rummy , etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game skat ), a tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of trick-taking games collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White Cards ). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets. Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as Cribbage use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of the game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose. Dice games Dice games use a number of dice as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include Yahtzee , Farkle , Bunco , liar's dice / Perudo , and poker dice . As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce random numbers , these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of probability theory . Such games are thus popular as gambling games; the game of craps is perhaps the most famous example, though liar's dice and poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games. Domino and tile games Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called dominoes , which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's "hand" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is double-six , though in more recent times "extended" sets such as double-nine have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game. Muggins , Mexican Train , and Chicken Foot are very popular domino games. Texas 42 is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking" card game . Variations of traditional dominoes abound: Triominoes are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as Quad-Ominos uses four-sided tiles. Some other games use tiles in place of cards; Rummikub is a variant of the Rummy card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American playing cards . Mahjong is another game very similar to Rummy that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art. Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a board layout, on which other elements of the game are played. Settlers of Catan and Carcassonne are examples. In each, the "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in Settlers of Catan the starting layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the game is played by "building" the board tile-by-tile. Hive , an abstract strategy game using tiles as moving pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to chess , although it has no board; the pieces themselves both form the layout and can move within it. Pencil and paper games Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writing materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games ( Scrabble , for instance, is based on the idea of a crossword puzzle , and tic-tac-toe sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centering on a design being drawn such as Pictionary and "connect-the-dots" games like sprouts , to letter and word games such as Boggle and Scattergories , to solitaire and logic puzzle games such as Sudoku and crossword puzzles . Guessing games A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word. Charades is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as Catch Phrase , Taboo , Pictionary , and similar. The genre also includes many game shows such as Win, Lose or Draw , Password and $25,000 Pyramid . Video games Video games are computer- or microprocessor -controlled games. Computers can create virtual spaces for a wide variety of game types. Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals. A computer or video game uses one or more input devices , typically a button / joystick combination (on arcade games ); a keyboard , mouse or trackball ( computer games ); or a controller or a motion sensitive tool ( console games ). More esoteric devices such as paddle controllers have also been used for input. There are many genres of video game; the first commercial video game, Pong , was a simple simulation of table tennis . As processing power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved a player guiding a character from a third person perspective through a series of obstacles. This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playing of a video game does not require the same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of the game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowing for elements of a fantastical nature, games involving physical violence, or simulations of sports. Lastly, a computer can, with varying degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as chess , leading to simulations of such games that can be played by a single player. In more open-ended video games, such as sandbox games , a virtual environment is provided in which the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of a particular game's universe. Sometimes, there is a lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys". (Crawford specifically mentions Will Wright 's SimCity as an example of a toy.) [ 9 ] Online games Online games have been part of culture from the very earliest days of networked and time-shared computers. Early commercial systems such as Plato were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958, Tennis for Two dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the oscilloscope at the Brookhaven National Laboratory ; during the 1980s, Xerox PARC was known mainly for Maze War , which was offered as a hands-on demo to visitors. Modern online games are played using an Internet connection; some have dedicated client programs, while others require only a web browser . Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual game-playing demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games. [ 23 ] Role-playing games Role-playing games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a type of game in which the participants (usually) assume the roles of characters acting in a fictional setting. The original role playing games – or at least those explicitly marketed as such – are played with a handful of participants, usually face-to-face, and keep track of the developing fiction with pen and paper. Together, the players may collaborate on a story involving those characters; create, develop, and "explore" the setting; or vicariously experience an adventure outside the bounds of everyday life. Pen-and-paper role-playing games include, for example, Dungeons & Dragons and GURPS . The term role-playing game has also been appropriated by the video game industry to describe a genre of video games . These may be single-player games where one player experiences a programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the internet. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playing games. Single-player games include Final Fantasy , Fable , The Elder Scrolls , and Mass Effect . Online multi-player games, often referred to as massively multiplayer online role playing games , or MMORPGs, include RuneScape , EverQuest 2 , Guild Wars , MapleStory , Anarchy Online , and Dofus . As of 2009 [update] , the most successful MMORPG has been World of Warcraft , which controls the vast majority of the market. [ 24 ] Business games Business games can take a variety of forms, from interactive board games to interactive games involving different props (balls, ropes, hoops, etc.) and different kinds of activities. The purpose of these games is to link to some aspect of organizational performance and to generate discussions about business improvement. Many business games focus on organizational behaviors. Some of these are computer simulations while others are simple designs for play and debriefing. Team building is a common focus of such activities. Simulation The term "game" can include simulation [ 25 ] [ 26 ] or re-enactment of various activities or use in "real life" for various purposes: e.g., training , analysis, prediction. Well-known examples are war games and role-playing . The root of this meaning may originate in the human prehistory of games deduced by anthropology from observing primitive cultures , in which children's games mimic the activities of adults to a significant degree: hunting , warring, nursing , etc. These kinds of games are preserved in modern times. [ original research? ] See also Games portal Game club – Association of people united by a common interest or goal Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Game mechanics – Construct, rule, or method designed for interaction with a game's state Gamer – Someone who plays games Girls' games and toys – Subset of toy and games that appeal to female children Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets History of games Learning through play – Concept in education and psychology List of games – Overview of and topical guide to games Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Ludeme – Basic unit of play Ludibrium – Latin word Ludology – Study of games and the act of playing them Ludomania – Repetitive gambling despite demonstrable harm and adverse consequences Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Mobile game – Video game played on a mobile device N-player game – Game which can have any number of players Personal computer game – Electronic game played on a personal computer Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Definition of GAME" . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . ^ a b c Suits, Bernard (2005). The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia . Broadview Press. p. 37-56. ISBN 1-77048-011-0 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Soubeyrand, Catherine (2000). "The Royal Game of Ur" . The Game Cabinet . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . ^ Green, William (19 June 2008). "Big Game Hunter" . 2008 Summer Journey . Time . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . ^ "History of Games" . MacGregor Historic Games. 2006 . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . ^ Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations . Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23127-1 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ "Was Wittgenstein Wrong About Games?" . Nigel Warburton . 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Caillois, Roger (1957). Les jeux et les hommes . Gallimard. ^ a b c Crawford, Chris (2003). Chris Crawford on Game Design . New Riders. ISBN 978-0-88134-117-1 . ^ Suits, Bernard (1967). "What Is a Game?". Philosophy of Science . 34 (2): 148– 156. doi : 10.1086/288138 . ISSN 0031-8248 . JSTOR 186102 . S2CID 119699909 . ^ a b Costikyan, Greg (1994). "I Have No Words & I Must Design" . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Maroney, Kevin (2001). "My Entire Waking Life" . The Games Journal . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Salen, Katie ; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals . MIT Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-262-24045-1 . ^ Clark C. Abt (1987). Serious Games . University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-6148-2 . ^ Avedon, Elliot; Sutton-Smith, Brian (1971). The Study of Games . J. Wiley. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-471-03839-9 . ^ McGonigal, Jane (2011). Reality is Broken . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312061-2 . ^ Schwyzer, Hubert (October 1969). "Rules and Practices". The Philosophical Review . 78 (4): 451– 467. doi : 10.2307/2184198 . ISSN 0031-8108 . JSTOR 2184198 . ^ a b Marsili, Neri (12 June 2018). "Truth and assertion: rules versus aims" (PDF) . Analysis . 78 (4): 638– 648. doi : 10.1093/analys/any008 . ISSN 0003-2638 . ^ Kemp, Gary (2007). "Assertion as a practice". Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the Philosophy of Language . ^ K.G. Binmore (1994). Game Theory and the Social Contract . MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02444-0 . ^ a b Laszlo Mero; Anna C. Gosi-Greguss; David Kramer (1998). Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty . New York: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98419-3 . ^ Simon C. Benjamin & Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001). "Multiplayer quantum games". Physical Review A . 64 (3) 030301. arXiv : quant-ph/0007038 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvA..64c0301B . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301 . S2CID 32056578 . ^ De Schutter, Bob (March 2011). "Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience". Games and Culture . 6 (2): 155– 170. doi : 10.1177/1555412010364978 . ISSN 1555-4120 . S2CID 220317720 . ^ Woodcock, Bruce Sterling (2008). "An Analysis of MMOG Subscription Growth" . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . ^ "Roleplay Simulation for Teaching and Learning" . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. ^ "Roleplay Simulation Gamer Site" . Playburg.com . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Further reading Avedon, Elliot; Sutton-Smith, Brian . The Study of Games (Philadelphia: Wiley, 1971), reprinted Krieger, 1979. ISBN 0-89874-045-2 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Game genres v t e Children Chance Gambling Guessing Party Redemption Role-playing Skill Sport Strategy Street Tabletop Traditional Video Children Chance Gambling Guessing Party Redemption Role-playing Skill Sport Strategy Street Tabletop Traditional Video List of game genres Authority control databases International GND FAST GND FAST National France BnF data Japan Czech Republic 2 Spain Latvia 2 France BnF data Japan Czech Republic 2 2 Spain Latvia 2 2 Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Games 26th-century BC establishments Recreation Entertainment CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from October 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 Commons link from Wikidata Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link This page was last edited on 5 December 2025, at 02:05 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 9,663 results for author: Wang, X Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10355 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Unlocking Implicit Experience: Synthesizing Tool-Use Trajectories from Text Authors: Zhihao Xu , Rumei Li , Jiahuan Li , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Xiting Wang Abstract : Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, whic… ▽ More Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, which can serve as an untapped, scalable, and authentic data source for multi-turn tool-use tasks. Based on this insight, we introduce GEM, a data synthesis pipeline that enables the generation and extraction of multi-turn tool-use trajectories from text corpora through a four-stage process: relevance filtering, workflow & tool extraction, trajectory grounding, and complexity refinement. To reduce the computational cost, we further train a specialized Trajectory Synthesizer via supervised fine-tuning. This model distills the complex generation pipeline into an efficient, end-to-end trajectory generator. Experiments demonstrate that our GEM-32B achieve a 16.5% improvement on the BFCL V3 Multi-turn benchmark. Our models partially surpass the performance of models trained on τ - bench (Airline and Retail) in-domain data, highlighting the superior generalization capability derived from our text-based synthesis paradigm. Notably, our Trajectory Synthesizer matches the quality of the full pipeline while significantly reducing inference latency and costs. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10355 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unlocking Implicit Experience: Synthesizing Tool-Use Trajectories from Text Authors: Zhihao Xu , Rumei Li , Jiahuan Li , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Xiting Wang Abstract : Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, whic… ▽ More Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a novel text-based paradigm. We observe that textual corpora naturally contain rich, multi-step problem-solving experiences, which can serve as an untapped, scalable, and authentic data source for multi-turn tool-use tasks. Based on this insight, we introduce GEM, a data synthesis pipeline that enables the generation and extraction of multi-turn tool-use trajectories from text corpora through a four-stage process: relevance filtering, workflow & tool extraction, trajectory grounding, and complexity refinement. To reduce the computational cost, we further train a specialized Trajectory Synthesizer via supervised fine-tuning. This model distills the complex generation pipeline into an efficient, end-to-end trajectory generator. Experiments demonstrate that our GEM-32B achieve a 16.5% improvement on the BFCL V3 Multi-turn benchmark. Our models partially surpass the performance of models trained on τ - bench (Airline and Retail) in-domain data, highlighting the superior generalization capability derived from our text-based synthesis paradigm. Notably, our Trajectory Synthesizer matches the quality of the full pipeline while significantly reducing inference latency and costs. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10198 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL HUMANLLM: Benchmarking and Reinforcing LLM Anthropomorphism via Human Cognitive Patterns Authors: Xintao Wang , Jian Yang , Weiyuan Li , Rui Xie , Jen-tse Huang , Jun Gao , Shuai Huang , Yueping Kang , Liyuan Gou , Hongwei Feng , Yanghua Xiao Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation, serving as the foundation for advanced persona simulation and Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs). However, achieving authentic alignment with human cognitive and behavioral patterns remains a critical challenge for these agents. We present HUMANLLM, a framework treating psychological patterns as i… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation, serving as the foundation for advanced persona simulation and Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs). However, achieving authentic alignment with human cognitive and behavioral patterns remains a critical challenge for these agents. We present HUMANLLM, a framework treating psychological patterns as interacting causal forces. We construct 244 patterns from ~12,000 academic papers and synthesize 11,359 scenarios where 2-5 patterns reinforce, conflict, or modulate each other, with multi-turn conversations expressing inner thoughts, actions, and dialogue. Our dual-level checklists evaluate both individual pattern fidelity and emergent multi-pattern dynamics, achieving strong human alignment (r=0.91) while revealing that holistic metrics conflate simulation accuracy with social desirability. HUMANLLM-8B outperforms Qwen3-32B on multi-pattern dynamics despite 4x fewer parameters, demonstrating that authentic anthropomorphism requires cognitive modeling--simulating not just what humans do, but the psychological processes generating those behaviors. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10198 [ pdf , ps , other ] HUMANLLM: Benchmarking and Reinforcing LLM Anthropomorphism via Human Cognitive Patterns Authors: Xintao Wang , Jian Yang , Weiyuan Li , Rui Xie , Jen-tse Huang , Jun Gao , Shuai Huang , Yueping Kang , Liyuan Gou , Hongwei Feng , Yanghua Xiao Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation, serving as the foundation for advanced persona simulation and Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs). However, achieving authentic alignment with human cognitive and behavioral patterns remains a critical challenge for these agents. We present HUMANLLM, a framework treating psychological patterns as i… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and generation, serving as the foundation for advanced persona simulation and Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs). However, achieving authentic alignment with human cognitive and behavioral patterns remains a critical challenge for these agents. We present HUMANLLM, a framework treating psychological patterns as interacting causal forces. We construct 244 patterns from ~12,000 academic papers and synthesize 11,359 scenarios where 2-5 patterns reinforce, conflict, or modulate each other, with multi-turn conversations expressing inner thoughts, actions, and dialogue. Our dual-level checklists evaluate both individual pattern fidelity and emergent multi-pattern dynamics, achieving strong human alignment (r=0.91) while revealing that holistic metrics conflate simulation accuracy with social desirability. HUMANLLM-8B outperforms Qwen3-32B on multi-pattern dynamics despite 4x fewer parameters, demonstrating that authentic anthropomorphism requires cognitive modeling--simulating not just what humans do, but the psychological processes generating those behaviors. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10192 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV From Physical Degradation Models to Task-Aware All-in-One Image Restoration Authors: Hu Gao , Xiaoning Lei , Xichen Xu , Xingjian Wang , Lizhuang Ma Abstract : All-in-one image restoration aims to adaptively handle multiple restoration tasks with a single trained model. Although existing methods achieve promising results by introducing prompt information or leveraging large models, the added learning modules increase system complexity and hinder real-time applicability. In this paper, we adopt a physical degradation modeling perspective and predict a tas… ▽ More All-in-one image restoration aims to adaptively handle multiple restoration tasks with a single trained model. Although existing methods achieve promising results by introducing prompt information or leveraging large models, the added learning modules increase system complexity and hinder real-time applicability. In this paper, we adopt a physical degradation modeling perspective and predict a task-aware inverse degradation operator for efficient all-in-one image restoration. The framework consists of two stages. In the first stage, the predicted inverse operator produces an initial restored image together with an uncertainty perception map that highlights regions difficult to reconstruct, ensuring restoration reliability. In the second stage, the restoration is further refined under the guidance of this uncertainty map. The same inverse operator prediction network is used in both stages, with task-aware parameters introduced after operator prediction to adapt to different degradation tasks. Moreover, by accelerating the convolution of the inverse operator, the proposed method achieves efficient all-in-one image restoration. The resulting tightly integrated architecture, termed OPIR, is extensively validated through experiments, demonstrating superior all-in-one restoration performance while remaining highly competitive on task-aligned restoration. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10192 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Physical Degradation Models to Task-Aware All-in-One Image Restoration Authors: Hu Gao , Xiaoning Lei , Xichen Xu , Xingjian Wang , Lizhuang Ma Abstract : All-in-one image restoration aims to adaptively handle multiple restoration tasks with a single trained model. Although existing methods achieve promising results by introducing prompt information or leveraging large models, the added learning modules increase system complexity and hinder real-time applicability. In this paper, we adopt a physical degradation modeling perspective and predict a tas… ▽ More All-in-one image restoration aims to adaptively handle multiple restoration tasks with a single trained model. Although existing methods achieve promising results by introducing prompt information or leveraging large models, the added learning modules increase system complexity and hinder real-time applicability. In this paper, we adopt a physical degradation modeling perspective and predict a task-aware inverse degradation operator for efficient all-in-one image restoration. The framework consists of two stages. In the first stage, the predicted inverse operator produces an initial restored image together with an uncertainty perception map that highlights regions difficult to reconstruct, ensuring restoration reliability. In the second stage, the restoration is further refined under the guidance of this uncertainty map. The same inverse operator prediction network is used in both stages, with task-aware parameters introduced after operator prediction to adapt to different degradation tasks. Moreover, by accelerating the convolution of the inverse operator, the proposed method achieves efficient all-in-one image restoration. The resulting tightly integrated architecture, termed OPIR, is extensively validated through experiments, demonstrating superior all-in-one restoration performance while remaining highly competitive on task-aligned restoration. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10143 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI q-fin.TR History Is Not Enough: An Adaptive Dataflow System for Financial Time-Series Synthesis Authors: Haochong Xia , Yao Long Teng , Regan Tan , Molei Qin , Xinrun Wang , Bo An Abstract : In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generatio… ▽ More In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generation that learns to evolve with the market rather than relying solely on past observations. We present a drift-aware dataflow system that integrates machine learning-based adaptive control into the data curation process. The system couples a parameterized data manipulation module comprising single-stock transformations, multi-stock mix-ups, and curation operations, with an adaptive planner-scheduler that employs gradient-based bi-level optimization to control the system. This design unifies data augmentation, curriculum learning, and data workflow management under a single differentiable framework, enabling provenance-aware replay and continuous data quality monitoring. Extensive experiments on forecasting and reinforcement learning trading tasks demonstrate that our framework enhances model robustness and improves risk-adjusted returns. The system provides a generalizable approach to adaptive data management and learning-guided workflow automation for financial data. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10143 [ pdf , ps , other ] History Is Not Enough: An Adaptive Dataflow System for Financial Time-Series Synthesis Authors: Haochong Xia , Yao Long Teng , Regan Tan , Molei Qin , Xinrun Wang , Bo An Abstract : In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generatio… ▽ More In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generation that learns to evolve with the market rather than relying solely on past observations. We present a drift-aware dataflow system that integrates machine learning-based adaptive control into the data curation process. The system couples a parameterized data manipulation module comprising single-stock transformations, multi-stock mix-ups, and curation operations, with an adaptive planner-scheduler that employs gradient-based bi-level optimization to control the system. This design unifies data augmentation, curriculum learning, and data workflow management under a single differentiable framework, enabling provenance-aware replay and continuous data quality monitoring. Extensive experiments on forecasting and reinforcement learning trading tasks demonstrate that our framework enhances model robustness and improves risk-adjusted returns. The system provides a generalizable approach to adaptive data management and learning-guided workflow automation for financial data. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10103 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI FlowAct-R1: Towards Interactive Humanoid Video Generation Authors: Lizhen Wang , Yongming Zhu , Zhipeng Ge , Youwei Zheng , Longhao Zhang , Tianshu Hu , Shiyang Qin , Mingshuang Luo , Jiaxu Zhang , Xin Chen , Yulong Wang , Zerong Zheng , Jianwen Jiang , Chao Liang , Weifeng Chen , Xing Wang , Yuan Zhang , Mingyuan Gao Abstract : Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time… ▽ More Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time interactive humanoid video generation. Built upon a MMDiT architecture, FlowAct-R1 enables the streaming synthesis of video with arbitrary durations while maintaining low-latency responsiveness. We introduce a chunkwise diffusion forcing strategy, complemented by a novel self-forcing variant, to alleviate error accumulation and ensure long-term temporal consistency during continuous interaction. By leveraging efficient distillation and system-level optimizations, our framework achieves a stable 25fps at 480p resolution with a time-to-first-frame (TTFF) of only around 1.5 seconds. The proposed method provides holistic and fine-grained full-body control, enabling the agent to transition naturally between diverse behavioral states in interactive scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that FlowAct-R1 achieves exceptional behavioral vividness and perceptual realism, while maintaining robust generalization across diverse character styles. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10103 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlowAct-R1: Towards Interactive Humanoid Video Generation Authors: Lizhen Wang , Yongming Zhu , Zhipeng Ge , Youwei Zheng , Longhao Zhang , Tianshu Hu , Shiyang Qin , Mingshuang Luo , Jiaxu Zhang , Xin Chen , Yulong Wang , Zerong Zheng , Jianwen Jiang , Chao Liang , Weifeng Chen , Xing Wang , Yuan Zhang , Mingyuan Gao Abstract : Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time… ▽ More Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time interactive humanoid video generation. Built upon a MMDiT architecture, FlowAct-R1 enables the streaming synthesis of video with arbitrary durations while maintaining low-latency responsiveness. We introduce a chunkwise diffusion forcing strategy, complemented by a novel self-forcing variant, to alleviate error accumulation and ensure long-term temporal consistency during continuous interaction. By leveraging efficient distillation and system-level optimizations, our framework achieves a stable 25fps at 480p resolution with a time-to-first-frame (TTFF) of only around 1.5 seconds. The proposed method provides holistic and fine-grained full-body control, enabling the agent to transition naturally between diverse behavioral states in interactive scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that FlowAct-R1 achieves exceptional behavioral vividness and perceptual realism, while maintaining robust generalization across diverse character styles. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10012 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG PID-Guided Partial Alignment for Multimodal Decentralized Federated Learning Authors: Yanhang Shi , Xiaoyu Wang , Houwei Cao , Jian Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Multimodal decentralized federated learning (DFL) is challenging because agents differ in available modalities and model architectures, yet must collaborate over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks without a central coordinator. Standard multimodal pipelines learn a single shared embedding across all modalities. In DFL, such a monolithic representation induces gradient misalignment between uni- and multim… ▽ More Multimodal decentralized federated learning (DFL) is challenging because agents differ in available modalities and model architectures, yet must collaborate over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks without a central coordinator. Standard multimodal pipelines learn a single shared embedding across all modalities. In DFL, such a monolithic representation induces gradient misalignment between uni- and multimodal agents; as a result, it suppresses heterogeneous sharing and cross-modal interaction. We present PARSE, a multimodal DFL framework that operationalizes partial information decomposition (PID) in a server-free setting. Each agent performs feature fission to factorize its latent representation into redundant, unique, and synergistic slices. P2P knowledge sharing among heterogeneous agents is enabled by slice-level partial alignment: only semantically shareable branches are exchanged among agents that possess the corresponding modality. By removing the need for central coordination and gradient surgery, PARSE resolves uni-/multimodal gradient conflicts, thereby overcoming the multimodal DFL dilemma while remaining compatible with standard DFL constraints. Across benchmarks and agent mixes, PARSE yields consistent gains over task-, modality-, and hybrid-sharing DFL baselines. Ablations on fusion operators and split ratios, together with qualitative visualizations, further demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed design. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10012 [ pdf , ps , other ] PID-Guided Partial Alignment for Multimodal Decentralized Federated Learning Authors: Yanhang Shi , Xiaoyu Wang , Houwei Cao , Jian Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Multimodal decentralized federated learning (DFL) is challenging because agents differ in available modalities and model architectures, yet must collaborate over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks without a central coordinator. Standard multimodal pipelines learn a single shared embedding across all modalities. In DFL, such a monolithic representation induces gradient misalignment between uni- and multim… ▽ More Multimodal decentralized federated learning (DFL) is challenging because agents differ in available modalities and model architectures, yet must collaborate over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks without a central coordinator. Standard multimodal pipelines learn a single shared embedding across all modalities. In DFL, such a monolithic representation induces gradient misalignment between uni- and multimodal agents; as a result, it suppresses heterogeneous sharing and cross-modal interaction. We present PARSE, a multimodal DFL framework that operationalizes partial information decomposition (PID) in a server-free setting. Each agent performs feature fission to factorize its latent representation into redundant, unique, and synergistic slices. P2P knowledge sharing among heterogeneous agents is enabled by slice-level partial alignment: only semantically shareable branches are exchanged among agents that possess the corresponding modality. By removing the need for central coordination and gradient surgery, PARSE resolves uni-/multimodal gradient conflicts, thereby overcoming the multimodal DFL dilemma while remaining compatible with standard DFL constraints. Across benchmarks and agent mixes, PARSE yields consistent gains over task-, modality-, and hybrid-sharing DFL baselines. Ablations on fusion operators and split ratios, together with qualitative visualizations, further demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed design. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09972 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Chinese Labor Law Large Language Model Benchmark Authors: Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large langu… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large language model tailored to Chinese labor law. We also introduce LabourLawBench, a comprehensive benchmark covering diverse labor-law tasks, including legal provision citation, knowledge-based question answering, case classification, compensation computation, named entity recognition, and legal case analysis. Our evaluation framework combines objective metrics (e.g., ROUGE-L, accuracy, F1, and soft-F1) with subjective assessment based on GPT-4 scoring. Experiments show that LabourLawLLM consistently outperforms general-purpose and existing legal-specific LLMs across task categories. Beyond labor law, our methodology provides a scalable approach for building specialized LLMs in other legal subfields, improving accuracy, reliability, and societal value of legal AI applications. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09972 [ pdf , ps , other ] Chinese Labor Law Large Language Model Benchmark Authors: Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large langu… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large language model tailored to Chinese labor law. We also introduce LabourLawBench, a comprehensive benchmark covering diverse labor-law tasks, including legal provision citation, knowledge-based question answering, case classification, compensation computation, named entity recognition, and legal case analysis. Our evaluation framework combines objective metrics (e.g., ROUGE-L, accuracy, F1, and soft-F1) with subjective assessment based on GPT-4 scoring. Experiments show that LabourLawLLM consistently outperforms general-purpose and existing legal-specific LLMs across task categories. Beyond labor law, our methodology provides a scalable approach for building specialized LLMs in other legal subfields, improving accuracy, reliability, and societal value of legal AI applications. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09733 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Closing the Data Loop: Using OpenDataArena to Engineer Superior Training Datasets Authors: Xin Gao , Xiaoyang Wang , Yun Zhu , Mengzhang Cai , Conghui He , Lijun Wu Abstract : The construction of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets is a critical yet under-theorized stage in the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), as prevalent practices often rely on heuristic aggregation without a systematic understanding of how individual samples contribute to model performance. In this report, we propose a paradigm shift from ad-hoc curation to a closed-loop dataset engin… ▽ More The construction of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets is a critical yet under-theorized stage in the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), as prevalent practices often rely on heuristic aggregation without a systematic understanding of how individual samples contribute to model performance. In this report, we propose a paradigm shift from ad-hoc curation to a closed-loop dataset engineering framework using OpenDataArena (ODA), which leverages value-anchored rankings and multi-dimensional analysis to transform value benchmarking into feedback signals guiding dataset construction. We instantiate this methodology through two new datasets: \textbf{ODA-Math-460k}, a specialized mathematics reasoning dataset that utilizes a novel two-stage difficulty-aware pipeline to achieve State-of-the-Art (SOTA) results on benchmarks such as AIME and HMMT, and \textbf{ODA-Mixture (100k \& 500k)}, a series of multi-domain instruction datasets built via an ``Anchor-and-Patch'' strategy that outperforms significantly larger open-source baselines. Our empirical results demonstrate that ODA-driven datasets significantly improve both domain-specific reasoning and general utility while achieving superior data efficiency, validating a transition toward data-centric AI where transparent evaluation serves as the primary engine for engineering high-quality training data. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Superior ODA-Math, ODA-Mixture Datasets arXiv:2601.09733 [ pdf , ps , other ] Closing the Data Loop: Using OpenDataArena to Engineer Superior Training Datasets Authors: Xin Gao , Xiaoyang Wang , Yun Zhu , Mengzhang Cai , Conghui He , Lijun Wu Abstract : The construction of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets is a critical yet under-theorized stage in the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), as prevalent practices often rely on heuristic aggregation without a systematic understanding of how individual samples contribute to model performance. In this report, we propose a paradigm shift from ad-hoc curation to a closed-loop dataset engin… ▽ More The construction of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) datasets is a critical yet under-theorized stage in the post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), as prevalent practices often rely on heuristic aggregation without a systematic understanding of how individual samples contribute to model performance. In this report, we propose a paradigm shift from ad-hoc curation to a closed-loop dataset engineering framework using OpenDataArena (ODA), which leverages value-anchored rankings and multi-dimensional analysis to transform value benchmarking into feedback signals guiding dataset construction. We instantiate this methodology through two new datasets: \textbf{ODA-Math-460k}, a specialized mathematics reasoning dataset that utilizes a novel two-stage difficulty-aware pipeline to achieve State-of-the-Art (SOTA) results on benchmarks such as AIME and HMMT, and \textbf{ODA-Mixture (100k \& 500k)}, a series of multi-domain instruction datasets built via an ``Anchor-and-Patch'' strategy that outperforms significantly larger open-source baselines. Our empirical results demonstrate that ODA-driven datasets significantly improve both domain-specific reasoning and general utility while achieving superior data efficiency, validating a transition toward data-centric AI where transparent evaluation serves as the primary engine for engineering high-quality training data. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Superior ODA-Math, ODA-Mixture Datasets arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09609 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI DPWriter: Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Planning Branching for Creative Writing Authors: Qian Cao , Yahui Liu , Wei Bi , Yi Zhao , Ruihua Song , Xiting Wang , Ruiming Tang , Guorui Zhou , Han Li Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL)-based enhancement of large language models (LLMs) often leads to reduced output diversity, undermining their utility in open-ended tasks like creative writing. Current methods lack explicit mechanisms for guiding diverse exploration and instead prioritize optimization efficiency and performance over diversity. This paper proposes an RL framework structured around a semi… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL)-based enhancement of large language models (LLMs) often leads to reduced output diversity, undermining their utility in open-ended tasks like creative writing. Current methods lack explicit mechanisms for guiding diverse exploration and instead prioritize optimization efficiency and performance over diversity. This paper proposes an RL framework structured around a semi-structured long Chain-of-Thought (CoT), in which the generation process is decomposed into explicitly planned intermediate steps. We introduce a Diverse Planning Branching method that strategically introduces divergence at the planning phase based on diversity variation, alongside a group-aware diversity reward to encourage distinct trajectories. Experimental results on creative writing benchmarks demonstrate that our approach significantly improves output diversity without compromising generation quality, consistently outperforming existing baselines. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09609 [ pdf , ps , other ] DPWriter: Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Planning Branching for Creative Writing Authors: Qian Cao , Yahui Liu , Wei Bi , Yi Zhao , Ruihua Song , Xiting Wang , Ruiming Tang , Guorui Zhou , Han Li Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL)-based enhancement of large language models (LLMs) often leads to reduced output diversity, undermining their utility in open-ended tasks like creative writing. Current methods lack explicit mechanisms for guiding diverse exploration and instead prioritize optimization efficiency and performance over diversity. This paper proposes an RL framework structured around a semi… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL)-based enhancement of large language models (LLMs) often leads to reduced output diversity, undermining their utility in open-ended tasks like creative writing. Current methods lack explicit mechanisms for guiding diverse exploration and instead prioritize optimization efficiency and performance over diversity. This paper proposes an RL framework structured around a semi-structured long Chain-of-Thought (CoT), in which the generation process is decomposed into explicitly planned intermediate steps. We introduce a Diverse Planning Branching method that strategically introduces divergence at the planning phase based on diversity variation, alongside a group-aware diversity reward to encourage distinct trajectories. Experimental results on creative writing benchmarks demonstrate that our approach significantly improves output diversity without compromising generation quality, consistently outperforming existing baselines. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09504 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MVSS: A Unified Framework for Multi-View Structured Survey Generation Authors: Yinqi Liu , Yueqi Zhu , Yongkang Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Feiran Liu , Yufei Sun , Xin Wang , Renzhao Liang , Yidong Wang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization… ▽ More Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization compared to expert-written surveys. We propose MVSS, a multi-view structured survey generation framework that jointly generates and aligns citation-grounded hierarchical trees, structured comparison tables, and survey text. MVSS follows a structure-first paradigm: it first constructs a conceptual tree of the research domain, then generates comparison tables constrained by the tree, and finally uses both as structural constraints for text generation. This enables complementary multi-view representations across structure, comparison, and narrative. We introduce an evaluation framework assessing structural quality, comparative completeness, and citation fidelity. Experiments on 76 computer science topics show MVSS outperforms existing methods in organization and evidence grounding, achieving performance comparable to expert surveys. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09504 [ pdf , ps , other ] MVSS: A Unified Framework for Multi-View Structured Survey Generation Authors: Yinqi Liu , Yueqi Zhu , Yongkang Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Feiran Liu , Yufei Sun , Xin Wang , Renzhao Liang , Yidong Wang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization… ▽ More Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization compared to expert-written surveys. We propose MVSS, a multi-view structured survey generation framework that jointly generates and aligns citation-grounded hierarchical trees, structured comparison tables, and survey text. MVSS follows a structure-first paradigm: it first constructs a conceptual tree of the research domain, then generates comparison tables constrained by the tree, and finally uses both as structural constraints for text generation. This enables complementary multi-view representations across structure, comparison, and narrative. We introduce an evaluation framework assessing structural quality, comparative completeness, and citation fidelity. Experiments on 76 computer science topics show MVSS outperforms existing methods in organization and evidence grounding, achieving performance comparable to expert surveys. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09246 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL TeachPro: Multi-Label Qualitative Teaching Evaluation via Cross-View Graph Synergy and Semantic Anchored Evidence Encoding Authors: Xiangqian Wang , Yifan Jia , Yang Xiang , Yumin Zhang , Yanbin Wang , Ke Liu Abstract : Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional impro… ▽ More Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional improvement.We propose TeachPro, a multi-label learning framework that systematically assesses five key teaching dimensions: professional expertise, instructional behavior, pedagogical efficacy, classroom experience, and other performance metrics. We first propose a Dimension-Anchored Evidence Encoder, which integrates three core components: (i) a pre-trained text encoder that transforms qualitative feedback annotations into contextualized embeddings; (ii) a prompt module that represents five teaching dimensions as learnable semantic anchors; and (iii) a cross-attention mechanism that aligns evidence with pedagogical dimensions within a structured semantic space. We then propose a Cross-View Graph Synergy Network to represent student comments. This network comprises two components: (i) a Syntactic Branch that extracts explicit grammatical dependencies from parse trees, and (ii) a Semantic Branch that models latent conceptual relations derived from BERT-based similarity graphs. BiAffine fusion module aligns syntactic and semantic units, while a differential regularizer disentangles embeddings to encourage complementary representations. Finally, a cross-attention mechanism bridges the dimension-anchored evidence with the multi-view comment representations. We also contribute a novel benchmark dataset featuring expert qualitative annotations and multi-label scores. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeachPro offers superior diagnostic granularity and robustness across diverse evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09246 [ pdf , ps , other ] TeachPro: Multi-Label Qualitative Teaching Evaluation via Cross-View Graph Synergy and Semantic Anchored Evidence Encoding Authors: Xiangqian Wang , Yifan Jia , Yang Xiang , Yumin Zhang , Yanbin Wang , Ke Liu Abstract : Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional impro… ▽ More Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional improvement.We propose TeachPro, a multi-label learning framework that systematically assesses five key teaching dimensions: professional expertise, instructional behavior, pedagogical efficacy, classroom experience, and other performance metrics. We first propose a Dimension-Anchored Evidence Encoder, which integrates three core components: (i) a pre-trained text encoder that transforms qualitative feedback annotations into contextualized embeddings; (ii) a prompt module that represents five teaching dimensions as learnable semantic anchors; and (iii) a cross-attention mechanism that aligns evidence with pedagogical dimensions within a structured semantic space. We then propose a Cross-View Graph Synergy Network to represent student comments. This network comprises two components: (i) a Syntactic Branch that extracts explicit grammatical dependencies from parse trees, and (ii) a Semantic Branch that models latent conceptual relations derived from BERT-based similarity graphs. BiAffine fusion module aligns syntactic and semantic units, while a differential regularizer disentangles embeddings to encourage complementary representations. Finally, a cross-attention mechanism bridges the dimension-anchored evidence with the multi-view comment representations. We also contribute a novel benchmark dataset featuring expert qualitative annotations and multi-label scores. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeachPro offers superior diagnostic granularity and robustness across diverse evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09113 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI The AI Hippocampus: How Far are We From Human Memory? Authors: Zixia Jia , Jiaqi Li , Yipeng Kang , Yuxuan Wang , Tong Wu , Quansen Wang , Xiaobo Wang , Shuyi Zhang , Junzhe Shen , Qing Li , Siyuan Qi , Yitao Liang , Di He , Zilong Zheng , Song-Chun Zhu Abstract : Memory plays a foundational role in augmenting the reasoning, adaptability, and contextual fidelity of modern Large Language Models and Multi-Modal LLMs. As these models transition from static predictors to interactive systems capable of continual learning and personalized inference, the incorporation of memory mechanisms has emerged as a central theme in their architectural and functional evoluti… ▽ More Memory plays a foundational role in augmenting the reasoning, adaptability, and contextual fidelity of modern Large Language Models and Multi-Modal LLMs. As these models transition from static predictors to interactive systems capable of continual learning and personalized inference, the incorporation of memory mechanisms has emerged as a central theme in their architectural and functional evolution. This survey presents a comprehensive and structured synthesis of memory in LLMs and MLLMs, organizing the literature into a cohesive taxonomy comprising implicit, explicit, and agentic memory paradigms. Specifically, the survey delineates three primary memory frameworks. Implicit memory refers to the knowledge embedded within the internal parameters of pre-trained transformers, encompassing their capacity for memorization, associative retrieval, and contextual reasoning. Recent work has explored methods to interpret, manipulate, and reconfigure this latent memory. Explicit memory involves external storage and retrieval components designed to augment model outputs with dynamic, queryable knowledge representations, such as textual corpora, dense vectors, and graph-based structures, thereby enabling scalable and updatable interaction with information sources. Agentic memory introduces persistent, temporally extended memory structures within autonomous agents, facilitating long-term planning, self-consistency, and collaborative behavior in multi-agent systems, with relevance to embodied and interactive AI. Extending beyond text, the survey examines the integration of memory within multi-modal settings, where coherence across vision, language, audio, and action modalities is essential. Key architectural advances, benchmark tasks, and open challenges are discussed, including issues related to memory capacity, alignment, factual consistency, and cross-system interoperability. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Transactions on Machine Learning Research (11/2025) arXiv:2601.09113 [ pdf , ps , other ] The AI Hippocampus: How Far are We From Human Memory? Authors: Zixia Jia , Jiaqi Li , Yipeng Kang , Yuxuan Wang , Tong Wu , Quansen Wang , Xiaobo Wang , Shuyi Zhang , Junzhe Shen , Qing Li , Siyuan Qi , Yitao Liang , Di He , Zilong Zheng , Song-Chun Zhu Abstract : Memory plays a foundational role in augmenting the reasoning, adaptability, and contextual fidelity of modern Large Language Models and Multi-Modal LLMs. As these models transition from static predictors to interactive systems capable of continual learning and personalized inference, the incorporation of memory mechanisms has emerged as a central theme in their architectural and functional evoluti… ▽ More Memory plays a foundational role in augmenting the reasoning, adaptability, and contextual fidelity of modern Large Language Models and Multi-Modal LLMs. As these models transition from static predictors to interactive systems capable of continual learning and personalized inference, the incorporation of memory mechanisms has emerged as a central theme in their architectural and functional evolution. This survey presents a comprehensive and structured synthesis of memory in LLMs and MLLMs, organizing the literature into a cohesive taxonomy comprising implicit, explicit, and agentic memory paradigms. Specifically, the survey delineates three primary memory frameworks. Implicit memory refers to the knowledge embedded within the internal parameters of pre-trained transformers, encompassing their capacity for memorization, associative retrieval, and contextual reasoning. Recent work has explored methods to interpret, manipulate, and reconfigure this latent memory. Explicit memory involves external storage and retrieval components designed to augment model outputs with dynamic, queryable knowledge representations, such as textual corpora, dense vectors, and graph-based structures, thereby enabling scalable and updatable interaction with information sources. Agentic memory introduces persistent, temporally extended memory structures within autonomous agents, facilitating long-term planning, self-consistency, and collaborative behavior in multi-agent systems, with relevance to embodied and interactive AI. Extending beyond text, the survey examines the integration of memory within multi-modal settings, where coherence across vision, language, audio, and action modalities is essential. Key architectural advances, benchmark tasks, and open challenges are discussed, including issues related to memory capacity, alignment, factual consistency, and cross-system interoperability. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Transactions on Machine Learning Research (11/2025) arXiv:2601.09090 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Merged Bitcoin: Proof of Work Blockchains with Multiple Hash Types Authors: Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuachao Wang , Qianyu Yu Abstract : Proof of work blockchain protocols using multiple hash types are considered. It is proven that the security region of such a protocol cannot be the AND of a 51\% attack on all the hash types. Nevertheless, a protocol called Merged Bitcoin is introduced, which is the Bitcoin protocol where links between blocks can be formed using multiple different hash types. Closed form bounds on its security reg… ▽ More Proof of work blockchain protocols using multiple hash types are considered. It is proven that the security region of such a protocol cannot be the AND of a 51\% attack on all the hash types. Nevertheless, a protocol called Merged Bitcoin is introduced, which is the Bitcoin protocol where links between blocks can be formed using multiple different hash types. Closed form bounds on its security region in the $Δ$-bounded delay network model are proven, and these bounds are compared to simulation results. This protocol is proven to maximize cost of attack in the linear cost-per-hash model. A difficulty adjustment method is introduced, and it is argued that this can partly remedy asymmetric advantages an adversary may gain in hashing power for some hash types, including from algorithmic advances, quantum attacks like Grover's algorithm, or hardware backdoor attacks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09090 [ pdf , ps , other ] Merged Bitcoin: Proof of Work Blockchains with Multiple Hash Types Authors: Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuachao Wang , Qianyu Yu Abstract : Proof of work blockchain protocols using multiple hash types are considered. It is proven that the security region of such a protocol cannot be the AND of a 51\% attack on all the hash types. Nevertheless, a protocol called Merged Bitcoin is introduced, which is the Bitcoin protocol where links between blocks can be formed using multiple different hash types. Closed form bounds on its security reg… ▽ More Proof of work blockchain protocols using multiple hash types are considered. It is proven that the security region of such a protocol cannot be the AND of a 51\% attack on all the hash types. Nevertheless, a protocol called Merged Bitcoin is introduced, which is the Bitcoin protocol where links between blocks can be formed using multiple different hash types. Closed form bounds on its security region in the $Δ$-bounded delay network model are proven, and these bounds are compared to simulation results. This protocol is proven to maximize cost of attack in the linear cost-per-hash model. A difficulty adjustment method is introduced, and it is argued that this can partly remedy asymmetric advantages an adversary may gain in hashing power for some hash types, including from algorithmic advances, quantum attacks like Grover's algorithm, or hardware backdoor attacks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09082 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Rigorous and Generalized Proof of Security of Bitcoin Protocol with Bounded Network Delay Authors: Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuechao Wang , Qianyu Yu Abstract : A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $Δ$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to allow blocks of different scores and a proof within this more general model is presented. An approach used in a previous paper that used random walk theory is shown t… ▽ More A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $Δ$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to allow blocks of different scores and a proof within this more general model is presented. An approach used in a previous paper that used random walk theory is shown through a counterexample to be incorrect; an approach involving a punctured block arrival process is shown to remedy this error. Thus, it is proven that with probability one, the Bitcoin protocol will have infinitely many honest blocks so long as the fully-delayed honest mining rate exceeds the adversary mining rate. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09082 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rigorous and Generalized Proof of Security of Bitcoin Protocol with Bounded Network Delay Authors: Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuechao Wang , Qianyu Yu Abstract : A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $Δ$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to allow blocks of different scores and a proof within this more general model is presented. An approach used in a previous paper that used random walk theory is shown t… ▽ More A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $Δ$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to allow blocks of different scores and a proof within this more general model is presented. An approach used in a previous paper that used random walk theory is shown through a counterexample to be incorrect; an approach involving a punctured block arrival process is shown to remedy this error. Thus, it is proven that with probability one, the Bitcoin protocol will have infinitely many honest blocks so long as the fully-delayed honest mining rate exceeds the adversary mining rate. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08739 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PrivGemo: Privacy-Preserving Dual-Tower Graph Retrieval for Empowering LLM Reasoning with Memory Augmentation Authors: Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Xin Yuan , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural… ▽ More Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural leakage under semantic masking, uncontrollable remote interaction, fragile multi-hop and multi-entity reasoning, and limited experience reuse for stability and efficiency. To address these issues, we propose PrivGemo, a privacy-preserving retrieval-augmented framework for KG-grounded reasoning with memory-guided exposure control. PrivGemo uses a dual-tower design to keep raw KG knowledge local while enabling remote reasoning over an anonymized view that goes beyond name masking to limit both semantic and structural exposure. PrivGemo supports multi-hop, multi-entity reasoning by retrieving anonymized long-hop paths that connect all topic entities, while keeping grounding and verification on the local KG. A hierarchical controller and a privacy-aware experience memory further reduce unnecessary exploration and remote interactions. Comprehensive experiments on six benchmarks show that PrivGemo achieves overall state-of-the-art results, outperforming the strongest baseline by up to 17.1%. Furthermore, PrivGemo enables smaller models (e.g., Qwen3-4B) to achieve reasoning performance comparable to that of GPT-4-Turbo. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08739 [ pdf , ps , other ] PrivGemo: Privacy-Preserving Dual-Tower Graph Retrieval for Empowering LLM Reasoning with Memory Augmentation Authors: Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Xin Yuan , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural… ▽ More Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural leakage under semantic masking, uncontrollable remote interaction, fragile multi-hop and multi-entity reasoning, and limited experience reuse for stability and efficiency. To address these issues, we propose PrivGemo, a privacy-preserving retrieval-augmented framework for KG-grounded reasoning with memory-guided exposure control. PrivGemo uses a dual-tower design to keep raw KG knowledge local while enabling remote reasoning over an anonymized view that goes beyond name masking to limit both semantic and structural exposure. PrivGemo supports multi-hop, multi-entity reasoning by retrieving anonymized long-hop paths that connect all topic entities, while keeping grounding and verification on the local KG. A hierarchical controller and a privacy-aware experience memory further reduce unnecessary exploration and remote interactions. Comprehensive experiments on six benchmarks show that PrivGemo achieves overall state-of-the-art results, outperforming the strongest baseline by up to 17.1%. Furthermore, PrivGemo enables smaller models (e.g., Qwen3-4B) to achieve reasoning performance comparable to that of GPT-4-Turbo. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08705 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.LG RMBRec: Robust Multi-Behavior Recommendation towards Target Behaviors Authors: Miaomiao Cai , Zhijie Zhang , Junfeng Fang , Zhiyong Cheng , Xiang Wang , Meng Wang Abstract : Multi-behavior recommendation faces a critical challenge in practice: auxiliary behaviors (e.g., clicks, carts) are often noisy, weakly correlated, or semantically misaligned with the target behavior (e.g., purchase), which leads to biased preference learning and suboptimal performance. While existing methods attempt to fuse these heterogeneous signals, they inherently lack a principled mechanism… ▽ More Multi-behavior recommendation faces a critical challenge in practice: auxiliary behaviors (e.g., clicks, carts) are often noisy, weakly correlated, or semantically misaligned with the target behavior (e.g., purchase), which leads to biased preference learning and suboptimal performance. While existing methods attempt to fuse these heterogeneous signals, they inherently lack a principled mechanism to ensure robustness against such behavioral inconsistency. In this work, we propose Robust Multi-Behavior Recommendation towards Target Behaviors (RMBRec), a robust multi-behavior recommendation framework grounded in an information-theoretic robustness principle. We interpret robustness as a joint process of maximizing predictive information while minimizing its variance across heterogeneous behavioral environments. Under this perspective, the Representation Robustness Module (RRM) enhances local semantic consistency by maximizing the mutual information between users' auxiliary and target representations, whereas the Optimization Robustness Module (ORM) enforces global stability by minimizing the variance of predictive risks across behaviors, which is an efficient approximation to invariant risk minimization. This local-global collaboration bridges representation purification and optimization invariance in a theoretically coherent way. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that RMBRec not only outperforms state-of-the-art methods in accuracy but also maintains remarkable stability under various noise perturbations. For reproducibility, our code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08705 [ pdf , ps , other ] RMBRec: Robust Multi-Behavior Recommendation towards Target Behaviors Authors: Miaomiao Cai , Zhijie Zhang , Junfeng Fang , Zhiyong Cheng , Xiang Wang , Meng Wang Abstract : Multi-behavior recommendation faces a critical challenge in practice: auxiliary behaviors (e.g., clicks, carts) are often noisy, weakly correlated, or semantically misaligned with the target behavior (e.g., purchase), which leads to biased preference learning and suboptimal performance. While existing methods attempt to fuse these heterogeneous signals, they inherently lack a principled mechanism… ▽ More Multi-behavior recommendation faces a critical challenge in practice: auxiliary behaviors (e.g., clicks, carts) are often noisy, weakly correlated, or semantically misaligned with the target behavior (e.g., purchase), which leads to biased preference learning and suboptimal performance. While existing methods attempt to fuse these heterogeneous signals, they inherently lack a principled mechanism to ensure robustness against such behavioral inconsistency. In this work, we propose Robust Multi-Behavior Recommendation towards Target Behaviors (RMBRec), a robust multi-behavior recommendation framework grounded in an information-theoretic robustness principle. We interpret robustness as a joint process of maximizing predictive information while minimizing its variance across heterogeneous behavioral environments. Under this perspective, the Representation Robustness Module (RRM) enhances local semantic consistency by maximizing the mutual information between users' auxiliary and target representations, whereas the Optimization Robustness Module (ORM) enforces global stability by minimizing the variance of predictive risks across behaviors, which is an efficient approximation to invariant risk minimization. This local-global collaboration bridges representation purification and optimization invariance in a theoretically coherent way. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that RMBRec not only outperforms state-of-the-art methods in accuracy but also maintains remarkable stability under various noise perturbations. For reproducibility, our code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08536 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DeepResearch Bench II: Diagnosing Deep Research Agents via Rubrics from Expert Report Authors: Ruizhe Li , Mingxuan Du , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao Abstract : Deep Research Systems (DRS) aim to help users search the web, synthesize information, and deliver comprehensive investigative reports. However, how to rigorously evaluate these systems remains under-explored. Existing deep-research benchmarks often fall into two failure modes. Some do not adequately test a system's ability to analyze evidence and write coherent reports. Others rely on evaluation c… ▽ More Deep Research Systems (DRS) aim to help users search the web, synthesize information, and deliver comprehensive investigative reports. However, how to rigorously evaluate these systems remains under-explored. Existing deep-research benchmarks often fall into two failure modes. Some do not adequately test a system's ability to analyze evidence and write coherent reports. Others rely on evaluation criteria that are either overly coarse or directly defined by LLMs (or both), leading to scores that can be biased relative to human experts and are hard to verify or interpret. To address these issues, we introduce Deep Research Bench II, a new benchmark for evaluating DRS-generated reports. It contains 132 grounded research tasks across 22 domains; for each task, a system must produce a long-form research report that is evaluated by a set of 9430 fine-grained binary rubrics in total, covering three dimensions: information recall, analysis, and presentation. All rubrics are derived from carefully selected expert-written investigative articles and are constructed through a four-stage LLM+human pipeline that combines automatic extraction with over 400 human-hours of expert review, ensuring that the criteria are atomic, verifiable, and aligned with human expert judgment. We evaluate several state-of-the-art deep-research systems on Deep Research Bench II and find that even the strongest models satisfy fewer than 50% of the rubrics, revealing a substantial gap between current DRSs and human experts. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08536 [ pdf , ps , other ] DeepResearch Bench II: Diagnosing Deep Research Agents via Rubrics from Expert Report Authors: Ruizhe Li , Mingxuan Du , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao Abstract : Deep Research Systems (DRS) aim to help users search the web, synthesize information, and deliver comprehensive investigative reports. However, how to rigorously evaluate these systems remains under-explored. Existing deep-research benchmarks often fall into two failure modes. Some do not adequately test a system's ability to analyze evidence and write coherent reports. Others rely on evaluation c… ▽ More Deep Research Systems (DRS) aim to help users search the web, synthesize information, and deliver comprehensive investigative reports. However, how to rigorously evaluate these systems remains under-explored. Existing deep-research benchmarks often fall into two failure modes. Some do not adequately test a system's ability to analyze evidence and write coherent reports. Others rely on evaluation criteria that are either overly coarse or directly defined by LLMs (or both), leading to scores that can be biased relative to human experts and are hard to verify or interpret. To address these issues, we introduce Deep Research Bench II, a new benchmark for evaluating DRS-generated reports. It contains 132 grounded research tasks across 22 domains; for each task, a system must produce a long-form research report that is evaluated by a set of 9430 fine-grained binary rubrics in total, covering three dimensions: information recall, analysis, and presentation. All rubrics are derived from carefully selected expert-written investigative articles and are constructed through a four-stage LLM+human pipeline that combines automatic extraction with over 400 human-hours of expert review, ensuring that the criteria are atomic, verifiable, and aligned with human expert judgment. We evaluate several state-of-the-art deep-research systems on Deep Research Bench II and find that even the strongest models satisfy fewer than 50% of the rubrics, revealing a substantial gap between current DRSs and human experts. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08521 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Your Group-Relative Advantage Is Biased Authors: Fengkai Yang , Zherui Chen , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaodong Lu , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Shuai Ma , Fuzhen Zhuang , Deqing Wang , Yaodong Yang , Jianxin Li , Yikun Ban Abstract : Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely used approach for post-training large language models on reasoning tasks, with group-based methods such as GRPO and its variants gaining broad adoption. These methods rely on group-relative advantage estimation to avoid learned critics, yet its theoretical properties remain poorly understood. In this work, we uncover a f… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely used approach for post-training large language models on reasoning tasks, with group-based methods such as GRPO and its variants gaining broad adoption. These methods rely on group-relative advantage estimation to avoid learned critics, yet its theoretical properties remain poorly understood. In this work, we uncover a fundamental issue of group-based RL: the group-relative advantage estimator is inherently biased relative to the true (expected) advantage. We provide the first theoretical analysis showing that it systematically underestimates advantages for hard prompts and overestimates them for easy prompts, leading to imbalanced exploration and exploitation. To address this issue, we propose History-Aware Adaptive Difficulty Weighting (HA-DW), an adaptive reweighting scheme that adjusts advantage estimates based on an evolving difficulty anchor and training dynamics. Both theoretical analysis and experiments on five mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that HA-DW consistently improves performance when integrated into GRPO and its variants. Our results suggest that correcting biased advantage estimation is critical for robust and efficient RLVR training. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08521 [ pdf , ps , other ] Your Group-Relative Advantage Is Biased Authors: Fengkai Yang , Zherui Chen , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaodong Lu , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Shuai Ma , Fuzhen Zhuang , Deqing Wang , Yaodong Yang , Jianxin Li , Yikun Ban Abstract : Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely used approach for post-training large language models on reasoning tasks, with group-based methods such as GRPO and its variants gaining broad adoption. These methods rely on group-relative advantage estimation to avoid learned critics, yet its theoretical properties remain poorly understood. In this work, we uncover a f… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely used approach for post-training large language models on reasoning tasks, with group-based methods such as GRPO and its variants gaining broad adoption. These methods rely on group-relative advantage estimation to avoid learned critics, yet its theoretical properties remain poorly understood. In this work, we uncover a fundamental issue of group-based RL: the group-relative advantage estimator is inherently biased relative to the true (expected) advantage. We provide the first theoretical analysis showing that it systematically underestimates advantages for hard prompts and overestimates them for easy prompts, leading to imbalanced exploration and exploitation. To address this issue, we propose History-Aware Adaptive Difficulty Weighting (HA-DW), an adaptive reweighting scheme that adjusts advantage estimates based on an evolving difficulty anchor and training dynamics. Both theoretical analysis and experiments on five mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that HA-DW consistently improves performance when integrated into GRPO and its variants. Our results suggest that correcting biased advantage estimation is critical for robust and efficient RLVR training. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08292 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV KidVis: Do Multimodal Large Language Models Possess the Visual Perceptual Capabilities of a 6-Year-Old? Authors: Xianfeng Wang , Kaiwei Zhang , Qi Jia , Zijian Chen , Guangtao Zhai , Xiongkuo Min Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive proficiency in high-level reasoning tasks, such as complex diagrammatic interpretation, it remains an open question whether they possess the fundamental visual primitives comparable to human intuition. To investigate this, we introduce KidVis, a novel benchmark grounded in the theory of human visual development. KidVis dec… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive proficiency in high-level reasoning tasks, such as complex diagrammatic interpretation, it remains an open question whether they possess the fundamental visual primitives comparable to human intuition. To investigate this, we introduce KidVis, a novel benchmark grounded in the theory of human visual development. KidVis deconstructs visual intelligence into six atomic capabilities - Concentration, Tracking, Discrimination, Memory, Spatial, and Closure - already possessed by 6-7 year old children, comprising 10 categories of low-semantic-dependent visual tasks. Evaluating 20 state-of-the-art MLLMs against a human physiological baseline reveals a stark performance disparity. Results indicate that while human children achieve a near-perfect average score of 95.32, the state-of-the-art GPT-5 attains only 67.33. Crucially, we observe a "Scaling Law Paradox": simply increasing model parameters fails to yield linear improvements in these foundational visual capabilities. This study confirms that current MLLMs, despite their reasoning prowess, lack the essential physiological perceptual primitives required for generalized visual intelligence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08292 [ pdf , ps , other ] KidVis: Do Multimodal Large Language Models Possess the Visual Perceptual Capabilities of a 6-Year-Old? Authors: Xianfeng Wang , Kaiwei Zhang , Qi Jia , Zijian Chen , Guangtao Zhai , Xiongkuo Min Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive proficiency in high-level reasoning tasks, such as complex diagrammatic interpretation, it remains an open question whether they possess the fundamental visual primitives comparable to human intuition. To investigate this, we introduce KidVis, a novel benchmark grounded in the theory of human visual development. KidVis dec… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive proficiency in high-level reasoning tasks, such as complex diagrammatic interpretation, it remains an open question whether they possess the fundamental visual primitives comparable to human intuition. To investigate this, we introduce KidVis, a novel benchmark grounded in the theory of human visual development. KidVis deconstructs visual intelligence into six atomic capabilities - Concentration, Tracking, Discrimination, Memory, Spatial, and Closure - already possessed by 6-7 year old children, comprising 10 categories of low-semantic-dependent visual tasks. Evaluating 20 state-of-the-art MLLMs against a human physiological baseline reveals a stark performance disparity. Results indicate that while human children achieve a near-perfect average score of 95.32, the state-of-the-art GPT-5 attains only 67.33. Crucially, we observe a "Scaling Law Paradox": simply increasing model parameters fails to yield linear improvements in these foundational visual capabilities. This study confirms that current MLLMs, despite their reasoning prowess, lack the essential physiological perceptual primitives required for generalized visual intelligence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08187 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Improving LLM Reasoning with Homophily-aware Structural and Semantic Text-Attributed Graph Compression Authors: Zijun Di , Bin Lu , Huquan Kang , Luoyi Fu , Jiaxin Ding , Xiaoying Gan , Lei Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in Text-Attributed Graph (TAG) understanding. Recent studies typically focus on verbalizing the graph structures via handcrafted prompts, feeding the target node and its neighborhood context into LLMs. However, constrained by the context window, existing methods mainly resort to random sampling, often implemented via dropping no… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in Text-Attributed Graph (TAG) understanding. Recent studies typically focus on verbalizing the graph structures via handcrafted prompts, feeding the target node and its neighborhood context into LLMs. However, constrained by the context window, existing methods mainly resort to random sampling, often implemented via dropping node/edge randomly, which inevitably introduces noise and cause reasoning instability. We argue that graphs inherently contain rich structural and semantic information, and that their effective exploitation can unlock potential gains in LLMs reasoning performance. To this end, we propose Homophily-aware Structural and Semantic Compression for LLMs (HS2C), a framework centered on exploiting graph homophily. Structurally, guided by the principle of Structural Entropy minimization, we perform a global hierarchical partition that decodes the graph's essential topology. This partition identifies naturally cohesive, homophilic communities, while discarding stochastic connectivity noise. Semantically, we deliver the detected structural homophily to the LLM, empowering it to perform differentiated semantic aggregation based on predefined community type. This process compresses redundant background contexts into concise community-level consensus, selectively preserving semantically homophilic information aligned with the target nodes. Extensive experiments on 10 node-level benchmarks across LLMs of varying sizes and families demonstrate that, by feeding LLMs with structurally and semantically compressed inputs, HS2C simultaneously enhances the compression rate and downstream inference accuracy, validating its superiority and scalability. Extensions to 7 diverse graph-level benchmarks further consolidate HS2C's task generalizability. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08187 [ pdf , ps , other ] Improving LLM Reasoning with Homophily-aware Structural and Semantic Text-Attributed Graph Compression Authors: Zijun Di , Bin Lu , Huquan Kang , Luoyi Fu , Jiaxin Ding , Xiaoying Gan , Lei Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in Text-Attributed Graph (TAG) understanding. Recent studies typically focus on verbalizing the graph structures via handcrafted prompts, feeding the target node and its neighborhood context into LLMs. However, constrained by the context window, existing methods mainly resort to random sampling, often implemented via dropping no… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in Text-Attributed Graph (TAG) understanding. Recent studies typically focus on verbalizing the graph structures via handcrafted prompts, feeding the target node and its neighborhood context into LLMs. However, constrained by the context window, existing methods mainly resort to random sampling, often implemented via dropping node/edge randomly, which inevitably introduces noise and cause reasoning instability. We argue that graphs inherently contain rich structural and semantic information, and that their effective exploitation can unlock potential gains in LLMs reasoning performance. To this end, we propose Homophily-aware Structural and Semantic Compression for LLMs (HS2C), a framework centered on exploiting graph homophily. Structurally, guided by the principle of Structural Entropy minimization, we perform a global hierarchical partition that decodes the graph's essential topology. This partition identifies naturally cohesive, homophilic communities, while discarding stochastic connectivity noise. Semantically, we deliver the detected structural homophily to the LLM, empowering it to perform differentiated semantic aggregation based on predefined community type. This process compresses redundant background contexts into concise community-level consensus, selectively preserving semantically homophilic information aligned with the target nodes. Extensive experiments on 10 node-level benchmarks across LLMs of varying sizes and families demonstrate that, by feeding LLMs with structurally and semantically compressed inputs, HS2C simultaneously enhances the compression rate and downstream inference accuracy, validating its superiority and scalability. Extensions to 7 diverse graph-level benchmarks further consolidate HS2C's task generalizability. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07884 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.AI Ideological Isolation in Online Social Networks: A Survey of Computational Definitions, Metrics, and Mitigation Strategies Authors: Xiaodan Wang , Yanbin Liu , Shiqing Wu , Ziying Zhao , Yuxuan Hu , Weihua Li , Quan Bai Abstract : The proliferation of online social networks has significantly reshaped the way individuals access and engage with information. While these platforms offer unprecedented connectivity, they may foster environments where users are increasingly exposed to homogeneous content and like-minded interactions. Such dynamics are associated with selective exposure and the emergence of filter bubbles, echo cha… ▽ More The proliferation of online social networks has significantly reshaped the way individuals access and engage with information. While these platforms offer unprecedented connectivity, they may foster environments where users are increasingly exposed to homogeneous content and like-minded interactions. Such dynamics are associated with selective exposure and the emergence of filter bubbles, echo chambers, tunnel vision, and polarization, which together can contribute to ideological isolation and raise concerns about information diversity and public discourse. This survey provides a comprehensive computational review of existing studies that define, analyze, quantify, and mitigate ideological isolation in online social networks. We examine the mechanisms underlying content personalization, user behavior patterns, and network structures that reinforce content-exposure concentration and narrowing dynamics. This paper also systematically reviews methodological approaches for detecting and measuring these isolation-related phenomena, covering network-, content-, and behavior-based metrics. We further organize computational mitigation strategies, including network-topological interventions and recommendation-level controls, and discuss their trade-offs and deployment considerations. By integrating definitions, metrics, and interventions across structural/topological, content-based, interactional, and cognitive isolation, this survey provides a unified computational framework. It serves as a reference for understanding and addressing the key challenges and opportunities in promoting information diversity and reducing ideological fragmentation in the digital age. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, double column, submitted to the Information Sciences journal for review MSC Class: 68T01 ACM Class: I.2.0 arXiv:2601.07884 [ pdf , ps , other ] Ideological Isolation in Online Social Networks: A Survey of Computational Definitions, Metrics, and Mitigation Strategies Authors: Xiaodan Wang , Yanbin Liu , Shiqing Wu , Ziying Zhao , Yuxuan Hu , Weihua Li , Quan Bai Abstract : The proliferation of online social networks has significantly reshaped the way individuals access and engage with information. While these platforms offer unprecedented connectivity, they may foster environments where users are increasingly exposed to homogeneous content and like-minded interactions. Such dynamics are associated with selective exposure and the emergence of filter bubbles, echo cha… ▽ More The proliferation of online social networks has significantly reshaped the way individuals access and engage with information. While these platforms offer unprecedented connectivity, they may foster environments where users are increasingly exposed to homogeneous content and like-minded interactions. Such dynamics are associated with selective exposure and the emergence of filter bubbles, echo chambers, tunnel vision, and polarization, which together can contribute to ideological isolation and raise concerns about information diversity and public discourse. This survey provides a comprehensive computational review of existing studies that define, analyze, quantify, and mitigate ideological isolation in online social networks. We examine the mechanisms underlying content personalization, user behavior patterns, and network structures that reinforce content-exposure concentration and narrowing dynamics. This paper also systematically reviews methodological approaches for detecting and measuring these isolation-related phenomena, covering network-, content-, and behavior-based metrics. We further organize computational mitigation strategies, including network-topological interventions and recommendation-level controls, and discuss their trade-offs and deployment considerations. By integrating definitions, metrics, and interventions across structural/topological, content-based, interactional, and cognitive isolation, this survey provides a unified computational framework. It serves as a reference for understanding and addressing the key challenges and opportunities in promoting information diversity and reducing ideological fragmentation in the digital age. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, double column, submitted to the Information Sciences journal for review MSC Class: 68T01 ACM Class: I.2.0 arXiv:2601.07641 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.MA Beyond Static Tools: Test-Time Tool Evolution for Scientific Reasoning Authors: Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE)… ▽ More The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE), a new paradigm that enables agents to synthesize, verify, and evolve executable tools during inference. By transforming tools from fixed resources into problem-driven artifacts, TTE overcomes the rigidity and long-tail limitations of static tool libraries. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we introduce SciEvo, a benchmark comprising 1,590 scientific reasoning tasks supported by 925 automatically evolved tools. Extensive experiments show that TTE achieves state-of-the-art performance in both accuracy and tool efficiency, while enabling effective cross-domain adaptation of computational tools. The code and benchmark have been released at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07641 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Static Tools: Test-Time Tool Evolution for Scientific Reasoning Authors: Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE)… ▽ More The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE), a new paradigm that enables agents to synthesize, verify, and evolve executable tools during inference. By transforming tools from fixed resources into problem-driven artifacts, TTE overcomes the rigidity and long-tail limitations of static tool libraries. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we introduce SciEvo, a benchmark comprising 1,590 scientific reasoning tasks supported by 925 automatically evolved tools. Extensive experiments show that TTE achieves state-of-the-art performance in both accuracy and tool efficiency, while enabling effective cross-domain adaptation of computational tools. The code and benchmark have been released at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07603 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UIKA: Fast Universal Head Avatar from Pose-Free Images Authors: Zijian Wu , Boyao Zhou , Liangxiao Hu , Hongyu Liu , Yuan Sun , Xuan Wang , Xun Cao , Yujun Shen , Hao Zhu Abstract : We present UIKA, a feed-forward animatable Gaussian head model from an arbitrary number of unposed inputs, including a single image, multi-view captures, and smartphone-captured videos. Unlike the traditional avatar method, which requires a studio-level multi-view capture system and reconstructs a human-specific model through a long-time optimization process, we rethink the task through the lenses… ▽ More We present UIKA, a feed-forward animatable Gaussian head model from an arbitrary number of unposed inputs, including a single image, multi-view captures, and smartphone-captured videos. Unlike the traditional avatar method, which requires a studio-level multi-view capture system and reconstructs a human-specific model through a long-time optimization process, we rethink the task through the lenses of model representation, network design, and data preparation. First, we introduce a UV-guided avatar modeling strategy, in which each input image is associated with a pixel-wise facial correspondence estimation. Such correspondence estimation allows us to reproject each valid pixel color from screen space to UV space, which is independent of camera pose and character expression. Furthermore, we design learnable UV tokens on which the attention mechanism can be applied at both the screen and UV levels. The learned UV tokens can be decoded into canonical Gaussian attributes using aggregated UV information from all input views. To train our large avatar model, we additionally prepare a large-scale, identity-rich synthetic training dataset. Our method significantly outperforms existing approaches in both monocular and multi-view settings. Project page: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.07603 [ pdf , ps , other ] UIKA: Fast Universal Head Avatar from Pose-Free Images Authors: Zijian Wu , Boyao Zhou , Liangxiao Hu , Hongyu Liu , Yuan Sun , Xuan Wang , Xun Cao , Yujun Shen , Hao Zhu Abstract : We present UIKA, a feed-forward animatable Gaussian head model from an arbitrary number of unposed inputs, including a single image, multi-view captures, and smartphone-captured videos. Unlike the traditional avatar method, which requires a studio-level multi-view capture system and reconstructs a human-specific model through a long-time optimization process, we rethink the task through the lenses… ▽ More We present UIKA, a feed-forward animatable Gaussian head model from an arbitrary number of unposed inputs, including a single image, multi-view captures, and smartphone-captured videos. Unlike the traditional avatar method, which requires a studio-level multi-view capture system and reconstructs a human-specific model through a long-time optimization process, we rethink the task through the lenses of model representation, network design, and data preparation. First, we introduce a UV-guided avatar modeling strategy, in which each input image is associated with a pixel-wise facial correspondence estimation. Such correspondence estimation allows us to reproject each valid pixel color from screen space to UV space, which is independent of camera pose and character expression. Furthermore, we design learnable UV tokens on which the attention mechanism can be applied at both the screen and UV levels. The learned UV tokens can be decoded into canonical Gaussian attributes using aggregated UV information from all input views. To train our large avatar model, we additionally prepare a large-scale, identity-rich synthetic training dataset. Our method significantly outperforms existing approaches in both monocular and multi-view settings. Project page: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.07464 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI IFDNS: An Iterative Feedback-Driven Neuro-Symbolic Method for Faithful Logical Reasoning Authors: Xiaoheng Wang , Tongxuan Liu , Zi Gong , Xianzhe Dong , Yuting Zeng , Minhan Hu , Weizhe Huang , Jing Li Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of reasoning tasks, including logical and mathematical problem-solving. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can enhance LLM reasoning abilities to some extent, they often suffer from a lack of faithfulness, where the derived conclusions may not align with the generated reasoning chain. To… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of reasoning tasks, including logical and mathematical problem-solving. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can enhance LLM reasoning abilities to some extent, they often suffer from a lack of faithfulness, where the derived conclusions may not align with the generated reasoning chain. To address this issue, researchers have explored neuro-symbolic approaches to bolster LLM logical reasoning capabilities. However, existing neuro-symbolic methods still face challenges with information loss during the process. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Iterative Feedback-Driven Neuro-Symbolic (IFDNS), a novel prompt-based method that employs a multi-round feedback mechanism to address LLM limitations in handling complex logical relationships. IFDNS utilizes iterative feedback during the logic extraction phase to accurately extract causal relationship statements and translate them into propositional and logical implication expressions, effectively mitigating information loss issues. Furthermore, IFDNS is orthogonal to existing prompt methods, allowing for seamless integration with various prompting approaches. Empirical evaluations across six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of IFDNS in significantly improving the performance of CoT and Chain-of-Thought with Self-Consistency (CoT-SC). Specifically, IFDNS achieves a +9.40% accuracy boost for CoT on the LogiQA dataset and a +11.70% improvement for CoT-SC on the PrOntoQA dataset. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages,5 figures arXiv:2601.07464 [ pdf , ps , other ] IFDNS: An Iterative Feedback-Driven Neuro-Symbolic Method for Faithful Logical Reasoning Authors: Xiaoheng Wang , Tongxuan Liu , Zi Gong , Xianzhe Dong , Yuting Zeng , Minhan Hu , Weizhe Huang , Jing Li Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of reasoning tasks, including logical and mathematical problem-solving. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can enhance LLM reasoning abilities to some extent, they often suffer from a lack of faithfulness, where the derived conclusions may not align with the generated reasoning chain. To… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of reasoning tasks, including logical and mathematical problem-solving. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can enhance LLM reasoning abilities to some extent, they often suffer from a lack of faithfulness, where the derived conclusions may not align with the generated reasoning chain. To address this issue, researchers have explored neuro-symbolic approaches to bolster LLM logical reasoning capabilities. However, existing neuro-symbolic methods still face challenges with information loss during the process. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Iterative Feedback-Driven Neuro-Symbolic (IFDNS), a novel prompt-based method that employs a multi-round feedback mechanism to address LLM limitations in handling complex logical relationships. IFDNS utilizes iterative feedback during the logic extraction phase to accurately extract causal relationship statements and translate them into propositional and logical implication expressions, effectively mitigating information loss issues. Furthermore, IFDNS is orthogonal to existing prompt methods, allowing for seamless integration with various prompting approaches. Empirical evaluations across six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of IFDNS in significantly improving the performance of CoT and Chain-of-Thought with Self-Consistency (CoT-SC). Specifically, IFDNS achieves a +9.40% accuracy boost for CoT on the LogiQA dataset and a +11.70% improvement for CoT-SC on the PrOntoQA dataset. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages,5 figures arXiv:2601.07293 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV doi 10.1007/978-981-95-5699-1_28 Inference-Time Scaling for Visual AutoRegressive modeling by Searching Representative Samples Authors: Weidong Tang , Xinyan Wan , Siyu Li , Xiumei Wang Abstract : While inference-time scaling has significantly enhanced generative quality in large language and diffusion models, its application to vector-quantized (VQ) visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) remains unexplored. We introduce VAR-Scaling, the first general framework for inference-time scaling in VAR, addressing the critical challenge of discrete latent spaces that prohibit continuous path search.… ▽ More While inference-time scaling has significantly enhanced generative quality in large language and diffusion models, its application to vector-quantized (VQ) visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) remains unexplored. We introduce VAR-Scaling, the first general framework for inference-time scaling in VAR, addressing the critical challenge of discrete latent spaces that prohibit continuous path search. We find that VAR scales exhibit two distinct pattern types: general patterns and specific patterns, where later-stage specific patterns conditionally optimize early-stage general patterns. To overcome the discrete latent space barrier in VQ models, we map sampling spaces to quasi-continuous feature spaces via kernel density estimation (KDE), where high-density samples approximate stable, high-quality solutions. This transformation enables effective navigation of sampling distributions. We propose a density-adaptive hybrid sampling strategy: Top-k sampling focuses on high-density regions to preserve quality near distribution modes, while Random-k sampling explores low-density areas to maintain diversity and prevent premature convergence. Consequently, VAR-Scaling optimizes sample fidelity at critical scales to enhance output quality. Experiments in class-conditional and text-to-image evaluations demonstrate significant improvements in inference process. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to PRCV 2025 ACM Class: I.4.0; I.2.6 arXiv:2601.07293 [ pdf , ps , other ] Inference-Time Scaling for Visual AutoRegressive modeling by Searching Representative Samples Authors: Weidong Tang , Xinyan Wan , Siyu Li , Xiumei Wang Abstract : While inference-time scaling has significantly enhanced generative quality in large language and diffusion models, its application to vector-quantized (VQ) visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) remains unexplored. We introduce VAR-Scaling, the first general framework for inference-time scaling in VAR, addressing the critical challenge of discrete latent spaces that prohibit continuous path search.… ▽ More While inference-time scaling has significantly enhanced generative quality in large language and diffusion models, its application to vector-quantized (VQ) visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) remains unexplored. We introduce VAR-Scaling, the first general framework for inference-time scaling in VAR, addressing the critical challenge of discrete latent spaces that prohibit continuous path search. We find that VAR scales exhibit two distinct pattern types: general patterns and specific patterns, where later-stage specific patterns conditionally optimize early-stage general patterns. To overcome the discrete latent space barrier in VQ models, we map sampling spaces to quasi-continuous feature spaces via kernel density estimation (KDE), where high-density samples approximate stable, high-quality solutions. This transformation enables effective navigation of sampling distributions. We propose a density-adaptive hybrid sampling strategy: Top-k sampling focuses on high-density regions to preserve quality near distribution modes, while Random-k sampling explores low-density areas to maintain diversity and prevent premature convergence. Consequently, VAR-Scaling optimizes sample fidelity at critical scales to enhance output quality. Experiments in class-conditional and text-to-image evaluations demonstrate significant improvements in inference process. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to PRCV 2025 ACM Class: I.4.0; I.2.6 arXiv:2601.07248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.HC DarwinTOD: LLM Driven Lifelong Self Evolution for Task Oriented Dialog Systems Authors: Shuyu Zhang , Yujie Liu , Xinru Wang , Cheng Zhang , Yanmin Zhu , Bin Li Abstract : Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer… ▽ More Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer promising mechanisms for dialog optimization, they lack a unified framework for holistic, iterative strategy refinement. To bridge this gap, we propose DarwinTOD, a lifelong self evolving dialog framework that systematically integrates these two paradigms, enabling continuous strategy optimization from a zero-shot base without task specific fine-tuning. DarwinTOD maintains an Evolvable Strategy Bank and operates through a dual-loop process: online multi-agent dialog execution with peer critique, and offline structured evolutionary operations that refine the strategy bank using accumulated feedback. This closed-loop design enables autonomous continuous improvement without human intervention. Extensive experiments show that DarwinTOD surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods and exhibits continuous performance gains throughout evolution. Our work provides a novel framework for building dialog systems with lifelong self evolution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07248 [ pdf , ps , other ] DarwinTOD: LLM Driven Lifelong Self Evolution for Task Oriented Dialog Systems Authors: Shuyu Zhang , Yujie Liu , Xinru Wang , Cheng Zhang , Yanmin Zhu , Bin Li Abstract : Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer… ▽ More Traditional task-oriented dialog systems are unable to evolve from ongoing interactions or adapt to new domains after deployment, that is a critical limitation in real-world dynamic environments. Continual learning approaches depend on episodic retraining with human curated data, failing to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement. While evolutionary computation and LLM driven self improvement offer promising mechanisms for dialog optimization, they lack a unified framework for holistic, iterative strategy refinement. To bridge this gap, we propose DarwinTOD, a lifelong self evolving dialog framework that systematically integrates these two paradigms, enabling continuous strategy optimization from a zero-shot base without task specific fine-tuning. DarwinTOD maintains an Evolvable Strategy Bank and operates through a dual-loop process: online multi-agent dialog execution with peer critique, and offline structured evolutionary operations that refine the strategy bank using accumulated feedback. This closed-loop design enables autonomous continuous improvement without human intervention. Extensive experiments show that DarwinTOD surpasses previous state-of-the-art methods and exhibits continuous performance gains throughout evolution. Our work provides a novel framework for building dialog systems with lifelong self evolution capabilities. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07181 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ShowUI-Aloha: Human-Taught GUI Agent Authors: Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To a… ▽ More Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To address this, we introduce ShowUI-Aloha, a comprehensive pipeline that transforms unstructured, in-the-wild human screen recordings from desktop environments into structured, actionable tasks. Our framework includes four key components: A recorder that captures screen video along with precise user interactions like mouse clicks, keystrokes, and scrolls. A learner that semantically interprets these raw interactions and the surrounding visual context, translating them into descriptive natural language captions. A planner that reads the parsed demonstrations, maintains task states, and dynamically formulates the next high-level action plan based on contextual reasoning. An executor that faithfully carries out these action plans at the OS level, performing precise clicks, drags, text inputs, and window operations with safety checks and real-time feedback. Together, these components provide a scalable solution for collecting and parsing real-world human data, demonstrating a viable path toward building general-purpose GUI agents that can learn effectively from simply observing humans. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 Pages, 16 Figures arXiv:2601.07181 [ pdf , ps , other ] ShowUI-Aloha: Human-Taught GUI Agent Authors: Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To a… ▽ More Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To address this, we introduce ShowUI-Aloha, a comprehensive pipeline that transforms unstructured, in-the-wild human screen recordings from desktop environments into structured, actionable tasks. Our framework includes four key components: A recorder that captures screen video along with precise user interactions like mouse clicks, keystrokes, and scrolls. A learner that semantically interprets these raw interactions and the surrounding visual context, translating them into descriptive natural language captions. A planner that reads the parsed demonstrations, maintains task states, and dynamically formulates the next high-level action plan based on contextual reasoning. An executor that faithfully carries out these action plans at the OS level, performing precise clicks, drags, text inputs, and window operations with safety checks and real-time feedback. Together, these components provide a scalable solution for collecting and parsing real-world human data, demonstrating a viable path toward building general-purpose GUI agents that can learn effectively from simply observing humans. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 Pages, 16 Figures arXiv:2601.07107 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI MEDVISTAGYM: A Scalable Training Environment for Thinking with Medical Images via Tool-Integrated Reinforcement Learning Authors: Meng Lu , Yuxing Lu , Yuchen Zhuang , Megan Mullins , Yang Xie , Guanghua Xiao , Charles Fleming , Wenqi Shi , Xuan Wang Abstract : Vision language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on general image understanding but struggle to think with medical images, especially when performing multi-step reasoning through iterative visual interaction. Medical VLMs often rely on static visual embeddings and single-pass inference, preventing models from re-examining, verifying, or refining visual evidence during reasoning. While tool… ▽ More Vision language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on general image understanding but struggle to think with medical images, especially when performing multi-step reasoning through iterative visual interaction. Medical VLMs often rely on static visual embeddings and single-pass inference, preventing models from re-examining, verifying, or refining visual evidence during reasoning. While tool-integrated reasoning offers a promising path forward, open-source VLMs lack the training infrastructure to learn effective tool selection, invocation, and coordination in multi-modal medical reasoning. We introduce MedVistaGym, a scalable and interactive training environment that incentivizes tool-integrated visual reasoning for medical image analysis. MedVistaGym equips VLMs to determine when and which tools to invoke, localize task-relevant image regions, and integrate single or multiple sub-image evidence into interleaved multimodal reasoning within a unified, executable interface for agentic training. Using MedVistaGym, we train MedVistaGym-R1 to interleave tool use with agentic reasoning through trajectory sampling and end-to-end reinforcement learning. Across six medical VQA benchmarks, MedVistaGym-R1-8B exceeds comparably sized tool-augmented baselines by 19.10% to 24.21%, demonstrating that structured agentic training--not tool access alone--unlocks effective tool-integrated reasoning for medical image analysis. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07107 [ pdf , ps , other ] MEDVISTAGYM: A Scalable Training Environment for Thinking with Medical Images via Tool-Integrated Reinforcement Learning Authors: Meng Lu , Yuxing Lu , Yuchen Zhuang , Megan Mullins , Yang Xie , Guanghua Xiao , Charles Fleming , Wenqi Shi , Xuan Wang Abstract : Vision language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on general image understanding but struggle to think with medical images, especially when performing multi-step reasoning through iterative visual interaction. Medical VLMs often rely on static visual embeddings and single-pass inference, preventing models from re-examining, verifying, or refining visual evidence during reasoning. While tool… ▽ More Vision language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on general image understanding but struggle to think with medical images, especially when performing multi-step reasoning through iterative visual interaction. Medical VLMs often rely on static visual embeddings and single-pass inference, preventing models from re-examining, verifying, or refining visual evidence during reasoning. While tool-integrated reasoning offers a promising path forward, open-source VLMs lack the training infrastructure to learn effective tool selection, invocation, and coordination in multi-modal medical reasoning. We introduce MedVistaGym, a scalable and interactive training environment that incentivizes tool-integrated visual reasoning for medical image analysis. MedVistaGym equips VLMs to determine when and which tools to invoke, localize task-relevant image regions, and integrate single or multiple sub-image evidence into interleaved multimodal reasoning within a unified, executable interface for agentic training. Using MedVistaGym, we train MedVistaGym-R1 to interleave tool use with agentic reasoning through trajectory sampling and end-to-end reinforcement learning. Across six medical VQA benchmarks, MedVistaGym-R1-8B exceeds comparably sized tool-augmented baselines by 19.10% to 24.21%, demonstrating that structured agentic training--not tool access alone--unlocks effective tool-integrated reasoning for medical image analysis. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06903 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Divergence-Based Adaptive Aggregation for Byzantine Robust Federated Learning Authors: Bingnan Xiao , Feng Zhu , Jingjing Zhang , Wei Ni , Xin Wang Abstract : Inherent client drifts caused by data heterogeneity, as well as vulnerability to Byzantine attacks within the system, hinder effective model training and convergence in federated learning (FL). This paper presents two new frameworks, named DiveRgence-based Adaptive aGgregation (DRAG) and Byzantine-Resilient DRAG (BR-DRAG), to mitigate client drifts and resist attacks while expediting training. DRA… ▽ More Inherent client drifts caused by data heterogeneity, as well as vulnerability to Byzantine attacks within the system, hinder effective model training and convergence in federated learning (FL). This paper presents two new frameworks, named DiveRgence-based Adaptive aGgregation (DRAG) and Byzantine-Resilient DRAG (BR-DRAG), to mitigate client drifts and resist attacks while expediting training. DRAG designs a reference direction and a metric named divergence of degree to quantify the deviation of local updates. Accordingly, each worker can align its local update via linear calibration without extra communication cost. BR-DRAG refines DRAG under Byzantine attacks by maintaining a vetted root dataset at the server to produce trusted reference directions. The workers' updates can be then calibrated to mitigate divergence caused by malicious attacks. We analytically prove that DRAG and BR-DRAG achieve fast convergence for non-convex models under partial worker participation, data heterogeneity, and Byzantine attacks. Experiments validate the effectiveness of DRAG and its superior performance over state-of-the-art methods in handling client drifts, and highlight the robustness of BR-DRAG in maintaining resilience against data heterogeneity and diverse Byzantine attacks. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2601.06903 [ pdf , ps , other ] Divergence-Based Adaptive Aggregation for Byzantine Robust Federated Learning Authors: Bingnan Xiao , Feng Zhu , Jingjing Zhang , Wei Ni , Xin Wang Abstract : Inherent client drifts caused by data heterogeneity, as well as vulnerability to Byzantine attacks within the system, hinder effective model training and convergence in federated learning (FL). This paper presents two new frameworks, named DiveRgence-based Adaptive aGgregation (DRAG) and Byzantine-Resilient DRAG (BR-DRAG), to mitigate client drifts and resist attacks while expediting training. DRA… ▽ More Inherent client drifts caused by data heterogeneity, as well as vulnerability to Byzantine attacks within the system, hinder effective model training and convergence in federated learning (FL). This paper presents two new frameworks, named DiveRgence-based Adaptive aGgregation (DRAG) and Byzantine-Resilient DRAG (BR-DRAG), to mitigate client drifts and resist attacks while expediting training. DRAG designs a reference direction and a metric named divergence of degree to quantify the deviation of local updates. Accordingly, each worker can align its local update via linear calibration without extra communication cost. BR-DRAG refines DRAG under Byzantine attacks by maintaining a vetted root dataset at the server to produce trusted reference directions. The workers' updates can be then calibrated to mitigate divergence caused by malicious attacks. We analytically prove that DRAG and BR-DRAG achieve fast convergence for non-convex models under partial worker participation, data heterogeneity, and Byzantine attacks. Experiments validate the effectiveness of DRAG and its superior performance over state-of-the-art methods in handling client drifts, and highlight the robustness of BR-DRAG in maintaining resilience against data heterogeneity and diverse Byzantine attacks. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2601.06724 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AR cs.LG DS-CIM: Digital Stochastic Computing-In-Memory Featuring Accurate OR-Accumulation via Sample Region Remapping for Edge AI Models Authors: Kunming Shao , Liang Zhao , Jiangnan Yu , Zhipeng Liao , Xiaomeng Wang , Yi Zou , Tim Kwang-Ting Cheng , Chi-Ying Tsui Abstract : Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this trade-off, this paper introduces a digital stochastic CIM (DS-CIM) architecture that achieves both high accuracy and efficiency. We implement signed multiply-accum… ▽ More Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this trade-off, this paper introduces a digital stochastic CIM (DS-CIM) architecture that achieves both high accuracy and efficiency. We implement signed multiply-accumulation (MAC) in a compact, unsigned OR-based circuit by modifying the data representation. Throughput is enhanced by replicating this low-cost circuit 64 times with only a 1x area increase. Our core strategy, a shared Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) with 2D partitioning, enables single-cycle mutually exclusive activation to eliminate OR-gate collisions. We also resolve the 1s saturation issue via stochastic process analysis and data remapping, significantly improving accuracy and resilience to input sparsity. Our high-accuracy DS-CIM1 variant achieves 94.45% accuracy for INT8 ResNet18 on CIFAR-10 with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of just 0.74%. Meanwhile, our high-efficiency DS-CIM2 variant attains an energy efficiency of 3566.1 TOPS/W and an area efficiency of 363.7 TOPS/mm^2, while maintaining a low RMSE of 3.81%. The DS-CIM capability with larger models is further demonstrated through experiments with INT8 ResNet50 on ImageNet and the FP8 LLaMA-7B model. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by 2026 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE) arXiv:2601.06724 [ pdf , ps , other ] DS-CIM: Digital Stochastic Computing-In-Memory Featuring Accurate OR-Accumulation via Sample Region Remapping for Edge AI Models Authors: Kunming Shao , Liang Zhao , Jiangnan Yu , Zhipeng Liao , Xiaomeng Wang , Yi Zou , Tim Kwang-Ting Cheng , Chi-Ying Tsui Abstract : Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this trade-off, this paper introduces a digital stochastic CIM (DS-CIM) architecture that achieves both high accuracy and efficiency. We implement signed multiply-accum… ▽ More Stochastic computing (SC) offers hardware simplicity but suffers from low throughput, while high-throughput Digital Computing-in-Memory (DCIM) is bottlenecked by costly adder logic for matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). To address this trade-off, this paper introduces a digital stochastic CIM (DS-CIM) architecture that achieves both high accuracy and efficiency. We implement signed multiply-accumulation (MAC) in a compact, unsigned OR-based circuit by modifying the data representation. Throughput is enhanced by replicating this low-cost circuit 64 times with only a 1x area increase. Our core strategy, a shared Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) with 2D partitioning, enables single-cycle mutually exclusive activation to eliminate OR-gate collisions. We also resolve the 1s saturation issue via stochastic process analysis and data remapping, significantly improving accuracy and resilience to input sparsity. Our high-accuracy DS-CIM1 variant achieves 94.45% accuracy for INT8 ResNet18 on CIFAR-10 with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of just 0.74%. Meanwhile, our high-efficiency DS-CIM2 variant attains an energy efficiency of 3566.1 TOPS/W and an area efficiency of 363.7 TOPS/mm^2, while maintaining a low RMSE of 3.81%. The DS-CIM capability with larger models is further demonstrated through experiments with INT8 ResNet50 on ImageNet and the FP8 LLaMA-7B model. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by 2026 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE) arXiv:2601.06663 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI SafePro: Evaluating the Safety of Professional-Level AI Agents Authors: Kaiwen Zhou , Shreedhar Jangam , Ashwin Nagarajan , Tejas Polu , Suhas Oruganti , Chengzhi Liu , Ching-Chen Kuo , Yuting Zheng , Sravana Narayanaraju , Xin Eric Wang Abstract : Large language model-based agents are rapidly evolving from simple conversational assistants into autonomous systems capable of performing complex, professional-level tasks in various domains. While these advancements promise significant productivity gains, they also introduce critical safety risks that remain under-explored. Existing safety evaluations primarily focus on simple, daily assistance… ▽ More Large language model-based agents are rapidly evolving from simple conversational assistants into autonomous systems capable of performing complex, professional-level tasks in various domains. While these advancements promise significant productivity gains, they also introduce critical safety risks that remain under-explored. Existing safety evaluations primarily focus on simple, daily assistance tasks, failing to capture the intricate decision-making processes and potential consequences of misaligned behaviors in professional settings. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{SafePro}, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate the safety alignment of AI agents performing professional activities. SafePro features a dataset of high-complexity tasks across diverse professional domains with safety risks, developed through a rigorous iterative creation and review process. Our evaluation of state-of-the-art AI models reveals significant safety vulnerabilities and uncovers new unsafe behaviors in professional contexts. We further show that these models exhibit both insufficient safety judgment and weak safety alignment when executing complex professional tasks. In addition, we investigate safety mitigation strategies for improving agent safety in these scenarios and observe encouraging improvements. Together, our findings highlight the urgent need for robust safety mechanisms tailored to the next generation of professional AI agents. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06663 [ pdf , ps , other ] SafePro: Evaluating the Safety of Professional-Level AI Agents Authors: Kaiwen Zhou , Shreedhar Jangam , Ashwin Nagarajan , Tejas Polu , Suhas Oruganti , Chengzhi Liu , Ching-Chen Kuo , Yuting Zheng , Sravana Narayanaraju , Xin Eric Wang Abstract : Large language model-based agents are rapidly evolving from simple conversational assistants into autonomous systems capable of performing complex, professional-level tasks in various domains. While these advancements promise significant productivity gains, they also introduce critical safety risks that remain under-explored. Existing safety evaluations primarily focus on simple, daily assistance… ▽ More Large language model-based agents are rapidly evolving from simple conversational assistants into autonomous systems capable of performing complex, professional-level tasks in various domains. While these advancements promise significant productivity gains, they also introduce critical safety risks that remain under-explored. Existing safety evaluations primarily focus on simple, daily assistance tasks, failing to capture the intricate decision-making processes and potential consequences of misaligned behaviors in professional settings. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{SafePro}, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate the safety alignment of AI agents performing professional activities. SafePro features a dataset of high-complexity tasks across diverse professional domains with safety risks, developed through a rigorous iterative creation and review process. Our evaluation of state-of-the-art AI models reveals significant safety vulnerabilities and uncovers new unsafe behaviors in professional contexts. We further show that these models exhibit both insufficient safety judgment and weak safety alignment when executing complex professional tasks. In addition, we investigate safety mitigation strategies for improving agent safety in these scenarios and observe encouraging improvements. Together, our findings highlight the urgent need for robust safety mechanisms tailored to the next generation of professional AI agents. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06627 [ pdf ] cs.CR cs.AI Burn-After-Use for Preventing Data Leakage through a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture in Enterprise LLM Authors: Qiang Zhang , Elena Emma Wang , Jiaming Li , Xichun Wang Abstract : This study presents a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture (SMTA) combined with a novel concept Burn-After-Use (BAU) mechanism for enterprise LLM environments to effectively prevent data leakage. As institutions increasingly adopt LLMs across departments, the risks of data leakage have become a critical security and compliance concern. The proposed SMTA isolates LLM instances across departments and en… ▽ More This study presents a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture (SMTA) combined with a novel concept Burn-After-Use (BAU) mechanism for enterprise LLM environments to effectively prevent data leakage. As institutions increasingly adopt LLMs across departments, the risks of data leakage have become a critical security and compliance concern. The proposed SMTA isolates LLM instances across departments and enforces rigorous context ownership boundaries within an internally deployed infrastructure. The BAU mechanism introduces data confidentiality by enforcing ephemeral conversational contexts that are automatically destroyed after use, preventing cross-session or cross-user inference. The evaluation to SMTA and BAU is through two sets of realistic and reproducible experiments comprising of 127 test iterations. One aspect of this experiment is to assess prompt-based and semantic leakage attacks in a multi-tenant architecture (Appendix A) across 55 infrastructure-level attack tests, including vector-database credential compromise and shared logging pipeline exposure. SMTA achieves 92% defense success rate, demonstrating strong semantic isolation while highlighting residual risks from credential misconfiguration and observability pipelines. Another aspect is to evaluate the robustness of BAU under realistic failure scenarios (Appendix B) using four empirical metrics: Local Residual Persistence Rate (LRPR), Remote Residual Persistence Rate (RRPR), Image Frame Exposure Rate (IFER), and Burn Timer Persistence Rate (BTPR). Across 72 test iterations, BAU achieves a 76.75% success rate in mitigating post-session leakage threats across the client, server, application, infrastructure, and cache layers. These results show that SMTA and BAU together enforce strict isolation, complete session ephemerality, strong confidentiality guarantees, non-persistence, and policy-aligned behavior for enterprise LLMs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.06627 [ pdf ] Burn-After-Use for Preventing Data Leakage through a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture in Enterprise LLM Authors: Qiang Zhang , Elena Emma Wang , Jiaming Li , Xichun Wang Abstract : This study presents a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture (SMTA) combined with a novel concept Burn-After-Use (BAU) mechanism for enterprise LLM environments to effectively prevent data leakage. As institutions increasingly adopt LLMs across departments, the risks of data leakage have become a critical security and compliance concern. The proposed SMTA isolates LLM instances across departments and en… ▽ More This study presents a Secure Multi-Tenant Architecture (SMTA) combined with a novel concept Burn-After-Use (BAU) mechanism for enterprise LLM environments to effectively prevent data leakage. As institutions increasingly adopt LLMs across departments, the risks of data leakage have become a critical security and compliance concern. The proposed SMTA isolates LLM instances across departments and enforces rigorous context ownership boundaries within an internally deployed infrastructure. The BAU mechanism introduces data confidentiality by enforcing ephemeral conversational contexts that are automatically destroyed after use, preventing cross-session or cross-user inference. The evaluation to SMTA and BAU is through two sets of realistic and reproducible experiments comprising of 127 test iterations. One aspect of this experiment is to assess prompt-based and semantic leakage attacks in a multi-tenant architecture (Appendix A) across 55 infrastructure-level attack tests, including vector-database credential compromise and shared logging pipeline exposure. SMTA achieves 92% defense success rate, demonstrating strong semantic isolation while highlighting residual risks from credential misconfiguration and observability pipelines. Another aspect is to evaluate the robustness of BAU under realistic failure scenarios (Appendix B) using four empirical metrics: Local Residual Persistence Rate (LRPR), Remote Residual Persistence Rate (RRPR), Image Frame Exposure Rate (IFER), and Burn Timer Persistence Rate (BTPR). Across 72 test iterations, BAU achieves a 76.75% success rate in mitigating post-session leakage threats across the client, server, application, infrastructure, and cache layers. These results show that SMTA and BAU together enforce strict isolation, complete session ephemerality, strong confidentiality guarantees, non-persistence, and policy-aligned behavior for enterprise LLMs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.06503 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Some New Results on Sequence Reconstruction Problem for Deletion Channels Authors: Xiang Wang , Weijun Fang , Han Li , Fang-Wei Fu Abstract : Levenshtein first introduced the sequence reconstruction problem in $2001$. In the realm of combinatorics, the sequence reconstruction problem is equivalent to determining the value of $N(n,d,t)$, which represents the maximum size of the intersection of two metric balls of radius $t$, given that the distance between their centers is at least $d$ and the sequence length is $n$. In this paper, We pr… ▽ More Levenshtein first introduced the sequence reconstruction problem in $2001$. In the realm of combinatorics, the sequence reconstruction problem is equivalent to determining the value of $N(n,d,t)$, which represents the maximum size of the intersection of two metric balls of radius $t$, given that the distance between their centers is at least $d$ and the sequence length is $n$. In this paper, We present a lower bound on $N(n,3,t)$ for $n\geq 13$ and $t \geq 4$. For $t=4$, we prove that this lower bound is tight. This settles an open question posed by Pham, Goyal, and Kiah, confirming that $N(n,3,4)=20n-166$ for all $n \geq 13$. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06503 [ pdf , ps , other ] Some New Results on Sequence Reconstruction Problem for Deletion Channels Authors: Xiang Wang , Weijun Fang , Han Li , Fang-Wei Fu Abstract : Levenshtein first introduced the sequence reconstruction problem in $2001$. In the realm of combinatorics, the sequence reconstruction problem is equivalent to determining the value of $N(n,d,t)$, which represents the maximum size of the intersection of two metric balls of radius $t$, given that the distance between their centers is at least $d$ and the sequence length is $n$. In this paper, We pr… ▽ More Levenshtein first introduced the sequence reconstruction problem in $2001$. In the realm of combinatorics, the sequence reconstruction problem is equivalent to determining the value of $N(n,d,t)$, which represents the maximum size of the intersection of two metric balls of radius $t$, given that the distance between their centers is at least $d$ and the sequence length is $n$. In this paper, We present a lower bound on $N(n,3,t)$ for $n\geq 13$ and $t \geq 4$. For $t=4$, we prove that this lower bound is tight. This settles an open question posed by Pham, Goyal, and Kiah, confirming that $N(n,3,4)=20n-166$ for all $n \geq 13$. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06493 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT math.CO On the Number of Subsequences in the Nonbinary Deletion Channel Authors: Han Li , Xiang Wang , Fang-Wei Fu Abstract : In the deletion channel, an important problem is to determine the number of subsequences derived from a string $U$ of length $n$ when subjected to $t$ deletions. It is well-known that the number of subsequences in the setting exhibits a strong dependence on the number of runs in the string $U$, where a run is defined as a maximal substring of identical characters. In this paper we study the number… ▽ More In the deletion channel, an important problem is to determine the number of subsequences derived from a string $U$ of length $n$ when subjected to $t$ deletions. It is well-known that the number of subsequences in the setting exhibits a strong dependence on the number of runs in the string $U$, where a run is defined as a maximal substring of identical characters. In this paper we study the number of subsequences of a non-binary string in this scenario, and propose some improved bounds on the number of subsequences of $r$-run non-binary strings. Specifically, we characterize a family of $r$-run non-binary strings with the maximum number of subsequences under any $t$ deletions, and show that this number can be computed in polynomial time. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06493 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Number of Subsequences in the Nonbinary Deletion Channel Authors: Han Li , Xiang Wang , Fang-Wei Fu Abstract : In the deletion channel, an important problem is to determine the number of subsequences derived from a string $U$ of length $n$ when subjected to $t$ deletions. It is well-known that the number of subsequences in the setting exhibits a strong dependence on the number of runs in the string $U$, where a run is defined as a maximal substring of identical characters. In this paper we study the number… ▽ More In the deletion channel, an important problem is to determine the number of subsequences derived from a string $U$ of length $n$ when subjected to $t$ deletions. It is well-known that the number of subsequences in the setting exhibits a strong dependence on the number of runs in the string $U$, where a run is defined as a maximal substring of identical characters. In this paper we study the number of subsequences of a non-binary string in this scenario, and propose some improved bounds on the number of subsequences of $r$-run non-binary strings. Specifically, we characterize a family of $r$-run non-binary strings with the maximum number of subsequences under any $t$ deletions, and show that this number can be computed in polynomial time. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06490 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA Bi-Mem: Bidirectional Construction of Hierarchical Memory for Personalized LLMs via Inductive-Reflective Agents Authors: Wenyu Mao , Haosong Tan , Shuchang Liu , Haoyang Liu , Yifan Xu , Huaxiang Ji , Xiang Wang Abstract : Constructing memory from users' long-term conversations overcomes LLMs' contextual limitations and enables personalized interactions. Recent studies focus on hierarchical memory to model users' multi-granular behavioral patterns via clustering and aggregating historical conversations. However, conversational noise and memory hallucinations can be amplified during clustering, causing locally aggreg… ▽ More Constructing memory from users' long-term conversations overcomes LLMs' contextual limitations and enables personalized interactions. Recent studies focus on hierarchical memory to model users' multi-granular behavioral patterns via clustering and aggregating historical conversations. However, conversational noise and memory hallucinations can be amplified during clustering, causing locally aggregated memories to misalign with the user's global persona. To mitigate this issue, we propose Bi-Mem, an agentic framework ensuring hierarchical memory fidelity through bidirectional construction. Specifically, we deploy an inductive agent to form the hierarchical memory: it extracts factual information from raw conversations to form fact-level memory, aggregates them into thematic scenes (i.e., local scene-level memory) using graph clustering, and infers users' profiles as global persona-level memory. Simultaneously, a reflective agent is designed to calibrate local scene-level memories using global constraints derived from the persona-level memory, thereby enforcing global-local alignment. For coherent memory recall, we propose an associative retrieval mechanism: beyond initial hierarchical search, a spreading activation process allows facts to evoke contextual scenes, while scene-level matches retrieve salient supporting factual information. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that Bi-Mem achieves significant improvements in question answering performance on long-term personalized conversational tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06490 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bi-Mem: Bidirectional Construction of Hierarchical Memory for Personalized LLMs via Inductive-Reflective Agents Authors: Wenyu Mao , Haosong Tan , Shuchang Liu , Haoyang Liu , Yifan Xu , Huaxiang Ji , Xiang Wang Abstract : Constructing memory from users' long-term conversations overcomes LLMs' contextual limitations and enables personalized interactions. Recent studies focus on hierarchical memory to model users' multi-granular behavioral patterns via clustering and aggregating historical conversations. However, conversational noise and memory hallucinations can be amplified during clustering, causing locally aggreg… ▽ More Constructing memory from users' long-term conversations overcomes LLMs' contextual limitations and enables personalized interactions. Recent studies focus on hierarchical memory to model users' multi-granular behavioral patterns via clustering and aggregating historical conversations. However, conversational noise and memory hallucinations can be amplified during clustering, causing locally aggregated memories to misalign with the user's global persona. To mitigate this issue, we propose Bi-Mem, an agentic framework ensuring hierarchical memory fidelity through bidirectional construction. Specifically, we deploy an inductive agent to form the hierarchical memory: it extracts factual information from raw conversations to form fact-level memory, aggregates them into thematic scenes (i.e., local scene-level memory) using graph clustering, and infers users' profiles as global persona-level memory. Simultaneously, a reflective agent is designed to calibrate local scene-level memories using global constraints derived from the persona-level memory, thereby enforcing global-local alignment. For coherent memory recall, we propose an associative retrieval mechanism: beyond initial hierarchical search, a spreading activation process allows facts to evoke contextual scenes, while scene-level matches retrieve salient supporting factual information. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that Bi-Mem achieves significant improvements in question answering performance on long-term personalized conversational tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06469 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CE Style-constrained inverse design of microstructures with tailored mechanical properties using unconditional diffusion models Authors: Weipeng Xu , Ziyuan Xie , Haoju Lin , Xinyu Wang , Guangjin Mou , Tianju Xue Abstract : Deep generative models, particularly denoising diffusion models, have achieved remarkable success in high-fidelity generation of architected microstructures with desired properties and styles. Nevertheless, these recent methods typically rely on conditional training mechanisms and demand substantial computational effort to prepare the labeled training dataset, which makes them inflexible since any… ▽ More Deep generative models, particularly denoising diffusion models, have achieved remarkable success in high-fidelity generation of architected microstructures with desired properties and styles. Nevertheless, these recent methods typically rely on conditional training mechanisms and demand substantial computational effort to prepare the labeled training dataset, which makes them inflexible since any change in the governing equations or boundary conditions requires a complete retraining process. In this study, we propose a new inverse design framework that integrates unconditional denoising diffusion models with differentiable programming techniques for architected microstructure generation. Our approach eliminates the need for expensive labeled dataset preparation and retraining for different problem settings. By reinterpreting the noise input to the diffusion model as an optimizable design variable, we formulate the design task as an optimization problem over the noise input, enabling control over the reverse denoising trajectory to guide the generated microstructure toward the desired mechanical properties while preserving the stylistic constraints encoded in the training dataset. A unified differentiation pipeline via vector-Jacobian product concatenations is developed to enable end-to-end gradient evaluation through backpropagation. Several numerical examples, ranging from the design of microstructures with specified homogenized properties to those with targeted hyperelastic and elasto-plastic behaviors, showcase the effectiveness of the framework and its potential for advanced design tasks involving diverse performance and style requirements. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06469 [ pdf , ps , other ] Style-constrained inverse design of microstructures with tailored mechanical properties using unconditional diffusion models Authors: Weipeng Xu , Ziyuan Xie , Haoju Lin , Xinyu Wang , Guangjin Mou , Tianju Xue Abstract : Deep generative models, particularly denoising diffusion models, have achieved remarkable success in high-fidelity generation of architected microstructures with desired properties and styles. Nevertheless, these recent methods typically rely on conditional training mechanisms and demand substantial computational effort to prepare the labeled training dataset, which makes them inflexible since any… ▽ More Deep generative models, particularly denoising diffusion models, have achieved remarkable success in high-fidelity generation of architected microstructures with desired properties and styles. Nevertheless, these recent methods typically rely on conditional training mechanisms and demand substantial computational effort to prepare the labeled training dataset, which makes them inflexible since any change in the governing equations or boundary conditions requires a complete retraining process. In this study, we propose a new inverse design framework that integrates unconditional denoising diffusion models with differentiable programming techniques for architected microstructure generation. Our approach eliminates the need for expensive labeled dataset preparation and retraining for different problem settings. By reinterpreting the noise input to the diffusion model as an optimizable design variable, we formulate the design task as an optimization problem over the noise input, enabling control over the reverse denoising trajectory to guide the generated microstructure toward the desired mechanical properties while preserving the stylistic constraints encoded in the training dataset. A unified differentiation pipeline via vector-Jacobian product concatenations is developed to enable end-to-end gradient evaluation through backpropagation. Several numerical examples, ranging from the design of microstructures with specified homogenized properties to those with targeted hyperelastic and elasto-plastic behaviors, showcase the effectiveness of the framework and its potential for advanced design tasks involving diverse performance and style requirements. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06222 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI SAPL: Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning in CLIP for Weakly Supervised Image Manipulation Localization Authors: Xinghao Wang , Changtao Miao , Dianmo Sheng , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Nenghai Yu , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that featur… ▽ More Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that feature variations at manipulated boundaries are substantially larger than in interior regions. To address this gap, we propose Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning (SAPL) in CLIP, which learns text prompts that intentionally encode non-semantic, boundary-centric cues so that CLIPs multimodal similarity highlights manipulation edges rather than high-level object semantics. SAPL combines two complementary modules Edge-aware Contextual Prompt Learning (ECPL) and Hierarchical Edge Contrastive Learning (HECL) to exploit edge information in both textual and visual spaces. The proposed ECPL leverages edge-enhanced image features to generate learnable textual prompts via an attention mechanism, embedding semantic-irrelevant information into text features, to guide CLIP focusing on manipulation edges. The proposed HECL extract genuine and manipulated edge patches, and utilize contrastive learning to boost the discrimination between genuine edge patches and manipulated edge patches. Finally, we predict the manipulated regions from the similarity map after processing. Extensive experiments on multiple public benchmarks demonstrate that SAPL significantly outperforms existing approaches, achieving state-of-the-art localization performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06222 [ pdf , ps , other ] SAPL: Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning in CLIP for Weakly Supervised Image Manipulation Localization Authors: Xinghao Wang , Changtao Miao , Dianmo Sheng , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Nenghai Yu , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that featur… ▽ More Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that feature variations at manipulated boundaries are substantially larger than in interior regions. To address this gap, we propose Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning (SAPL) in CLIP, which learns text prompts that intentionally encode non-semantic, boundary-centric cues so that CLIPs multimodal similarity highlights manipulation edges rather than high-level object semantics. SAPL combines two complementary modules Edge-aware Contextual Prompt Learning (ECPL) and Hierarchical Edge Contrastive Learning (HECL) to exploit edge information in both textual and visual spaces. The proposed ECPL leverages edge-enhanced image features to generate learnable textual prompts via an attention mechanism, embedding semantic-irrelevant information into text features, to guide CLIP focusing on manipulation edges. The proposed HECL extract genuine and manipulated edge patches, and utilize contrastive learning to boost the discrimination between genuine edge patches and manipulated edge patches. Finally, we predict the manipulated regions from the similarity map after processing. Extensive experiments on multiple public benchmarks demonstrate that SAPL significantly outperforms existing approaches, achieving state-of-the-art localization performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06126 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI NL2Dashboard: A Lightweight and Controllable Framework for Generating Dashboards with LLMs Authors: Boshen Shi , Kexin Yang , Yuanbo Yang , Guanguang Chang , Ce Chi , Zhendong Wang , Xing Wang , Junlan Feng Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in generating standalone charts, synthesizing comprehensive dashboards remains a formidable challenge. Existing end-to-end paradigms, which typically treat dashboard generation as a direct code generation task (e.g., raw HTML), suffer from two fundamental limitations: representation redundancy due to massive tokens spent o… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in generating standalone charts, synthesizing comprehensive dashboards remains a formidable challenge. Existing end-to-end paradigms, which typically treat dashboard generation as a direct code generation task (e.g., raw HTML), suffer from two fundamental limitations: representation redundancy due to massive tokens spent on visual rendering, and low controllability caused by the entanglement of analytical reasoning and presentation. To address these challenges, we propose NL2Dashboard, a lightweight framework grounded in the principle of Analysis-Presentation Decoupling. We introduce a structured intermediate representation (IR) that encapsulates the dashboard's content, layout, and visual elements. Therefore, it confines the LLM's role to data analysis and intent translation, while offloading visual synthesis to a deterministic rendering engine. Building upon this framework, we develop a multi-agent system in which the IR-driven algorithm is instantiated as a suite of tools. Comprehensive experiments conducted with this system demonstrate that NL2Dashboard significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across diverse domains, achieving superior visual quality, significantly higher token efficiency, and precise controllability in both generation and modification tasks. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06126 [ pdf , ps , other ] NL2Dashboard: A Lightweight and Controllable Framework for Generating Dashboards with LLMs Authors: Boshen Shi , Kexin Yang , Yuanbo Yang , Guanguang Chang , Ce Chi , Zhendong Wang , Xing Wang , Junlan Feng Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in generating standalone charts, synthesizing comprehensive dashboards remains a formidable challenge. Existing end-to-end paradigms, which typically treat dashboard generation as a direct code generation task (e.g., raw HTML), suffer from two fundamental limitations: representation redundancy due to massive tokens spent o… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in generating standalone charts, synthesizing comprehensive dashboards remains a formidable challenge. Existing end-to-end paradigms, which typically treat dashboard generation as a direct code generation task (e.g., raw HTML), suffer from two fundamental limitations: representation redundancy due to massive tokens spent on visual rendering, and low controllability caused by the entanglement of analytical reasoning and presentation. To address these challenges, we propose NL2Dashboard, a lightweight framework grounded in the principle of Analysis-Presentation Decoupling. We introduce a structured intermediate representation (IR) that encapsulates the dashboard's content, layout, and visual elements. Therefore, it confines the LLM's role to data analysis and intent translation, while offloading visual synthesis to a deterministic rendering engine. Building upon this framework, we develop a multi-agent system in which the IR-driven algorithm is instantiated as a suite of tools. Comprehensive experiments conducted with this system demonstrate that NL2Dashboard significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across diverse domains, achieving superior visual quality, significantly higher token efficiency, and precise controllability in both generation and modification tasks. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06098 [ pdf ] cs.AI Automatic Question Generation for Intuitive Learning Utilizing Causal Graph Guided Chain of Thought Reasoning Authors: Nicholas X. Wang , Neel V. Parpia , Aaryan D. Parikh , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos Abstract : Intuitive learning is crucial for developing deep conceptual understanding, especially in STEM education, where students often struggle with abstract and interconnected concepts. Automatic question generation has become an effective strategy for personalized and adaptive learning. However, its effectiveness is hindered by hallucinations in large language models (LLMs), which may generate factually… ▽ More Intuitive learning is crucial for developing deep conceptual understanding, especially in STEM education, where students often struggle with abstract and interconnected concepts. Automatic question generation has become an effective strategy for personalized and adaptive learning. However, its effectiveness is hindered by hallucinations in large language models (LLMs), which may generate factually incorrect, ambiguous, or pedagogically inconsistent questions. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework that combines causal-graph-guided Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning with a multi-agent LLM architecture. This approach ensures the generation of accurate, meaningful, and curriculum-aligned questions. Causal graphs provide an explicit representation of domain knowledge, while CoT reasoning facilitates a structured, step-by-step traversal of related concepts. Dedicated LLM agents are assigned specific tasks such as graph pathfinding, reasoning, validation, and output, all working within domain constraints. A dual validation mechanism-at both the conceptual and output stages-greatly reduces hallucinations. Experimental results demonstrate up to a 70% improvement in quality compared to reference methods and yielded highly favorable outcomes in subjective evaluations. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06098 [ pdf ] Automatic Question Generation for Intuitive Learning Utilizing Causal Graph Guided Chain of Thought Reasoning Authors: Nicholas X. Wang , Neel V. Parpia , Aaryan D. Parikh , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos Abstract : Intuitive learning is crucial for developing deep conceptual understanding, especially in STEM education, where students often struggle with abstract and interconnected concepts. Automatic question generation has become an effective strategy for personalized and adaptive learning. However, its effectiveness is hindered by hallucinations in large language models (LLMs), which may generate factually… ▽ More Intuitive learning is crucial for developing deep conceptual understanding, especially in STEM education, where students often struggle with abstract and interconnected concepts. Automatic question generation has become an effective strategy for personalized and adaptive learning. However, its effectiveness is hindered by hallucinations in large language models (LLMs), which may generate factually incorrect, ambiguous, or pedagogically inconsistent questions. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework that combines causal-graph-guided Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning with a multi-agent LLM architecture. This approach ensures the generation of accurate, meaningful, and curriculum-aligned questions. Causal graphs provide an explicit representation of domain knowledge, while CoT reasoning facilitates a structured, step-by-step traversal of related concepts. Dedicated LLM agents are assigned specific tasks such as graph pathfinding, reasoning, validation, and output, all working within domain constraints. A dual validation mechanism-at both the conceptual and output stages-greatly reduces hallucinations. Experimental results demonstrate up to a 70% improvement in quality compared to reference methods and yielded highly favorable outcomes in subjective evaluations. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05647 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Transformer Is Inherently a Causal Learner Authors: Xinyue Wang , Stephen Wang , Biwei Huang Abstract : We reveal that transformers trained in an autoregressive manner naturally encode time-delayed causal structures in their learned representations. When predicting future values in multivariate time series, the gradient sensitivities of transformer outputs with respect to past inputs directly recover the underlying causal graph, without any explicit causal objectives or structural constraints. We pr… ▽ More We reveal that transformers trained in an autoregressive manner naturally encode time-delayed causal structures in their learned representations. When predicting future values in multivariate time series, the gradient sensitivities of transformer outputs with respect to past inputs directly recover the underlying causal graph, without any explicit causal objectives or structural constraints. We prove this connection theoretically under standard identifiability conditions and develop a practical extraction method using aggregated gradient attributions. On challenging cases such as nonlinear dynamics, long-term dependencies, and non-stationary systems, this approach greatly surpasses the performance of state-of-the-art discovery algorithms, especially as data heterogeneity increases, exhibiting scaling potential where causal accuracy improves with data volume and heterogeneity, a property traditional methods lack. This unifying view lays the groundwork for a future paradigm where causal discovery operates through the lens of foundation models, and foundation models gain interpretability and enhancement through the lens of causality. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05647 [ pdf , ps , other ] Transformer Is Inherently a Causal Learner Authors: Xinyue Wang , Stephen Wang , Biwei Huang Abstract : We reveal that transformers trained in an autoregressive manner naturally encode time-delayed causal structures in their learned representations. When predicting future values in multivariate time series, the gradient sensitivities of transformer outputs with respect to past inputs directly recover the underlying causal graph, without any explicit causal objectives or structural constraints. We pr… ▽ More We reveal that transformers trained in an autoregressive manner naturally encode time-delayed causal structures in their learned representations. When predicting future values in multivariate time series, the gradient sensitivities of transformer outputs with respect to past inputs directly recover the underlying causal graph, without any explicit causal objectives or structural constraints. We prove this connection theoretically under standard identifiability conditions and develop a practical extraction method using aggregated gradient attributions. On challenging cases such as nonlinear dynamics, long-term dependencies, and non-stationary systems, this approach greatly surpasses the performance of state-of-the-art discovery algorithms, especially as data heterogeneity increases, exhibiting scaling potential where causal accuracy improves with data volume and heterogeneity, a property traditional methods lack. This unifying view lays the groundwork for a future paradigm where causal discovery operates through the lens of foundation models, and foundation models gain interpretability and enhancement through the lens of causality. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05564 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CL cs.HC eess.AS The ICASSP 2026 HumDial Challenge: Benchmarking Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems in the LLM Era Authors: Zhixian Zhao , Shuiyuan Wang , Guojian Li , Hongfei Xue , Chengyou Wang , Shuai Wang , Longshuai Xiao , Zihan Zhang , Hui Bu , Xin Xu , Xinsheng Wang , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng , Hung-yi Lee , Haizhou Li , Lei Xie Abstract : Driven by the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Audio-LLMs and Omni-models, spoken dialogue systems have evolved significantly, progressively narrowing the gap between human-machine and human-human interactions. Achieving truly ``human-like'' communication necessitates a dual capability: emotional intelligence to perceive and resonate with users' emotional states, and… ▽ More Driven by the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Audio-LLMs and Omni-models, spoken dialogue systems have evolved significantly, progressively narrowing the gap between human-machine and human-human interactions. Achieving truly ``human-like'' communication necessitates a dual capability: emotional intelligence to perceive and resonate with users' emotional states, and robust interaction mechanisms to navigate the dynamic, natural flow of conversation, such as real-time turn-taking. Therefore, we launched the first Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems Challenge (HumDial) at ICASSP 2026 to benchmark these dual capabilities. Anchored by a sizable dataset derived from authentic human conversations, this initiative establishes a fair evaluation platform across two tracks: (1) Emotional Intelligence, targeting long-term emotion understanding and empathetic generation; and (2) Full-Duplex Interaction, systematically evaluating real-time decision-making under `` listening-while-speaking'' conditions. This paper summarizes the dataset, track configurations, and the final results. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official summary paper for the ICASSP 2026 HumDial Challenge arXiv:2601.05564 [ pdf , ps , other ] The ICASSP 2026 HumDial Challenge: Benchmarking Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems in the LLM Era Authors: Zhixian Zhao , Shuiyuan Wang , Guojian Li , Hongfei Xue , Chengyou Wang , Shuai Wang , Longshuai Xiao , Zihan Zhang , Hui Bu , Xin Xu , Xinsheng Wang , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng , Hung-yi Lee , Haizhou Li , Lei Xie Abstract : Driven by the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Audio-LLMs and Omni-models, spoken dialogue systems have evolved significantly, progressively narrowing the gap between human-machine and human-human interactions. Achieving truly ``human-like'' communication necessitates a dual capability: emotional intelligence to perceive and resonate with users' emotional states, and… ▽ More Driven by the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Audio-LLMs and Omni-models, spoken dialogue systems have evolved significantly, progressively narrowing the gap between human-machine and human-human interactions. Achieving truly ``human-like'' communication necessitates a dual capability: emotional intelligence to perceive and resonate with users' emotional states, and robust interaction mechanisms to navigate the dynamic, natural flow of conversation, such as real-time turn-taking. Therefore, we launched the first Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems Challenge (HumDial) at ICASSP 2026 to benchmark these dual capabilities. Anchored by a sizable dataset derived from authentic human conversations, this initiative establishes a fair evaluation platform across two tracks: (1) Emotional Intelligence, targeting long-term emotion understanding and empathetic generation; and (2) Full-Duplex Interaction, systematically evaluating real-time decision-making under `` listening-while-speaking'' conditions. This paper summarizes the dataset, track configurations, and the final results. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official summary paper for the ICASSP 2026 HumDial Challenge arXiv:2601.05547 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI VIB-Probe: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models via Variational Information Bottleneck Authors: Feiran Zhang , Yixin Wu , Zhenghua Wang , Xiaohua Wang , Changze Lv , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal attention heads, postulating that specific heads carry the primary signals for truthful generation.However, directly probing these high-dimensional states is challenging due to the entanglement of visual-linguistic syntax and noise. To address this, we propose VIB-Probe, a novel hallucination detection and mitigation framework leveraging the Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) theory. Our method extracts discriminative patterns across layers and heads while filtering out semantic nuisances through the information bottleneck principle. Furthermore, by leveraging the gradients of our VIB probe, we identify attention heads with strong causal influence on hallucinations and introduce an inference-time intervention strategy for hallucination mitigation. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks demonstrate that VIB-Probe significantly outperforms existing baselines in both settings. Our code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05547 [ pdf , ps , other ] VIB-Probe: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models via Variational Information Bottleneck Authors: Feiran Zhang , Yixin Wu , Zhenghua Wang , Xiaohua Wang , Changze Lv , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, but remain susceptible to hallucinations, where generated text deviates from the underlying visual content. Existing hallucination detection methods primarily rely on output logits or external verification tools, often overlooking their internal mechanisms. In this work, we investigate the outputs of internal attention heads, postulating that specific heads carry the primary signals for truthful generation.However, directly probing these high-dimensional states is challenging due to the entanglement of visual-linguistic syntax and noise. To address this, we propose VIB-Probe, a novel hallucination detection and mitigation framework leveraging the Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) theory. Our method extracts discriminative patterns across layers and heads while filtering out semantic nuisances through the information bottleneck principle. Furthermore, by leveraging the gradients of our VIB probe, we identify attention heads with strong causal influence on hallucinations and introduce an inference-time intervention strategy for hallucination mitigation. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks demonstrate that VIB-Probe significantly outperforms existing baselines in both settings. Our code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05508 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Enabling Stroke-Level Structural Analysis of Hieroglyphic Scripts without Language-Specific Priors Authors: Fuwen Luo , Zihao Wan , Ziyue Wang , Yaluo Liu , Pau Tong Lin Xu , Xuanjia Qiao , Xiaolong Wang , Peng Li , Yang Liu Abstract : Hieroglyphs, as logographic writing systems, encode rich semantic and cultural information within their internal structural composition. Yet, current advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) usually remain structurally blind to this information. LLMs process characters as textual tokens, while MLLMs additionally view them as raw pixel grids. Both fall short to model the un… ▽ More Hieroglyphs, as logographic writing systems, encode rich semantic and cultural information within their internal structural composition. Yet, current advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) usually remain structurally blind to this information. LLMs process characters as textual tokens, while MLLMs additionally view them as raw pixel grids. Both fall short to model the underlying logic of character strokes. Furthermore, existing structural analysis methods are often script-specific and labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose Hieroglyphic Stroke Analyzer (HieroSA), a novel and generalizable framework that enables MLLMs to automatically derive stroke-level structures from character bitmaps without handcrafted data. It transforms modern logographic and ancient hieroglyphs character images into explicit, interpretable line-segment representations in a normalized coordinate space, allowing for cross-lingual generalization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HieroSA effectively captures character-internal structures and semantics, bypassing the need for language-specific priors. Experimental results highlight the potential of our work as a graphematics analysis tool for a deeper understanding of hieroglyphic scripts. View our code at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05508 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enabling Stroke-Level Structural Analysis of Hieroglyphic Scripts without Language-Specific Priors Authors: Fuwen Luo , Zihao Wan , Ziyue Wang , Yaluo Liu , Pau Tong Lin Xu , Xuanjia Qiao , Xiaolong Wang , Peng Li , Yang Liu Abstract : Hieroglyphs, as logographic writing systems, encode rich semantic and cultural information within their internal structural composition. Yet, current advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) usually remain structurally blind to this information. LLMs process characters as textual tokens, while MLLMs additionally view them as raw pixel grids. Both fall short to model the un… ▽ More Hieroglyphs, as logographic writing systems, encode rich semantic and cultural information within their internal structural composition. Yet, current advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) usually remain structurally blind to this information. LLMs process characters as textual tokens, while MLLMs additionally view them as raw pixel grids. Both fall short to model the underlying logic of character strokes. Furthermore, existing structural analysis methods are often script-specific and labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose Hieroglyphic Stroke Analyzer (HieroSA), a novel and generalizable framework that enables MLLMs to automatically derive stroke-level structures from character bitmaps without handcrafted data. It transforms modern logographic and ancient hieroglyphs character images into explicit, interpretable line-segment representations in a normalized coordinate space, allowing for cross-lingual generalization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HieroSA effectively captures character-internal structures and semantics, bypassing the need for language-specific priors. Experimental results highlight the potential of our work as a graphematics analysis tool for a deeper understanding of hieroglyphic scripts. View our code at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05107 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Controllable Memory Usage: Balancing Anchoring and Innovation in Long-Term Human-Agent Interaction Authors: Muzhao Tian , Zisu Huang , Xiaohua Wang , Jingwen Xu , Zhengkang Guo , Qi Qian , Yuanzhe Shen , Kaitao Song , Jiakang Yuan , Changze Lv , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : As LLM-based agents are increasingly used in long-term interactions, cumulative memory is critical for enabling personalization and maintaining stylistic consistency. However, most existing systems adopt an ``all-or-nothing'' approach to memory usage: incorporating all relevant past information can lead to \textit{Memory Anchoring}, where the agent is trapped by past interactions, while excluding… ▽ More As LLM-based agents are increasingly used in long-term interactions, cumulative memory is critical for enabling personalization and maintaining stylistic consistency. However, most existing systems adopt an ``all-or-nothing'' approach to memory usage: incorporating all relevant past information can lead to \textit{Memory Anchoring}, where the agent is trapped by past interactions, while excluding memory entirely results in under-utilization and the loss of important interaction history. We show that an agent's reliance on memory can be modeled as an explicit and user-controllable dimension. We first introduce a behavioral metric of memory dependence to quantify the influence of past interactions on current outputs. We then propose \textbf{Stee}rable \textbf{M}emory Agent, \texttt{SteeM}, a framework that allows users to dynamically regulate memory reliance, ranging from a fresh-start mode that promotes innovation to a high-fidelity mode that closely follows interaction history. Experiments across different scenarios demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms conventional prompting and rigid memory masking strategies, yielding a more nuanced and effective control for personalized human-agent collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05107 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controllable Memory Usage: Balancing Anchoring and Innovation in Long-Term Human-Agent Interaction Authors: Muzhao Tian , Zisu Huang , Xiaohua Wang , Jingwen Xu , Zhengkang Guo , Qi Qian , Yuanzhe Shen , Kaitao Song , Jiakang Yuan , Changze Lv , Xiaoqing Zheng Abstract : As LLM-based agents are increasingly used in long-term interactions, cumulative memory is critical for enabling personalization and maintaining stylistic consistency. However, most existing systems adopt an ``all-or-nothing'' approach to memory usage: incorporating all relevant past information can lead to \textit{Memory Anchoring}, where the agent is trapped by past interactions, while excluding… ▽ More As LLM-based agents are increasingly used in long-term interactions, cumulative memory is critical for enabling personalization and maintaining stylistic consistency. However, most existing systems adopt an ``all-or-nothing'' approach to memory usage: incorporating all relevant past information can lead to \textit{Memory Anchoring}, where the agent is trapped by past interactions, while excluding memory entirely results in under-utilization and the loss of important interaction history. We show that an agent's reliance on memory can be modeled as an explicit and user-controllable dimension. We first introduce a behavioral metric of memory dependence to quantify the influence of past interactions on current outputs. We then propose \textbf{Stee}rable \textbf{M}emory Agent, \texttt{SteeM}, a framework that allows users to dynamically regulate memory reliance, ranging from a fresh-start mode that promotes innovation to a high-fidelity mode that closely follows interaction history. Experiments across different scenarios demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms conventional prompting and rigid memory masking strategies, yielding a more nuanced and effective control for personalized human-agent collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04932 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL GenProve: Learning to Generate Text with Fine-Grained Provenance Authors: Jingxuan Wei , Xingyue Wang , Yanghaoyu Liao , Jie Dong , Yuchen Liu , Caijun Jia , Bihui Yu , Junnan Zhu Abstract : Large language models (LLM) often hallucinate, and while adding citations is a common solution, it is frequently insufficient for accountability as users struggle to verify how a cited source supports a generated claim. Existing methods are typically coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. In this paper, we introduce Generation-time Fine-grained Provenan… ▽ More Large language models (LLM) often hallucinate, and while adding citations is a common solution, it is frequently insufficient for accountability as users struggle to verify how a cited source supports a generated claim. Existing methods are typically coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. In this paper, we introduce Generation-time Fine-grained Provenance, a task where models must generate fluent answers while simultaneously producing structured, sentence-level provenance triples. To enable this, we present ReFInE (Relation-aware Fine-grained Interpretability & Evidence), a dataset featuring expert verified annotations that distinguish between Quotation, Compression, and Inference. Building on ReFInE, we propose GenProve, a framework that combines Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). By optimizing a composite reward for answer fidelity and provenance correctness, GenProve significantly outperforms 14 strong LLMs in joint evaluation. Crucially, our analysis uncovers a reasoning gap where models excel at surface-level quotation but struggle significantly with inference-based provenance, suggesting that verifiable reasoning remains a frontier challenge distinct from surface-level citation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04932 [ pdf , ps , other ] GenProve: Learning to Generate Text with Fine-Grained Provenance Authors: Jingxuan Wei , Xingyue Wang , Yanghaoyu Liao , Jie Dong , Yuchen Liu , Caijun Jia , Bihui Yu , Junnan Zhu Abstract : Large language models (LLM) often hallucinate, and while adding citations is a common solution, it is frequently insufficient for accountability as users struggle to verify how a cited source supports a generated claim. Existing methods are typically coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. In this paper, we introduce Generation-time Fine-grained Provenan… ▽ More Large language models (LLM) often hallucinate, and while adding citations is a common solution, it is frequently insufficient for accountability as users struggle to verify how a cited source supports a generated claim. Existing methods are typically coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. In this paper, we introduce Generation-time Fine-grained Provenance, a task where models must generate fluent answers while simultaneously producing structured, sentence-level provenance triples. To enable this, we present ReFInE (Relation-aware Fine-grained Interpretability & Evidence), a dataset featuring expert verified annotations that distinguish between Quotation, Compression, and Inference. Building on ReFInE, we propose GenProve, a framework that combines Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). By optimizing a composite reward for answer fidelity and provenance correctness, GenProve significantly outperforms 14 strong LLMs in joint evaluation. Crucially, our analysis uncovers a reasoning gap where models excel at surface-level quotation but struggle significantly with inference-based provenance, suggesting that verifiable reasoning remains a frontier challenge distinct from surface-level citation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04895 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DVD: A Robust Method for Detecting Variant Contamination in Large Language Model Evaluation Authors: Renzhao Liang , Jingru Chen , Bo Jia , Bo Deng , Chenggang Xie , Yidong Wang , Ke Jin , Xin Wang , Linfeng Zhang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is increasingly confounded by \emph{variant contamination}: the training corpus contains semantically equivalent yet lexically or syntactically altered versions of test items. Unlike verbatim leakage, these paraphrased or structurally transformed variants evade existing detectors based on sampling consistency or perplexity, thereby inflating benchmark scores… ▽ More Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is increasingly confounded by \emph{variant contamination}: the training corpus contains semantically equivalent yet lexically or syntactically altered versions of test items. Unlike verbatim leakage, these paraphrased or structurally transformed variants evade existing detectors based on sampling consistency or perplexity, thereby inflating benchmark scores via memorization rather than genuine reasoning. We formalize this problem and introduce \textbf{DVD} (\textbf{D}etection via \textbf{V}ariance of generation \textbf{D}istribution), a single-sample detector that models the local output distribution induced by temperature sampling. Our key insight is that contaminated items trigger alternation between a \emph{memory-adherence} state and a \emph{perturbation-drift} state, yielding abnormally high variance in the synthetic difficulty of low-probability tokens; uncontaminated items remain in drift with comparatively smooth variance. We construct the first benchmark for variant contamination across two domains Omni-MATH and SuperGPQA by generating and filtering semantically equivalent variants, and simulate contamination via fine-tuning models of different scales and architectures (Qwen2.5 and Llama3.1). Across datasets and models, \textbf{DVD} consistently outperforms perplexity-based, Min-$k$\%++, edit-distance (CDD), and embedding-similarity baselines, while exhibiting strong robustness to hyperparameters. Our results establish variance of the generation distribution as a principled and practical fingerprint for detecting variant contamination in LLM evaluation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04895 [ pdf , ps , other ] DVD: A Robust Method for Detecting Variant Contamination in Large Language Model Evaluation Authors: Renzhao Liang , Jingru Chen , Bo Jia , Bo Deng , Chenggang Xie , Yidong Wang , Ke Jin , Xin Wang , Linfeng Zhang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is increasingly confounded by \emph{variant contamination}: the training corpus contains semantically equivalent yet lexically or syntactically altered versions of test items. Unlike verbatim leakage, these paraphrased or structurally transformed variants evade existing detectors based on sampling consistency or perplexity, thereby inflating benchmark scores… ▽ More Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is increasingly confounded by \emph{variant contamination}: the training corpus contains semantically equivalent yet lexically or syntactically altered versions of test items. Unlike verbatim leakage, these paraphrased or structurally transformed variants evade existing detectors based on sampling consistency or perplexity, thereby inflating benchmark scores via memorization rather than genuine reasoning. We formalize this problem and introduce \textbf{DVD} (\textbf{D}etection via \textbf{V}ariance of generation \textbf{D}istribution), a single-sample detector that models the local output distribution induced by temperature sampling. Our key insight is that contaminated items trigger alternation between a \emph{memory-adherence} state and a \emph{perturbation-drift} state, yielding abnormally high variance in the synthetic difficulty of low-probability tokens; uncontaminated items remain in drift with comparatively smooth variance. We construct the first benchmark for variant contamination across two domains Omni-MATH and SuperGPQA by generating and filtering semantically equivalent variants, and simulate contamination via fine-tuning models of different scales and architectures (Qwen2.5 and Llama3.1). Across datasets and models, \textbf{DVD} consistently outperforms perplexity-based, Min-$k$\%++, edit-distance (CDD), and embedding-similarity baselines, while exhibiting strong robustness to hyperparameters. Our results establish variance of the generation distribution as a principled and practical fingerprint for detecting variant contamination in LLM evaluation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Wang,+X
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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) 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P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) 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P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill 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biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes 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Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk 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Anasayfa Hakkımızda İçindekiler Rastgele madde Seçkin içerik Yakınımdakiler Deneme tahtası Köy çeşmesi Son değişiklikler Dosya yükle Topluluk portalı Wikimedia dükkânı Yardım Özel sayfalar Bağış yapın Hesap oluştur Oturum aç Bağış yapın Hesap oluştur Oturum aç İçindekiler Giriş 1 Olaylar 2 Doğumlar 3 Ölümler 4 Tatiller ve özel günler 5 Kaynakça 15 Ocak Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն İnterlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska İtaliano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Kongo Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Limburgs Ligure Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Papiamentu Polski پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Руски Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Anarâškielâ ChiShona Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Madde Tartışma Oku Değiştir Kaynağı değiştir Geçmişi gör Oku Değiştir Kaynağı değiştir Geçmişi gör Sayfaya bağlantılar İlgili değişiklikler Kalıcı bağlantı Sayfa bilgisi Bu sayfayı kaynak göster Kısaltılmış URL'yi al Karekodu indir Bir kitap oluştur PDF olarak indir Basılmaya uygun görünüm Wikimedia Commons Vikisöz Vikiveri ögesi 15 Ocak günü gerçekleşen en önemli olayları Tarihte Bugün sayfalarına ekleyebilir ve anasayfada görüntülenmelerini sağlayabilirsiniz. 15 Ocak , Miladi takvime göre yılın 15. günüdür. Yıl sonuna kadar kalan 350 gün vardır (artık yıllarda 351). Aralık – Ocak – Şubat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Olaylar MÖ 588 - Babil hükümdarı II. Nebukadnezar , Kudüs 'ü kuşattı. Kuşatma 18 Temmuz MÖ 586'ya dek sürdü. 1559 - İngiltere Kraliçesi I. Elizabeth taç taktı. 1582 - Rusya , Estonya ve Livonya 'yı Polonya 'ya bıraktı. 1759 - British Museum açıldı. 1870 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 'nin Demokrat Parti 'sini, eşek sembolü ile tanımlayan ilk politik karikatür yayımlandı. 1884 - İstanbul Erkek Lisesi açıldı. Okulun ilk adı "Şems-ül Maarif" idi. 1896 yılında resmi okullar arasına dahil edildi. 1889 - Daha önce adı Pemberton İlaç Şirketi olan Coca-Cola şirketi, Atlanta Georgia 'da resmen kuruldu. 1892 - Basketbolun kuralları ilk kez, oyunun doğum yeri sayılan Springfield, Massachusetts 'te ( Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ) James Naismith tarafından yayımlandı. 1915 - Sarıkamış Harekâtı bitti. 1919 - Mustafa Kemal Paşa , Şişli 'deki evinde, Albay İsmet ( İnönü ) Bey ile Anadolu 'ya geçmek konularını görüştü. 1919 - Almanya 'nın tanınmış sosyalistleri, Rosa Luxemburg ve Karl Liebknecht öldürüldü. 1919 - İngilizler Mondros Mütarekesinin 7. Maddesine dayanarak Antep 'i işgal etti. 1919 - 21 kişinin öldüğü, 150 kişinin yaralandığı Boston Şeker Pekmezi Felaketi yaşandı. 1924 - İzmir 'de harp oyunları yapıldı. 1932 - Samsun 'da Mustafa Kemal Paşa 'nın, Anadolu 'ya ayak bastığı yerde dikilen Onur Anıtı açıldı. 1935 - Kuğu Gölü Balesi 'nin açılışı yapıldı. 1940 - Ankara Radyosu Fransızca, Yunanca, Farsça ve Bulgarca haber yayınına İngilizceyi de ekledi. 1943 - II. Dünya Savaşı : Guadalcanal Japonlardan temizlendi. 1945 - Müttefik Devletler gemilerinin Boğazlardan geçişine izin verildi. 1949 - İmam Hatip Liseleri açıldı. 1952 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri , Türkiye'nin Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Teşkilatı 'na ( NATO ) girişini onayladı. 1964 - III. Londra Konferansı toplandı. Birleşik Krallık , Türkiye , Yunanistan ve Kıbrıs Hükûmetleri ile Kıbrıs Türk ve Rum toplumu liderleri katıldı. 1966 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Lyndon Johnson 'ın ve eski Başbakan İsmet İnönü 'nün 1964 yılında yazdıkları mektuplar kamuoyuna açıklandı. 1969 - Sovyetler Birliği , Soyuz 5 uzay aracını fırlattı. 1970 - Nijerya 'dan bağımsızlığını kazanmak için 32 aydır sürdürdükleri çatışmalardan sonra Biafra teslim oldu. 1973 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Richard Nixon , Kuzey Vietnam 'daki birliklerinin saldırılarını durdurduklarını ve barış görüşmelerinde ilerleme kaydettiklerini açıkladı. 1985 - Almeida Neves , Brezilya Devlet Başkanı seçildi. Neves, 21 yıl aradan sonra ilk sivil Devlet Başkanı oldu. 1989 - Demokratik Sol Parti (DSP) Genel Başkanlığına Bülent Ecevit seçildi. 1991 - Sosyalist Birlik Partisi (SBP) kuruldu; Sadun Aren Genel Başkanlığa getirildi. 1991 - Birleşmiş Milletler 'in Irak 'a, Kuveyt 'ten çekilmesi için tanıdığı süre doldu. 1992 - Avrupa Birliği 'nin, Hırvatistan ve Slovenya 'nın bağımsızlığını resmen tanıması üzerine Yugoslavya dağılmış oldu. 1996 - Güçlükonak Katliamı : Şırnak'ın Güçlükonak ilçesinde 11 köylü bir minibüs içerisinde kurşunlanıp, yakılarak katledildi. 2001 - Vikipedi yayın hayatına başladı. 2005 - Filistin Lideri Yaser Arafat 'ın 11 Kasım 2004 'te ölmesinin ardından 9 Ocak'ta Devlet Başkanı seçilen Mahmud Abbas , yemin ederek göreve başladı. Başbakanlığa Ahmed Kurey 'i getiren Abbas, İsrail 'e karşılıklı ateşkes ve nihai barış anlaşması çağrısında bulundu. 2006 - sosyalist Michelle Bachelet , Şili 'nin ilk kadın Devlet Başkanı oldu. Bachelet, aynı zamanda Latin Amerika 'da Devlet Başkanlığı görevine gelen altıncı kadın oldu. 2007 - İdam edilen devrik Irak lideri Saddam Hüseyin 'in üvey kardeşi Barzan İbrahim el Tikriti ile eski Irak Devrim Mahkemesi Başkanı Avad Hamid el Bender, asılarak idam edildi ve Tikrit kentinin Avca köyünde Saddam Hüseyin'in yanına gömüldü. 2011 - Türk Telekom Arena Galatasaray ve Ajax arasında oynanan dostluk maçıyla açıldı. 2018 - İngiltere 'nin inşaat devi Carillion iflas etti. [ 1 ] 2020 - Vikipedi Türkiye'de yeniden erişime açıldı. Doğumlar 1481 - Ashikaga Yoshizumi , Ashikaga şogunluğunun 11. şogunu (ö. 1511 ) 1491 - Niccolò da Ponte , Venedik Cumhuriyetinin 87'nci dükası (ö. 1585 ) 1622 - Molière , Fransız komedi yazarı ve oyuncu (ö. 1673 ) 1725 - Petro Rumyantsev , Rus general (ö. 1796 ) 1754 - Jacques Pierre Brissot , Girondistenlerin Fransız Meclisindeki sözcüsü (ö. 1793 ) 1791 - Franz Grillparzer , Avusturyalı trajedi yazarı (ö. 1872 ) 1795 - Aleksandr Griboyedov , Rus oyun yazarı, besteci, şair ve diplomat (ö. 1829 ) 1803 - Heinrich Ruhmkorff , Alman bilim adamı, buluşçu (ö. 1877 ) 1807 - Hermann Burmeister , Alman-Arjantinli zoolog, böcek bilimci, herpetolog ve botanikçi (ö. 1892 ) 1809 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , Fransız sosyalist ve gazeteci ( Anarşizmin teorisyenlerinden) (ö. 1865 ) 1842 - Paul Lafargue , Fransız uyruklu düşünür ve eylem adamı (ö. 1911 ) 1842 - Alfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire , Fransız ordu müzisyeni ve besteci (ö. 1907 ) 1850 - Mihai Eminescu , Rumen şair, romancı ve gazeteci (ö. 1889 ) 1850 - Sofya Kovalevskaya , Rus matematikçi (ö. 1891 ) 1863 - Wilhelm Marx , Alman avukat, devlet adamı (ö. 1946 ) 1864 - İsa Bolatin , Kosovalı Arnavut gerilla ve siyasetçi (ö. 1916 ) 1866 - Nathan Söderblom , İsveçli din adamı ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1931 ) 1868 - Otto von Lossow , Alman ordusu subayı (ö. 1938 ) 1871 - Ahatanhel Krımski , Ukraynalı bilim insanı ve akademisyen (ö. 1942 ) 1872 - Arsen Kotsoyev , Osetyalı yayıncı (ö. 1944 ) 1873 - Max Adler , Avusturyalı marksist hukukçu, sosyolog ve sosyalist teorisyen (ö. 1937 ) 1875 - İbn Suud , Suudi Arabistan'ın kurucusu ve ilk kralı (ö. 1953 ) 1875 - Thomas Burke , Amerikalı atlet (ö. 1929 ) 1882 - Margaret , İsveç Veliaht Prensesi ve Scania Düşesi (ö. 1920 ) 1882 - Florian Znaniecki , Polonyalı filozof ve sosyolog (ö. 1958 ) 1891 - Franz Babinger , Alman yazar (ö. 1967 ) 1891 - İlya Grigoryeviç Ehrenburg , Sovyet yazar, gazeteci ve romancı (ö. 1967 ) 1891 - Gladys Gale , Amerikalı şarkıcı ve aktris (ö. 1948 ) 1894 - Edith Gostick , Kanadalı politikacı (ö. 1984 ) 1895 - Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Finlandiyalı kimyager (ö. 1973 ) 1901 - Luis Monti , Arjantinli futbolcu (ö. 1983 ) 1902 - Nâzım Hikmet Ran , Türk şair (ö. 1963 ) 1908 - Edward Teller , Macar asıllı Amerikalı kuramsal fizikçi (ö. 2003 ) 1912 - Michel Debré , Fransız devlet adamı (ö. 1996 ) 1913 - Lloyd Bridges , Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1998 ) 1917 - Vasili Petrov , Kızıl Ordu 'nun komutanlarından biri, Sovyetler Birliği Mareşali (ö. 2014 ) 1918 - Cemal Abdünnasır , Mısır Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1970 ) 1918 - João Figueiredo , Brezilya'nın 30. Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1999 ) 1925 - Nermi Uygur , Türk felsefeci (ö. 2005 ) 1926 - Maria Schell , Avusturyalı aktris (ö. 2005 ) 1928 - René Vautier , Fransız film yönetmeni (ö. 2015 ) 1929 - Martin Luther King , Amerikalı rahip ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1968 ) 1941 - Özcan Tekgül , Türk oryantal dans sanatçısı, sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2011 ) 1950 - Arnold Frolows , Avustralyalı radyo sunucusu (ö. 2025 ) 1951 - Pritish Nandy , Hint şair, ressam, gazeteci, yapımcı, aktör ve siyasetçi (ö. 2025 ) 1956 - Sandy Tolan , Amerikalı yazar, öğretmen ve radyo belgeseli yapımcısı 1957 - Semiha Yankı , Türk şarkıcı 1958 - Boris Tadiç , Sırp siyasetçi 1959 - Mustafa Özenç , Türk sol görüşlü militan (ö. 1981 ) 1965 - Sedat Balkanlı , Türk futbolcu (ö. 2009 ) 1968 - Volkan Ünal , Türk sinema ve televizyon oyuncusu 1969 - Meret Becker , Alman oyuncu ve şarkıcı 1970 - Hamza Hamzaoğlu , Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör 1970 - Shane McMahon , Amerikalı iş insanı, profesyonel güreşçi 1971 - Regina King , Amerikalı oyuncu ve televizyon yönetmeni ve En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi 1971 - Metin Özbey , Türk milli planör pilotu (ö. 2011 ) 1973 - İsam el-Hazari , Mısırlı millî futbolcu 1975 - Mary Pierce , Fransız tenis oyuncusu 1976 - Florentin Petre , Rumen futbolcu 1976 - Zara , Türk şarkıcı 1977 - Ebru Şallı , Türk model, sunucu ve pilates eğitmeni 1978 - Eddie Cahill , Amerikalı oyuncu 1978 - Pablo Amo , İspanyol futbolcu 1978 - Franco Pellizotti , İtalyan emekli profesyonel yol bisikleti yarışçısı 1979 - Martin Petrov , Bulgar eski futbolcu 1981 - Pamela Tola , Fin oyuncu 1981 - Pitbull , Amerikalı müzisyen 1981 - Serhan Arslan , Türk oyuncu ve sunucu 1981 - Belit Onay , Türk kökenli Alman siyasetçi 1982 - Kim Riedle , Alman oyuncu 1983 - Hugo Viana , Portekizli futbolcu 1984 - Keiran Lee , İngiliz pornografik aktör 1984 - Ben Shapiro , Amerikalı muhafazakâr siyasi yorumcu, konuşmacı, yazar ve avukat 1985 - René Adler , Alman eski futbolcu 1987 - Caner Büke , Türk millî tekvandocu 1987 - Kelly Kelly , Amerikan profesyonel güreşçi ve manken 1988 - Daniel Caligiuri , Alman futbolcu 1988 - Sonny John Moore ( Skrillex ), Amerikan elektronik müzik prodüktörü 1990 - Kostas Slukas , Yunan basketbolcu 1991 - Darya Klişina , Rus uzun atlayıcı 1991 - Marc Bartra , İspanyol futbolcu 1991 - Nicolai Jørgensen , Danimarkalı futbolcu 1992 - Joël Veltman , Hollandalı futbolcudur 1994 - Sinan Gümüş , Türk asıllı Alman futbolcu 1996 - Dove Cameron , Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı 2000 - Thale Rushfeldt Deila , Norveçli hentbolcu 2004 - Grace VanderWaal , Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı 2005 - Poyraz Efe Yıldırım , Türk futbolcu Ölümler 69 - Galba , 8 Haziran 68-15 Ocak 69 arası Roma İmparatoru, Dört İmparator Yılı'nın ilk imparatoru (d. 3 ) 1569 - Catherine Carey , VIII. Henry 'nin metresi (d. 1524 ) 1597 - Juan de Herrera , İspanyol mimar, matematikçi, araştırmacı ve asker (d. 1530 ) 1762 - Pyotr İvanoviç Şuvalov , Rus devlet militanı, general-feldmareşal, konferans vekili ve saray asılzadesi (d. 1710 ) 1781 - Henry Cheere , İngiliz heykeltıraş (d. 1703 ) 1866 - Massimo d'Azeglio , İtalyan devlet adamı, yazar ve ressam (d. 1798 ) 1896 - Mathew Brady , Amerikalı fotoğrafçı (d. 1822 ) 1919 - Karl Liebknecht , Alman sosyalist politikacı (d. 1871 ) 1919 - Rosa Luxemburg , Alman sosyalist politikacı (d. 1871 ) 1924 - Peter Newell , Amerikalı sanatçı ve yazar (d. 1862 ) 1945 - Sami Yetik , Türk ressam (d. 1878 ) 1950 - Alma Karlin , Sloven yazar (d. 1889 ) 1950 - Petre Dumitrescu , Rumen Üst-orgeneral (d. 1882 ) 1954 - Şükrü Kanatlı , Türk asker ve Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanı (d. 1893 ) 1955 - Yves Tanguy , Fransız-Amerikalı ressam (d. 1900 ) 1955 - Isak Samokovlija , Bosnalı Yahudi yazar (d. 1889 ) 1956 - Enis Akaygen , Türk siyasetçi ve diplomat (d. 1880 ) 1970 - Louis Fischer , Amerikalı gazeteci (d. 1896 ) 1971 - Etem Tem , Atatürk 'ün fotoğrafçısı (d. 1901 ) 1973 - Andrey Dulson , Sovyet bilim insanı (d. 1900 ) 1984 - Fazıl Küçük , Kıbrıslı siyasetçi (d. 1906 ) 1987 - Mustafa Demir , Türk asker ( Makbule Atadan 'ın manevi oğlu) (d. 1918 ) 1988 - Seán MacBride , İrlandalı politikacı (d. 1904 ) 1996 - II. Moshoeshoe , Lesotho Kralı (d. 1938 ) 2000 - Nezihe Becerikli , Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1918 ) 2003 - Doris Fisher , Amerikalı bir şarkıcı ve söz yazarıydı (d. 1915 ) 2005 - Victoria de los Ángeles , İspanyol opera sanatçısı ve soprano (d. 1923 ) 2007 - Avad Hamid el-Bender , Saddam Hüseyin döneminde görev yapmış Iraklı yargıç (d. 1945 ) 2007 - Lale Oraloğlu , Türk tiyatro sanatçısı (d. 1924 ) 2007 - Barzan İbrahim el-Hasan el-Tikriti , Genel İstihbarat Servisinin başkanı ve Saddam Hüseyin 'in üvey kardeşi (d. 1951 ) 2008 - Brad Renfro , Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1982 ) 2011 - Nat Lofthouse , İngiliz eski millî futbolcu (d. 1925 ) 2011 - Susannah York , İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1939 ) 2012 - Manuel Fraga Iribarne , İspanyol siyasetçi (d. 1922 ) 2014 - Cassandra Lynn , Amerikalı model (d. 1979 ) 2014 - Roger Lloyd-Pack , İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1944 ) 2015 - Kim Fowley , Amerikalı yapımcı, şarkıcı ve müzisyen (d. 1939 ) 2015 - Ethel Lang , 110 yaş üstü yaşayan İngiliz kadın (d. 1900 ) 2015 - Rimma Markova , Rus film oyuncusu (d. 1925 ) 2016 - Francisco X. Alarcón , Amerikalı şair (d. 1954 ) 2016 - Dan Haggerty , Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1942 ) 2016 - Manuel Velázquez , İspanyol eski millî futbolcudur (d. 1943 ) 2016 - Noreen Corcoran , Amerikalı oyuncu ve dansçı (d. 1943 ) 2017 - Ciel Bergman , Amerikalı ressam (d. 1938 ) 2017 - Babette Cole , İngiliz çocuk kitabı yazarı ve çevirmen (d. 1950 ) 2017 - Jimmy Snuka , Fijili emekli profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1943 ) 2017 - Kozo Kinomoto , Japon futbolcu (d. 1949 ) 2017 - Vicki Lansky , Amerikalı çocuk hikâyeleri yazarı ve yayıncı (d. 1942 ) 2018 - Romana Acosta Bañuelos , Cumhuriyetçi Parti üyesi Amerikalı üst düzey kamu görevlisi (d. 1925 ) 2018 - Viktor Anpilov , Sovyet Rus sosyalist siyasetçi (d. 1945) 2018 - Mathilde Krim , İtalyan-Amerikalı tıp araştırmacısı ve bilim insanı (d. 1926 ) 2018 - Karl-Heinz Kunde , Alman eski erkek bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1938 ) 2018 - Dolores O'Riordan , İrlandalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1971 ) 2018 - Turan Özdemir , Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1952 ) 2018 - Peter Wyngarde , İngiliz aktör ve şarkıcıdır (d. 1927 ) 2019 - Carol Channing , Amerikalı stand-up komedyen, oyuncu, şarkıcı, dansçı ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1921 ) 2019 - Edyr de Castro , Brezilyalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1946 ) 2019 - Miodrag Radovanović , Sırp oyuncu (d. 1929 ) 2019 - Thelma Tixou , Litvanya asıllı Arjantinli-Meksikalı aktris, dansçı ve kabare sanatçısı (d. 1944 ) 2021 - Sjarifuddin Baharsjah , Endonezyalı siyasetçi ve akademisyen (d. 1931 ) 2021 - Geoff Barnett , İngiliz profesyonel futbolcudur (d. 1946 ) 2021 - Wilbur Brotherton , Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1922 ) 2021 - Michael Bryce , Avustralyalı mimar, endüstriyel grafik tasarımcısı (d. 1938 ) 2021 - Vicente Cantatore , Arjantinli-Şilili profesyonel futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1935 ) 2021 - Gildardo García , Kolombiyalı satranç oyuncusu (d. 1954 ) 2021 - Lệ Thu , Vietnamlı şarkıcı (d. 1943 ) 2021 - Tiit Lilleorg , Estonyalı bir film ve televizyon oyuncusu (d. 1941) 2022 - Hekimoğlu İsmail , Türk emekli astsubay, yazar, gazeteci ve köşe yazarı (d. 1932 ) 2022 - Aurora del Mar , Arjantinli seslendirme sanatçısı ve aktris (d. 1934 ) 2025 - Rosny Smarth , Haitili siyasetçi (d. 1940 ) 2025 - Diane Langton , İngiliz aktris, şarkıcı ve dansçı (d. 1947 ) 2025 - Linda Nolan , İrlandalı şarkıcı, aktris, yazar ve televizyoncu (d. 1959 ) 2025 - Anna Maria Ackermann , Alman asıllı İtalyan oyuncu (d. 1932 ) 2025 - Christopher Benjamin , İngiliz aktör (d. 1934 ) 2025 - Paul Danan , İngiliz aktör ve televizyon yıldızı (d. 1978 ) 2025 - David Lynch , Amerikalı yönetmen ve ressam (d. 1946 ) Tatiller ve özel günler .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em} g t d Yılın ay ve günleri g t d Bugün: 15 Ocak 2026 [yenile] Ocak 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Şubat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Mart 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nisan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mayıs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Haziran 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Temmuz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ağustos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Eylül 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ekim 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Kasım 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Aralık 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Standart olmayan tarihler Kaynakça ^ "İngiltere'nin inşaat devi Carillion iflas etti" . www.trthaber.com. 15 Ocak 2018. 17 Ocak 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi . Erişim tarihi: 17 Nisan 2022 . Yılın günleri Ocak Commons kategori bağlantısı Vikiveri'de tanımlı olan sayfalar Sayfa en son 10.51, 15 Ocak 2026 tarihinde değiştirildi. Metin Creative Commons Atıf-AynıLisanslaPaylaş Lisansı altındadır ve ek koşullar uygulanabilir. Bu siteyi kullanarak Kullanım Şartlarını ve Gizlilik Politikasını kabul etmiş olursunuz. Vikipedi® (ve Wikipedia®) kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluş olan Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. tescilli markasıdır. Gizlilik politikası Vikipedi hakkında Sorumluluk reddi Davranış Kuralları Geliştiriciler İstatistikler Çerez politikası Mobil görünüm
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 3 Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) Toggle Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) subsection 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 4 Sanctions Toggle Sanctions subsection 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External liks Delcy Rodríguez Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Delcy Rodríguez Official portrait, 2026 Acting President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 5 January 2026 [ a ] Vice President Herself Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Vice President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 14 June 2018 President .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Minister of Petroleum and Hydrocarbons Incumbent Assumed office 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Pedro Tellechea Minister of Economy and Finance In office 10 September 2020 – 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Simón Zerpa Succeeded by Anabel Pereira Fernández President of the Constituent National Assembly In office 4 August 2017 – 14 June 2018 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Luis Miquilena (1999) Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 26 December 2014 – 21 June 2017 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information In office 3 August 2013 – 13 October 2014 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Ernesto Villegas Succeeded by Jacqueline Faría Minister for Presidential Affairs In office February 2006 – August 2006 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Haiman El Troudi Succeeded by Adan Chavez Personal details Born Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez ( 1969-05-18 ) 18 May 1969 (age 56) Caracas , Venezuela Party PSUV (2012–2018, since 2018) Other political affiliations MSV (2018) Domestic partner Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (2017–present) Parents Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Relatives Jorge Rodríguez (brother) Education Central University of Venezuela ( LLB ) Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Lawyer politician government official diplomat Lawyer politician government official diplomat Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez [ b ] (born 18 May 1969) [ 1 ] is a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who has served as the acting president of Venezuela since 3 January 2026, after the United States captured and de facto removed President Nicolás Maduro from power. Rodríguez was formally sworn in two days later. [ 2 ] She has been the vice president of Venezuela since 2018. Rodríguez held several positions under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro: she was Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela from 2013 to 2014, [ 3 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017, [ 4 ] President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela from 2017 to 2018, head of Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) from 2018, and Minister of Petroleum since 2024. Rodríguez is a member of the national leadership of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The European Union , the United States , and Canada have placed sanctions on her due to claimed human rights violations and her role in the political crisis in the country. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Her vice-presidency was disputed between 2019 and 2023. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] She managed to stabilize the Venezuelan economy after years of crisis and increase the country's oil production despite tougher US sanctions. [ 12 ] On 3 January 2026, Maduro was abducted by the United States in Operation Absolute Resolve , leaving Rodríguez as acting president of the country but making her future role in the government administration unclear. [ 13 ] She later appeared on state television, where she said that Maduro was Venezuela's only president. [ 14 ] Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to become acting president. [ 15 ] She is the first woman to perform the duties associated with the president of Venezuela. Early life Rodríguez is the sister of Jorge Rodríguez Gómez , a psychiatrist serving as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela since 2021. Her father, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez , was a founder of the Socialist League , a Marxist political party in Venezuela. [ 16 ] Her mother is Delcy Gómez. Rodríguez's father was murdered in 1976, while he was incarcerated and being tortured by the Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) for his leadership role in the kidnapping of American executive and alleged CIA spy William Niehous . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] According to The Washington Post , a person who had held repeated conversations with Rodríguez stated that Rodríguez had lived in Santa Monica, California during her college years. [ 23 ] Rodríguez graduated with a law degree from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) in 1993. [ 24 ] During her time at UCV, Rodríguez was active as a student leader. She then studied labor law at Sorbonne University in Paris , [ 25 ] [ 16 ] but did not graduate. [ 1 ] In her professional career, Rodríguez served as a professor at UCV. She was president of the union within the Venezuelan Association of Labor Lawyers. [ 25 ] Political career Rodríguez became involved in national politics during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt . [ 26 ] She has stated that her decision to enter politics was motivated by revenge for the death of her father while in the custody of pro-American intelligence agents. [ 12 ] While in London during the crisis, she and her mother symbolically took over the Venezuelan Embassy in London to protest the de facto government of Pedro Carmona . [ 26 ] From there, they coordinated interviews with international media, including the BBC and CNN , to denounce the rupture of the constitutional order. [ 26 ] Rodríguez commenced her governmental career in 2003, joining the General Coordination of the Vice Presidency of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. [ 27 ] She subsequently became Director of International Affairs at the Ministry of Energy and Mines. In 2005, Rodríguez was appointed Vice-minister for European Affairs. [ 28 ] From February to August 2006, Rodríguez was the Minister for Presidential Affairs. [ 29 ] Her tenure was short-lived due to reported tensions with president Hugo Chávez . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] She reportedly refused to show the "personal homage" expected by the president. [ 29 ] According to profiles published in Tal Cual and El Estímulo [ es ] , Rodríguez disregarded established hierarchies and maintained a direct attitude that alienated her from the presidential inner circle. [ 29 ] [ 1 ] Travelling to an official visit to Moscow in 2006, it was reported that Rodríguez engaged in a heated argument with Chávez and swore at him; [ 1 ] Chávez dismissed her, and she had to return immediately to Venezuela. [ 1 ] In 2007, Rodríguez served as the General Coordinator to the Vice-President of Venezuela, both of which roles she held while her brother occupied the office of Vice President of the Republic. [ 31 ] In August 2013, President Nicolás Maduro appointed her as the Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela, a position in which she was reaffirmed in 2014 and maintained until October 2014. [ 32 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs In December 2014, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Minister of Popular Power for Foreign Relations, also known as Chancellor, succeeding Rafael Ramírez Carreño. Rodríguez became the first woman to hold this position in Venezuela's history. [ 24 ] In December 2015, in the absence of President Maduro, Rodríguez attended the 49th Summit of Mercosur heads of state in Asunción . During this summit, Rodríguez was involved in a dispute with the president of Argentina, Mauricio Macri , who called for the prompt release of political prisoners in Venezuela. [ 33 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of meddling in Venezuelan internal affairs, of endorsing political violence against Chavismo, and of criticizing Hebe de Bonafini , the head of Madres de Plaza de Mayo , for advocating peaceful protests against his government. [ 34 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of releasing officials responsible for torture during Argentina's last military dictatorship and vetoing human rights laws, claims that the newspaper Clarín characterized as factual errors. [ 35 ] President Maduro later praised Rodríguez publicly for metaphorically "sending Macri to the showers" during the summit. [ 36 ] During the same summit, Rodríguez presented photographs depicting Leopoldo López and opposition protestors attacking public buildings. She said the images, sourced from news agencies, evidenced López's responsibility for "attacks against essential public services and Venezuelan universities". [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rodríguez alleged Macri had released prisoners who were responsible for repression during the last military dictatorship in Argentina and had vetoed laws aimed at addressing unfair treatment, torture, and forced disappearances. These allegations were denied by the Argentine Foreign Minister, Susana Malcorra , during a press conference. Malcorra stated that Rodríguez's accusations were incorrect and that President Macri deemed a response unnecessary. She criticized Rodríguez's remarks as overly aggressive and based on inaccurate information. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2016, Rodríguez accused Luis Almagro , the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) of "international bullying" because of his attempt to suspend Venezuela from the OAS. [ 41 ] In March 2016, within the framework of an Organization of American States (OAS) assembly, Rodríguez denounced a report published by Luis Almagro. She characterized the report as part of a "complex intervention strategy with medium and long-term consequences". Rodríguez informed the assembly that over 70% of Almagro's tweets were focused on criticizing the Venezuelan government and its citizens. [ 42 ] In June 2016, during the commemoration of the 195th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo , President Maduro awarded Rodríguez the Military Order of National Defense, Commander Degree, First Class. This honor was bestowed upon her for "defending the interests of the nation in the face of attacks from the right". [ 43 ] At the XXV Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, which took place in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia, Rodríguez addressed the President of Peru , Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . In criticism, she asked for the president to "see more of the reality of the people of Latin America". [ 44 ] Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay convened to deliberate on the suspension of Venezuela from Mercosur . The trio expressed reservations regarding Venezuela's compliance with the prerequisites for full membership within the bloc, emphasizing the need for adherence to Mercosur's stipulations, particularly in the areas of trade , politics , democracy , and human rights . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Concurrently, Argentina assumed the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur. Despite this, Venezuela did not acknowledge its suspension from the trading bloc and sought to continue its exercise of the pro tempore presidency until 30 December 2016. [ 48 ] In December 2016, after Venezuela was suspended from Mercosur, Rodríguez attempted to force her entry into a bloc meeting in Buenos Aires to which she had not been invited. [ 49 ] Accompanied by Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca , she tried to enter the San Martín Palace but was blocked by riot police. [ 49 ] Rodríguez claimed she was "struck" by police during the scuffle, and reports indicated a doctor had to immobilize her arm. [ 49 ] Although she eventually gained access to the building, she found the meeting room empty as the other foreign ministers had decided to move their gathering to a different location. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In June 2017, Rodríguez vacated her role as Chancellor to stand as a candidate in the National Constituent Assembly elections held that year. [ 51 ] Prior to her candidacy, she had been designated a member of the Presidential Commission for the Constituent Assembly. [ 52 ] Before she left her position, President Maduro honored her on 22 June with the Saber Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar of the Battle of Carabobo. [ 53 ] She was succeeded by Samuel Moncada . [ 54 ] President of the Constituent Assembly In July 2017, Rodríguez was elected as a deputy for Caracas to the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). Upon the ANC's establishment in August 2017, in the Federal Legislative Palace, she was chosen as its president. [ 55 ] In January 2018, President Maduro announced Rodríguez as the president of a then-to-be-legalized political entity, the Somos Venezuela Movement ( MSV ). [ 56 ] In February 2018, Rodríguez resigned from the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and joined the ranks of the MSV, adhering to statutes prohibiting dual membership in political organizations within the country. [ 57 ] In October 2018, she re-entered the PSUV as a member. [ 6 ] Vice President On 14 June 2018, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Vice President of Venezuela, succeeding Tareck El Aissami . [ 58 ] She also became the head official of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), Venezuela's intelligence agency , as it is dependent on the office of the vice presidency. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] During Rodríguez's time as head of SEBIN, the United Nations found the agency had committed crimes against humanity with the intent of crushing political dissent. [ 62 ] In December 2018, Rodríguez welcomed the President of Turkey , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , during his official visit to Venezuela. [ 63 ] In November 2022, she visited the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi . [ 64 ] Reporting from late 2025 suggests she established private communication channels with international intermediaries. Analysts point to a clandestine meeting on the island of Bonaire in November 2025 as a pivotal moment where she reportedly discussed "stabilization protocols" for Venezuela's energy sector in the event of a power vacuum. [ 65 ] Minister of Economy and Finance From 10 September 2020 to 27 August 2024, Rodríguez served as the Minister of Economy and Finance , having been appointed to this position by President Maduro. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In July 2021, Rodríguez participated in the Annual Assembly of Fedecámaras , marking the first instance in two decades that a high-ranking official from the national executive attended this event, which convenes leaders from the country's main corporations. Rodríguez highlighted the significance of private sector engagement in unlocking Venezuela's productive capacity but urged the business community in attendance to refrain from political involvement. [ 68 ] Fedecámaras has historically been viewed by Chavismo as part of the opposition, often being described as the "parasitic bourgeoisie". [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath On 3 January 2026, at approximately 2:00 AM VET, [ 73 ] the United States carried out several strikes in Venezuela, including the capital of Caracas , and detained President Maduro and transported him to New York City . [ 74 ] Vice President Rodríguez was granted presidential powers under Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution , which states that the vice president takes charge if there is a presidential vacancy. [ 75 ] Rodríguez initially demanded proof that Maduro was still alive. [ 74 ] US President Donald Trump announced that Secretary of State Marco Rubio had made contact with Rodríguez and that she had been "sworn in" as president. Trump further stated that Rodríguez told Rubio that she would do "whatever the US asks", adding that she was gracious but "really doesn't have a choice". [ 76 ] [ 77 ] According to The New York Times , Vice President Rodríguez had earned the respect of American officials due to increasing Venezuela's oil production and stabilizing its economy, despite harsher US sanctions. Rodríguez has also gained a reputation among both Venezuelan and foreign business leaders as a technocrat . [ 12 ] According to the Financial Times , Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez , had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, although those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured. [ 78 ] The Venezuelan military announced it would recognize Rodríguez as acting president and called for a return to normalcy. [ 79 ] She also received a pledge of loyalty from Assemblyman Nicolás Maduro Guerra , the president's son. [ 80 ] Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) On 3 January, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to "assume and exercise, as acting president, all the powers, duties, and faculties inherent to the office of President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in order to guarantee administrative continuity and the comprehensive defense of the nation." [ 15 ] [ 76 ] Speaking at the European Commission , spokesperson Anitta Hipper announced on 5 January 2026 that the European Union does not recognize the legitimacy of Rodríguez as the country's acting head of government. [ 81 ] First speech and inauguration Appearing on Venezolana de Televisión , Rodríguez described Maduro as Venezuela's "only president" in contrast to Trump's statements. During the broadcast she called for calm and unity to defend the country while Maduro remained under US detention, and stated that Venezuela would never be the colony of any nation. [ 82 ] Rodríguez also stated that "governments around the world are shocked that the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has become the victim and target of an attack of this nature, which undoubtedly has Zionist undertones". [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president on 5 January 2026 by her brother, Jorge Rodríguez , the president of the National Assembly of Venezuela. [ 2 ] She announced a week of national mourning for the people killed during the American strike. [ 85 ] Restart of diplomatic relations with US On 8 January, her government released nine foreign and Venezuelan political prisoners. Donald Trump announced that he had cancelled a second wave of attacks due to this gesture of cooperation. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The United States and the Rodríguez government have begun discussions to restart diplomatic relations and to possibly reopen the United States embassy in Venezuela, closed since 2019. [ 88 ] Sanctions Rodríguez has been sanctioned by several countries . The government of neighboring Colombia included her on a list of people banned from entering Colombia, along with (as of 2019) approximately 200 other Maduro regime supporters and associates. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In September 2017, Canada sanctioned Rodríguez for her role in Venezuela's constitutional crisis. [ 7 ] In June 2018, shortly after being named Vice President of Venezuela, Rodríguez was one of eleven Venezuelan officials sanctioned by the European Union , with her assets frozen and a travel ban issued against her for "undermin[ing] democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela". [ 8 ] [ 91 ] In April 2018, the Mexican Senate approved a Point of Agreement that, among other things, rejected the presidential elections scheduled for 20 May. The Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration, including Rodríguez, and prohibited them from entering Mexico. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In July 2018, Switzerland sanctioned Rodríguez, freezing her assets and imposing a travel ban, citing the same reasons as the European Union. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] In September 2018, the United States sanctioned Rodríguez for "corruption and humanitarian issues" by including her in OFAC 's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List . [ 9 ] After her ascension to the interim presidency, her cabinet contacted the European Commission to request the lifting of sanctions placed on her by the European Union for allegedly persecuting the opposition and undermining the rule of law. The Commission has yet to respond. [ 97 ] Delcygate In January 2020, a controversy emerged in Spain surrounding Rodríguez's presence at Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, where she was purported to have met with Spanish politician José Luis Ábalos . This incident sparked significant attention because, since November 2017, Rodríguez has been prohibited from entering the territory of the European Union. José Luis Ábalos denied having met Rodríguez. [ 98 ] The incident took place on 20 January, when the aircraft bearing the registration TC-AKE and flying the Turkish flag arrived at the terminal. Upon recognizing Rodríguez among the passengers, Spanish authorities decided to prevent her entry into the country. Accompanying Rodríguez on the flight were Kenny Antonio Díaz , Alejandra Carolina Bastidas , Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (her partner), Jorge Andrés Giménez (the president of the Venezuelan Football Federation ), and minister Félix Plasencia . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The scandal originated from a covert visit by Delcy Rodríguez to Spain, during which she allegedly facilitated the fraudulent sale of 104 bars of Venezuelan gold to Spanish businessmen for $68.5 million. This transaction was purportedly conducted through the Spanish Ministry of Transport, with the involvement of then-Transport Minister José Luis Ábalos , who is under investigation as part of the Koldo Case . According to reports by El Confidencial , Rodríguez offered these gold bars to Spanish entrepreneurs during meetings arranged with Ábalos, with the approval of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez . [ 102 ] The Guardia Civil's Central Operative Unit (UCO) uncovered communications on Spanish businessman Víctor de Aldama's mobile phone that directly linked him to Rodríguez, indicating discussions about the purchase of Venezuelan gold. A contract dated 27 December 2019 outlined the delivery of the gold between 27 December 2019 and 6 January 2020, shortly before Rodríguez's secret trip to Madrid, which was officially described by La Moncloa as a "technical stopover". [ 102 ] According to the Diario de Cuba , this connection underscored the alleged lack of commitment by the Spanish government to support a democratic transition in Venezuela. A 2020 U.S. government official said Spain was a significant barrier within the European Union in confronting the Venezuelan government. The scandal also involved a strategic omission of the gold transaction details in the official invitation sent by Ábalos to Rodríguez, which instead focused on humanitarian aid and support for Spanish businesses in Venezuela. In response, the opposition Partido Popular accused Sánchez of deceit regarding the true purpose of Rodríguez's visit and declared intentions to launch a comprehensive political, judicial, and international campaign to uncover the truth behind Delcygate. [ 102 ] Criticism of foreign officials During a 2017 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS), Rodríguez accused some member states of interfering in Venezuela. She called the OAS Secretary General, Luis Almagro , a "liar, dishonest, a criminal, and a mercenary, a traitor to everything that represents the dignity of a Latin American diplomat". Her remarks were criticised by Uruguayan Foreign Minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa . In June 2017, Rodríguez criticised the President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , after Kuczynski proposed international intervention in Venezuela. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Personal life Rodríguez was the romantic partner of the Venezuelan actor and model Fernando Carrillo until 2007. [ 106 ] Rodríguez is a follower of Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba . [ 16 ] See also List of elected and appointed female state leaders List of female foreign ministers List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Notes ^ Designated by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice to ensure administrative continuity on 3 January, formally sworn in two days later. ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdelsi eloˈina ro'ðɾiɣes ˈɣomes] . References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacia en pie de guerra #Perfil" [Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacy on a war footing: Profile]. 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El Tiempo (in Spanish). 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019 . Retrieved 13 April 2019 . ^ "Primera parte de lista de colaboradores de Maduro que no pueden ingresar a Colombia" [First part of list of Maduro collaborators who can not enter Colombia] (in Spanish). RCN Radio. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019 . Retrieved 13 April 2019 . ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Profile Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine , vpitv.com. Accessed 28 August 2023. ^ Sumarium (21 April 2018). "México rechaza elecciones en Venezuela y sanciona a siete funcionarios …pic.twitter.com/NwcX67vBHD" . Twitter (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 May 2020 . Retrieved 25 May 2020 . ^ "mexico-rechaza-elecciones-en-venezuela-y-sanciona-a-siete-funcionarios/" . sumarium.com . ^ "Switzerland Sanctions 11 More Venezuelans, including Delcy Rodriguez, El Aissami, Chourio" . Latin American Herald Tribune . 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020 . Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Sanctions suisses contre la vice-présidente du Venezuela" [Swiss sanctions against the vice president of Venezuela] (in French). Swiss Broadcasting Company. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. ^ "Venezuela's interim president under EU, UK sanctions" . ^ Coscojuela, Sarai (26 February 2020). "5 claves para entender el "Delcygate" " [5 Keys to Understand Delcygate]. RunRun (in Spanish) . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "The CNI Monitored Delcy Rodriguez in Her Meeting with Abalos in Barajas" . Digital Economy. 15 February 2020 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ Boyd, Alek. "PDVSA's US Treasury sanctions busting moves to Labuan: exhibit Ensa Energia A.G." Infodio . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "The CNI Police had Orders to Monitor Delcy Rodriguez if she Came to Spain" . El Mundo . 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ a b c "Venta de barras de oro: los detalles del 'Delcygate' evidencian una trama de corrupción entre España y Venezuela" . Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 13 October 2024 . Retrieved 14 October 2024 . ^ Ngan, Mandel (27 March 2017). "Venezuelan Foreign Minister sat next to Luis Almagro and insulted him harshly" . El País . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Delcy Rodríguez attacks the Foreign Minister of Uruguay for describing Maduro's insults as 'anti-diplomacy' " . Ibero American News Central. 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "Peruvian government responds to Venezuelan chancellor for attacks on PPK" . America TV. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ "#TBT – El día que Fernando Carrillo le declaró su amor a Delcy Rodríguez ??" . www.elfarandi.com (in Spanish). 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . External liks Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish) Political offices Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014–2017 Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Vacant Title last held by Luis Miquilena (1999) President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela 2017–2018 Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Vice President of Venezuela 2018–present Incumbent Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Acting President of Venezuela 2026–present Incumbent Assembly seats New office Member of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela for the municipality of Libertador, Caracas 2017–present Incumbent .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Current heads of state of republics v t e Africa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Asia Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Europe Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy North America Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump South America Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Oceania Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Leaders of the Union of South American Nations v t e Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Heads of state of OPEC member states v t e Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) v t e Leaders of the ALBA v t e Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Biography Politics Venezuela Women Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States United States Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1969 births 21st-century Venezuelan women politicians Chavismo Female foreign ministers Finance ministers of Venezuela First women presidents Hugo Chávez ministers Living people Members of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 2017 Ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro ministers People of the Crisis in Venezuela Politicians from Caracas Presidents of Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela politicians Venezuelan women lawyers Vice presidents of Venezuela Women government ministers of Venezuela Women vice presidents in South America Pages with Spanish IPA CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2026 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 07:08 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez#cite_ref-Ecuavisa_65-0
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Account Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Clipboard My Bibliography Collections Citation manager Save citation to file Email citation Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Your saved search Yes No Create a file for external citation management software Your RSS Feed Full text links Actions Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Page navigation Title & authors Abstract MeSH terms Substances Supplementary concepts LinkOut - more resources Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Authors Affiliations 1 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 2 Shenzhen Proof-of-Concept Center of Digital Cytopathology, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 3 Shanxi Medical University-BGI Collaborative Center for Future Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 4 BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 5 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 6 State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 7 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China. 8 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 9 School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 10 BGI Research, Hangzhou, China. 11 School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 12 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 13 Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. 14 College of Life Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China. 15 BGI, Shenzhen, China. 16 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China. 17 BGI Research, Wuhan, China. 18 MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China. 19 3DCStar lab, BGI, Shenzhen, China. 20 BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China. 21 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Imaging and Interventional Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lishui Central Hospital, The fifth affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China. 22 Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China. 23 School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China. 24 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 25 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 26 Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. 27 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 28 Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. 29 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 30 Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China. 31 Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. 32 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 33 Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 34 James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China. 35 Ruijin Yangtze River Delta Health Institute, Wuxi Branch of Ruijin Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 36 School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. PMID: 41505528 DOI: 10.1126/science.adt3130 Abstract Human peripheral blood exhibits molecular and cellular heterogeneity across populations, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We present the Chinese Immune Multi-Omics Atlas (CIMA), characterizing molecular variations linked to sex, age, and genetic variants through multi-omics analysis of more than 10 million circulating immune cells from 428 Chinese adults. CIMA established an enhancer-driven gene regulatory network comprising 237 robust regulons; identified 9600 eGenes and 52,361 caPeaks at cell type resolution; and revealed pleiotropic associations among immune-related disease risk loci, cis-expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and chromatin accessibility QTLs. Furthermore, the cell language model CIMA-CLM predicted chromatin accessibility and evaluated the effects of noncoding variants from chromatin sequences and gene expression. CIMA provides a comprehensive reference for immune-related disease research. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and career 2 Later career 3 Other activities 4 Personal life 5 Honours and awards 6 Published works Toggle Published works subsection 6.1 Fiction 6.2 Nonfiction 6.3 Edited volumes 6.4 Book contributions 6.1 Fiction 6.2 Nonfiction 6.3 Edited volumes 6.4 Book contributions 7 References 8 External links Antony Beevor Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sir Antony Beevor FRSL Beevor in 2022 Born Antony James Beevor ( 1946-12-14 ) 14 December 1946 (age 79) Kensington , London, England Occupation Author, historian Language English Education Abberley Hall School Winchester College Alma mater Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Subject Modern history Notable awards Samuel Johnson Prize Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Artemis Cooper ( m. 1986) Children 2 Relatives John Julius Norwich (father-in-law) Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Branch British Army Service years 1966–1970 Rank Lieutenant Service number 483855 Unit 11th Hussars Website www .antonybeevor .com Sir Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British military historian . He has published several popular historical works, mainly on the Second World War , the Spanish Civil War , and most recently the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War . Educated at Abberley Hall School , Winchester College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , Beevor commanded a troop of tanks in the 11th Hussars in Germany before deciding in 1970 to leave the British Army and become a writer. He became a visiting professor at Birkbeck, University of London , and the University of Kent . His best-selling books, Stalingrad (1998) and Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (2002), have been acclaimed for their detailed coverage of the battles between the Soviet Union and Germany, and their focus on the experiences of ordinary people. Berlin proved very controversial in Russia because of the information it contained from former Soviet archives about the mass rapes carried out by the Red Army in 1945. Beevor's works have been translated into many languages and have sold millions of copies. He has lectured at numerous military headquarters, staff colleges and establishments in Britain, the United States, Europe and Australia. He has also written for many major newspapers. Early life and career Antony James Beevor [ 1 ] was born in Kensington , London, on 14 December 1946. [ 2 ] He was educated at two independent schools : Abberley Hall School in Worcestershire , and then Winchester College in Hampshire . He joined the British Army as a cadet at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . As well as the usual cadet activities, he was able to study under the military historian John Keegan . On graduation he was commissioned in the 11th Hussars on 28 July 1967. [ 3 ] Beevor served in England and Germany. He was promoted to lieutenant on 28 January 1969. He resigned his commission on 5 August 1970. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Later career Beevor has been a visiting professor at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Birkbeck, University of London , and at the University of Kent . [ 6 ] He was the 2002-2003 Lees-Knowles Lecturer at the University of Cambridge . His best-known works, the best-selling Stalingrad (1998) and Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (2002), recount the Second World War battles between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany . They have been praised for their vivid, compelling style, their treatment of the ordinary lives of combatants and civilians, and the use of newly disclosed documents from Soviet archives. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Berlin proved hugely controversial in Russia because of the information it contained from former Soviet archives about the mass rapes carried out by the Red Army in 1945. He was criticised for "lies, slander and blasphemy" against the Red Army by the Russian ambassador at the time, Grigory Karasin , [ 10 ] and was frequently described as "the chief slanderer of the Red Army" [ 11 ] by Kremlin -supporting media. Numerous Russian academic theses and books have been published that dispute his claim as exaggerations, misattributions, or direct citations of propaganda used by Joseph Goebbels , including The Red Army “Rape of Germany” was Invented by Goebbels by the Russian author Anatoly Karlin. [ 12 ] His The Spanish Civil War (1982) was later re-written as The Battle for Spain (2006), keeping the structure and some content from the earlier work, but using the updated narrative style of his Stalingrad book and also adding characters and new archival research from German and Russian sources. [ 13 ] Beevor's book The Second World War (2012) is notable for its focus on the conditions and grief faced by women and civilians and for its coverage of the war in East Asia, which has been called "masterful". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Beevor's expertise has been the subject of some commentary; his publications have been praised as revitalising interest in Second World War topics [ 16 ] and have allowed readers to reevaluate events such as D-Day from a new perspective. [ 17 ] He has also appeared as an expert in television documentaries related to World War II. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] As of 2014 [update] his works had been translated into 35 languages, with more than 8.5 million copies sold. [ 20 ] In August 2015 the Yekaterinburg region considered banning Beevor's books, accusing him of Nazi sympathies and citing his lack of Russian sources when writing about Russia, and claiming he had promoted false stereotypes introduced by Nazi Germany during the war. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Beevor responded by calling the banning "a government trying to impose its own version of history", comparing it to other "attempts to dictate a truth", such as denial of the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide . [ 24 ] In January 2018 Beevor's book about the Battle of Stalingrad was banned in Ukraine for its description of war crimes committed by Ukrainian nationalists collaborating with Nazi forces (namely the execution of children). The official in charge of the decision, Serhiy Oliyinyk, denied the event in question and called it a "provocation" likely emanating from Soviet sources. Beevor refuted the claims of an alleged anti-Ukrainian bent in the book, and pointed out that the source for the passage in question was an Abwehr officer named Helmuth Groscurth , demanding "an immediate apology from Oliyinyk and a reversal of the decision by the 'expert council.'" [ 25 ] He has also written for The Times , The Telegraph and Guardian , the New York Times , Washington Post , The Atlantic , Foreign Affairs , Le Monde , Libération , Le Figaro , as well as El País and ABC in Spain. [ citation needed ] Other activities Beevor, a former chair and member of the Council of the Society of Authors , [ 26 ] resigned alongside the author Philip Pullman in 2022 in protest against the actions of the CEO and the leadership of the management committee. [ 27 ] Personal life Beevor is descended from a long line of writers, starting with the legal philosopher John Austin and his wife, Sarah , their daughter Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon ( Letters from Egypt ), his grandmother Lina Waterfield , ( Observer correspondent and Castle in Italy ), and his mother Kinta Beevor ( A Tuscan Childhood ). He is married to Artemis Cooper , a writer. They have two children, Nella and Adam. [ 28 ] Honours and awards Beevor was recognised with the 2014 Pritzker Military Museum & Library 's Literature Award for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing. [ 29 ] Tim O'Brien , the 2013 recipient, made the announcement on behalf of the selection committee. [ 28 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The award carried a purse of US$100,000. [ 32 ] Beevor was awarded an Honorary D.Litt. from the University of Kent in 2004, [ 33 ] from the University of Bath in 2010, [ 34 ] the University of East Anglia in 2014, [ 35 ] and the University of York in 2015. [ 36 ] He was elected an honorary Fellow of King's College London in July 2016. [ 37 ] Also in July 2016, Beevor was awarded the Medlicott Medal for services to history by the UK-based Historical Association . [ 38 ] Beevor was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for "services in support of Armed Forces Professional Development". [ 39 ] He is also a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , [ 40 ] a member of Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana [ 41 ] and a commander of the Belgian Order of the Crown . [ 6 ] Awards for his works include: Crete: The Battle and the Resistance Runciman Prize , administered by the Anglo-Hellenic League for stimulating interest in Greek history and culture [ 42 ] Runciman Prize , administered by the Anglo-Hellenic League for stimulating interest in Greek history and culture [ 42 ] Stalingrad The first Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction [ 43 ] Wolfson History Prize [ 44 ] Hawthornden Prize for Literatur e [ 45 ] The first Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction [ 43 ] Wolfson History Prize [ 44 ] Hawthornden Prize for Literatur e [ 45 ] Berlin: The Downfall 1945 Longman - History Today Trustees' Award [ citation needed ] Longman - History Today Trustees' Award [ citation needed ] The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (Spanish Edition) La Vanguardia Prize for Non-Fiction [ citation needed ] La Vanguardia Prize for Non-Fiction [ citation needed ] Published works Fiction Violent Brink . London: John Murray , 1975. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-0-7195-3241-2 For Reasons of State . London: Jonathan Cape , 1980. ISBN 978-0-224-01930-9 The Faustian Pact . London: Jonathan Cape, 1983. ISBN 978-0-02-030461-6 The Enchantment of Christina von Retzen . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1989. ISBN 978-0-297-79523-0 Nonfiction The Spanish Civil War . London: Orbis , 1982. ISBN 978-0-14-100148-7 Inside the British Army . London: Chatto and Windus , 1990. ISBN 978-0-552-13818-5 Crete 1941: The Battle and the Resistance . London: John Murray, 1991. ISBN 978-0-14-016787-0 with Artemis Cooper . Paris After the Liberation, 1944–1949 . London: Penguin , 1994. Stalingrad . London: Viking Press , 1998. ISBN 978-0-670-87095-0 Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Penguin, 2002. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 (Published as The Fall of Berlin 1945 in the U.S.) The Mystery of Olga Chekhova . London: Penguin, 2004. ISBN 978-0-670-03340-9 The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1 D-Day: The Battle for Normandy . London: Penguin, 2009. ISBN 978-0-670-02119-2 The Second World War . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2012. ISBN 978-0-316-02374-0 Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble . Viking, 2015. ISBN 978-0-670-91864-5 Arnhem: The Battle for the Bridges, 1944 . Viking, 2018. ISBN 978-0-241-32676-3 Russia: Revolution and Civil War, 1917—1921 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2022. ISBN 978-1-474-61014-8 Rasputin: And the Downfall of the Romanovs . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2026. ISBN 979-8-217-06118-1 [ 46 ] Edited volumes A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–1945 by Vasily Grossman . ISBN 978-0-375-42407-6 Book contributions The British Army, Manpower and Society into the Twenty-First Century , ed by Hew Strachan ISBN 978-0-7146-8069-9 What Ifs? of American History : Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been , by Robert Cowley (Editor), Antony Beevor and Caleb Carr . (2003) ISBN 978-0-425-19818-6 References ^ "Antony Beevor" . National Portrait Gallery . Retrieved 22 December 2024 . ^ "Beevor, Antony 1946-" . Encyclopedia.com . 14 December 1946 . Retrieved 22 December 2024 . ^ "No. 44435" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 October 1967. p. 11533. ^ "No. 44774" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 January 1969. p. 995. ^ "No. 45168" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1970. p. 8855. ^ a b "Biography" . antonybeevor.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ "Entombed in their own bunkers" . The Telegraph . London. 25 April 1998. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007. ^ Judd, Alan (28 April 2002). "Every sort of assault: review of Berlin: the Downfall, 1945 by Antony Beevor" . The Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 30 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . ^ Bernstein, Richard (26 September 1998). "An Avalanche of Death That Redirected a War" . The New York Times . New York City, United States. p. E-8 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . ^ "Russians angry at war rape claims" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 25 January 2002 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Archives, The National (25 March 2013). "The National Archives - Writer of the month: Stalingrad and Berlin - researching the reality of war | The National Archives" . Archives Media Player . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ "Миф об "изнасилованной Германии" сочинил Геббельс" . 26 December 2019. ^ Brendon, Piers (June 24, 2006). "Review: The Battle for Spain by Antony Beevor" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . ^ "The Second World War" . Kirkus Review . Kirkus . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Toye, Richard (7 September 2012). "Many Wars in One" . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Temple, Peter (21 July 2012). "Beevor unleashes a blitzkrieg" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ "In praise of ... Antony Beevor" . The Guardian . 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Summers, Chris. "Red Army rapists exposed" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ "When TV Goes to War" . BBC Four . BBC . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Farndale, Nigel (19 October 2014). "Antony Beevor: 'I deserved to fail history. I was bolshie...' " . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Ignacio Villarreal. "Russia orders libraries to ditch 'Nazi' books by British historians" . ^ Walker, Shaun. 2015. Russian Region Bans British Historians' Books from Schools. The Guardian (5 August). ^ Spiro, Zachary. 2015. Russia Bans Books on Nazi Defeat by British Historians. The Times (6 August). ^ Beevor, Antony (5 August 2015). "By banning my book, Russia is deluding itself about its past" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2025 . ^ O'Connor, Coilin; Heil, Andy (17 January 2018). "Historian Beevor 'Astonished' At Ukraine Ban on Best-Selling 'Stalingrad' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ "Fellows - The Society of Authors" . 8 May 2020 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "AGM 2022 — Resolutions and next steps" . The Society of Authors . 17 November 2022 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ a b "Antony Beevor: 2014 Pritzker Literature Award Winner | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago" . Pritzkermilitary.org . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ "Antony Beevor | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago" . pritzkermilitary.org . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Pritzker Military Museum & Library Announces 2014 Literature Award Winner - BWWBooksWorld" . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ "British military historian wins $100,000 prize" . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ Carpenter, Caroline (26 June 2014). "Beevor wins $100,000 Pritzker Military Prize" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ "Honorary graduate archive" . Congregations - University of Kent . 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Honorary graduates, 2010 to 2019" . bath.ac.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Honorary Graduates - About" . uea.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ "University of York honours 11 for their contribution to society" . University of York . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "New fellows of King's College London | Website archive | King's College London" . kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ James, Trevor (2016). "The Historian". Historian (London) . The Historical Association: 2. ISSN 0265-1076 . ^ "No. 61803" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N2. ^ Honorary Graduates Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . University of Bath , 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ "president.ee" . president.ee . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Antony Beevor (24 April 2014). "Antony Beevor" . Penguin.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Clark, Nick (4 November 2014). "Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction: Helen Macdonald wins with 'H is for Hawk' " . The Independent . Archived from the original on 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ "All winners of the Wolfson History Prize" . The Wolfson History Prize . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Hawthornden Prize" . Hawthornden Foundation . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Antony Beevor's extraordinary biography of Rasputin to Weidenfeld & Nicolson" . Andrew Nurnberg Associates International Ltd . 19 February 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . External links Official website Antony Beevor Stalingrad Berlin - The Downfall 1945 Antony Beevor discusses his book on the Spanish Civil War Antony Beevor at IMDb Appearances on C-SPAN Interview on The Second World War at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on 21 June 2012 Sir Antony Beevor on Desert Island Discs , BBC Radio 4 , 19 February 2017 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Winners of the Wolfson History Prize v t e 1970s Michael Howard / Keith Thomas (1972) W. L. Warren / Frances Yates (1973) Moses Finley / Theodore Zeldin (1974) Frances Donaldson / Olwen Hufton (1975) Nikolaus Pevsner / Norman Stone (1976) Denis Mack Smith / Simon Schama (1977) Alistair Horne (1978) Richard Cobb / Quentin Skinner / Mary Soames (1979) Michael Howard / Keith Thomas (1972) W. L. Warren / Frances Yates (1973) Moses Finley / Theodore Zeldin (1974) Frances Donaldson / Olwen Hufton (1975) Nikolaus Pevsner / Norman Stone (1976) Denis Mack Smith / Simon Schama (1977) Alistair Horne (1978) Richard Cobb / Quentin Skinner / Mary Soames (1979) 1980s R. J. W. Evans / F. S. L. Lyons (1980) J. W. Burrow (1981) John McManners (1982) Martin Gilbert / Kenneth Rose (1983) Antonia Fraser / Maurice Keen (1984) Richard Davenport-Hines / John Grigg (1985) J. H. Elliott / Jonathan Israel (1986) Rees Davies / John Pemble (1987) no award (1988) Richard Evans / Paul Kennedy (1989) R. J. W. Evans / F. S. L. Lyons (1980) J. W. Burrow (1981) John McManners (1982) Martin Gilbert / Kenneth Rose (1983) Antonia Fraser / Maurice Keen (1984) Richard Davenport-Hines / John Grigg (1985) J. H. Elliott / Jonathan Israel (1986) Rees Davies / John Pemble (1987) no award (1988) Richard Evans / Paul Kennedy (1989) 1990s Richard A. Fletcher / Donald Cameron Watt (1990) Colin Platt (1991) John Bossy / Alan Bullock (1992) Linda Colley / Robert Skidelsky (1993) Robert Bartlett / Barbara Harvey (1994) Fiona MacCarthy / John C. G. Röhl (1995) H. C. G. Matthew (1996) Orlando Figes (1997) John Brewer / Patricia Hollis (1998) Antony Beevor / Amanda Vickery (1999) Richard A. Fletcher / Donald Cameron Watt (1990) Colin Platt (1991) John Bossy / Alan Bullock (1992) Linda Colley / Robert Skidelsky (1993) Robert Bartlett / Barbara Harvey (1994) Fiona MacCarthy / John C. G. Röhl (1995) H. C. G. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Terminology Toggle Terminology subsection 1.1 Taxonomy 1.1 Taxonomy 2 Species 3 Cultural meanings Toggle Cultural meanings subsection 3.1 Japanese superstitions 3.1.1 Kamaitachi 3.1 Japanese superstitions 3.1.1 Kamaitachi 3.1.1 Kamaitachi 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Weasel العربية Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Қазақша Kotava Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Македонски مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tayal ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikidata item Weasel Least weasel in England Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Subfamily: Mustelinae Genus: Mustela Linnaeus , 1758 Type species Mustela erminea Linnaeus , 1758 Species .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Mustela aistoodonnivalis Mustela altaica Mustela erminea Mustela eversmannii † Mustela frenata Mustela furo Mustela haidarum Mustela itatsi † Mustela jacksoni Mustela kathiah Mustela lutreola Mustela lutreolina † Mustela meltoni Mustela mopbie Mustela nigripes Mustela nivalis Mustela nudipes † Mustela ogygia † Mustela pachygnatha † Mustela palaeattica † Mustela palermina † Mustela plioerminea † Mustela praenivalis Mustela putorius † Mustela rexroadensis Mustela richardsonii Mustela sibirica † Mustela spelaea Mustela strigidorsa Mustela tonkinensis Mustela aistoodonnivalis Mustela altaica Mustela erminea Mustela eversmannii † Mustela frenata Mustela furo Mustela haidarum Mustela itatsi † Mustela jacksoni Mustela kathiah Mustela lutreola Mustela lutreolina † Mustela meltoni Mustela mopbie Mustela nigripes Mustela nivalis Mustela nudipes † Mustela ogygia † Mustela pachygnatha † Mustela palaeattica † Mustela palermina † Mustela plioerminea † Mustela praenivalis Mustela putorius † Mustela rexroadensis Mustela richardsonii Mustela sibirica † Mustela spelaea Mustela strigidorsa Mustela tonkinensis Combined Mustela and Neogale ranges Weasels / ˈ w iː z əl z / are mammals of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae . The genus Mustela includes the least weasels , polecats , stoats , ferrets , and European mink . Members of this genus are small, active predators, with long and slender bodies and short legs. The family Mustelidae, or mustelids (which also includes badgers , otters , and wolverines ), is often referred to as the "weasel family". In Great Britain, the term "weasel" usually refers to the smallest species , the least weasel ( M. nivalis ), [ 1 ] the smallest carnivoran species. [ 2 ] Least weasels vary in length from .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 173 to 217 mm ( 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 to 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in), [ 3 ] females being smaller than the males, and usually have red or brown upper coats and white bellies; some populations of some species moult to a wholly white coat in winter. They have long, slender bodies, which enable them to follow their prey into burrows. Their tails may be from 34 to 52 mm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 2 in) long. [ 3 ] Weasels feed on small mammals and have from time to time been considered vermin because some species took poultry from farms or rabbits from commercial warrens. They do, on the other hand, eat large numbers of rodents . Their range spans Europe , North America , much of Asia , and small areas in North Africa . Terminology The English word "weasel" was originally applied to one species of the genus , the European form of the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ). This usage is retained in British English , where the name is also extended to cover several other small species of the genus. However, in technical discourse and in American usage, the term "weasel" can refer to any member of the genus, the genus as a whole, and even to members of the related genus Neogale . Of the 16 extant species currently classified in the genus Mustela , 10 have "weasel" in their common names. Among those that do not are the three species of ermine, [ * 1 ] the polecats , the ferret , and the European mink . [ 4 ] : 12 The American mink and the extinct sea mink were commonly included in this genus as Mustela vison and Mustela macrodon , respectively, but in 1999 they were moved to the genus Neovison . [ 5 ] In 2021, both Neovison species, along with the long-tailed weasel ( Mustela frenata ), Amazon weasel ( Mustela africana ) and Colombian weasel ( Mustela felipei ) were moved to the genus Neogale , as the clade containing these five species was found to be fully distinct from Mustela . [ 6 ] Taxonomy The genus name Mustela comes from the Latin word for weasel combining the words mus meaning "mouse" and telum meaning "javelin" for its long body. [ 4 ] : 3 Species The following information is according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System and MammalDiversity . Subgenus Image Scientific name Common name Distribution Mustela Mustela altaica Pallas, 1811 Mountain weasel Northern and Southern Asia Mustela aistoodonnivalis Wu & Kao, 1991 Missing-toothed pygmy weasel Shaanxi and Sichuan , China Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758 Stoat , Beringian ermine, Eurasian ermine, or short-tailed weasel Europe and Northern Asia Arctic Canada and Alaska (United States) Southern Asia (non-native) New Zealand (non-native) Mustela haidarum Preble, 1898 Haida ermine Haida Gwaii ( British Columbia , Canada) and Alexander Archipelago (Alaska, United States) Mustela kathiah Hodgson, 1835 Yellow-bellied weasel Southern Asia Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 Least weasel Europe, North Africa and Northern Asia North America Southern Asia (non-native) New Zealand (non-native) Mustela richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 American ermine Most of North America south of Alaska and the Arctic Circle; eastern Nunavut and Baffin Island Lutreola Mustela itatsi Temminck, 1844 Japanese weasel Japan and formerly Sakhalin Island , Russia Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761) European mink Europe Mustela lutreolina Robinson and Thomas, 1917 Indonesian mountain weasel Southeastern Asia Mustela nudipes Desmarest, 1822 Malayan weasel Southeastern Asia Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773 Siberian weasel Europe and Northern Asia Southern Asia Mustela strigidorsa Gray, 1855 Back-striped weasel Southern Asia Putorius Mustela eversmanii (Lesson, 1827) Steppe polecat Southeast Europe and Northern Asia Southern Asia Mustela furo Linnaeus, 1758 Domestic ferret Domestic Worldwide (domesticated); New Zealand (non-native) Worldwide (domesticated); New Zealand (non-native) Mustela putorius Linnaeus, 1758 European polecat Europe, North Africa and Northern Asia Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman, 1851) Black-footed ferret North America 1 Europe and Northern Asia division excludes China. Cultural meanings Weasels have been assigned a variety of cultural meanings. In Greek culture , a weasel near one's house is a sign of bad luck, even evil, "especially if there is in the household a girl about to be married", since the animal (based on its Greek etymology) was thought to be an unhappy bride who was transformed into a weasel [ 7 ] and consequently delights in destroying wedding dresses. [ 8 ] In Macedonia , however, weasels are generally seen as an omen of good fortune. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In early-modern Mecklenburg , Germany, amulets from weasels were deemed to have strong magic; the period between 15 August and 8 September was specifically designated for the killing of weasels. [ 9 ] : 255 In Montagne Noire (France), Ruthenia , and the early medieval culture of the Wends , weasels were not meant to be killed. [ 9 ] According to Daniel Defoe also, meeting a weasel is a bad omen. [ 10 ] In English-speaking areas, weasel can be an insult, noun or verb, for someone regarded as sneaky, conniving or untrustworthy. Similarly, " weasel words " is a critical term for words or phrasing that are vague, misleading or equivocal. Japanese superstitions In Japan, weasels ( 鼬、鼬鼠 , itachi ) were seen as yōkai (causing strange occurrences). According to the encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue from the Edo period , a pack of weasels would cause conflagrations, and the cry of a weasel was considered a harbinger of misfortune. In the Niigata Prefecture , the sound of a pack of weasels making a rustle resembled six people hulling rice, so was called the "weasel's six-person mortar", and it was an omen for one's home to decline or flourish. It is said that when people chase after this sound, the sound stops. [ 11 ] They are also said to shapeshift like the fox ( kitsune ) or tanuki , and the nyūdō-bōzu told about in legends in the Tōhoku region and the Chūbu region are considered weasels in disguise, and they are also said to shapeshift into ōnyūdō and little monks. [ 11 ] In the collection of depictions Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Sekien Toriyama , they were depicted under the title 鼬, but they were read not as " itachi ", but rather as " ten ", [ 12 ] and "ten" were considered to be weasels that have reached one hundred years of age and became yōkai that possessed supernatural powers. [ 13 ] Another theory is that when weasels reach several hundred years of age, they become mujina ( Japanese badgers ). [ 14 ] In Japanese, weasels are called iizuna or izuna ( 飯綱 ) and in the Tōhoku Region and Shinshu , it was believed that there were families that were able to use a certain practice to freely use kudagitsune as iizuna-tsukai or kitsune-mochi . It is said that Mount Iizuna , from the Nagano Prefecture , got its name due to how the gods gave people mastery of this technique from there. [ 15 ] According to the folklorist Mutō Tetsujō , "They are called izuna in the Senboku District , [ * 2 ] Akita Prefecture , and there are also the ichiko ( itako ) that use them." [ 16 ] Also, in the Kitaakita District , they are called mōsuke (猛助), and they are feared as yōkai even more than foxes ( kitsune ). [ 16 ] In the Ainu language , ermines are called upas-čironnup or sáčiri , but since least weasels are also called sáčiri , Mashio Chiri surmised that the honorary title poy-sáčiri-kamuy (where poy means "small") refers to least weasels. [ 17 ] Kamaitachi Kamaitachi is a phenomenon wherein one who is idle is suddenly injured as if his or her skin were cut by a scythe. In the past, this was thought to be "the deed of an invisible yōkai weasel". An alternate theory, asserts that kamaitachi is derived from kamae Tachi ( 構え太刀 ; "stance sword") , so were not originally related to weasels at all. [ 18 ] See also Mammals portal Notes ^ These three species are Mustela erminea , (the Eurasian ermine or stoat); M. haidarum , (the Haida ermine ); and M. richardsonii , (the American ermine ). ^ However, in the Senboku District, especially in Obonai village ( 生保内村 ) , they are called okojo . [ 16 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shorter Oxford English dictionary . United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872 . ^ Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; Wayne, Robert K. (9 November 2010). "Carnivores" . Current Biology . 20 (21): R915 – R919 . Bibcode : 2010CBio...20.R915V . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.013 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 21056828 . S2CID 235312150 . ^ a b "The Weasel" . The Mammal Society. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ^ a b King, Carolyn M.; Powell, Roger A. (2006). The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats: Ecology, Behavior, and Management . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804113-9 . ^ Abramov, A.V. 1999. A taxonomic review of the genus Mustela (Mammalia, Carnivora). Zoosystematica Rossica , 8 (2): 357-364 ^ Patterson, Bruce D.; Ramírez-Chaves, Héctor E.; Vilela, Júlio F.; Soares, André E. R.; Grewe, Felix (2021). "On the nomenclature of the American clade of weasels (Carnivora: Mustelidae)" . Journal of Animal Diversity . 3 (2): 1– 8. doi : 10.52547/JAD.2021.3.2.1 . ISSN 2676-685X . S2CID 236299740 . ^ a b Lawson, John Cuthbert (2012). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals . Cambridge UP. pp. 327– 28. ISBN 978-1-107-67703-6 . ^ a b Abbott, George Frederick (1903). Macedonian folklore . Cambridge UP. pp. 108 –109 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ^ a b Thomas, N.W. (September 1900). "Animal Superstitions and Totemism" . Folk-lore . 11 (3): 228– 67. doi : 10.1080/0015587X.1900.9719953 . JSTOR 1253113 . ^ Hazlitt, William Carew; Brand, John (1905). Faiths and folklore: a dictionary of national beliefs, superstitions and popular customs, past and current, with their classical and foreign analogues, described and illustrated . Reeves and Turner. p. 622 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ^ a b 村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』 毎日新聞社、2000年、36頁。 ISBN 978-4-6203-1428-0 。 ^ 高田衛監修 稲田篤信・田中直日編 『鳥山石燕 画図百鬼夜行』 国書刊行会、1992年、50頁。 ISBN 978-4-336-03386-4 。 ^ 少年社・中村友紀夫・武田えり子編 『妖怪の本 異界の闇に蠢く百鬼夜行の伝説』 学習研究社〈New sight mook〉、1999年、123頁。 ISBN 978-4-05-602048-9 。 ^ 草野巧 『幻想動物事典』 新紀元社、1997年、30頁。 ISBN 978-4-88317-283-2 。 ^ 『広辞苑 第4版』(1991年)、岩波書店「いづなつかい【飯綱使・飯縄遣】」の項 ^ a b c 武藤, 鉄城 (1940), "秋田郡邑魚譚" , アチックミユーゼアム彙報 , 45 : 41– 42, 北秋田ではモウスケと称して狐より怖がられ、仙北地方ではイヅナと称し、それを使う巫女(エチコ)もある。学名コエゾイタチを、此の付近..〔生保内村〕では..オコジョと云ふ(田口耕之助氏) 。 ^ 知里, 真志保 (Chiri, Mashiho) (30 March 1959), "アイヌ語獣名集 (On the names of the mammals of the Ainu language)" (PDF) , 北海道大學文學部紀要 = The Annual Reports on Cultural Science : 141, ISSN 0437-6668 , archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ 人文社編集部 (2005). 諸国怪談奇談集成 江戸諸国百物語 東日本編 . ものしりシリーズ. 人文社. p. 104. ISBN 978-4-7959-1955-6 . Further reading Nowak, Ronald M., and Ernest P. Walker. Walker's Carnivores of the World . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press , 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8033-5 , ISBN 0-8018-8032-7 . C. Hart Merriam, Synopsis of the Weasels of North America , Washington, Government Printing Office, 1896 . Angier, Natalie (13 June 2016). "Weasels Are Built for the Hunt" . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} The dictionary definition of weasel at Wiktionary Media related to Mustela at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Mustela at Wikispecies .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Weasels v t e Species Mustela American ermine Back-striped weasel Black-footed ferret European mink European polecat Haida ermine Indonesian mountain weasel Japanese weasel Least weasel Malayan weasel Mountain weasel Patagonian weasel Siberian weasel Sichuan weasel Steppe polecat Stoat Tonkin weasel Yellow-bellied weasel Neogale Amazon weasel American mink Colombian weasel Long-tailed weasel † Sea mink Mustela American ermine Back-striped weasel Black-footed ferret European mink European polecat Haida ermine Indonesian mountain weasel Japanese weasel Least weasel Malayan weasel Mountain weasel Patagonian weasel Siberian weasel Sichuan weasel Steppe polecat Stoat Tonkin weasel Yellow-bellied weasel American ermine Back-striped weasel Black-footed ferret European mink European polecat Haida ermine Indonesian mountain weasel Japanese weasel Least weasel Malayan weasel Mountain weasel Patagonian weasel Siberian weasel Sichuan weasel Steppe polecat Stoat Tonkin weasel Yellow-bellied weasel Neogale Amazon weasel American mink Colombian weasel Long-tailed weasel † Sea mink Amazon weasel American mink Colombian weasel Long-tailed weasel † Sea mink Hybrids Polecat–mink hybrid Polecat–ferret hybrid Polecat–mink hybrid Polecat–ferret hybrid Other Galanthis Gale Cultural depictions of weasels Weasel and Aphrodite Galanthis Gale Cultural depictions of weasels Weasel and Aphrodite Category:Weasels Category:Fictional weasels Category:Weasels Category:Fictional weasels v t e Extant Carnivora species v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans) Feliformia African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) Feloidea Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Viverroidea see below↓ Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans) Feliformia African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) Feloidea Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Viverroidea see below↓ Feliformia African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) Feloidea Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Viverroidea see below↓ African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) Feloidea Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Feloidea Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Felidae (cats) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Pantherinae Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Panthera Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Felinae sensu stricto Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Bay cat lineage Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Caracal lineage Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Leopardus Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tiger cat ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Lynx Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Puma lineage Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Cougar ( P. concolor ) Leopard cat lineage Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ) Prionailurus Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sunda leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat-headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty-spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Felis Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Black-footed cat ( F. nigripes ) European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Viverroidea see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Viverroidea Viverridae Palm civets Hemigalinae Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Paradoxurinae Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Viverrinae sensu lato Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Herpestoidea see below↓ Viverroidea Viverridae Palm civets Hemigalinae Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Paradoxurinae Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Viverrinae sensu lato Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Herpestoidea see below↓ Viverridae Palm civets Hemigalinae Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Paradoxurinae Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Viverrinae sensu lato Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Palm civets Hemigalinae Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Paradoxurinae Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Owston's palm civet ( Chrotogale owstoni ) Otter civet ( Cynogale bennettii ) Hose's palm civet ( Diplogale hosei ) Banded palm civet ( Hemigalus derbyanus ) Paradoxurinae Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) Small-toothed palm civet ( Arctogalidia trivirgata ) Sulawesi palm civet ( Macrogalidia musschenbroekii ) Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Brown palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Viverrinae sensu lato Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Viverrinae sensu lato Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverrinae sensu stricto Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) African civet ( Civettictis civetta ) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Malabar large-spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large-spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Genettinae Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana (African linsangs) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Central African oyan ( P. richardsonii ) West African oyan ( P. leightoni ) Genetta (genets) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) South African small-spotted genet ( G. felina ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Letaba genet ( G. letabae ) Rusty-spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Schouteden's genet ( G. schoutedeni ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Hausa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Herpestoidea see below↓ Herpestoidea see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Herpestoidea Hyaenidae (hyenas) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Hyaeninae (bone-crushing hyenas) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Herpestidae sensu lato Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivorans) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses) Mungotinae Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Herpestinae Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Herpestoidea Hyaenidae (hyenas) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Hyaeninae (bone-crushing hyenas) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Herpestidae sensu lato Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivorans) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses) Mungotinae Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Herpestinae Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Hyaenidae (hyenas) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Hyaeninae (bone-crushing hyenas) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaenidae (hyenas) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Hyaeninae (bone-crushing hyenas) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Aardwolf ( P. cristata ) Hyaeninae (bone-crushing hyenas) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) Brown hyena ( Parahyaena brunnea ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Herpestidae sensu lato Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivorans) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses) Mungotinae Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Herpestinae Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivorans) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Eupleridae (Malagasy carnivorans) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Euplerinae (Malagasy civets) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) Malagasy civet ( Fossa fossana ) Eupleres (falanoucs) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Galidiinae (vontsira) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Ring-tailed vontsira ( Galidia elegans ) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Narrow-striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Brown-tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses) Mungotinae Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Herpestinae Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Mungotinae Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Liberian mongoose ( Liberiictus kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Pousargues's mongoose ( Dologale dybowskii ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Crossarchus (kusimanses) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Alexander's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat-headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Herpestinae Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Marsh mongoose ( Atilax paludinosus ) Long-nosed mongoose ( Xenogale naso ) Urva (Asian mongooses) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) Small Indian mongoose ( U. auropunctata ) Short-tailed mongoose ( U. brachyura ) Indian grey mongoose ( U. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( U. fusca ) Javan mongoose ( U. javanica ) Collared mongoose ( U. semitorquata ) Ruddy mongoose ( U. smithii ) Crab-eating mongoose ( U. urva ) Stripe-necked mongoose ( U. vitticolla ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) White-tailed mongoose ( Ichneumia albicauda ) Yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ) Selous's mongoose ( Paracynictis selousi ) Meller's mongoose ( Rhynchogale melleri ) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Bushy-tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black-footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Herpestes (slender mongooses) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Angolan slender mongoose ( H. flavescens ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Somalian slender mongoose ( H. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( H. pulverulenta ) Common slender mongoose ( H. sanguinea ) Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans) Canidae (dogs) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpini Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Vulpes (true foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Canini (true dogs) Cerdocyonina (zorro) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Canina (wolf-like canids) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Arctoidea Ursidae (bears) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursinae Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Mustelida Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans) Canidae (dogs) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpini Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Vulpes (true foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Canini (true dogs) Cerdocyonina (zorro) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Canina (wolf-like canids) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Arctoidea Ursidae (bears) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursinae Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Mustelida Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ Canidae (dogs) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpini Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Vulpes (true foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Canini (true dogs) Cerdocyonina (zorro) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Canina (wolf-like canids) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpini Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Vulpes (true foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Common raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Japanese raccoon dog ( N. viverrinus ) Vulpes (true foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Canini (true dogs) Cerdocyonina (zorro) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Canina (wolf-like canids) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyonina (zorro) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ) Crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous ) Lycalopex (South American foxes) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Canina (wolf-like canids) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Lupulella Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Side-striped jackal ( L. adustus ) Black-backed jackal ( L. mesomelas ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Canis Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Domestic dog ( C. familiaris ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) African wolf ( C. lupaster ) Wolf ( C. lupus ) Eastern wolf ( C. lycaon ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Arctoidea Ursidae (bears) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursinae Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Mustelida Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ Ursidae (bears) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursinae Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursinae Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) American black bear ( U. americanus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Mustelida Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ Mustelida Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ Pinnipedia (seals) see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Musteloidea see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Pinnipedia (seals) Odobenidae Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) Otariidae (eared seals) Callorhinus (northern fur seals ) Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Otariinae ( sea lions ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) South American sea lion ( Otaria flavescens ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) Arctocephalus (southern fur seals ) South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Phocidae (earless seals or true seals) Phocinae ("northern seals") Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Phocini Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Monachinae ("southern seals") Monachini (monk seals) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mirounga (elephant seals) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Pinnipedia (seals) Odobenidae Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) Otariidae (eared seals) Callorhinus (northern fur seals ) Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Otariinae ( sea lions ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) South American sea lion ( Otaria flavescens ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) Arctocephalus (southern fur seals ) South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Phocidae (earless seals or true seals) Phocinae ("northern seals") Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Phocini Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Monachinae ("southern seals") Monachini (monk seals) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mirounga (elephant seals) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Odobenidae Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) Odobenidae Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) Otariidae (eared seals) Callorhinus (northern fur seals ) Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Otariinae ( sea lions ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) South American sea lion ( Otaria flavescens ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) Arctocephalus (southern fur seals ) South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus (northern fur seals ) Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Otariinae ( sea lions ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) South American sea lion ( Otaria flavescens ) South American sea lion ( Otaria flavescens ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) Arctocephalus (southern fur seals ) South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Phocidae (earless seals or true seals) Phocinae ("northern seals") Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Phocini Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Monachinae ("southern seals") Monachini (monk seals) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mirounga (elephant seals) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Phocinae ("northern seals") Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Phocini Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) Hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ) Phocini Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) Ribbon seal ( Histriophoca fasciata ) Grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Monachinae ("southern seals") Monachini (monk seals) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mirounga (elephant seals) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Monachini (monk seals) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Hawaiian monk seal ( N. schauinslandi ) Mirounga (elephant seals) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) Weddell seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) Crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossi ) Musteloidea Ailuridae Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Mephitidae ( skunks ) Conepatus (hog-nosed skunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog-nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog-nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus (stink badgers) Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale (spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) Bassariscus Ringtail ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Procyon (raccoons) Crab-eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Bassaricyon (olingos) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Nasuina (coatis) Nasua White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella (mountain coatis) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Mustelidae see below↓ Musteloidea Ailuridae Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Mephitidae ( skunks ) Conepatus (hog-nosed skunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog-nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog-nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus (stink badgers) Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale (spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) Bassariscus Ringtail ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Procyon (raccoons) Crab-eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Bassaricyon (olingos) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Nasuina (coatis) Nasua White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella (mountain coatis) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Mustelidae see below↓ Ailuridae Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Ailuridae Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Mephitidae ( skunks ) Conepatus (hog-nosed skunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog-nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog-nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus (stink badgers) Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale (spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Conepatus (hog-nosed skunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog-nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog-nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog-nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog-nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus (stink badgers) Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale (spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) Bassariscus Ringtail ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Procyon (raccoons) Crab-eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Bassaricyon (olingos) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Nasuina (coatis) Nasua White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella (mountain coatis) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) Kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) Bassariscus Ringtail ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Ringtail ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Procyon (raccoons) Crab-eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Crab-eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Bassaricyon (olingos) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Nasuina (coatis) Nasua White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella (mountain coatis) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Nasua White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) White-nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella (mountain coatis) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Mustelidae see below↓ Mustelidae see below↓ see below↓ see below↓ Mustelidae Mustelidae American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melinae Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Melogale (ferret-badgers) Vietnam ferret-badger ( M. cucphuongensis ) Bornean ferret badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret-badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret-badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret-badger ( M. personata ) Formosan ferret-badger ( M. subaurantiaca ) Guloninae Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Ictonychinae Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lutrinae (otters) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Mustelinae Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) See also: Mink Polecat Mustelidae Mustelidae American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melinae Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Melogale (ferret-badgers) Vietnam ferret-badger ( M. cucphuongensis ) Bornean ferret badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret-badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret-badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret-badger ( M. personata ) Formosan ferret-badger ( M. subaurantiaca ) Guloninae Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Ictonychinae Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lutrinae (otters) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Mustelinae Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) See also: Mink Polecat Mustelidae American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melinae Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Melogale (ferret-badgers) Vietnam ferret-badger ( M. cucphuongensis ) Bornean ferret badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret-badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret-badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret-badger ( M. personata ) Formosan ferret-badger ( M. subaurantiaca ) Guloninae Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Ictonychinae Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lutrinae (otters) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Mustelinae Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melinae Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Melinae Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Arctonyx (hog badgers) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Northern hog badger ( A. albogularis ) Greater hog badger ( A. collaris ) Sumatran hog badger ( A. hoevenii ) Meles (Eurasian badgers) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Melogale (ferret-badgers) Vietnam ferret-badger ( M. cucphuongensis ) Bornean ferret badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret-badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret-badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret-badger ( M. personata ) Formosan ferret-badger ( M. subaurantiaca ) Vietnam ferret-badger ( M. cucphuongensis ) Bornean ferret badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret-badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret-badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret-badger ( M. personata ) Formosan ferret-badger ( M. subaurantiaca ) Guloninae Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Ictonychinae Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lutrinae (otters) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Mustelinae Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Guloninae Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Tayra ( Eira barbara ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Martes (martens) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) American marten ( M. americana ) Pacific marten ( M. caurina ) Yellow-throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Ictonychinae Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodontini Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Patagonian weasel ( Lyncodon patagonicus ) Galictis (grisons) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Ictonychini (African polecats) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) African striped weasel ( Poecilogale albinucha ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Saharan striped polecat ( I. libycus ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lutrinae (otters) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Spotted-necked otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy-nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Smooth-coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Asian small-clawed otter ( A. cinereus ) Congo clawless otter ( A. congicus ) Mustelinae Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Neogale (New World weasels) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Amazon weasel ( N. africana ) Colombian weasel ( N. felipei ) Long-tailed weasel ( N. frenata ) American mink ( N. vison ) Mustela (weasels) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) subgenus Mustela (paraphyletic) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) Sichuan weasel ( M. aistoodonnivalis ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat/Beringian ermine ( M. erminea ) Haida ermine ( M. haidarum ) Yellow-bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) American ermine ( M. richardsonii ) subgenus Lutreola (paraphyletic) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back-striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) subgenus Putorius Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Ferret ( M. furo ) Black-footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) See also: Mink Polecat See also: Mink Polecat v t e Genera of red pandas , raccoons , skunks , mustelids and their extinct allies v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Musteloidea Musteloidea † Peignictis † Plesiogale Ailuridae Ailurinae Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus † Amphictinae Amphictis † Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae † Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus † Palaeomephitis † Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae † Amphinasua † Angustictis † Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus † Bassaricynoides † Chapalmalania † Cyonasua † Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella † Parahyaenodon † Paranasua † Parapotos † Probassariscus Procyon † Protoprocyon Potos † Tetraprothomo Musteloidea Musteloidea † Peignictis † Plesiogale Ailuridae Ailurinae Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus † Amphictinae Amphictis † Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae † Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus † Palaeomephitis † Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae † Amphinasua † Angustictis † Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus † Bassaricynoides † Chapalmalania † Cyonasua † Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella † Parahyaenodon † Paranasua † Parapotos † Probassariscus Procyon † Protoprocyon Potos † Tetraprothomo Musteloidea † Peignictis † Plesiogale Ailuridae Ailurinae Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus † Amphictinae Amphictis † Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae † Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus † Palaeomephitis † Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae † Amphinasua † Angustictis † Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus † Bassaricynoides † Chapalmalania † Cyonasua † Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella † Parahyaenodon † Paranasua † Parapotos † Probassariscus Procyon † Protoprocyon Potos † Tetraprothomo † Peignictis † Plesiogale † Peignictis † Plesiogale Ailuridae Ailurinae Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus † Amphictinae Amphictis † Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Ailurinae Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus Ailurus † Magerictis † Parailurus † Pristinailurus † Amphictinae Amphictis Amphictis † Simocyoninae Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Actiocyon Alopecocyon Protursus Simocyon Mephitidae † Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus † Palaeomephitis † Promephitis Spilogale † Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus † Palaeomephitis † Promephitis Spilogale Procyonidae † Amphinasua † Angustictis † Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus † Bassaricynoides † Chapalmalania † Cyonasua † Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella † Parahyaenodon † Paranasua † Parapotos † Probassariscus Procyon † Protoprocyon Potos † Tetraprothomo † Amphinasua † Angustictis † Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus † Bassaricynoides † Chapalmalania † Cyonasua † Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella † Parahyaenodon † Paranasua † Parapotos † Probassariscus Procyon † Protoprocyon Potos † Tetraprothomo Mustelidae Mustelidae † Acheronictis † Aragonictis † Arikarictis † Circamustela † Erokomellivora † Franconictis † Kenyalutra † Kinometaxia † Laphyctis † Luogale † Marcetia † Matanomictis † Melidellavus † Mellalictis † Mesomephitis † Miomustela † Namibictis † Oaxacagale † Palaeomeles † Paragale † Parataxidea † Perunium † Plesictis † Plesiogale † Plesiomeles † Prepoecilogale † Presictis † Promellivora † Proputorius † Pyctis † Sabadellictis † Semantor † Sinictis † Sivalictis † Skopelogale † Sonitictis † Taxodon † Trochotherium † Xenictis † Zorilla Guloninae † Canimartes Eira † Ferinestrix Gulo † Iberictis † Ischyrictis Martes Pekania † Plesiogulo † Plionictis † Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Ictonychinae † Baranogale † Brevimalictis † Cernictis † Eirictis † Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx † Lutravus Lyncodon † Martellictis † Negodiaetictis † Oriensictis † Pannonictis † Poecilictis Poecilogale † Sminthosinis † Stipanicicia † Trigonictis † Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae † Algarolutra Aonyx † Cyrnaonyx † Cyrnolutra † Djourabus Enhydra † Enhydriodon † Enhydritherium Hydrictis † Limnonyx Lontra Lutra † Lutraeximia † Lutrictis Lutrogale † Megalenhydris † Megencephalon † Melodon † Mionictis † Nesolutra † Paludolutra † Paralutra † Pelycictis Pteronura † Sardolutra † Satherium † Siamogale † Sivaonyx † Teruelictis † Torolutra † Tyrrhenolutra † Vishnuonyx † Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae † Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles † Promeles Mellivorinae † Ekorus † Eomellivora † Hoplictis Mellivora † Moralesictis † Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelinae † Dinogale † Lartetictis † Legionarictis Mustela Neogale † Tisisthenes † Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae † Chamitataxus † Pliotaxidea Taxidea Mustelidae Mustelidae † Acheronictis † Aragonictis † Arikarictis † Circamustela † Erokomellivora † Franconictis † Kenyalutra † Kinometaxia † Laphyctis † Luogale † Marcetia † Matanomictis † Melidellavus † Mellalictis † Mesomephitis † Miomustela † Namibictis † Oaxacagale † Palaeomeles † Paragale † Parataxidea † Perunium † Plesictis † Plesiogale † Plesiomeles † Prepoecilogale † Presictis † Promellivora † Proputorius † Pyctis † Sabadellictis † Semantor † Sinictis † Sivalictis † Skopelogale † Sonitictis † Taxodon † Trochotherium † Xenictis † Zorilla Guloninae † Canimartes Eira † Ferinestrix Gulo † Iberictis † Ischyrictis Martes Pekania † Plesiogulo † Plionictis † Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Ictonychinae † Baranogale † Brevimalictis † Cernictis † Eirictis † Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx † Lutravus Lyncodon † Martellictis † Negodiaetictis † Oriensictis † Pannonictis † Poecilictis Poecilogale † Sminthosinis † Stipanicicia † Trigonictis † Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae † Algarolutra Aonyx † Cyrnaonyx † Cyrnolutra † Djourabus Enhydra † Enhydriodon † Enhydritherium Hydrictis † Limnonyx Lontra Lutra † Lutraeximia † Lutrictis Lutrogale † Megalenhydris † Megencephalon † Melodon † Mionictis † Nesolutra † Paludolutra † Paralutra † Pelycictis Pteronura † Sardolutra † Satherium † Siamogale † Sivaonyx † Teruelictis † Torolutra † Tyrrhenolutra † Vishnuonyx † Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae † Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles † Promeles Mellivorinae † Ekorus † Eomellivora † Hoplictis Mellivora † Moralesictis † Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelinae † Dinogale † Lartetictis † Legionarictis Mustela Neogale † Tisisthenes † Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae † Chamitataxus † Pliotaxidea Taxidea Mustelidae † Acheronictis † Aragonictis † Arikarictis † Circamustela † Erokomellivora † Franconictis † Kenyalutra † Kinometaxia † Laphyctis † Luogale † Marcetia † Matanomictis † Melidellavus † Mellalictis † Mesomephitis † Miomustela † Namibictis † Oaxacagale † Palaeomeles † Paragale † Parataxidea † Perunium † Plesictis † Plesiogale † Plesiomeles † Prepoecilogale † Presictis † Promellivora † Proputorius † Pyctis † Sabadellictis † Semantor † Sinictis † Sivalictis † Skopelogale † Sonitictis † Taxodon † Trochotherium † Xenictis † Zorilla Guloninae † Canimartes Eira † Ferinestrix Gulo † Iberictis † Ischyrictis Martes Pekania † Plesiogulo † Plionictis † Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Ictonychinae † Baranogale † Brevimalictis † Cernictis † Eirictis † Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx † Lutravus Lyncodon † Martellictis † Negodiaetictis † Oriensictis † Pannonictis † Poecilictis Poecilogale † Sminthosinis † Stipanicicia † Trigonictis † Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae † Algarolutra Aonyx † Cyrnaonyx † Cyrnolutra † Djourabus Enhydra † Enhydriodon † Enhydritherium Hydrictis † Limnonyx Lontra Lutra † Lutraeximia † Lutrictis Lutrogale † Megalenhydris † Megencephalon † Melodon † Mionictis † Nesolutra † Paludolutra † Paralutra † Pelycictis Pteronura † Sardolutra † Satherium † Siamogale † Sivaonyx † Teruelictis † Torolutra † Tyrrhenolutra † Vishnuonyx † Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae † Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles † Promeles Mellivorinae † Ekorus † Eomellivora † Hoplictis Mellivora † Moralesictis † Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelinae † Dinogale † Lartetictis † Legionarictis Mustela Neogale † Tisisthenes † Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae † Chamitataxus † Pliotaxidea Taxidea † Acheronictis † Aragonictis † Arikarictis † Circamustela † Erokomellivora † Franconictis † Kenyalutra † Kinometaxia † Laphyctis † Luogale † Marcetia † Matanomictis † Melidellavus † Mellalictis † Mesomephitis † Miomustela † Namibictis † Oaxacagale † Palaeomeles † Paragale † Parataxidea † Perunium † Plesictis † Plesiogale † Plesiomeles † Prepoecilogale † Presictis † Promellivora † Proputorius † Pyctis † Sabadellictis † Semantor † Sinictis † Sivalictis † Skopelogale † Sonitictis † Taxodon † Trochotherium † Xenictis † Zorilla † Acheronictis † Aragonictis † Arikarictis † Circamustela † Erokomellivora † Franconictis † Kenyalutra † Kinometaxia † Laphyctis † Luogale † Marcetia † Matanomictis † Melidellavus † Mellalictis † Mesomephitis † Miomustela † Namibictis † Oaxacagale † Palaeomeles † Paragale † Parataxidea † Perunium † Plesictis † Plesiogale † Plesiomeles † Prepoecilogale † Presictis † Promellivora † Proputorius † Pyctis † Sabadellictis † Semantor † Sinictis † Sivalictis † Skopelogale † Sonitictis † Taxodon † Trochotherium † Xenictis † Zorilla Guloninae † Canimartes Eira † Ferinestrix Gulo † Iberictis † Ischyrictis Martes Pekania † Plesiogulo † Plionictis † Sthenictis † Canimartes Eira † Ferinestrix Gulo † Iberictis † Ischyrictis Martes Pekania † Plesiogulo † Plionictis † Sthenictis Helictidinae Melogale Melogale Ictonychinae † Baranogale † Brevimalictis † Cernictis † Eirictis † Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx † Lutravus Lyncodon † Martellictis † Negodiaetictis † Oriensictis † Pannonictis † Poecilictis Poecilogale † Sminthosinis † Stipanicicia † Trigonictis † Trochictis Vormela † Baranogale † Brevimalictis † Cernictis † Eirictis † Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx † Lutravus Lyncodon † Martellictis † Negodiaetictis † Oriensictis † Pannonictis † Poecilictis Poecilogale † Sminthosinis † Stipanicicia † Trigonictis † Trochictis Vormela Lutrinae † Algarolutra Aonyx † Cyrnaonyx † Cyrnolutra † Djourabus Enhydra † Enhydriodon † Enhydritherium Hydrictis † Limnonyx Lontra Lutra † Lutraeximia † Lutrictis Lutrogale † Megalenhydris † Megencephalon † Melodon † Mionictis † Nesolutra † Paludolutra † Paralutra † Pelycictis Pteronura † Sardolutra † Satherium † Siamogale † Sivaonyx † Teruelictis † Torolutra † Tyrrhenolutra † Vishnuonyx † Algarolutra Aonyx † Cyrnaonyx † Cyrnolutra † Djourabus Enhydra † Enhydriodon † Enhydritherium Hydrictis † Limnonyx Lontra Lutra † Lutraeximia † Lutrictis Lutrogale † Megalenhydris † Megencephalon † Melodon † Mionictis † Nesolutra † Paludolutra † Paralutra † Pelycictis Pteronura † Sardolutra † Satherium † Siamogale † Sivaonyx † Teruelictis † Torolutra † Tyrrhenolutra † Vishnuonyx † Leptarctinae Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion Melinae † Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles † Promeles † Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles † Promeles Mellivorinae † Ekorus † Eomellivora † Hoplictis Mellivora † Moralesictis † Ekorus † Eomellivora † Hoplictis Mellivora † Moralesictis † Mustelavinae Mustelavus Mustelavus Mustelinae † Dinogale † Lartetictis † Legionarictis Mustela Neogale † Tisisthenes † Dinogale † Lartetictis † Legionarictis Mustela Neogale † Tisisthenes † Oligobuninae Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes Taxidiinae † Chamitataxus † Pliotaxidea Taxidea † Chamitataxus † Pliotaxidea Taxidea Taxon identifiers Mustela Wikidata : Q28521 Wikispecies : Mustela ADW : Mustela BOLD : 6868 CoL : 5VXQ EoL : 14116 EPPO : 1MUSTG Fauna Europaea : 305302 Fauna Europaea (new) : d06f41da-3ff6-4801-bb45-a0d09f754577 GBIF : 2433922 iNaturalist : 41801 ITIS : 180552 MSW : 14001325 NBN : NHMSYS0000376188 NCBI : 9665 NZOR: fe398a34-43f7-4fae-a3c8-d4a1754aea99 Open Tree of Life : 923108 Paleobiology Database : 41139 Plazi : 80971222-FDE7-5C13-F611-2B79542D339B TaiCOL : t0023034 WoRMS : 297167 ZooBank : 72669CD5-BCE4-49DA-8F73-655ABF946CF9 Wikidata : Q28521 Wikispecies : Mustela ADW : Mustela BOLD : 6868 CoL : 5VXQ EoL : 14116 EPPO : 1MUSTG Fauna Europaea : 305302 Fauna Europaea (new) : d06f41da-3ff6-4801-bb45-a0d09f754577 GBIF : 2433922 iNaturalist : 41801 ITIS : 180552 MSW : 14001325 NBN : NHMSYS0000376188 NCBI : 9665 NZOR: fe398a34-43f7-4fae-a3c8-d4a1754aea99 Open Tree of Life : 923108 Paleobiology Database : 41139 Plazi : 80971222-FDE7-5C13-F611-2B79542D339B TaiCOL : t0023034 WoRMS : 297167 ZooBank : 72669CD5-BCE4-49DA-8F73-655ABF946CF9 Authority control databases National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Weasels Carnivorans of Asia Carnivorans of Europe Carnivorans of North America Carnivorans of South America Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Yōkai Articles containing Japanese-language text CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2020 Articles with 'species' microformats Commons category link is on Wikidata Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs This page was last edited on 28 December 2025, at 19:31 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . 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( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). 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Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 1.1 Formation 1.2 Capture of Aden 1.3 Post-Riyadh Agreement 1.4 December 2025 offensive 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.4.1 January 2026 constitutional declaration 1.5 January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution 2 Territorial control 3 Administration Toggle Administration subsection 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 3.1 Presidential Commission 3.2 National Assembly 4 Foreign relations Toggle Foreign relations subsection 4.1 Israel 4.1 Israel 5 Human rights 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Bibliography 7.1 Bibliography Southern Transitional Council العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Southern Transitional Council .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي ( Arabic ) Chairman Aidarus al-Zoubaidi ( AWOL ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Vice president Hani bin Burayk Foundation 11 May 2017 ( 2017-05-11 ) Dissolved 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 9 January 2026 (Riyadh delegation claim) [ 3 ] Still active (Yemeni officials claim) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Split from Southern Movement Groups .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Southern Armed Forces Security Belt Headquarters Aden , Yemen (until 2026) Ideology Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Separatism Secularism [ 6 ] Anti-Islamism [ 7 ] Militarism Anti- Axis of Resistance Part of Presidential Leadership Council (PLC) (2022–2026) Allies State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] State allies: United Arab Emirates Yemen ( 2019 – 2025 ) [ 8 ] Israel [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Non-state allies: Tihamah Resistance (until 2026) Yemeni National Resistance (until 2026) Giants Brigades (until 2026) [ 2 ] Libyan National Army [ 12 ] Opponents State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province State opponents: Yemen (until 2019, since 2025) [ 8 ] Iran Saudi Arabia ( 2025–2026 ) [ 13 ] Non-state opponents: Houthis Al Islah Giants Brigades (since 7 January 2026) [ 2 ] Muslim Brotherhood [ 7 ] AQAP Islamic State – Yemen Province Wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Southern Transitional Council conflict Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Battle of Aden (2018) 2019 Southern Yemen clashes 2022 Southern Yemen offensive 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Flag Website en .stcaden .com The Southern Transitional Council ( STC ; Arabic : المجلس الانتقالي الجنوبي , romanized : al-Majlis al-Intiqālī al-Janūbī ) was a political and military organization in Yemen that existed from 2017 until its dissolution in 2026. Formed as a faction of the Southern Movement , it had called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of former South Yemen , with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia . [ 14 ] The organization was backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 15 ] The council was headed by the former Governor of Aden Governorate , Aidarus al-Zoubaidi , as chairman , [ 1 ] with former minister of state and militant Salafi Islamist , Hani bin Burayk , as vice president. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The formation of the council was authorized a week earlier by the "Historic Declaration", announced at a rally protesting the dismissal of al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor. The STC, a major party to the Yemeni Civil War , once controlled all of the territories of the former South Yemeni state. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The 26 members of the STC included the governors of five southern governorates and two government ministers. In April 2022, the STC joined the Presidential Leadership Council , after then-Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned and transferred presidential powers to the newly formed body. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the Vice President of the new government. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The STC increased its influence in the council by enlarging its membership to three out of the eight, through internal reorganization in May 2023. [ 24 ] In December 2025, the group launched a major offensive to retake the territory of former South Yemen . This was initially widely successful, with the STC capturing almost the entire territory of the former southern state. However, this prompted a PLC - HTA counter-offensive with direct Saudi military support. This turned the tables on the STC and in early January 2026, the council had lost most of its territory, including its capital Aden . [ 25 ] A dispute over the group's fate arose, as an STC delegation in Riyadh announced the group would dissolve, while the group's official spokesperson and other high-ranking officials stated that the Riyadh statement was 'null and void', [ 4 ] had been made under duress and the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] History In 1914, following the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 , the United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire divided Arabian Peninsula into two parts: the northwest under Ottoman control and influence, and the southeast under British control and influence. [ 26 ] The UK established the Aden Colony in 1937 and a Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia in 1959 which evolved into the Federation of South Arabia in 1963. Following an armed rebellion , British forces withdrew from southern Yemen in November 1967, resulting in the independence of the People's Republic of Southern Yemen which later became the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and neighbouring Yemen Arab Republic merged in May 1990 as the Republic of Yemen . Southern separatists proclaimed a Democratic Republic of Yemen in May 1994, however the attempted secession was defeated in July that year. Formation On 27 April 2017, President Hadi dismissed Aidarus al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor of Aden Governorate due to his close ties with the United Arab Emirates , which President Hadi described as "acting like occupiers" in Aden . [ 27 ] This was met with large demonstrations in the city in support of the deposed but popular Zoubaidi. [ 28 ] In 4 May 2017, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a speech which the STC describes as the "Aden Historic Declaration" ( Arabic : إعلان عدن التاريخي , romanized : Iʿlān ʿAdan at-Tārīḵiyy ). The speech was delivered in Aden's Freedom Square ( Arabic : ساحة الحرية , romanized : sahat alhuriya ), formerly known as Exhibition Square in Khormaksar district . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] With the help and support of the United Arab Emirates, the STC was formed on 11 May 2017 with al-Zoubaidi as its leader. [ 31 ] Immediately, President Hadi called the council illegitimate. [ 32 ] [ 19 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Capture of Aden Beginning on 28 January 2018, forces loyal to the STC seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi government. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] In January 2018, as the head of the STC, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi announced a state of emergency in Aden and that "the STC has begun the process of overthrowing Hadi's rule over the South". [ 37 ] On 27 August 2019, tensions continued to escalate in southern Yemen after the UAE-backed Security Belt Forces (SBF) lost territories to troops loyal to the Saudi-backed government of President Hadi. The troops advanced on the capital Aden and instead of engaging in street fighting, took positions outside of the city in order to prevent civilian casualties. On 29 August 2019, to stop government forces from advancing and reclaiming the capital, the UAE carried out airstrikes on government positions outside of Aden, which killed and injured over 300 government soldiers. Despite membership in the coalition fighting the Iran-aligned Houthi rebels, the UAE fell out with Hadi's government after the former accused Hadi of aligning with the powerful Islah party , which the UAE viewed as ideologically close to the Muslim Brotherhood . [ citation needed ] Post-Riyadh Agreement On 5 November 2019, the STC and the Yemeni government signed the Riyadh Agreement , which resulted in the latter recognizing the former's legitimacy and allowing them into the government, in exchange for the STC withdrawing militarily from Aden and giving up some security control in the south of the country. [ 38 ] It followed the Southern Yemen clashes of August 2019, with the goal of ending the fighting and establishing a united front against the Houthi rebels. [ 39 ] The STC declared self-governance on 26 April 2020. [ 40 ] The government said local and security authorities in the provinces of Hadramaut , Abyan , Shabwa , al-Mahra , and the island of Socotra dismissed the move as a "clear and definite coup". [ 41 ] In Aden, the movement's attempt was successful, as it occupied all governmental institutions. [ 42 ] To deal with the infighting between the Yemeni government and the Southern Transitional Council, a new cabinet was formed with the backing of neighbouring Saudi Arabia. [ 43 ] The formation of the new unity government in December 2020, which includes equal numbers of representatives from each region of Yemen's northern and southern areas, was the result of over a year's worth of intense negotiations mediated by the Saudis, and was meant to end the infighting so that the two sides could fight together against the Houthi rebels in the ongoing civil war . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] In April 2022, STC formally became part of the Presidential Leadership Council, the new governing body of the Republic of Yemen established after the resignation of the former president. STC head Aidarus al-Zoubaidi became the new Vice President . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] During the STC congress held between 4–8 May 2023, the "Southern National Pact" was adopted, demanding the incorporation of the Southern Movement in the Yemeni peace process under an "independent framework". Houthi insurgents vehemently denounced the congress and its resolutions. Nevertheless, STC managed to increase its share in the Presidential Leadership Council to three members out of the total eight seats. [ 46 ] In August 2022, the STC launched an offensive in the Abyan and Shabwah provinces, capturing most districts of those provinces. [ 47 ] On 25 September 2025, the STC called for a "two-state solution" to the Yemeni civil war. STC president Aidarus al-Zubaidi said that such an agreement would be the best path towards peace and stability, as he believed there was "no prospect" of dislodging the Houthis from Northern Yemen and that the country was already effectively divided into two states. [ 48 ] December 2025 offensive On 2 December 2025, the STC launched an offensive across southern Yemen , codenamed "Operation Promising Future", [ 49 ] and by 8 December, had captured most of the territory comprising the 6 governorates of the former South Yemen . The STC declared its intention to continue advancing until it captures the Houthi-held capital of Sanaa . [ 50 ] In the immediate aftermath of the offensive, Presidential Leadership Council chair Rashad al-Alimi and prime minister Salem Saleh bin Braik left Aden for Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . [ 51 ] Following the offensive, rallies and sit-ins were held in Aden and other cities demanding the re-establishment of an independent state in South Yemen. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] By 21 December several ministers in the Yemeni cabinet had issued statements supporting southern independence and STC leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi had declared that the "next stage will be the stage of building institutions of the future state of South Arabia". [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In response the chair of Yemen's Presidential Leadership Council, Rashad al-Alimi, stated that these ministers had "exceeded their functional responsibilities" and ordered legal action against "violations undermining state authority". [ 57 ] January 2026 constitutional declaration On 2 January 2026, the STC published a constitutional declaration for the State of South Arabia, conterminous with the borders of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen , which had existed as an independent sovereign United Nations member state between 1967 and 1990. [ 58 ] The STC leader Aidarous al-Zubaid stated that the constitution would be in effect for two years, after which a referendum on "exercising the right to self-determination for the people of the South" would be held. al-Zubaid also called for dialogue between the relevant parties in northern and southern Yemen regarding the "paths and mechanisms that guarantee the right of the people of the south." [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Nevertheless, al-Zubaid stated that the constitutional declaration could take effect immediately if the call for dialogue is ignored or if STC forces come under military attack. [ 61 ] January 2026 PLC counteroffensive and disputed dissolution Saudi-backed forces loyal to the Presidential Leadership Council launched a counteroffensive in early January 2026. PLC forces took back control of Hadhramaut and Al Mahrah governorates between 2 and 4 January 2026. [ 62 ] Following Saudi air strikes, pro-PLC forces pushed the STC out of Abyan and Shabwah between 6 and 7 January 2026. STC leader, Aidarous al-Zoubaidi left Aden on 7 January, initially to Berbera, Somaliland and then onwards to the United Arab Emirates . [ 63 ] On 9 January 2026, members and affiliated bodies of the Southern Transitional Council announced that they had decided to dissolve the council. Members of the group said in a statement that they did not participate in the decision regarding the offensive in Hadhramaut and al-Mahra, adding that this operation "harmed the southern cause" and that the council has not "achieved its intended aims." [ 64 ] Consequently, STC leader Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates. [ 65 ] However, the UAE-based official spokesman of the STC, Anwar al-Tamimi, called the news "ridiculous" and rejected the announcement. [ 66 ] The spokesperson, backed by other high-ranking officials, denied that the STC had disbanded and stated that the Riyadh statement had been made under duress and demanded that the delegation be released from Riyadh. [ 67 ] The group published a statement on the following day, stating that the dissolution announcement had been made under pressure and that the STC remained 'fully legitimate and operational'. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] The STC called for mass protests in Aden in support of the group. Saudi-backed forces announced a ban on demonstrations, but this was ignored by several thousand STC supporters who gathered in the streets in support of the council. [ 68 ] Territorial control The STC claimed all the territory of the former South Yemen as part of its proposed State of South Arabia. This is located at the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula and includes the islands of Socotra in Arabian Sea and Perim in the Strait of Mandeb . After the 2018 Battle of Aden , the group took over parts of Lahij and Dhale governorates . [ 69 ] After 2019 Southern Yemen clashes , the STC controlled territory in Aden Governorate , and in parts of Abyan , Lahij and Shabwah governorates. [ 70 ] On 2020, STC took over of Socotra Governorate . From 2022 Southern Yemen offensive , the STC controlled most remaining parts of Abyan and Shabwah governorates. [ 71 ] As a result of the 2025 Southern Yemen offensive which began on 2 December 2025, the STC gained control Hadhramawt and Al Mahrah governorates thus controlling most of the territory of the former South Yemen. [ 72 ] [ 50 ] [ 73 ] Following a counteroffensive by PLC forces in early January 2026, the STC lost most of the territorial gains they had made during the December 2025 offensive. [ 25 ] Administration Presidential Commission An STC Presidential Commission was announced in May 2017 and as of May 2023 has 26 members with Aidarus al-Zoubaidi serving as president and Hani Bin Breik as vice-president. [ 16 ] [ 74 ] In 2017 the membership of the Presidential Commission was as follows: [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ better source needed ] Name Position or profession Aidarus al-Zoubaidi President Hani bin Breik Vice-president Fadhl al-Ghadi Governor for Dhale Lutfi Bashareef Minister for Communications Murad al-Hallemy Minister for Transport Hamid Lamlas Governor for Shabwah Nasser al-Khobbaki Governor for Lahij Ahmed bin Breik Governor for Hadramout Saleh al-Awlaqi Parliamentarian Abdulhadi Shayif Economist Abdullah Arefarar Representative for Socotra Abdurrab al-Naqeep Representative for Yafa'a Adnan al-Kaaf Member of Parliament for Aden Ahmed al-Socotry Governor for Socotra Mona Basharaheed Professor of Literature Aqel al-Attas Activist Lutfi Shatara Journalist Sahair Ali Professor of Law Ahmed Bamuallem Brigadier General and representative for Hadramaut Abdurahman Shaikh Member of Parliament for Aden Salem al-Awlaqi Activist Ameen Saleh Activist Nasser Assadi Brigadier General Ali Ashaibah Brigadier General Niran Suqi Jurist Ali al-Kathiri Representative of the Southern Movement National Assembly The National Assembly, established in December 2017, was a deliberative body consisting of 303 members representing the districts and governorates of southern Yemen, it was chaired by member of the STC's presidency Ali Al-Kathiri. [ 77 ] Foreign relations Israel In December 2023, the Southern Transitional Council reportedly said that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthi ship attacks . [ 78 ] In September 2025, Zoubaidi said in an interview that if the STC were to achieve an independent state, it would likely grant recognition to Israel by joining the Abraham Accords . He stated that "If Gaza and Palestine regain their rights, the Accords will be essential for stability in the region." [ 79 ] Human rights Amnesty International has reported a series of human rights concerns in areas under the control of the Southern Transitional Council (STC). Since 2023, the authorities in Aden have introduced restrictions on civil society organizations , requiring permits from STC-run bodies for public activities. According to Amnesty, these permit requirements often involved extensive reporting obligations and were sometimes used to limit funding or deny approval for organizations perceived as politically opposed to the STC. [ 80 ] In some cases, events organized by non-governmental organizations were prevented from taking place, or were halted after approval had been granted. Venues were reportedly ordered to close events mid-way without explanation. [ 80 ] Civil society groups have also reported reduced access to funding and increased self-censorship in response to the restrictions. [ 80 ] Human rights defenders and journalists have been targets of the STC's security forces arbitrary detention. On 16 November 2023, lawyer Sami Yassin Ka'id Marsh was arrested by STC security forces as he was leaving work. He was detained without charge at the al-Nasr military camp, an unofficial facility, held incommunicado , and reportedly subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. In March 2024, he was transferred to Aden's Bir Ahmad prison, where a leaked photograph showed him seriously ill in a hospital bed, raising concerns for his health and wellbeing. Amnesty International reported that he was subjected to torture and prolonged solitary confinement. [ 81 ] On 26 May 2024, armed individuals affiliated with the STC and the Southern Women Union took control of the Yemeni Women Union centre in Aden, a shelter for survivors of gender-based violence. Staff and residents were expelled, and access to the premises was blocked. [ 82 ] See also South Yemen insurgency Southern Movement Yemeni Socialist Party References ^ a b Heibach 2021 , p. 2. ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Faisal Ali,Alma Milisic,Yasmeen Aboujabal. 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2017 establishments in Yemen 2026 disestablishments in Yemen Arab separatism Military units and formations disestablished in 2026 Military units and formations established in 2017 Secessionist organizations Separatism in Yemen United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Yemeni crisis CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Harv and Sfn no-target errors CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing Arabic-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2026 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:01 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Career 2 Racing record Toggle Racing record subsection 2.1 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results 2.1 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results 3 References 4 External links Frank Clement (racing driver) Deutsch Français مصرى Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Nationality British Born ( 1886-06-15 ) 15 June 1886 Died 15 February 1970 (1970-02-15) (aged 83) Northumberland , England , UK 24 Hours of Le Mans career Years 1923 – 1930 Teams Private entries Bentley Motors Best finish 1st ( 1924 ) Class wins 1 ( 1924 ) Frank Charles Clement (15 June 1886 – 15 February 1970) was a British racing driver who, along with Canadian John Duff , won the 1924 24 Hours of Le Mans . Career One of the " Bentley Boys ", Clement was recruited by W.O. Bentley as a test driver for Bentley Motors . He was chosen by the company to drive in the inaugural 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1923 with John Duff in Duff's privately entered car. The only British team in the event, the pair finished the race in fourth after fighting for the lead for much of the race. The following year Duff returned with his private Bentley and the two won the race outright over several Lorraine-Dietrichs and Chenard-Walckers . In a bid to win the Rudge-Whitworth Triennial Cup, the two drivers remained paired in 1925 , and Bentley offered more support by adding a second car to the team. However, their car would fail halfway through the event and would not be able to finish. Bentley improved to a three car team for 1926, and Clement was assigned to co-drive with George Duller, although once again the car was not able to finish. Over the next two years, although Bentley won Le Mans two more times, Clement's car still was unable to finish the endurance event . In 1929 Clement once again was able to last the entire event as Bentley dominated, earning the top four finishing positions. Clement ran his final Le Mans in 1930 , finishing in second place, before Bentley chose not to continue at Le Mans the following year. Racing record Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Pos. Class Pos. 1923 Bentley Motors Limited Capt John Duff Bentley 3 Litre Sport 3.0 112 4th= 3rd 1924 Bentley Motors Limited Capt John Duff Bentley 3 Litre Sport 3.0 120 1st 1st 1925 Capt J. Duff (private entrant) Capt John Duff Bentley 3 Litre Sport 5.0 64 DNF (Fire) 1926 Bentley Motors Limited George Duller Bentley 3 Litre Speed 3.0 72 DNF (Engine) 1927 Bentley Motors Limited Leslie Callingham Bentley 4½ Litre 5.0 35 DNF (Accident) 1928 Bentley Motors Ltd Dr Dudley Benjafield Bentley 4½ Litre 5.0 71 DNF (Radiator) 1929 Bentley Motors Ltd Jean Chassagne Bentley 4½ Litre 5.0 157 4th 3rd 1930 Bentley Motors Ltd Dick Watney Bentley Speed Six >3.0 173 2nd 2nd Sources: [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " 'Frank' Clement (GB)" . 24h-en-piste.com . Retrieved 27 May 2025 . ^ "Franck Clement" . Automobile Club de l'Ouest . Retrieved 27 May 2025 . External links Frank Clement at racingsportscars.com . Sporting positions Preceded by André Lagache René Léonard Winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans 1924 with: John Duff Succeeded by Gérard de Courcelles André Rossignol .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Winners of the 24 Hours of Le Mans v t e Nine-time Tom Kristensen Tom Kristensen Six-time Jacky Ickx Jacky Ickx Five-time Derek Bell Frank Biela Emanuele Pirro Derek Bell Frank Biela Emanuele Pirro Four-time Sébastien Buemi Yannick Dalmas Olivier Gendebien Henri Pescarolo Sébastien Buemi Yannick Dalmas Olivier Gendebien Henri Pescarolo Three-time Woolf Barnato Rinaldo Capello Luigi Chinetti Marcel Fässler Brendon Hartley Hurley Haywood Phil Hill Al Holbert André Lotterer Klaus Ludwig Allan McNish Kazuki Nakajima Benoît Tréluyer Marco Werner Woolf Barnato Rinaldo Capello Luigi Chinetti Marcel Fässler Brendon Hartley Hurley Haywood Phil Hill Al Holbert André Lotterer Klaus Ludwig Allan McNish Kazuki Nakajima Benoît Tréluyer Marco Werner Two-time Fernando Alonso Earl Bamber Timo Bernhard Tim Birkin Ivor Bueb Romain Dumas Ron Flockhart Jean-Pierre Jaussaud Gérard Larrousse JJ Lehto Manuel Reuter André Rossignol Raymond Sommer Hans-Joachim Stuck Gijs van Lennep Jean-Pierre Wimille Alexander Wurz Fernando Alonso Earl Bamber Timo Bernhard Tim Birkin Ivor Bueb Romain Dumas Ron Flockhart Jean-Pierre Jaussaud Gérard Larrousse JJ Lehto Manuel Reuter André Rossignol Raymond Sommer Hans-Joachim Stuck Gijs van Lennep Jean-Pierre Wimille Alexander Wurz One-time Aïello Alboreto Amon Ara Attwood Baldi Bandini Barilla Barth Benjafield Benoist Bianchi Bloch Blundell Bouchut D. Brabham G. Brabham Brundle Calado Chaboud Clement Cobb Conway Davis de Courcelles Dickens Duff Dumfries Duval Étancelin Fontés Foyt Frère Fuoco Gachot Gené Giovinazzi González Gregory Guichet Gurney Hamilton Hanson Hawthorn Hélary Herbert Herrmann G. Hill Hindmarsh Hirakawa Howe Hülkenberg Jani Johansson Jones Kidston Kobayashi Krages Kubica Lagache Lammers Lang Léonard Lieb López Marko Martini Mass McLaren Mitchell-Thomson Molina J. Nielsen N. Nielsen Nuvolari Oliver Ortelli Pier Guidi Pironi Riess Rindt Rockenfeller Rodríguez Rolt Rondeau J. Rosier L. Rosier Rubin Salvadori Sanderson Scarfiotti Schuppan Sekiya Shelby Smith Tandy Trémoulet Trintignant Vaccarella Veyron Walker Wallace Warwick Weidler Whitehead B. Whittington D. Whittington Winkelhock Ye Aïello Alboreto Amon Ara Attwood Baldi Bandini Barilla Barth Benjafield Benoist Bianchi Bloch Blundell Bouchut D. Brabham G. Brabham Brundle Calado Chaboud Clement Cobb Conway Davis de Courcelles Dickens Duff Dumfries Duval Étancelin Fontés Foyt Frère Fuoco Gachot Gené Giovinazzi González Gregory Guichet Gurney Hamilton Hanson Hawthorn Hélary Herbert Herrmann G. Hill Hindmarsh Hirakawa Howe Hülkenberg Jani Johansson Jones Kidston Kobayashi Krages Kubica Lagache Lammers Lang Léonard Lieb López Marko Martini Mass McLaren Mitchell-Thomson Molina J. Nielsen N. Nielsen Nuvolari Oliver Ortelli Pier Guidi Pironi Riess Rindt Rockenfeller Rodríguez Rolt Rondeau J. Rosier L. Rosier Rubin Salvadori Sanderson Scarfiotti Schuppan Sekiya Shelby Smith Tandy Trémoulet Trintignant Vaccarella Veyron Walker Wallace Warwick Weidler Whitehead B. Whittington D. Whittington Winkelhock Ye This biographical article related to English motor racing is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . This biographical article related to English motor racing is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . v t e 1886 births 1970 deaths Bentley Boys English racing drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers Royal Engineers soldiers 20th-century English sportsmen English auto racing biography stubs Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from December 2023 Pages using infobox Le Mans driver with unknown parameters All stub articles This page was last edited on 27 May 2025, at 18:02 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 2.1 Late 1970s and 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 2020s 3 Acting style and reception 4 Public image 5 Other ventures Toggle Other ventures subsection 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 5.1 Product and endorsements 5.2 Philanthropy 6 Personal life 7 Acting credits and accolades 8 References 9 External links Michelle Pfeiffer Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Michelle Pfeiffer Pfeiffer in 2018 Born Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( 1958-04-29 ) April 29, 1958 (age 67) Santa Ana, California , U.S. Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actress producer Actress producer Years active 1977–present Works Full list Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Peter Horton ( m. 1981; div. 1988) David E. Kelley ( m. 1993) Children 2 Relatives Dedee Pfeiffer (sister) Awards Full list Signature Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( / ˈ f aɪ f ər / FY -fər ; born April 29, 1958) is an American actress and producer. One of the most bankable stars in Hollywood during the 1980s and 1990s, her performances have earned her various accolades , including a Golden Globe Award and a British Academy Film Award , as well as nominations for three Academy Awards and one Primetime Emmy Award . Pfeiffer began her acting career with minor appearances in television and film, and secured her first leading role in Grease 2 (1982). She achieved widespread recognition for her breakthrough performance as Elvira Hancock in Scarface (1983), followed by mainstream success with The Witches of Eastwick (1987) and Tequila Sunrise (1988). Pfeiffer received her first of six consecutive Golden Globe Award nominations for Married to the Mob (1988). She earned consecutive Academy Award nominations, Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), winning a Golden Globe Award for the latter. Established as one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1990s, Pfeiffer played Catwoman in Batman Returns (1992) and received her third Academy Award nomination for Love Field (1992). She continued to appear in prominent films throughout the decade, including The Age of Innocence (1993) and Wolf (1994). Through her production company, Via Rosa Productions, she produced and starred in several films, including Dangerous Minds (1995). In the 2000s, Pfeiffer reduced her acting workload to focus on her family, appearing in select projects such as What Lies Beneath (2000), White Oleander (2002), Hairspray and Stardust (both 2007). Following a hiatus, Pfeiffer returned to prominence in 2017 with roles in Where Is Kyra? , Mother! , and Murder on the Orient Express . That same year, she received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for portraying Ruth Madoff in the television film The Wizard of Lies . In 2020, she earned her eighth Golden Globe Award nomination for French Exit . Since 2018, Pfeiffer has portrayed Janet van Dyne in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning with Ant-Man and the Wasp . Early life Michelle Marie Pfeiffer was born on April 29, 1958, in Santa Ana, California , to Richard Pfeiffer, an air-conditioning contractor, and Donna Jean (née Taverna), a housewife. [ 1 ] She has an older brother, Rick, and two younger sisters, Dedee [ 2 ] and Lori. [ 3 ] Her parents were both originally from North Dakota . [ 4 ] Her paternal grandfather was of German ancestry and her paternal grandmother was of English, Welsh, French, Irish, and Dutch descent, while her maternal grandfather was of Swiss-German-Italian descent and her maternal grandmother of Swedish ancestry. [ 5 ] The family moved to Midway City , another Orange County community around seven miles (11 km) away, where Pfeiffer spent her early years. [ 6 ] Pfeiffer attended Fountain Valley High School , graduating in 1976. [ 7 ] She worked as a check-out girl at Vons supermarket, and attended Golden West College [ 8 ] where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. After a short stint training to be a court stenographer , she pursued an acting career. [ 9 ] Pfeiffer won the Miss Orange County beauty pageant in 1978 and finished sixth in the Miss California contest the same year. [ 10 ] After her appearances in these pageants, Pfeiffer acquired an agent and began to audition for television and film roles. [ 11 ] Career Late 1970s and 1980s Pfeiffer made her acting debut in 1978, in a one-episode appearance of Fantasy Island . [ 7 ] Other roles on television series followed, including Delta House , CHiPs , Enos and B.A.D. Cats , as well as in the made-for-CBS film The Solitary Man (1979). [ 12 ] Pfeiffer transitioned to film with the comedy The Hollywood Knights (1980), with Tony Danza , appearing as high school sweethearts. She subsequently played supporting roles in Falling in Love Again (1980) with Susannah York and Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen (1981), none of which met with much critical or box office success. She appeared in a television commercial for Lux soap , [ 13 ] and took acting lessons at the Beverly Hills Playhouse , [ 14 ] before appearing in three 1981 television movies – Callie and Son , with Lindsay Wagner , The Children Nobody Wanted and Splendor in the Grass . Pfeiffer obtained her first starring film role as the female lead in Grease 2 (1982), [ 15 ] the sequel to the smash-hit musical film Grease (1978). [ 16 ] With only a few television roles and small film appearances, the 23-year-old Pfeiffer was an unknown actress when she attended the casting call audition for the role, but according to director Patricia Birch , she won the part because she "has a quirky quality you don't expect". [ 17 ] The film was a critical and commercial failure but Pfeiffer's performance was noted as a standout. [ 18 ] The New York Times remarked: "[A]lthough she is a relative screen newcomer, Miss Pfeiffer manages to look much more insouciant and comfortable than anyone else in the cast." [ 19 ] Despite escaping the critical mauling, her agent later admitted that her association with the film meant that "she couldn't get any jobs. Nobody wanted to hire her." [ 16 ] On her early screen roles, she asserted: "I needed to learn how to act ... in the meantime, I was playing bimbos and cashing in on my looks." [ 7 ] Director Brian De Palma , having seen Grease 2 , refused to audition Pfeiffer for Scarface (1983), but relented at the insistence of Martin Bregman , the film's producer. She was cast as cocaine-addicted trophy wife Elvira Hancock . [ 20 ] The film was considered excessively violent by most critics, but became a commercial hit and gained a large cult following in subsequent years. [ 21 ] Pfeiffer received positive reviews for her supporting turn; Richard Corliss of Time Magazine wrote, "most of the large cast is fine: Michelle Pfeiffer is better ..." [ 22 ] while Dominick Dunne , in an article for Vanity Fair titled "Blonde Ambition", wrote, "[s]he is on the verge of stardom. In the parlance of the industry, she is hot." [ 23 ] Following Scarface , she played Diana in John Landis ' comedy Into the Night (1985), with Jeff Goldblum ; Isabeau d'Anjou in Richard Donner 's fantasy film Ladyhawke (1985), with Rutger Hauer and Matthew Broderick ; Faith Healy in Alan Alda 's Sweet Liberty (1986), with Michael Caine ; and Brenda Landers in a segment of the 1950s sci-fi parody Amazon Women on the Moon (1987), all of which, despite achieving only modest commercial success, helped to establish her as an actress. She finally scored a major box-office hit as Sukie Ridgemont in the 1987 adaptation of John Updike 's novel The Witches of Eastwick , with Jack Nicholson , Cher , and Susan Sarandon . The film received positive reviews and grossed over $63.7 million domestically, equivalent to $176 million in 2024 dollars, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] becoming one of her earliest critical and commercial successes. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Praising their comic timing, Roger Ebert wrote that Pfeiffer and her female co-stars each "have a delicious good time with their roles", [ 28 ] while the Los Angeles Times film critic Sheila Benson said Pfeiffer makes her character "a warm, irresistible character." [ 29 ] Pfeiffer was cast against type, as a murdered gangster's widow, in Jonathan Demme 's mafia comedy Married to the Mob (1988), with Matthew Modine , Dean Stockwell and Mercedes Ruehl . For the role of Angela de Marco, she donned a curly brunette wig and a Brooklyn accent, [ 3 ] and received her first Golden Globe Award nomination as Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , beginning a six-year streak of consecutive Best Actress nominations at the Golden Globes. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Pfeiffer then appeared as chic restaurateuse Jo Ann Vallenari in Tequila Sunrise (1988) with Mel Gibson and Kurt Russell , but experienced creative and personal differences with director Robert Towne , who later described her as the "most difficult" actress he has ever worked with. [ 32 ] At Demme's personal recommendation, [ 16 ] Pfeiffer joined the cast of Stephen Frears 's Dangerous Liaisons (1988), with Glenn Close and John Malkovich , playing Madame Marie de Tourvel, the virtuous victim of seduction. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post saw Pfeiffer's role as "the least obvious and the most difficult. Nothing is harder to play than virtue, and Pfeiffer is smart enough not to try. Instead, she embodies it. Her porcelain-skinned beauty, in this regard, is a great asset, and the way it's used makes it seem an aspect of her spirituality." [ 33 ] She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role [ 34 ] and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . [ 35 ] Pfeiffer then accepted the role of Susie Diamond , a hard-edged former call girl turned lounge singer, in The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), which also starred Jeff Bridges and Beau Bridges as the eponymous Baker Boys. She underwent intense voice training for the role for four months, and performed all of her character's vocals. [ 36 ] The film was a modest success, grossing $18.4 million in the US and Canada (equivalent to $47 million in 2024 dollars [ 24 ] ). [ 37 ] Her portrayal of Susie, however, drew unanimous acclaim from critics. Critic Roger Ebert compared her to Rita Hayworth in Gilda and to Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot , adding that the film was "one of the movies they will use as a document, years from now, when they begin to trace the steps by which Pfeiffer became a great star". [ 38 ] During the 1989–1990 awards season, Pfeiffer won as Best Actress at the Golden Globes , the National Board of Review , the National Society of Film Critics , the New York Film Critics Circle , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the Chicago Film Critics Association . Pfeiffer's performance as Susie is considered to be the most critically acclaimed of her career. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The scene in which her character seductively performs " Makin' Whoopee " atop a grand piano is considered to be a memorable scene in modern cinema. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 1990s In 1990, Pfeiffer formed her own film production company, Via Rosa Productions, with business partner Kate Guinzburg, whom she had met on the set of Sweet Liberty (1986). The company was under a picture deal with Touchstone Pictures , a film label of The Walt Disney Studios . That year, Pfeiffer began earning $1 million per film, [ 45 ] and took on the part of the Soviet book editor Katya Orlova in the film adaptation of John le Carré 's The Russia House , with Sean Connery , a role that required her to adopt a Russian accent. For her efforts, she was rewarded with a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. [ 46 ] Pfeiffer then landed the role of damaged waitress Frankie in Garry Marshall 's Frankie and Johnny (1991), a film adaptation of Terrence McNally 's Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune , which reunited her with her Scarface co-star, Al Pacino . The casting was seen as controversial by many, as Pfeiffer was considered far too beautiful to play an "ordinary" waitress; [ 47 ] Kathy Bates , the original Frankie on Broadway, also expressed disappointment over the producers' choice. [ 48 ] Pfeiffer herself stated that she took the role because it "wasn't what people would expect of [her]". [ 49 ] Pfeiffer was once again nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama for her performance. Pfeiffer took on the role of Selina Kyle–Catwoman in Tim Burton 's superhero film Batman Returns (1992), opposite Michael Keaton and Danny DeVito , after Annette Bening dropped out because of her pregnancy. For the role, she trained in martial arts and kickboxing . Pfeiffer received unanimous critical acclaim for her portrayal, which is often referred to as the greatest performance of Catwoman of all time by critics and fans. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Premiere retrospectively stated: "Arguably the outstanding villain of the Tim Burton era, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly kitten with a whip brought sex to the normally neutered franchise. Her stitched-together, black patent leather costume, based on a sketch of Burton's, remains the character's most iconic look. And Michelle Pfeiffer overcomes Batman Returns ' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to deliver a growling, fierce performance." [ 55 ] Batman Returns was a big box office success, grossing over $267 million worldwide. [ 56 ] The first film her company produced was the independent drama Love Field , which was released in 1992. Reviewers embraced the film and The New York Times felt that Pfeiffer was "again demonstrating that she is as subtle and surprising as she is beautiful". [ 57 ] For her portrayal of an eccentric Dallas, Texas housewife, she earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Actress – Drama and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In Martin Scorsese 's period drama The Age of Innocence (1993), a film adaptation of Edith Wharton 's 1920 novel , Pfeiffer starred with Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder , portraying a Countess in upper-class New York City in the 1870s. For her role, she received the Elvira Notari Prize at the Venice Film Festival , and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture. [ 60 ] That year, she was awarded the Women in Film Los Angeles' Crystal Award . [ 61 ] Following the formation of her producing company, Via Rosa Productions, Pfeiffer saw a professional expansion as a producer. While she continued to act steadily throughout the decade, she and her producing partner Guinzburg experienced a winning streak of producing back to back films next under their header. She starred with Jack Nicholson in the 1994 horror film Wolf , portraying the sardonic and willful interest of a writer who becomes a wolf-man at night after being bitten by a creature. The film was released to a mixed critical reception; [ 62 ] The New York Times wrote: "Ms. Pfeiffer's role is underwritten, but her performance is expert enough to make even diffidence compelling." [ 63 ] Wolf was a commercial success, grossing $65 million (equivalent to $138 million in 2024) at the domestic box office and $131 million worldwide (equivalent to $278 million). [ 64 ] Pfeiffer's next role was that of high school teacher and former United States Marine LouAnne Johnson in the drama Dangerous Minds (1995), [ 65 ] co-produced by her company. She appeared as her character in the music video for the soundtrack's lead single, " Gangsta's Paradise " by Coolio , featuring L.V. ; the song won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance , [ 66 ] and the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video . [ 67 ] While Dangerous Minds received negative reviews, it was a box office success, grossing $179.5 million around the globe. [ 68 ] In 1996, Pfeiffer portrayed Sally Atwater in the romantic drama Up Close & Personal , with Robert Redford , [ 69 ] took on the titular role in the drama To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , which was adapted by her husband David Kelley from Michael Brady's play of the same name, [ 70 ] and served as an executive producer and starred as the divorced single mother architect Melanie Parker in the romantic comedy One Fine Day , with George Clooney . [ 71 ] Subsequent performances included Rose Cook Lewis in the film adaptation of Jane Smiley 's Pulitzer Prize -winning novel A Thousand Acres (1997) with Jessica Lange and Jennifer Jason Leigh ; [ 72 ] Beth Cappadora in The Deep End of the Ocean (1998) about a married couple who found their son who was kidnapped nine years ago; [ 73 ] Titania the Queen of the Fairies in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) with Kevin Kline , Rupert Everett and Stanley Tucci ; [ 74 ] and Katie Jordan in Rob Reiner 's comedy drama The Story of Us (1999) with Bruce Willis . [ 75 ] A Thousand Acres and The Deep End of the Ocean were also produced by Via Rosa Productions. Pfeiffer voiced Tzipporah , a shepherdess who becomes the wife of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer ), in DreamWorks Animation 's The Prince of Egypt (1998), a musical adaptation based on the Book of Exodus . [ 76 ] [ 77 ] She also recorded the film's theme song " When You Believe ", [ 78 ] for which songwriter Stephen Schwartz won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . [ 79 ] The Prince of Egypt was released to critical and commercial success, [ 80 ] but Kenneth Turan found the film's modernization of Pfeiffer's character into a "feisty protofeminist " to be problematic. [ 81 ] 2000s Pfeiffer began to dissolve her film production company, Via Rosa Productions, in 1999, and moved into semi-retirement to spend more quality time with her children and family. Pfeiffer handed her producing partner Guinzburg one final film to produce under the Via Rosa Productions header. The film was called Original Sin (2001). It was originally intended to star Pfeiffer, who later changed her mind as she was looking to work less for a while. The film was produced by her company, but instead starred Angelina Jolie and Antonio Banderas . In What Lies Beneath (2000), a Hitchcockian thriller directed by Robert Zemeckis , Pfeiffer and Harrison Ford starred as a well-to-do couple who experience a strange haunting that uncovers secrets about their past. While critical response towards the film was mixed, it opened atop at the box office, [ 82 ] and went on to gross $291 million worldwide. [ 83 ] She then accepted the role of Rita Harrison, a highly strung lawyer helping a father with a developmental disability , in the drama I Am Sam (2001), with Sean Penn . [ 84 ] Despite grossing $97.8 million worldwide, [ 85 ] the film was unfavorably reviewed by critics; [ 86 ] Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote: "Pfeiffer, apparently stymied by the bland clichés that prop up her screechy role, delivers her flattest, phoniest performance ever." [ 87 ] Meanwhile, SF Gate observed: "In one scene, she breaks down in tears as she unburdens herself to him about her miserable life. It's hard not to cringe, watching this emotionally ready actress fling herself headlong into false material." [ 88 ] Pfeiffer took on the role of a murderous artist, named Ingrid Magnussen, in the drama White Oleander (2002), with Alison Lohman (in her film debut), Renée Zellweger and Robin Wright . The film was a critical and commercial success in its arthouse release. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "Ms. Pfeiffer, giving the most complex screen performance of her career, makes her Olympian seductress at once irresistible and diabolical." [ 89 ] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described her as "incandescent", bringing "power and unshakable will to her role as mother-master manipulator" in a "riveting, impeccable performance". [ 90 ] She earned Best Supporting Actress Awards from the San Diego Film Critics Society and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2003, Pfeiffer lent her voice for the character of goddess of chaos Eris in Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas , an animated film featuring Brad Pitt as the voice of Sinbad the Sailor . She had struggles with finding the character's villainies. Initially the character was "too sexual", then she lacked fun. After a third rewrite, Pfeiffer called producer Jeffrey Katzenberg and told him "You know, you really can fire me," but he assured her that this was just part of the process. [ 91 ] Following the release of the film, she took a four-year hiatus from acting, during which she remained largely out of the public eye to devote time to her husband and children. [ 92 ] During this time, she turned down the role of the White Witch in the fantasy film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2005), which went to Tilda Swinton . [ 93 ] Pfeiffer returned to cinemas in 2007 with villainous roles in two summer blockbusters, Hairspray and Stardust , which was hailed as a successful comeback by the media. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 92 ] In the former, a film adaptation of the Broadway musical of the same name , she starred alongside John Travolta , Christopher Walken and Queen Latifah as Velma Von Tussle, [ 97 ] the racist manager of a television station. [ 98 ] Although a fan of Pfeiffer's work in the musicals Grease 2 and The Fabulous Baker Boys , director Adam Shankman cast Pfeiffer largely based on her performance in Batman Returns , [ 99 ] claiming she was his first and only choice for Velma. [ 100 ] Although she had fun with the part, Pfeiffer described Velma as the most difficult role she had played at the time, because of her character's racism; but she was drawn to the film's important message of anti-bigotry, accepting that "in order to do a movie about racism, somebody has got to be the racist". [ 94 ] Released to widely positive reviews, Hairspray grossed $202.5 million worldwide. [ 101 ] Pfeiffer's performance was also critically acclaimed, [ 102 ] [ 103 ] with film critic David Edelstein of NPR calling her "sublime". [ 104 ] The cast of Hairspray was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture , and won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast , the Hollywood Film Festival Award for Ensemble of the Year, and the Palm Springs International Film Festival Award for Ensemble Cast. In the fantasy adventure Stardust , Pfeiffer plays Lamia , an ancient witch who hunts a fallen star ( Claire Danes ) in search of eternal youth. [ 105 ] The film received mostly positive reviews but performed moderately at the box office, [ 106 ] [ 107 ] earning $135.5 million globally. [ 108 ] The New York Times film critic Stephen Holden described Pfeiffer as "as deliciously evil a witch as the movies have ever invented", writing that she "goes for broke with the relish of a star who figures she has nothing to lose." [ 109 ] Pfeiffer starred in Amy Heckerling 's romantic comedy I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007), with Paul Rudd and Saoirse Ronan , [ 110 ] portraying Rosie, a forty-year-old divorced mother working as a scriptwriter and producer for a television show who falls in love with a much younger man (Rudd). Her reported salary was $1 million, with an advance on fifteen percent of the gross. However, the film was only distributed on home video markets domestically. [ 111 ] Reviews for I Could Never Be Your Woman were moderately positive, [ 112 ] with critic James Berardinelli finding Pfeiffer and Rudd to "have adequate chemistry to pull off the romance," in what he described as an "enjoyable romantic comedy that has enough going for it to make it worth a recommendation." [ 113 ] Pfeiffer starred in Personal Effects , with Ashton Kutcher , playing two grieving people coping with the pain and frustration of their loss whose bond spawns an unlikely romance. The drama premiered at Iowa City 's Englert Theatre in December 2008. [ 114 ] Her next film, an adaptation of Colette 's Chéri , reunited her with the director ( Stephen Frears ) and screenwriter ( Christopher Hampton ) of Dangerous Liaisons (1988). Pfeiffer played the role of aging retired courtesan Léa de Lonval, with Rupert Friend in the title role, with Kathy Bates as his mother. Chéri premiered at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival , where it received a nomination for the Golden Bear award. [ 115 ] The Times of London reviewed the film favorably, describing Hampton's screenplay as a "steady flow of dry quips and acerbic one-liners" and Pfeiffer's performance as "magnetic and subtle, her worldly nonchalance a mask for vulnerability and heartache". [ 116 ] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that it was "fascinating to observe how Pfeiffer controls her face and voice during times of painful hurt". [ 117 ] Kenneth Turan in the Los Angeles Times praised the "wordless scenes that catch Léa unawares, with the camera alone seeing the despair and regret that she hides from the world. It's the kind of refined, delicate acting Pfeiffer does so well, and it's a further reminder of how much we've missed her since she's been away." [ 118 ] 2010s Following a two-year sabbatical from acting, Pfeiffer made part of a large ensemble cast in Garry Marshall 's ensemble romantic comedy New Year's Eve (2011), her second collaboration with Marshall after Frankie and Johnny . The film, also starring Halle Berry , Jessica Biel , Robert De Niro , Josh Duhamel , Zac Efron , Sarah Jessica Parker , and Sofía Vergara , among many others, saw her take on the supporting role of Ingrid Withers, an overwhelmed secretary befriending a deliveryman (Efron). While the film was panned by critics, it made $142 million worldwide. [ 119 ] In 2012, she appeared with Chris Pine and Elizabeth Banks in the drama People Like Us , as the mother of a struggling New York City corporate trader (Pine). Rolling Stone found her to be "luminous" in the film, [ 120 ] and The New York Times , positively pointing out Pfeiffer and Banks, noted that their performances "partly compensate for the holes in a story whose timing is hard to swallow". [ 121 ] People Like Us debuted to $4.26 million, described as "meager" by Box Office Mojo , and only made $12 million in North America. [ 122 ] Pfieffer reunited with Tim Burton, her Batman Returns director, in Dark Shadows (2012), based on the gothic television soap opera of the same name . In the film, co-starring Johnny Depp , Eva Green , Helena Bonham Carter and Chloë Grace Moretz , she played Elizabeth Collins Stoddard , the matriarch of the Collins family. Critical response towards the film was mixed, but writers acclaimed the actors' performances—most notably Depp and Pfeiffer's. IGN found her to be "commanding" in her role and felt that the main characters were "played by one of Burton's best ensemble casts yet". [ 123 ] While Dark Shadows grossed a modest $79.7 million in North America, it ultimately made $245.5 million globally. [ 124 ] In Luc Besson 's mob-comedy The Family (2013), co-starring Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones , Dianna Agron and John D'Leo , she played the "tough mother" in a Mafia family wanting to change their lives under the witness protection program . [ 125 ] Although reviews for the film were mixed, THV11 said on the cast's portrayals: "The core actors of The Family were really solid, and the whole film comes together to make a solid movie." [ 126 ] An article in HuffPost said that "De Niro, Pfieffer and Jones all brought 100% to their roles." [ 127 ] The film grossed $78.4 million worldwide. [ 128 ] The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. The only trepidation was I think I took for granted how nice it was to not be under the spotlight and just having a life. I remember thinking, "Do I really want to step back into this?" And I just realized that I'm not done. I have a lot more to do, and a lot more to say. I'm never going to be one that retires. Pfeiffer stated that her lack of acting throughout the 2000s was due to several reasons, including family matters and her approach to choosing roles. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] She stated she was intending to "work a lot" once her children left for college, [ 132 ] mentioning that she felt her best performance was "still in her", saying how that's what she felt kept her going. [ 133 ] In the independent drama Where Is Kyra? (2017), Pfeiffer starred as a sensitive and fragile woman who loses her mother and "faces a crisis in which she must find a means for survival, all the while hiding her struggles from her new lover". The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017, and received a limited release on April 6, 2018, [ 134 ] to critical acclaim; [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Her role as Kyra was called the "performance of her life" by Village Voice ' s Bilge Ebiri, [ 138 ] and "the performance of her career", by Rolling Stone . [ 139 ] Pfeiffer landed the role of Ruth Madoff for the HBO Films drama The Wizard of Lies (2017), based on the book of the same name. The film, directed by Barry Levinson , reunites her with actor Robert De Niro, who played her husband, disgraced financier Bernard Madoff . [ 140 ] The Wizard of Lies premiered on HBO on May 20, 2017, garnering favorable reviews from critics and an audience of 1.5 million viewers, HBO's largest premiere viewership for a film in four years. [ 141 ] Tolucan Times remarked that Pfeiffer "steals the show as Madoff's wife, Ruth, and is a remarkable lookalike", [ 142 ] while Los Angeles Times asserted: "As Ruth, Pfeiffer convincingly portrays a pampered woman left with utterly nothing —she's lost her homes, status and, most important, her relationship with her sons." [ 143 ] She received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Movie , in addition to a Golden Globe Award nomination. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] In Darren Aronofsky 's psychological horror film Mother! (2017), Pfeiffer portrayed one of the mysterious guests who interrupt the tranquil life of a couple, played by Jennifer Lawrence and Javier Bardem . [ 146 ] Although Mother! divided critics and audiences, [ 147 ] [ 148 ] reviewers praised Pfeiffer unanimously, [ 149 ] [ 150 ] and some found her performance worthy of an Oscar nomination. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Vulture remarked: "Out of the main actors, it's Pfeiffer who is able to root the character in meaning — she bracingly marries the exploration of Biblical creation, mythological overtones, and hellish domestic commentary. There's a gravity to Pfeiffer's performance that allows her to succeed where the other main actors fail, save for brief spurts — she straddles the boundaries between embodying a symbol and granting the character enough interiority to feel like a flesh and blood woman, too." [ 153 ] Pfeiffer played a widowed socialite in Kenneth Branagh 's Murder on the Orient Express (2017), the fourth screen adaptation of Agatha Christie 's 1934 novel of the same name . Featuring an ensemble cast , the mystery film follows world-renowned detective Hercule Poirot (Branagh) attempting to solve a murder, while stranded with several suspects on the Orient Express during the 1930s. [ 154 ] She also recorded the original song "Never Forget" for the film's soundtrack. The film grossed $351.7 million worldwide and received decent reviews from critics, with praise for the performances, but criticism for not adding anything new to previous adaptations. [ 155 ] Although some critics found its large cast underused, Pfeiffer's performance was praised, with Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times saying she delivered the film's best performance. [ 156 ] The New Yorker ' s Anthony Lane found that only Pfeiffer appears to be enjoying their material, [ 157 ] while Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle credited the film with reminding audiences that she is one of the industry's best actresses. [ 158 ] David Edelstein of Vulture described the actress as "a hoot and a half ... stealing every scene". [ 159 ] Pfeiffer debuted in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Janet van Dyne , the original Wasp , in the Ant-Man (2015) sequel Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018). [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Variety ' s Owen Gleiberman described her performance as "lovely" and "wistful", [ 162 ] while Josh Spiegel of /Film believed the film suffers from a lack of the actress. [ 163 ] In 2019, Pfeiffer briefly reprised the role in Avengers: Endgame , [ 164 ] and starred alongside Angelina Jolie and Elle Fanning in the dark fantasy sequel Maleficent: Mistress of Evil , playing the villainous Queen Ingrith. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Despite the film earning mixed reviews, [ 168 ] [ 169 ] The Plain Dealer 's Laura DeMarco felt that both Jolie and Pfeiffer "clearly relish their roles." [ 170 ] 2020s Pfeiffer headlined the dark comedy French Exit (2020), based on the acclaimed novel of the same name by Patrick deWitt , directed by Azazel Jacobs . [ 171 ] [ 172 ] In the film, which co-stars Lucas Hedges and Tracy Letts , Pfeiffer played a widow who moves to Paris, France , with her son (Hedges) and cat, who happens to be her reincarnated husband (Letts). [ 173 ] The film premiered at the New York Film Festival , to a positive reception. [ 174 ] Peter Debruge of Variety remarked that she gave a performance "for which she'll be remembered." [ 175 ] [ 176 ] Pfeiffer received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance. [ 177 ] Pfeiffer portrayed former First Lady Betty Ford in the anthology drama television series The First Lady , which premiered on Showtime in April 2022. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The following year, she reprised the role of Janet van Dyne in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania . [ 180 ] Manohla Dargis declared her the film's M.V.P. [ 181 ] Pfeiffer is attached to star alongside Annette Bening in the psychological thriller, Turn of Mind , set to be directed by Gideon Raff . [ 182 ] In 2022, she was cast in Wild Four O'Clocks , penned and directed by Peter Craig , and produced by Marc Platt and Adam Siegel . [ 183 ] On August 8, 2024, it was announced that she would star in, as well as executive produce, the Yellowstone spin-off The Madison . [ 184 ] On September 23, 2024, it was announced that Pfeiffer would star alongside Nicole Kidman and Elle Fanning in the Apple TV+ television series, Margo's Got Money Troubles . [ 185 ] In 2025, she starred in the Christmas comedy Oh. What. Fun. as a Texan housewife whose feelings of being taken for granted by her family drive her to appear on a morning talk show. [ 186 ] The film received negative reviews, [ 187 ] with reviewers agreeing that Pfeiffer's performance was failed by the script. [ 188 ] [ 186 ] [ 189 ] Acting style and reception Pfeiffer said she sometimes feels fraudulent as an untrained actor due to her lack of conventional schooling. [ 152 ] She credits director Milton Katselas with teaching her the difference between how an actor and their character would behave during the same scene. [ 190 ] Essayist Angelica Jade Bastién said Pfeiffer's talent disproves any argument that untrained actors are lesser than their trained peers. [ 191 ] Several film critics have described her as "a character actress in a screen siren's body", [ 190 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] with Bastién profiling her as "a character actress reluctantly placed in Hollywood’s lineage of blonde bombshells ". [ 54 ] Journalist James Kaplan reported that some critics feel Pfeiffer has undersold herself by choosing character roles instead of capitalizing on her beauty. [ 195 ] In 1993, film critic Ty Burr argued that her "unshowy performances work because they don’t call attention to themselves", although her attractiveness prevents her from being seriously considered "one of today’s best screen actresses". [ 196 ] Pfeiffer claims she rarely accepts glamorous roles because she finds few of them compelling. [ 192 ] Although she prefers acting in dramas over comedies, [ 197 ] she does not have a favorite genre to perform in. [ 198 ] During the 1980s, Pfeiffer typically played smart, funny, and independent women, [ 199 ] and pursued a wider range of roles in the 1990s. [ 27 ] Early in her career, she mostly played relatable working class women, aside from the occasional upper class character. [ 194 ] She has admitted she enjoys playing imperfect, evil, and "slightly trashy" women. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 7 ] In a 2021 profile, journalist Lynn Hirschberg said Pfeiffer excels in emotionally conflicted roles, [ 200 ] while Adam Platt of New Woman and journalist Bilge Ebiri agreed that she often plays emotionally detached women. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Backstage contributor Manuel Betancourt observed parallels between Pfeiffer's characters and her own determination to subvert expectations, [ 204 ] with the actress confirming that she searches new projects for relatability. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] However, Town & Country senior editor Adam Rathe finds Pfeiffer dissimilar to most of her characters. [ 207 ] Known to be highly selective about potential projects, [ 205 ] Pfeiffer, according to IndieWire contributor Kate Erbland, carefully chooses unconventional roles to avoid being typecast. [ 50 ] Pfeiffer's colleagues have described her as extremely committed, competent, and prepared, [ 192 ] [ 202 ] although she refuses to watch her own performances. [ 208 ] Pfeiffer has been called one of the greatest actresses of her generation. [ 209 ] However, she has also been described as one of Hollywood's most underrated, [ 152 ] [ 210 ] [ 211 ] with The Hollywood Reporter saying she "is too seldom ranked among the best of her generation". [ 212 ] In 2009, journalist Brian D. Johnson argued that Pfeiffer had yet to demonstrate her true range, believing she could potentially be as revered as Meryl Streep if afforded the same acting opportunities, [ 213 ] while film critic Mick LaSalle remarked that Pfeiffer's humility sometimes causes the public to overlook her as one of the industry's finest actresses. [ 158 ] Film critic Pauline Kael named Pfeiffer one of her favorite actresses, [ 214 ] saying she always tried to see her work. [ 215 ] Pfeiffer is particularly renowned for her versatility, [ 193 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] having accrued a filmography that spans period, romance, fantasy, musical, comedy, and drama. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] By 2016, Salon 's Charles Taylor declared that no actor of the previous decade had rivaled Pfeiffer's versatility. [ 217 ] Summarizing her career as eclectic, Erbland believes she has rarely repeated acting choices, with the actress confirming she had always aspired to play the widest possible range of characters, even when her options were limited. [ 50 ] As the biggest female movie star at one point, [ 223 ] Pfeiffer was one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 224 ] [ 225 ] typically earning $9–$10 million per film during the latter decade. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Aside from The Witches of Eastwick , few of her films during the 1980s were major box office successes. [ 192 ] In 1995, The New York Times journalist Bernard Weinraub said Pfeiffer belongs to a group of respected actresses who are "not considered a big box-office draw". [ 225 ] However, several critics reported that her performances were consistently acclaimed, despite some mediocre films and box office returns. [ 50 ] [ 192 ] [ 229 ] [ 230 ] Regardless, Pfeiffer was the sixth highest-grossing domestic box office star of 1990, [ 231 ] and one of the few actresses whose salary corresponded with their box office appeal as of 1996, according to UPI . [ 226 ] In 1996, Entertainment Weekly ranked her the 67th greatest movie star of all time. [ 232 ] By 1999, Variety named Pfeiffer "the female movie star most likely to improve a film's box-office appeal". [ 233 ] In 2004, People ranked her among The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time, naming her 20th in the "icons" category. [ 234 ] Pfeiffer was awarded a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007. [ 235 ] She was honored by TCL Chinese Theater on April 25, 2025, with a hand and footprints ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] Public image Pfeiffer has been described as one of the world's most beautiful and talented actresses. [ 224 ] [ 238 ] [ 239 ] [ 240 ] After being typecast in early roles based on her appearance, [ 241 ] she initially struggled to convince directors to take her seriously as an actor, [ 190 ] and thus sought out more challenging opportunities. [ 192 ] Critics regularly undermined Pfeiffer's work by focusing on her appearance instead of her acting. [ 194 ] [ 241 ] Pfeiffer was considered one of the defining sex symbols of the 1980s and 1990s, [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] as well as one of the era's " It girls ". [ 201 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] In 1990, Pfeiffer appeared on the inaugural cover of People magazine's annual " 50 Most Beautiful People in the World " issue. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] She has been featured in the "Most Beautiful" issue a record-breaking six times throughout the decade. [ 249 ] [ 223 ] In 2004, the magazine named her one of the most beautiful women of all time. [ 250 ] In 2020, Vogue Paris listed Pfeiffer as one of the 21 most beautiful American actresses of all time. [ 251 ] Men's Health ranked Pfeiffer 45th and 67th on their all-time hottest women and sex symbol rankings, respectively. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] According to several plastic surgeons, Pfeiffer possesses some of the most sought-after celebrity features among clients. [ 197 ] In 2001, plastic surgeon Stephen R. Marquardt declared her the most anatomically beautiful face in Hollywood. [ 27 ] [ 254 ] Nicknamed the "golden ratio", Pfeiffer's face, Marquardt claims, adheres to a mathematical formula in which he determined a person's ideal mouth is 1.618 times as wide as their nose. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Several outlets have commented on Pfeiffer's perceived ability to physically age slowly. [ 256 ] Famously private like the characters she plays, [ 257 ] [ 221 ] [ 258 ] Matthew Jacobs of HuffPost believes Pfeiffer's aversion to movie stardom allows her to play authentic characters uncompromised by her own fame. [ 210 ] Analyzing her public profile for Metograph , Luke Goodsell said Pfeiffer maintained an elusiveness during the 1990s that made her difficult to categorize, unlike her peers. [ 259 ] Notorious for disliking giving press interviews, [ 257 ] [ 260 ] [ 261 ] she believes it is not an actor's responsibility to promote their films. [ 192 ] Film critic Michael Sragow observed that the actress can appear "flustered or elusive" during interviews, [ 205 ] and journalist Timothy Egan compared profiling her to covering geology . [ 7 ] Vikram Murthi of The Nation believes Pfeiffer's aversion to publicity "has lent her an air of gravitas, of someone who directs a spotlight rather than chases after it". [ 260 ] Commentators noted that Pfeiffer had unexpectedly become a "pop-music muse" in 2014. Her name is mentioned in two of the year's most popular songs: " Uptown Funk " by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars , and " Riptide " by Vance Joy , [ 262 ] [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] with both artists expressing admiration for her work. [ 262 ] [ 266 ] In 2021, singer-songwriter Ethel Cain named her debut single " Michelle Pfeiffer " after the actress because "I've always ... thought she was a picture perfect bombshell". [ 267 ] Australian cricketers speak of "getting a Michelle" when they take five wickets in an innings . In cricketing parlance, this is referred to as a "five for", a near-homophone for "Pfeiffer", which resulted in the nickname "Michelle". [ 268 ] M3GAN 2.0 (2025) director, Gerard Johnstone , revealed that Pfeiffer was the original inspiration behind the film's counterpoint robot, AMELIA. [ 269 ] Other ventures Product and endorsements In 2005, Pfeiffer served as the face of Giorgio Armani 's spring campaign; the designer has often dressed her for public appearances. [ 270 ] [ 208 ] In 2019, she launched a collection of fine fragrances called Henry Rose. [ 271 ] It is the first fine fragrance line to be both Cradle to Cradle Certified and EWG Verified . [ 272 ] In 2025, Pfeiffer fronted fashion house Yves Saint Laurent 's Summer 2025 collection. [ 273 ] Philanthropy Having been a smoker for ten years (she quit in 1992), and having a niece who suffered from leukemia for ten years, Pfeiffer decided to support the American Cancer Society . [ 274 ] She also supports the Humane Society . [ 20 ] In 2016, she attended the Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala for people who lead organizations for children's environmental health . [ 275 ] In December that year, Pfeiffer, who was vegan at the time, joined the board of directors for Environmental Working Group , an advocacy group based in Washington. D.C. [ 276 ] Personal life Soon after coming to Hollywood at age twenty, Pfeiffer was taken in by a seemingly friendly couple who ran a metaphysics and vegetarian cult . They helped her to cease drinking, smoking, and doing drugs. Over time, they took control of her entire life. Much of her money went to the group. "I was brainwashed," she said, "I gave them an enormous amount of money." [ 277 ] At an acting class taught by Milton Katselas in Los Angeles, she met fellow budding actor Peter Horton , and they began dating. They married in Santa Monica in 1981; it was on their honeymoon that she discovered she had won the lead role in Grease 2 . [ 278 ] Horton directed Pfeiffer in a 1985 ABC TV special, One Too Many , where she played the high school girlfriend of an alcoholic student ( Val Kilmer ). [ 279 ] In 1987, the real-life couple played an on-screen couple in the 'Hospital' segment of John Landis 's comedy skit compilation Amazon Women on the Moon . In 1988, Pfeiffer had an affair with John Malkovich , her co-star in Dangerous Liaisons , who at the time was married to Glenne Headly . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] Pfeiffer and Horton decided to separate in 1988, and were divorced two years later. Horton later blamed the split on their devotion to their work rather than their marriage. [ 20 ] Pfeiffer then had a three-year relationship with actor/producer Fisher Stevens , whom Pfeiffer met when she was starring as Olivia in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Twelfth Night , where Stevens played Sir Andrew Aguecheek . [ 286 ] [ 287 ] In 1993, Pfeiffer married television writer and producer David E. Kelley . [ 288 ] She made a brief uncredited cameo appearance in one episode of Kelley's television series Picket Fences and played the title character in To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday , for which Kelley wrote the screenplay. [ 289 ] She had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met Kelley, [ 290 ] and in March 1993 adopted a newborn daughter, Claudia Rose, [ 291 ] who was christened on Pfeiffer's and Kelley's wedding day. [ 292 ] In 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry Kelley II, named for his grandfather and Pfeiffer's father-in-law, United States Hockey Hall of Fame coach John Henry "Jack" Kelley . [ 293 ] In September 2025, Pfeiffer revealed that she had become a grandmother in 2024. [ 294 ] Pfeiffer experimented with a plant-based diet for a few years but later added meat to her diet and advocated a " paleoish " diet. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Acting credits and accolades According to review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Pfeiffer's most acclaimed films include The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Hairspray (2007), Married to the Mob (1988), The Age of Innocence (1993), Batman Returns (1992), Scarface (1983), Where Is Kyra? (2017), The Prince of Egypt (1998), and Stardust (2007). [ 298 ] Pfeiffer has received three Academy Award nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988); and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) and Love Field (1992). She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for The Fabulous Baker Boys , and has been nominated seven more times for her performances in Married to the Mob (1988), The Russia House (1990), Frankie and Johnny (1991), Love Field , The Age of Innocence (1993), The Wizard of Lies (2017), and French Exit (2020). [ 299 ] For Dangerous Liaisons , she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She also received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for The Wizard of Lies . References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer" . 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Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Meredith, Luke (December 12, 2008). "2011 Movie preview: 'No strings attached' " . USA Today . Gannett Company, Inc . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer beweist in Chéri Mut zur Falte" . Die Welt (in German). February 10, 2009 . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ Dalton, Stephen (February 11, 2009). " Chéri review" . The Times . London. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved March 1, 2009 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 24, 2009). " Chéri review" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on May 7, 2013 . Retrieved August 6, 2009 . ^ Turan, Kenneth (June 26, 2009). "Chéri review" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 28, 2009 . Retrieved August 6, 2009 . ^ "New Year's Eve (2011)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "People Like Us" . Rolling Stone . June 28, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Holden, Stephen (June 28, 2012). " 'People Like Us,' With Chris Pine" . New York Times . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Weekend Report: 'Ted' Gets High, 'Mike' Scores" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Vejvoda, Jim (May 9, 2012). "Dark Shadows Review" . IGN . Retrieved May 26, 2012 . ^ "Dark Shadows (2012)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Robert De Niro in 'Malavita'" Archived November 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Overallsite ^ "Today's Box Office: The Family" . thv11.com . September 13, 2013. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013 . Retrieved November 17, 2013 . ^ Kit, Zorianna (September 14, 2013). "Just Seen It: The Family Movie Review" . HuffPost . ^ "The Family (2013)" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I'm Always Afraid of Failing' " . The New York Times . November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . ^ Miller, Julie (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Reveals Why She "Disappeared" from Hollywood" . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 8, 2022 . ^ " Live! with Kelly and Michael ". Live with Kelly and Michael . September 11, 2013. ABC . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer 'Dreading' Her Soon-To-Be-Empty Nest" . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 26, 2013 . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'My best performance is still in me' " . Zap2it . June 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013 . Retrieved August 20, 2016 . ^ Patten, Dominic (December 5, 2016). "Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates" . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Edelstein, David (April 6, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Stunning in Where Is Kyra?" . Vulture . ^ Weitzman, Elizabeth (April 5, 2018). " 'Where Is Kyra?' Film Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Shines in Dark Indie Drama" . The Wrap . ^ Kinane, Ruth (April 3, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer is brilliant in bleak drama Where Is Kyra?: EW review" . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Patten, Bilge (April 2, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer Gives the Performance of Her Life in "Where Is Kyra?" " . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. ^ Fear, David (April 6, 2018). " 'Where Is Kyra?' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Gives the Performance of Her Career" . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on April 11, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2018 . ^ "HBO's 'Wizard Of Lies' Madoff Movie A Go With Michelle Pfeiffer, Alessandro Nivola Joining Robert De Niro; Barry Levinson To Direct" Deadline ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 23, 2017). "Madoff Movie 'Wizard Of Lies' Draws Largest Premiere Viewership For HBO Film In 4 Years" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25, 2017 . Retrieved May 24, 2017 . ^ "The Wizard of Lies" . tonymedley.com . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ Ali, Lorraine. "Robert De Niro plays an oddly convincing Madoff in HBO's 'Wizard of Lies' " . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "She's Back, People: Michelle Pfeiffer Scores First Emmy Nomination For HBO's 'Wizard Of Lies' " . Moviepilot.com . July 14, 2017. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 15, 2017 . ^ "Here are the nominees for the 75th Golden Globe Awards" . The Los Angeles Times . December 11, 2017 . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Domhnall Gleeson Joining Jennifer Lawrence in Darren Aronofsky Drama" . The Hollywood Reporter . April 15, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ "mother! Buzz: Is Darren Aronofsky's Latest the Year's Most Controversial Movie?" . ^ "mother!" – via www.rottentomatoes.com. ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (December 27, 2017). "From Laura Dern to Michelle Pfeiffer, 2017 Was the Year of the Comeback" . W . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . September's mother! may have been the most divisive movie of the year, but it seems the one thing we all could agree on was, 'You know, it's really nice to have Michelle Pfeiffer back.' ^ Appelo, Tim (April 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I Don't Need to Look Younger' " . AARP . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . [Pfeiffer] earned A-plus reviews in a baffling flick that got an F on Cinemascore. ^ Donnelly, Matt (February 6, 2017). "Paramount Pulls Brad Pitt's 'World War Z 2,' 'Friday the 13th' Reboot From Schedule" . TheWrap . ^ a b c Krizanovich, Karen (September 11, 2017). "Hollywood's most underrated actress makes a sensational return" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2020 . Talk on the film circuit is that Pfeiffer's star-blasting turn in mother! is a stand-out – and could even get the 59 year-old an Oscar win. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer is the MVP of Mother!" . September 18, 2017. ^ Emery, Dawn (November 2, 2017). " 'Murder on the Orient Express': Kenneth Branagh, Michelle Pfeiffer Dish on All-Star Remake at London Premiere" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2019 . ^ Giles, Jeff (November 9, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Mostly Stays on Track" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Roeper, Richard (November 8, 2018). "Others sent to back of train in Branagh's 'Murder on Orient Express' " . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved August 6, 2018 . ^ Lane, Anthony (November 20, 2017). " "Murder on the Orient Express" and "Thelma" " . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ a b LaSalle, Mick (November 9, 2017). "A successful new stab at 'Murder on the Orient Express' " . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 5, 2018 . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ Edelstein, David (November 10, 2017). "Murder on the Orient Express Is a Mild Ride" . Vulture . Retrieved August 4, 2018 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp" . Box Office Mojo . July 12, 2018 . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Couch, Aaron (July 2, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Director on Wooing Michelle Pfeiffer and His Marvel Future" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6, 2021 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 27, 2018). "Film Review: 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2019 . ^ Spiegel, Josh (June 27, 2018). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp' Review: Marvel Delivers a Fun and Funny Palate Cleanser" . /Film . Retrieved January 25, 2019 . ^ Allen, Ben (May 4, 2019). "All of the cameos in Avengers: Endgame" . Radio Times . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Angelina Jolie in 'Maleficent 2' (Exclusive)" . Variety . April 27, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2018 . ^ Levack, Chandler (October 17, 2019). "Disney's Meet the Fockers-esque Maleficent: Mistress of Evil casts the laziest kind of spell" . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt (October 18, 2019). "Maleficent: Mistress of Evil" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Mendelson, Scott (October 15, 2019). "Review: 'Maleficent: Mistress Of Evil' Resembles The Offspring Of An Unholy Union Between 'Gargoyles,' 'Aquaman' And 'Avatar' " . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Travers, Peter (October 17, 2019). " 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' Is a Melted, Wannabe 'Frozen' " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ Laura, DeMarco (October 16, 2019). "Angelina Jolie and Michelle Pfeiffer magnificent in 'Maleficent: Mistress of Evil' (review)" . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 18, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer to Star in Azazel Jacobs' Dark Comedy 'French Exit' " . Variety . April 9, 2019 . Retrieved April 9, 2019 . ^ "Sony Pictures Classics Acquires Azazel Jacobs' 'French Exit' Starring Michelle Pfeiffer & Lucas Hedges" . Deadline . September 7, 2019 . Retrieved September 7, 2019 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges, Tracy Letts Join 'French Exit' Comedy" . Deadline . May 3, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ "Interview: Michelle Pfeiffer on 'French Exit,' her new business and what she hated about the Catwoman costume" . The Morning Call . December 21, 2020 . Retrieved March 16, 2021 . ^ Lang, Brent (August 11, 2020). " 'French Exit' With Michelle Pfeiffer, Lucas Hedges to Close New York Film Festival" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ Debruge, Peter (October 10, 2020). " 'French Exit' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Makes a Clean Break, Delivering a Role for Which She'll Be Remembered" . Variety . Retrieved February 21, 2021 . ^ "Nominations for the 78th Golden Globe Awards (2021) Announced" . Golden Globe Awards . February 3, 2021 . Retrieved February 4, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer To Star As Betty Ford In 'The First Lady', Susanne Bier To Direct Showtime Anthology Series" . Deadline . January 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 21, 2021 . ^ Baumgartner, Drew (August 24, 2021). "Showtime's Anthology Series 'The First Lady,' About Three Iconic White House Women, Will Premiere in 2022" . Collider . Retrieved August 24, 2021 . ^ "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Star Michelle Pfeiffer Posts Intense Training Video" . Comicbook.com . May 30, 2021 . Retrieved May 16, 2022 . ^ Dargis, Manohla (February 17, 2023). " 'Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Review: Splat" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 . Retrieved January 16, 2025 . ^ "Annette Bening & Michelle Pfeiffer Team For Feature Adaptation Of Alice LaPlante's 'Turn Of Mind' – Cannes" . Deadline . May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019 . Retrieved May 11, 2019 . ^ Ritman, Alex (May 6, 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer to Lead 'Wild Four O'Clocks' for 'The Batman' Writer Peter Craig and 'La La Land,' 'Drive' Producers" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ Petski, Denise (August 8, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Confirmed To Headline Taylor Sheridan's 'Yellowstone' Spinoff 'Madison' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8, 2024 . ^ Otterson, Joe (September 23, 2024). "Michelle Pfeiffer Joins Elle Fanning, Nicole Kidman in Apple TV+ Series 'Margo's Got Money Troubles' " . Variety . Retrieved September 23, 2024 . ^ a b Howard, Courtney (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.' Review: Michelle Pfeiffer Spreads Holiday Jeers in an Uninspired Ode to Underappreciated Moms" . Variety . Retrieved December 8, 2025 . ^ Agar, Chris (December 9, 2025). "Prime Video's New Movie With Batman & Star Wars Franchise Stars Is an Instant Hit (Despite Bad Reviews)" . ComicBook.com . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Lee, Benjamin (December 3, 2025). "Oh. What. Fun. review – Michelle Pfeiffer leads Amazon's underbaked Christmas turkey" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ Schager, Nick (December 5, 2025). " 'Oh. What. Fun.': Someone Save Michelle Pfeiffer From This Soggy Holiday Comedy" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ a b c Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on October 11, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . an actress who could portray inner conflict with her eyes and face better than any other film star of her generation ^ Bastién, Angelica Jade (June 26, 2017). "The 10 Essential Roles of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 29, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2017 . ^ a b c d e f g Hirshey, Gerri (September 3, 1992). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The Bat's Meow" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ a b Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 21, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time. ^ a b c Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 9, 2021 . Retrieved January 31, 2021 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation ^ Kaplan, James (January 27, 2014). "Up close with Michelle Pfeiffer" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 25, 2022 . Retrieved November 25, 2022 . ^ Burr, Ty (January 29, 1993). "A Michelle Pfeiffer filmography" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 16, 2024 . Retrieved April 15, 2024 . ^ a b Mueller, Matt (April 2009). "Face Forward" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 – via Matt Mueller. ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (April 22, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: 'I never had a big game plan' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 13, 2022 . Retrieved September 4, 2024 . ^ Kaye, Elizabeth (April 2, 2016). "The Stacks: Why It's So Hard to Be Michelle Pfeiffer" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on April 20, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Hirschberg, Lynn (February 23, 2021). "When It Comes to Acting, Michelle Pfeiffer Would Prefer Not To" . W . Archived from the original on June 26, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Archived from the original on April 11, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ a b Platt, Adam (May 1, 1997). "Pfeiffer and Clooney get close – The real life of Michelle Pfeiffer" . New Woman . Archived from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2017 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. ^ Ebiri, Bilge (April 13, 2018). "Is Where Is Kyra? the Best Michelle Pfeiffer Has Ever Been?" . Miami New Times . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . ^ Betancourt, Manuel (January 13, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Isn't Done Defying Our Expectations" . Backstage . Archived from the original on December 23, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2021 . ^ a b c Sragow, Michael (August 5, 2007). "What Lies Beneath" . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 5, 2021 . ^ Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation ^ Rathe, Adam (February 17, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Playing the Long Game" . Town & Country . Archived from the original on March 31, 2023 . Retrieved April 27, 2021 . ^ a b Haskell, Robert (February 7, 2019). "Michelle Pfeiffer is Back (as if She Ever Left)" . InStyle . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved February 7, 2019 . ^ Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation Various sources and publications citing Pfeiffer among the greatest or most talented actresses of her generation: Syme, Rachel (January 31, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer Chooses Carefully" . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . proved herself to be one of the great actors of her generation Clifton, Anthony (March 12, 2023). "10 Great Supporting Performances by Leading Actors" . Collider . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer is undoubtedly one of the most talented of her time "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer was critically regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Gregory Dunne, John (2012). Monster: Living Off the Big Screen . United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 143. ISBN 9780307817648 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 – via Google Books . perhaps the best film actress of her generation Tapan, Barbaros (December 25, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer: A successful actress, mother and businesswoman" . Daily Sabah . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation "Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Pfeiffer is widely recognized as one of the greatest actresses of her generation Ians (June 12, 2018). "Evangeline Lilly: Michelle Pfeiffer is the most beautiful woman on planet" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . Michelle Pfeiffer, an American actress and producer is considered to be among the most talented actresses of her generation. Nepales, Ruben V. (April 21, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer back after making herself 'unhirable' " . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . One of the finest actresses of her generation ^ a b Jacobs, Matthew (February 9, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer, Unheralded Comedy Maven" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. ^ Jacobs, Matthew (December 7, 2017). "What Lies Beneath The Comeback Of Michelle Pfeiffer And The Decline Of Julia Roberts" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. ^ Feinberg, Scott; Rooney, David (February 25, 2021). "Golden Globes Film Predictions: Who Will Win, Who Should Win" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26, 2023 . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ Johnson, Brian D. (June 26, 2009). "Courtesans gone wild in 'Cheri' and 'The Girlfriend Experience' " . Maclean's . Archived from the original on May 17, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Gelder, Lawrence Van (September 4, 2001). "Pauline Kael, Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic, Dies at 82" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Goodman, Susan (1998). "Interview with Pauline Kael (Modern Maturity)" . Modern Maturity . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ Wittmer, Carrie (March 29, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer explains why she 'disappeared' from Hollywood" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Taylor, Charles (May 25, 1999). "The dazzling versatility of Michelle Pfeiffer" . Salon . Archived from the original on October 28, 2016 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Patterson, Adreon (February 4, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Why Getting Noticed For Your Looks Is 'No-Win' In Hollywood" . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 29, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Miller, Julie (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Reveals Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Michelle Pfeiffer! Celebrates the Star's Milestone Birthday With Photos Through the Years" . Parade . April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ a b Goldstein, Gary (February 19, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23, 2021 . Retrieved February 11, 2021 . She has proven as adept in comedies ("Married to the Mob") and musicals ("Hairspray") as she has in serious dramas ("White Oleander", "The Deep End of the Ocean") and period pieces ("The Age of Innocence"). ^ Acosta, Carmenlucia (April 28, 2021). "Looking Back at Michelle Pfeiffer's Most Iconic Movie Roles" . L'Officiel . Archived from the original on February 25, 2024 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ a b Feinberg, Scott (March 4, 2021). " 'Awards Chatter' Podcast — Michelle Pfeiffer ('French Exit')" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22, 2025 . ^ a b Rivas, Irene (April 21, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer turns 63: the photos that show how the passage of time has affected the sex symbol of Hollywood par excellence" . Mujer Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 7, 2021 . Retrieved November 24, 2022 . Known as one of the most beautiful (and talented) actresses in Hollywood ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (September 18, 1995). "Skyrocketing Star Salaries" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ a b "Study: Film stars are overpaid" . UPI . April 8, 1996. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved June 2, 2021 . ^ Hacker, Andrew (1999). Money: Who Has How Much and Why . United States: Simon and Schuster . p. 74. ISBN 9780684864501 . Citing a survey conducted by Entertainment Weekly , Hacker named Pfeiffer the fourth highest-paid actress of the time, after Demi Moore , Julia Roberts and Sandra Bullock . Archived from the original on April 6, 2023 – via Google Books . ^ LaSalle, Mick (July 16, 1996). "Why Overpaid Hollywood Stars Aren't Worth It" . Deseret News . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved November 11, 2021 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 13, 1989). "Hard Work Is Moving Michelle Pfeiffer Closer To Stardom" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 10, 2018 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ Lindsey, Robert (January 1, 1989). "For Michelle Pfeiffer, It Was a Very Good Year" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 1, 2021 . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ^ "Highest Grossing Stars of 1990 at the Domestic Box Office" . The Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6, 2023 . Retrieved December 19, 2023 . ^ Scott, Vernon (October 29, 1996). "Entertainment Weekly Magazine's - 'The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of all Time' " . United Press International . Archived from the original on March 1, 2024 . Retrieved July 9, 2024 . ^ Longsdorf, Amy (March 7, 1999). " 'Deep' Thoughts Chic Michelle Pfeiffer Explains Attraction Of Flawed Character" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . ^ Lo, Ricky (July 29, 2006). "The 100 Greatest Movie Stars of Our Time" . Philstar.com . Retrieved July 10, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Walk of Fame . August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . She rose to prominence during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during which time she gave a series of critically-acclaimed performances ^ Barnes, Mike (March 6, 2025). "TCM Classic Film Festival to Honor Michelle Pfeiffer with Hand and Footprint Ceremony" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7, 2025 . ^ Thayer, Colson; Juneau, Jen (April 25, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Beams at Hollywood Handprint Ceremony as She's Joined by Former Costars Dakota and Elle Fanning" . People . Retrieved April 25, 2025 . ^ Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today Various sources expressing similar sentiments about Pfeiffer's perceived beauty and talent: Wills, Dominic. "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali . Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world Moore, Roger (August 9, 2007). "Pfeiffer wins acclaim in return to films" . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of the most beautiful women in the movies Karasyov, Caroline Doyle (October 2022). "Michelle Pfeiffer Tells All" . Harper’s Bazaar . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via Gorgeous Pfeiffer. generally regarded as one of the most beautiful and talented women in Hollywood Longsdorf, Amy (January 19, 2002). "Legally Mean" . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . one of Hollywood's most beautiful and talented actresses Saltman, Jennifer (July 16, 2010). "Michelle Pfeiffer: the actress for whom ageing holds no fear" . The National . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Regularly cited as one of the world's most beautiful women Sieczkowski, Cavan (September 16, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer On Aging In Hollywood: 'It Can Wreak Havoc On Your Psyche' " . HuffPost . The 55-year-old has been referred to as one of the world's most beautiful women over the course of her career. White, Donna (March 4, 2001). "Michelle's the Perfect 1.618; Screen star measures up to doc's beauty test" . Sunday Mail . Retrieved November 23, 2022 – via The Free Library . Michelle Pfeiffer is officially the most beautiful woman in the world. "I'm all for Botox, admits Michelle" . Independent Online . October 7, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . considered one of the beautiful actresses of her generation Berk, Philip (August 9, 2018). "Michelle Pfeiffer makes a comeback after a 10-year hiatus" . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Once considered the most beautiful actress in Hollywood Canby, Vincent (April 12, 1985). "Film: Ladyhawke , A Medieval Tale" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . Miss Pfeiffer, who may well be the most beautiful woman in movies today ^ Siegler, Bonnie (October 2, 2023). "Michelle Pfeiffer Young: A Look Back Through Her Glamorous Hollywood Evolution" . First for Women . Archived from the original on July 27, 2024 . Retrieved July 26, 2024 . Michelle Pfeiffer has been one of Hollywood's most talented and stunning stars since the early '80s. ^ "The 50 Most Beautiful Women in Film" . Los Angeles Times Magazine . 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 . Retrieved March 27, 2024 . ^ a b Russell, Candice (March 25, 1990). "Flirting with Oscar" . Sun-Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer wears her years with pride in 'Cheri' " . Orlando Sentinel . June 17, 2009 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . one of the screen's leading sex symbols of the '80s and '90s. ^ "Looking great for my age is ok now, says Michelle Pfeiffer" . Business Standard . September 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, 55, On Aging: 'Looking Great For My Age is OK Now' " . ABC News . September 4, 2013. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Still Smoldering Hot" . Vanity Fair . June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023 . Retrieved March 28, 2024 . ^ Berk, Philip (February 15, 2021). "Nominee Profile 2021: Michelle Pfeiffer, "French Exit" " . Golden Globes . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ Pieri, Kerry (April 29, 2015). "7 Standouts of Michelle Pfeiffer's Cinematic Style" . Harper's Bazaar . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 19, 2023 . ^ "People's Annual 'Most Beautiful' List – 1990 - Michelle Pfeiffer" . Entertainment Tonight Canada . April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 10, 2021 . ^ a b "The Unstoppable Michelle Pfeiffer – Most Beautiful, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . May 10, 1999. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "All-Time Most Beautiful Women – Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . April 13, 2004. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021 . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . ^ Garrigues, Manon (July 3, 2020). "The most beautiful American actresses of all time" . Vogue Paris . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 1, 2021 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Women of All Time" . Men's Health . November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "The 100 Hottest Sex Symbols of All Time" . Men's Health . July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved February 15, 2021 . ^ a b Todd, Stephen (August 20, 2018). "Perfection exhibition: how far we will go to look good in this Instagram age?" . Australian Financial Review . Archived from the original on December 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, scientifically, the most beautiful woman in the world" . ABC (in Spanish). March 7, 2001. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021 . Retrieved August 8, 2021 . ^ Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Various sources describing Pfeiffer as "ageless": Finn, Jessica (January 14, 2021). "Michelle Pfeiffer shares ageless photo as she enjoys special reunion" . Hello! Canada . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age Tracy, Brianne (March 28, 2017). "Wow! Michelle Pfeiffer, 58, Proves She's an Ageless Beauty on Interview Magazine Cover" . People . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Paris, Calin Van (September 17, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer Is Impossibly Ageless on the 2017 Emmys Red Carpet" . Vogue . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Barlow, Helen (June 29, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . Jones, Zoe (December 7, 2008). "The Cast of Scarface , Then and Now" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8, 2021 . Michelle Pfeiffer is hailed not only for her acting but also for her seeming ability not to age ^ a b Stone, Peter; Kelsey, Colleen (May 9, 2012). "New Again: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on April 30, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2017 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 3, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ Goodsell, Luke (2024). "Cracked Actor: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Metrograph . Archived from the original on August 22, 2024 . Retrieved August 22, 2024 . ^ a b Murthi, Vikram (April 29, 2021). "The Caustic Grace of French Exit" . The Nation . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 27, 2021 . ^ Aronofsky, Darren (March 28, 2017). "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Interview . Archived from the original on March 5, 2024 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ a b Mallenbaum, Carly (December 2, 2014). "Michelle Pfeiffer is the pop-music muse of the moment" . USA Today . ^ "Why Michelle Pfeiffer is Name-Dropped in Two Cool New Songs" . WZOK . February 5, 2015 . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ Thompson, Clay (February 23, 2015). "How is Catwoman slinking her way into song lyrics?" . The Arizona Republic . ^ Smith, Katherine Snow (February 19, 2015). "How to look like Uptown Funk muse Michelle Pfeiffer for free" . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "Q&A: Mark Ronson Talks 'Uptown Funk,' Old New York City and Michelle Pfeiffer" . radio.com . December 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015 . Retrieved December 1, 2018 . ^ Kent, Matthew (February 11, 2021). "Ethel Cain reflects on the freedom of LA with revelatory new single "Michelle Pfeiffer" " . The Line of Best Fit . Retrieved September 9, 2024 . ^ "Cricket diary: The bowler who bats and keeps wicket" . The Independent . September 12, 1998. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. ^ Collins, Rance (June 28, 2025). "Michelle Pfeiffer Was Inspiration for M3GAN's Rival, but Director Says She Ended Up More Like Another '80s Icon" . Indiewire . Retrieved July 3, 2025 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Then and Now" . InStyle . Retrieved March 23, 2019 . ^ "Henry Rose: 100% Transparent Fine Fragrances" . Henry Rose . Retrieved March 22, 2019 . ^ "Discover Henry Rose" . Henry Rose . Retrieved November 22, 2022 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Stars In The Saint Laurent Summer 2025 Ad Campaign" . RCFA . February 21, 2025 . Retrieved February 25, 2025 . ^ "Star Portrait: Michelle Pfeiffer" . GQ Magazine (in German). Nast Digital Network. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer, Bob Breech, David E. Kelley attend Healthy Child Healthy World's L.A. Gala" . guestofaguest . November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016 . Retrieved November 25, 2016 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: Why I became a vegan" . CNN . June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ^ Duffin, Claire (November 2, 2013). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The day I realised I was part of a cult" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 7, 2022 . ^ Brown, Mick (April 20, 2009). "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer: interview" . Turner Classic Movies . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved May 8, 2011 . [ dead link ] ^ Sastry, Keertana (March 30, 2012). "Scandals Onscreen: Celebrities Who Had Affairs Right In Front Of Our Eyes" . Business Insider . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Being John Malkovich" . The Age . Melbourne. April 26, 2003 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Hind, John (December 5, 2009). "Did I say that?" . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ "Right for the part" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 1, 2003. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Akbar, Arifa (January 8, 2011). "John Malkovich: 'I don't need to be liked' " . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Barber, Lynn (July 9, 2006). "Life and taxes" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Lipton, Michael A. "The Two Lives of Catwoman – Couples, Batman Returns, Fisher Stevens, Michelle Pfeiffer" . People . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ Frank Rich (July 10, 1989). "Review/Theater; Night of Stars, and Also Shakespeare" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer | Biography, Films, Batman, Catwoman, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . December 25, 2023. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer biography and filmography" . Tribune.ca . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ "Hello!" . Hello . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ Pringle, Gill (July 13, 2007). "Michelle Pfeiffer: The former beauty queen is back after a five-year break" . The Independent . London: Independent Print Limited . Retrieved July 3, 2011 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Biography" . Tiscali.co.uk . October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2008 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Opens Up About Why She 'Disappeared' from Hollywood" . Woman's Day . September 8, 2017. ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer Shares She's a Grandmother" . E! News . September 29, 2025 . Retrieved September 30, 2025 . ^ Walters, Meg (June 24, 2023). "The Complete Evolution Of Michelle Pfeiffer" . The List . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ Hargrove, Hannah (December 9, 2020). "Michelle Pfeiffer wows with swimsuit selfie inside garden of $22million mansion" . Hello Magazine . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Forever Young" . Woman's Way . October 21, 2021 . Retrieved January 26, 2024 . ^ "Michelle Pfeiffer" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . ^ "Person: Michelle Pfeiffer" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved August 21, 2022 . External links Michelle Pfeiffer at IMDb Michelle Pfeiffer at the TCM Movie Database Michelle Pfeiffer on Instagram Michelle Pfeiffer at Rotten Tomatoes Michelle Pfeiffer in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory Michelle Pfeiffer discography at Discogs Awards for Michelle Pfeiffer .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role v t e 1968–2000 Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Celia Johnson (1969) Susannah York (1970) Margaret Leighton (1971) Cloris Leachman (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Diane Ladd (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Jenny Agutter (1977) Geraldine Page (1978) Rachel Roberts (1979) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton (1982) Jamie Lee Curtis (1983) Liz Smith (1984) Rosanna Arquette (1985) Judi Dench (1986) Susan Wooldridge (1987) Judi Dench (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Miriam Margolyes (1993) Kristin Scott Thomas (1994) Kate Winslet (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Sigourney Weaver (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Maggie Smith (1999) Julie Walters (2000) 2001–present Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Thandiwe Newton (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Helena Bonham Carter (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Rachel Weisz (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) v t e Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Performance in a Film v t e Actor (1968–2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Gerard Parkes (1968) No award (1969) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970) Jean Duceppe (1971) Gordon Pinsent (1972) Jacques Godin (1973) No award (1974) Stuart Gillard (1975) André Melançon (1976) Len Cariou (1977) Richard Gabourie (1978) Christopher Plummer (1980) Thomas Peacocke (1981) Nick Mancuso (1982) Donald Sutherland (1983) Eric Fryer (1984) Gabriel Arcand (1985) John Wildman (1986) Gordon Pinsent (1987) Roger Lebel (1988) Jeremy Irons (1989) Lothaire Bluteau (1990) Rémy Girard (1991) Tony Nardi (1992) Tom McCamus (1993) Maury Chaykin (1994) David La Haye (1995) William Hutt (1996) Ian Holm (1997) Roshan Seth (1998) Bob Hoskins (1999) Tony Nardi (2000) Brendan Fletcher (2001) Luc Picard (2002) Rémy Girard (2003) Roy Dupuis (2004) Michel Côté (2005) Roy Dupuis (2006) Gordon Pinsent (2007) Natar Ungalaaq (2008) Joshua Jackson (2009) Paul Giamatti (2010) Mohamed Fellag (2011) James Cromwell (2012) Gabriel Arcand (2013) Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Stephan James (2016) Nabil Rajo (2017) Théodore Pellerin (2018) Mark O'Brien (2019) Michael Greyeyes (2020) Liam Diaz (2021) Actress (1968–2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Geneviève Bujold (1968) No award (1969) Geneviève Bujold (1970) Ann Knox (1971) Micheline Lanctôt (1972) Geneviève Bujold (1973) No award (1974) Margot Kidder (1975) Marilyn Lightstone (1976) Monique Mercure (1977) Helen Shaver (1978) Kate Lynch (1980) Marie Tifo (1981) Margot Kidder (1982) Rae Dawn Chong (1983) Martha Henry (1984) Louise Marleau (1985) Margaret Langrick (1986) Martha Henry (1987) Sheila McCarthy (1988) Jackie Burroughs (1989) Rebecca Jenkins (1990) Pascale Montpetit (1991) Janet Wright (1992) Sheila McCarthy (1993) Sandra Oh (1994) Helena Bonham Carter (1995) Martha Henry (1996) Molly Parker (1997) Sandra Oh (1998) Sylvie Moreau (1999) Marie-Josée Croze (2000) Élise Guilbault (2001) Arsinée Khanjian (2002) Sarah Polley (2003) Pascale Bussières (2004) Seema Biswas (2005) Julie Le Breton (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Ellen Burstyn (2008) Karine Vanasse (2009) Lubna Azabal (2010) Vanessa Paradis (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Gabrielle Marion-Rivard (2013) Anne Dorval (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Émilie Bierre (2018) Nahéma Ricci (2019) Michelle Pfeiffer (2020) Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (2021) Lead Performance in a Film (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lamar Johnson (2022) Lead Performance in a Comedy Film (2023–present) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Jay Baruchel (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Lead Performance in a Drama Film (2023–present) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Amrit Kaur (2023) Sebastian Stan (2024) Canadian Film Awards 1968–1978, Genie Awards 1980-2011, Canadian Screen Awards 2012–present. Separate awards were presented by gender prior to 2022; a single unified category for best performance regardless of gender has been presented since. v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Barbara Hershey (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Joan Allen (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Natalie Portman (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Toni Collette (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Kristen Stewart (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama v t e 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year v t e 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress v t e Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Florinda Bolkan (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Shelley Duvall (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Meryl Streep (1985) Sandrine Bonnaire (1986) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland (1987) Christine Lahti (1988) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Naomi Watts (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Vera Farmiga (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Kim Hye-ja (2010) Yoon Jeong-hee (2011) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Actress v t e 1945–1975 Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Joan Crawford (1945) Anna Magnani (1946) Celia Johnson (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jan Sterling (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Jean Simmons (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Dorothy McGuire (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Ingrid Bergman (1958) Simone Signoret (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Irene Papas (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) 1976–present Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Liv Ullmann (1976) Anne Bancroft (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Kathleen Turner (1986) Lillian Gish / Holly Hunter (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Mia Farrow (1990) Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Halle Berry (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Anne Hathaway (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Tilda Swinton (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Emma Thompson (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Amy Adams (2016) Meryl Streep (2017) Lady Gaga (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Nicole Kidman (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress v t e Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Greta Garbo (1935) Luise Rainer (1936) Greta Garbo (1937) Margaret Sullavan (1938) Vivien Leigh (1939) Katharine Hepburn (1940) Joan Fontaine (1941) Agnes Moorehead (1942) Ida Lupino (1943) Tallulah Bankhead (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Celia Johnson (1946) Deborah Kerr (1947) Olivia de Havilland (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Bette Davis (1950) Vivien Leigh (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Deborah Kerr (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Deborah Kerr (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) No Award (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Kim Stanley (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Lynn Redgrave / Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Jane Fonda (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Joanne Woodward (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Liv Ullmann (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Glenda Jackson (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Norma Aleandro (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Meryl Streep (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Joanne Woodward (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Cameron Diaz (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Hope Davis (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Rachel Weisz (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Saoirse Ronan (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Regina Hall (2018) Lupita Nyong'o (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Lady Gaga (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) Lauren Bacall (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Thora Birch (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Michelle Pfeiffer (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Natalie Portman (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Lili Taylor (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Marisa Tomei (2008) Samantha Morton (2009) Lesley Manville (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Emma Watson (2012) Shailene Woodley (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Allison Janney / Laurie Metcalf (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Zhao Shu-zhen (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Rachel McAdams (2023) Ariana Grande (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Silver Bear for Best Actress v t e 1956–1975 Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) Elsa Martinelli (1956) Yvonne Mitchell (1957) Anna Magnani (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Juliette Mayniel (1960) Anna Karina (1961) Rita Gam / Viveca Lindfors (1962) Bibi Andersson (1963) Sachiko Hidari (1964) Madhur Jaffrey (1965) Lola Albright (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Stéphane Audran (1968) Shirley MacLaine / Simone Signoret (1971) Elizabeth Taylor (1972) Kinuyo Tanaka (1975) 1976–2000 Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) Jadwiga Barańska (1976) Lily Tomlin (1977) Gena Rowlands (1978) Hanna Schygulla (1979) Renate Krößner (1980) Barbara Grabowska (1981) Katrin Sass (1982) Yevgeniya Glushenko (1983) Inna Churikova (1984) Jo Kennedy (1985) Marcélia Cartaxo / Charlotte Valandrey (1986) Ana Beatriz Nogueira (1987) Holly Hunter (1988) Isabelle Adjani (1989) Victoria Abril (1991) Maggie Cheung (1992) Michelle Pfeiffer (1993) Crissy Rock (1994) Josephine Siao (1995) Anouk Grinberg (1996) Juliette Binoche (1997) Fernanda Montenegro (1998) Juliane Köhler / Maria Schrader (1999) Bibiana Beglau / Nadja Uhl (2000) 2001–2020 Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Kerry Fox (2001) Halle Berry (2002) Nicole Kidman / Julianne Moore / Meryl Streep (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno / Charlize Theron (2004) Julia Jentsch (2005) Sandra Hüller (2006) Nina Hoss (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Birgit Minichmayr (2009) Shinobu Terajima (2010) Sareh Bayat / Sarina Farhadi / Leila Hatami / Kimia Hosseini (2011) Rachel Mwanza (2012) Paulina García (2013) Haru Kuroki (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Trine Dyrholm (2016) Kim Min-hee (2017) Ana Brun (2018) Yong Mei (2019) Paula Beer (2020) Authority control databases International ISNI 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer#cite_note-22
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Portails thématiques Principes fondateurs Sommaire de l'aide Poser une question Article labellisé du jour Elsa Barraine , née le 13 février 1910 à Paris 18 e et morte le 20 mars 1999 à Strasbourg , est une compositrice , professeure de musique et résistante française . Née dans une famille de musiciens et révélant très jeune des facultés pour la musique, elle intègre à neuf ans le Conservatoire de Paris où elle obtient plusieurs premiers prix. Élève dans la classe de composition de Paul Dukas , avec qui elle se lie d’amitié, elle devient en 1929 la quatrième femme à remporter le Premier Grand Prix de Rome . À la suite des accords de Munich , Elsa Barraine intègre le parti communiste . En 1941, elle fonde le Front national des musiciens qui lutte contre la propagande nazie dans le domaine de la musique. Après la guerre, elle participe à la fondation de l'Association française des musiciens progressistes, laquelle s'inspire des idées du Manifeste de Prague en réaction au formalisme et à l'abstraction de « l'art bourgeois » . De 1952 à 1974, la compositrice enseigne comme professeur au Conservatoire de Paris, où elle devient titulaire de la classe d' analyse en 1969. En 1972, elle est nommée inspectrice des théâtres lyriques nationaux à la Direction de la Musique du ministère de la Culture . Considérée comme une compositrice « visionnaire » , Elsa Barraine inscrit dans son œuvre ses idéologies politiques humanistes et religieuses, comme dans Pogromes , Song-Koï ou sa Symphonie n o 2 . Ses compositions s'intègrent dans la lignée du néo-classicisme , mais avec un travail prononcé pour le timbre et la couleur instrumentale. Bien qu'elle soit considérée comme « l'une des compositrices françaises les plus remarquables du milieu du XX e siècle » , la musique d'Elsa Barraine est encore rarement jouée aujourd'hui. Lire la suite Contenus de qualité Bons contenus Sélection Programme Actualités 15 janvier : en Ouganda , une élection présidentielle et des élections législatives sont organisées simultanément. 11 janvier : au Bénin , des élections législatives et municipales sont organisées simultanément. 7 janvier : Renée Good (photo) , citoyenne américaine , est tuée par balle par un agent de l' ICE à Minneapolis ; après une offensive gouvernementale et saoudienne , le Conseil de transition du Sud perd l'ensemble des territoires qu'il contrôlait au Yémen . 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Vue d’artiste de J0613+52. La galaxie J0613+52 (image) , qui ne compte apparemment aucune étoile , a été découverte grâce à une erreur de frappe . En 2009, Winfield a élu son maire, Harry Stonebraker, pour un quatrième mandat, plusieurs semaines après son décès. Un scandale dans le Midi de la France amena les fromageries Gervais à décliner publiquement toute parenté avec le sénateur Auguste Gervais . Lorsqu’il reçoit un courrier de Bertrand Russell en 1902, Gottlob Frege ajoute un appendice à la fin du second volume des Lois fondamentales de l'arithmétique pour indiquer que ce livre déjà sous presse est caduc, ainsi que ses deux publications précédentes. Avant d’accéder à la papauté , Pie II a écrit un livre érotique . Gabriel I er de Montgommery , régicide involontaire du roi de France Henri II , est le fils de Jacques de Montgomery , qui, selon Pasquier , avait déjà blessé grièvement François I er lors d’un jeu. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References List of Hot Country Singles & Tracks number ones of 1999 Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Hot Country Songs is a chart that ranks the top-performing country music songs in the United States, published by Billboard magazine. In 1999, 19 different songs topped the chart, then published under the title Hot Country Singles & Tracks, in 52 issues of the magazine, based on weekly airplay data from country music radio stations compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems . [ 1 ] At the start of the year, the number one song on the chart was " You're Easy on the Eyes " by Terri Clark , one of seven female vocalists to top the chart during the year; during the late 1990s, female performers achieved a level of success on the country charts greater than they did in the first half of the decade or would in the next decade. [ 2 ] Two female vocalists achieved the first number one singles of their careers in 1999: Sara Evans with " No Place That Far " in March and Chely Wright with " Single White Female " in September, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] as did Mark Wills in May with " Wish You Were Here " and Brad Paisley with " He Didn't Have to Be " in December. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Jo Dee Messina topped the chart in January with " Stand Beside Me ", the third number one song taken from her album I'm Alright and became the first female vocalist to have multi-week runs at number one with three consecutive singles from one album since Billboard began tracking country albums in 1964. [ 7 ] The longest unbroken run at number one in 1999 was the eight weeks spent at the top by Lonestar 's " Amazed ", the lengthiest uninterrupted spell at the top of the country singles chart since David Houston had a nine-week run at number one with " Almost Persuaded " in 1966. [ 8 ] The song also set a record for the longest run at number one on the country chart since Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was initiated in 1990, a record which would be tied in 2003 and not beaten until 2023. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] "Amazed" also achieved considerable crossover success, topping the magazine's all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 , the first time a country act had achieved this feat since Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton with their duet " Islands in the Stream " in 1983. [ 8 ] Four other songs spent more than a month at the top of the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Kenny Chesney spent six weeks at the top with " How Forever Feels " from March to May, and Tim McGraw spent five weeks at number one with both " Please Remember Me " and " Something Like That ", the latter of which was immediately followed by a five-week run by Martina McBride 's " I Love You ". McGraw's total of ten weeks at number one was the highest for any act in 1999. He, Chesney and McBride were the only acts to reach the top with more than one song during the year. The final number one song of the year was " Breathe " by Faith Hill . Chart history Issue date Title Artist(s) Ref. January 2 " You're Easy on the Eyes " Terri Clark [ 11 ] January 9 [ 12 ] January 16 " Right on the Money " Alan Jackson [ 13 ] January 23 " Wrong Again " Martina McBride [ 14 ] January 30 " Stand Beside Me " Jo Dee Messina [ 15 ] February 6 [ 16 ] February 13 [ 17 ] February 20 " I Don't Want to Miss a Thing " Mark Chesnutt [ 18 ] February 27 [ 19 ] March 6 " No Place That Far " Sara Evans [ 20 ] March 13 " You Were Mine " Dixie Chicks [ 21 ] March 20 [ 22 ] March 27 " How Forever Feels " Kenny Chesney [ 23 ] April 3 [ 24 ] April 10 [ 25 ] April 17 [ 26 ] April 24 [ 27 ] May 1 [ 28 ] May 8 " Wish You Were Here " Mark Wills [ 29 ] May 15 " Please Remember Me " Tim McGraw [ 30 ] May 22 [ 31 ] May 29 [ 32 ] June 5 [ 33 ] June 12 [ 34 ] June 19 " Write This Down " George Strait [ 35 ] June 26 [ 36 ] July 3 [ 37 ] July 10 [ 38 ] July 17 " Amazed " Lonestar [ 39 ] July 24 [ 40 ] July 31 [ 41 ] August 7 [ 42 ] August 14 [ 43 ] August 21 [ 44 ] August 28 [ 45 ] September 4 [ 46 ] September 11 " Single White Female " Chely Wright [ 47 ] September 18 " You Had Me from Hello " Kenny Chesney [ 48 ] September 25 " Something Like That " Tim McGraw [ 49 ] October 2 [ 50 ] October 9 [ 51 ] October 16 [ 52 ] October 23 [ 53 ] October 30 " I Love You " Martina McBride [ 54 ] November 6 [ 55 ] November 13 [ 56 ] November 20 [ 57 ] November 27 [ 58 ] December 4 " When I Said I Do " Clint Black with Lisa Hartman Black [ 59 ] December 11 " He Didn't Have to Be " Brad Paisley [ 60 ] December 18 " When I Said I Do " Clint Black with Lisa Hartman Black [ 61 ] December 25 " Breathe " Faith Hill [ 62 ] See also 1999 in music List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. country chart References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McKinley, Jr., James C. (October 26, 2012). "Changes to Charts by Billboard Draw Fire" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2012-11-03 . Retrieved May 24, 2013 . ^ Zaleski, Annie (August 17, 2018). "How '90s Country Women Paved the Way for Modern Artists' Creative Boom" . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ Thompson, Gayle (September 11, 2017). "18 Years Ago: Chely Wright Hits No. 1 with 'Single White Female' " . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Archived from the original on 2017-11-07 . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ Leahey, Andrew (July 29, 2014). "Sara Evans: My 10 Favorite Duets" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2017-11-07 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Top 10 Country Songs About Heaven" . The Boot . Townsquare Media . July 3, 2018. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018 . Retrieved November 14, 2018 . ^ Thompson, Gayle (December 11, 2017). "Country Music Memories: Brad Paisley Scores First No. 1 Hit" . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Archived from the original on November 15, 2018 . Retrieved November 14, 2018 . ^ Taylor, Chuck (March 5, 1999). "Curb's Jo Dee Messina Proves She's More Than 'Alright' With Hit-Filled Sophomore Set" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2017-11-07 . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . ^ a b Bronson, Fred (March 4, 2000). "Lonestar's 'Amazing' Country Coup" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2017-11-07 . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ Asker, Jim (2022-12-23). "Morgan Wallen's 'You Proof' Breaks Record as Longest-Leading No. 1 in Country Airplay Chart History" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2023-01-16 . Retrieved 2023-06-12 . ^ Asker, Jim (2022-12-30). "Morgan Wallen's 'You Proof' Becomes First 10-Week No. 1 in Country Airplay Chart History" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2022-12-31 . Retrieved 2023-06-12 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for January 2, 1999" . Billboard . 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for January 9, 1999" . Billboard . 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for January 16, 1999" . Billboard . 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for January 23, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for January 30, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for February 6, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for February 13, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for February 20, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for February 27, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for March 6, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for March 13, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for March 20, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for March 27, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for April 3, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for April 10, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for April 17, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for April 24, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for May 1, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for May 8, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for May 15, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for May 22, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for May 29, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for June 5, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for June 12, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for June 19, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for June 26, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for July 3, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for July 10, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for July 17, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for July 24, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for July 31, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for August 7, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for August 14, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for August 21, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for August 28, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for September 4, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for September 11, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for September 18, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for September 25, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for October 2, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for October 9, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for October 16, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for October 23, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for October 30, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for November 6, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for November 13, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for November 20, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for November 27, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for December 4, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for December 11, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for December 18, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . ^ "Hot Country Songs chart for December 25, 1999" . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2018-08-20 . Retrieved August 19, 2018 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Billboard number-one country songs v t e Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Hot Country Songs Country Airplay 1944–1959 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960–1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980–1999 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000–2019 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–present 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Related list Number-one country artists Lists of number-one country songs in the United States 1999 record charts 1999 in American music Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards Featured lists This page was last edited on 6 June 2024, at 20:32 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: (refs: 141, 198) It is recommended to use named references to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian 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1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila 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Acceso WAP : Wapedia.mobi en aragonés . editar Destacau Willem Dafoe Mississippi Burning (títol orichinal en anglés , en aragonés Mississippi ardendo , estrenada en Aragón con o títol en castellano de Arde Mississippi ) ye una cinta de drama d' intriga policiaca dirichida en 1988 por Alan Parker seguntes un guión orichinal de Chris Gerolmo (basau en feitos reals), con una banda sonora orichinal de Trevor Jones y una dirección de fotografía de Peter Biziou . Producida por Frederick Zollo y Robert F. Colesberry ta la productora Orion Pictures , en l' elenco d'a cinta se troban actors como Gene Hackman , Willem Dafoe , Frances McDormand , Brad Dourif u Michael Rooker , entre d'atros. Chris Gerolmo escribió lo guión d'a cinta en basando-se en un caso real, os asasinatos de Chaney, Goodman y Schwerner , cuan en chunio de 1964 personaches vinclaus a lo Ku Klux Klan (KKK) asasinoron a tres activistas por os dreitos civils , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman y Michael Schwerner , en a localidat de Philadelphia , en l'estau de Mississippi , con a complicidat u mesmo participación activa de miembros d'a policía local. Gene Hackman y Willem Dafoe en son os protagonistas, en interpretar a dos achents d'o FBI encargaus d'a investigación d'o caso, con l'animadversión y hostilidat d'a población local que, por motivos racistas , refirma l'actuación d'o KKK en l'asasinato. Leyer más... editar Ya sabebas que... os Establimentz de Chaca son un documento an que s'apreban os establimientos u ordinacions d'a ciudat de Chaca en o sieglo XIII y que son escritos en gascón con bellas influyencias aragonesas y catalanas ? o rei Pero III d'Aragón se convirtió en rei de Secilia dimpués d'as Vespras secilianas an que os franceses estioron expulsatos violentament d'a isla?. l' aragonés ye l'unico idioma peninsular á on encara se i fa destinción entre os glans (fruitos d'o caixigo ) y as bailotas, (d'o latín ; ballota , os fruitos d'a carrasca )?. editar Todas as luengas Wikipedia ye una enciclopedia libre y multilingüe . O prochecto en aragonés escomenzó lo 21 de chulio de 2004 . Bi ha wikipedias en muitas atras luengas d'o mundo, y entre ellas, beluna relacionada con l'aragonés: As 15 más grans : English ( Anglés ) · Deutsch ( Alemán ) · Français ( Francés ) · Polski ( Polaco ) · 日本語 ( Chaponés ) · Italiano · Nederlands ( Neerlandés ) · Português ( Portugués ) · Español ( Espanyol ) · Svenska ( Sueco ) · Русский ( Ruso ) · 中文 ( Chinés ) · Suomi ( Finlandés ) · Norsk ( Noruego ) · Català ( Catalán ) Atras luengas romances u relacionadas con l'aragonés : Armâneashti ( Arumano ) · Asturianu ( Asturiano ) · Walon ( Valón ) · Estremeñu ( Estremenyo ) · Euskara ( Basco ) · Vèneta ( Veneciano ) · Corsu ( Corso ) · Ladino ( Chodigoespanyol ) · Emilià ( Emiliano ) · Arpitan ( Francoprovenzal ) · Furlan ( Friulano ) · Galego ( Gallego ) · Latina ( Latín ) · Líguru ( Ligur ) · Lumbaart ( Lombardo ) · Mirandés ( Mirandés ) · Молдовеняскэ (Moldavo) · Nnapulitano ( Napolitano ) · Nouormand/Normaund ( Normando ) · Occitan ( Occitán ) · Piemontèis ( Piemontés ) · Rumantsch ( Retorromanico ) · Română ( Rumano ) · Sardu ( Sardo ) · Sicilianu ( Siciliano ) · Tarandíne ( Tarantino ) Arte , literatura , lingüistica , musica Arquitectura · Arte · Cómic · Danza · Disenyo · Fotografía · Literatura · Lingüistica · Musica · Pintura · Escultura · Teatro · Cine Ocio y sociedat Coleccionismo · Chardinería · Chuego · Espectaclos · Esporte · Gastronomía · Internet · Meyos de comunicación · Ocio · Periodismo · Televisión · Turismo · Videochuegos Tecnolochía y ciencias aplicadas Agricultura · Comunicación · Electronica · Industria · Informatica · Incheniería · Medicina · Tecnolochía · Transporte Endice Alfabetico · Biografías · Biquiprochectos · Portals · Pachinas d'aduya · Articlos destacaus · Categorías Imachen d'o mes Monesterio de Key , India Novedaz y actualidat Noticias d'actualidat en a sección de noticias y Wikinoticias . Portals En os portals de biquipedia se troba articlos d'un mesmo tema u aria tematica. Atros prochectos Biquipedia ye chestionada por Wikimedia , fundación sin d'animo de lucro, que empara atros prochectos de difusión de conoiximiento libre y multilingüe : Biquizionario Diccionario con sinonimos Biquiespecies Directorio d'especies biolochicas Wikisource Documentos orichinals Biquiditos Colección de citas y ditos Wikinews Noticias libres Wikibooks Libros de texto y manuals Wikiversity Plataforma educativa libre Commons Deposito de recursos multimedia libres Meta-Wiki Cordinación d'os prochectos Bienveniu a Biquipedia A enciclopedia libre en aragonés . Bienveniu a Biquipedia A enciclopedia libre en aragonés . Bienveniu a Biquipedia Somos treballando en 50 989 articlos en aragonés : Somos treballando en 50 989 articlos en aragonés : Como rechistrar-se · FAQ · Citar Wikipedia · Aviso legal Pachina de Prebatinas · A Tabierna · Portals · Donacions Facebook oficial · Twitter oficial editar Bienvenida y variedaz dialectals Si charras aragonés y te faría goyo de tener una Enciclopedia libre en a tuya luenga, alavez tu puez aduyar a fer-la. Pa trobar mas información, ves ta la pachina d' Aduya u deixa un mensache en a Tabierna . Tamién puez veyer a portalada y colaborar con Biquipedia escribindo en a tuya variedat dialectal: ansotano · belsetán · benasqués · cheso · chistabín fovano · ribagorzano · sobrarbés · tensino Pa mas información, se veiga Variedaz dialectals editar Comunidat Not Aragonese? an-0? - Click here . Si tiens mas dandalos sobre cuestions lingüisticas, puez preguntar-los en uso d'a luenga . Tamién puez veyer as convencions consensuadas por os miembros d'a comunidat en ortografía consensuada . Os correctors aduyan a que toz os articlos sían correctos. Pasa-te tamién por o portal d'a comunidat y a tabierna ta comentar cosas con a resta d'a comunidat. No sabes por a on prencipiar? ves ta a lista d'articlos que toda Wikipedia habría de tener y prencipia a editar os articlos que veigas en royo, u bien enampla os que que veigas que pueden estar amilloraus. Si quiers saber-ne mas, puez vesitar a pachina d' aduya . Vesita os Portals tematicos. Si quiers aprender o funcionamiento d'a wikipedia, puez fer prebatinas en a pachina de prebatinas . Aquí puez veyer as estatisticas actualizadas de Biquipedia. Acceso WAP : Wapedia.mobi en aragonés . editar Destacau Willem Dafoe Mississippi Burning (títol orichinal en anglés , en aragonés Mississippi ardendo , estrenada en Aragón con o títol en castellano de Arde Mississippi ) ye una cinta de drama d' intriga policiaca dirichida en 1988 por Alan Parker seguntes un guión orichinal de Chris Gerolmo (basau en feitos reals), con una banda sonora orichinal de Trevor Jones y una dirección de fotografía de Peter Biziou . Producida por Frederick Zollo y Robert F. Colesberry ta la productora Orion Pictures , en l' elenco d'a cinta se troban actors como Gene Hackman , Willem Dafoe , Frances McDormand , Brad Dourif u Michael Rooker , entre d'atros. Chris Gerolmo escribió lo guión d'a cinta en basando-se en un caso real, os asasinatos de Chaney, Goodman y Schwerner , cuan en chunio de 1964 personaches vinclaus a lo Ku Klux Klan (KKK) asasinoron a tres activistas por os dreitos civils , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman y Michael Schwerner , en a localidat de Philadelphia , en l'estau de Mississippi , con a complicidat u mesmo participación activa de miembros d'a policía local. Gene Hackman y Willem Dafoe en son os protagonistas, en interpretar a dos achents d'o FBI encargaus d'a investigación d'o caso, con l'animadversión y hostilidat d'a población local que, por motivos racistas , refirma l'actuación d'o KKK en l'asasinato. Leyer más... editar Ya sabebas que... os Establimentz de Chaca son un documento an que s'apreban os establimientos u ordinacions d'a ciudat de Chaca en o sieglo XIII y que son escritos en gascón con bellas influyencias aragonesas y catalanas ? o rei Pero III d'Aragón se convirtió en rei de Secilia dimpués d'as Vespras secilianas an que os franceses estioron expulsatos violentament d'a isla?. l' aragonés ye l'unico idioma peninsular á on encara se i fa destinción entre os glans (fruitos d'o caixigo ) y as bailotas, (d'o latín ; ballota , os fruitos d'a carrasca )?. editar Todas as luengas Wikipedia ye una enciclopedia libre y multilingüe . O prochecto en aragonés escomenzó lo 21 de chulio de 2004 . Bi ha wikipedias en muitas atras luengas d'o mundo, y entre ellas, beluna relacionada con l'aragonés: As 15 más grans : English ( Anglés ) · Deutsch ( Alemán ) · Français ( Francés ) · Polski ( Polaco ) · 日本語 ( Chaponés ) · Italiano · Nederlands ( Neerlandés ) · Português ( Portugués ) · Español ( Espanyol ) · Svenska ( Sueco ) · Русский ( Ruso ) · 中文 ( Chinés ) · Suomi ( Finlandés ) · Norsk ( Noruego ) · Català ( Catalán ) Atras luengas romances u relacionadas con l'aragonés : Armâneashti ( Arumano ) · Asturianu ( Asturiano ) · Walon ( Valón ) · Estremeñu ( Estremenyo ) · Euskara ( Basco ) · Vèneta ( Veneciano ) · Corsu ( Corso ) · Ladino ( Chodigoespanyol ) · Emilià ( Emiliano ) · Arpitan ( Francoprovenzal ) · Furlan ( Friulano ) · Galego ( Gallego ) · Latina ( Latín ) · Líguru ( Ligur ) · Lumbaart ( Lombardo ) · Mirandés ( Mirandés ) · Молдовеняскэ (Moldavo) · Nnapulitano ( Napolitano ) · Nouormand/Normaund ( Normando ) · Occitan ( Occitán ) · Piemontèis ( Piemontés ) · Rumantsch ( Retorromanico ) · Română ( Rumano ) · Sardu ( Sardo ) · Sicilianu ( Siciliano ) · Tarandíne ( Tarantino ) editar Bienvenida y variedaz dialectals Si charras aragonés y te faría goyo de tener una Enciclopedia libre en a tuya luenga, alavez tu puez aduyar a fer-la. Pa trobar mas información, ves ta la pachina d' Aduya u deixa un mensache en a Tabierna . Tamién puez veyer a portalada y colaborar con Biquipedia escribindo en a tuya variedat dialectal: ansotano · belsetán · benasqués · cheso · chistabín fovano · ribagorzano · sobrarbés · tensino Pa mas información, se veiga Variedaz dialectals Si charras aragonés y te faría goyo de tener una Enciclopedia libre en a tuya luenga, alavez tu puez aduyar a fer-la. Pa trobar mas información, ves ta la pachina d' Aduya u deixa un mensache en a Tabierna . Tamién puez veyer a portalada y colaborar con Biquipedia escribindo en a tuya variedat dialectal: editar Comunidat Not Aragonese? an-0? - Click here . Si tiens mas dandalos sobre cuestions lingüisticas, puez preguntar-los en uso d'a luenga . Tamién puez veyer as convencions consensuadas por os miembros d'a comunidat en ortografía consensuada . Os correctors aduyan a que toz os articlos sían correctos. Pasa-te tamién por o portal d'a comunidat y a tabierna ta comentar cosas con a resta d'a comunidat. No sabes por a on prencipiar? ves ta a lista d'articlos que toda Wikipedia habría de tener y prencipia a editar os articlos que veigas en royo, u bien enampla os que que veigas que pueden estar amilloraus. Si quiers saber-ne mas, puez vesitar a pachina d' aduya . Vesita os Portals tematicos. Si quiers aprender o funcionamiento d'a wikipedia, puez fer prebatinas en a pachina de prebatinas . Aquí puez veyer as estatisticas actualizadas de Biquipedia. Acceso WAP : Wapedia.mobi en aragonés . Not Aragonese? an-0? - Click here . Si tiens mas dandalos sobre cuestions lingüisticas, puez preguntar-los en uso d'a luenga . Tamién puez veyer as convencions consensuadas por os miembros d'a comunidat en ortografía consensuada . Os correctors aduyan a que toz os articlos sían correctos. Pasa-te tamién por o portal d'a comunidat y a tabierna ta comentar cosas con a resta d'a comunidat. No sabes por a on prencipiar? ves ta a lista d'articlos que toda Wikipedia habría de tener y prencipia a editar os articlos que veigas en royo, u bien enampla os que que veigas que pueden estar amilloraus. Si quiers saber-ne mas, puez vesitar a pachina d' aduya . Vesita os Portals tematicos. Si quiers aprender o funcionamiento d'a wikipedia, puez fer prebatinas en a pachina de prebatinas . Aquí puez veyer as estatisticas actualizadas de Biquipedia. Acceso WAP : Wapedia.mobi en aragonés . editar Destacau Willem Dafoe Mississippi Burning (títol orichinal en anglés , en aragonés Mississippi ardendo , estrenada en Aragón con o títol en castellano de Arde Mississippi ) ye una cinta de drama d' intriga policiaca dirichida en 1988 por Alan Parker seguntes un guión orichinal de Chris Gerolmo (basau en feitos reals), con una banda sonora orichinal de Trevor Jones y una dirección de fotografía de Peter Biziou . Producida por Frederick Zollo y Robert F. Colesberry ta la productora Orion Pictures , en l' elenco d'a cinta se troban actors como Gene Hackman , Willem Dafoe , Frances McDormand , Brad Dourif u Michael Rooker , entre d'atros. Chris Gerolmo escribió lo guión d'a cinta en basando-se en un caso real, os asasinatos de Chaney, Goodman y Schwerner , cuan en chunio de 1964 personaches vinclaus a lo Ku Klux Klan (KKK) asasinoron a tres activistas por os dreitos civils , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman y Michael Schwerner , en a localidat de Philadelphia , en l'estau de Mississippi , con a complicidat u mesmo participación activa de miembros d'a policía local. Gene Hackman y Willem Dafoe en son os protagonistas, en interpretar a dos achents d'o FBI encargaus d'a investigación d'o caso, con l'animadversión y hostilidat d'a población local que, por motivos racistas , refirma l'actuación d'o KKK en l'asasinato. Leyer más... Mississippi Burning (títol orichinal en anglés , en aragonés Mississippi ardendo , estrenada en Aragón con o títol en castellano de Arde Mississippi ) ye una cinta de drama d' intriga policiaca dirichida en 1988 por Alan Parker seguntes un guión orichinal de Chris Gerolmo (basau en feitos reals), con una banda sonora orichinal de Trevor Jones y una dirección de fotografía de Peter Biziou . Producida por Frederick Zollo y Robert F. Colesberry ta la productora Orion Pictures , en l' elenco d'a cinta se troban actors como Gene Hackman , Willem Dafoe , Frances McDormand , Brad Dourif u Michael Rooker , entre d'atros. Chris Gerolmo escribió lo guión d'a cinta en basando-se en un caso real, os asasinatos de Chaney, Goodman y Schwerner , cuan en chunio de 1964 personaches vinclaus a lo Ku Klux Klan (KKK) asasinoron a tres activistas por os dreitos civils , James Chaney , Andrew Goodman y Michael Schwerner , en a localidat de Philadelphia , en l'estau de Mississippi , con a complicidat u mesmo participación activa de miembros d'a policía local. Gene Hackman y Willem Dafoe en son os protagonistas, en interpretar a dos achents d'o FBI encargaus d'a investigación d'o caso, con l'animadversión y hostilidat d'a población local que, por motivos racistas , refirma l'actuación d'o KKK en l'asasinato. editar Ya sabebas que... os Establimentz de Chaca son un documento an que s'apreban os establimientos u ordinacions d'a ciudat de Chaca en o sieglo XIII y que son escritos en gascón con bellas influyencias aragonesas y catalanas ? o rei Pero III d'Aragón se convirtió en rei de Secilia dimpués d'as Vespras secilianas an que os franceses estioron expulsatos violentament d'a isla?. l' aragonés ye l'unico idioma peninsular á on encara se i fa destinción entre os glans (fruitos d'o caixigo ) y as bailotas, (d'o latín ; ballota , os fruitos d'a carrasca )?. os Establimentz de Chaca son un documento an que s'apreban os establimientos u ordinacions d'a ciudat de Chaca en o sieglo XIII y que son escritos en gascón con bellas influyencias aragonesas y catalanas ? o rei Pero III d'Aragón se convirtió en rei de Secilia dimpués d'as Vespras secilianas an que os franceses estioron expulsatos violentament d'a isla?. l' aragonés ye l'unico idioma peninsular á on encara se i fa destinción entre os glans (fruitos d'o caixigo ) y as bailotas, (d'o latín ; ballota , os fruitos d'a carrasca )?. editar Todas as luengas Wikipedia ye una enciclopedia libre y multilingüe . O prochecto en aragonés escomenzó lo 21 de chulio de 2004 . Bi ha wikipedias en muitas atras luengas d'o mundo, y entre ellas, beluna relacionada con l'aragonés: As 15 más grans : English ( Anglés ) · Deutsch ( Alemán ) · Français ( Francés ) · Polski ( Polaco ) · 日本語 ( Chaponés ) · Italiano · Nederlands ( Neerlandés ) · Português ( Portugués ) · Español ( Espanyol ) · Svenska ( Sueco ) · Русский ( Ruso ) · 中文 ( Chinés ) · Suomi ( Finlandés ) · Norsk ( Noruego ) · Català ( Catalán ) Atras luengas romances u relacionadas con l'aragonés : Armâneashti ( Arumano ) · Asturianu ( Asturiano ) · Walon ( Valón ) · Estremeñu ( Estremenyo ) · Euskara ( Basco ) · Vèneta ( Veneciano ) · Corsu ( Corso ) · Ladino ( Chodigoespanyol ) · Emilià ( Emiliano ) · Arpitan ( Francoprovenzal ) · Furlan ( Friulano ) · Galego ( Gallego ) · Latina ( Latín ) · Líguru ( Ligur ) · Lumbaart ( Lombardo ) · Mirandés ( Mirandés ) · Молдовеняскэ (Moldavo) · Nnapulitano ( Napolitano ) · Nouormand/Normaund ( Normando ) · Occitan ( Occitán ) · Piemontèis ( Piemontés ) · Rumantsch ( Retorromanico ) · Română ( Rumano ) · Sardu ( Sardo ) · Sicilianu ( Siciliano ) · Tarandíne ( Tarantino ) Wikipedia ye una enciclopedia libre y multilingüe . O prochecto en aragonés escomenzó lo 21 de chulio de 2004 . Bi ha wikipedias en muitas atras luengas d'o mundo, y entre ellas, beluna relacionada con l'aragonés: As 15 más grans : English ( Anglés ) · Deutsch ( Alemán ) · Français ( Francés ) · Polski ( Polaco ) · 日本語 ( Chaponés ) · Italiano · Nederlands ( Neerlandés ) · Português ( Portugués ) · Español ( Espanyol ) · Svenska ( Sueco ) · Русский ( Ruso ) · 中文 ( Chinés ) · Suomi ( Finlandés ) · Norsk ( Noruego ) · Català ( Catalán ) Atras luengas romances u relacionadas con l'aragonés : Armâneashti ( Arumano ) · Asturianu ( Asturiano ) · Walon ( Valón ) · Estremeñu ( Estremenyo ) · Euskara ( Basco ) · Vèneta ( Veneciano ) · Corsu ( Corso ) · Ladino ( Chodigoespanyol ) · Emilià ( Emiliano ) · Arpitan ( Francoprovenzal ) · Furlan ( Friulano ) · Galego ( Gallego ) · Latina ( Latín ) · Líguru ( Ligur ) · Lumbaart ( Lombardo ) · Mirandés ( Mirandés ) · Молдовеняскэ (Moldavo) · Nnapulitano ( Napolitano ) · Nouormand/Normaund ( Normando ) · Occitan ( Occitán ) · Piemontèis ( Piemontés ) · Rumantsch ( Retorromanico ) · Română ( Rumano ) · Sardu ( Sardo ) · Sicilianu ( Siciliano ) · Tarandíne ( Tarantino ) Arte , literatura , lingüistica , musica Arquitectura · Arte · Cómic · Danza · Disenyo · Fotografía · Literatura · Lingüistica · Musica · Pintura · Escultura · Teatro · Cine Arte , literatura , lingüistica , musica Arquitectura · Arte · Cómic · Danza · Disenyo · Fotografía · Literatura · Lingüistica · Musica · Pintura · Escultura · Teatro · Cine Ocio y sociedat Coleccionismo · Chardinería · Chuego · Espectaclos · Esporte · Gastronomía · Internet · Meyos de comunicación · Ocio · Periodismo · Televisión · Turismo · Videochuegos Ocio y sociedat Coleccionismo · Chardinería · Chuego · Espectaclos · Esporte · Gastronomía · Internet · Meyos de comunicación · Ocio · Periodismo · Televisión · Turismo · Videochuegos Tecnolochía y ciencias aplicadas Agricultura · Comunicación · Electronica · Industria · Informatica · Incheniería · Medicina · Tecnolochía · Transporte Tecnolochía y ciencias aplicadas Agricultura · Comunicación · Electronica · Industria · Informatica · Incheniería · Medicina · Tecnolochía · Transporte Endice Alfabetico · Biografías · Biquiprochectos · Portals · Pachinas d'aduya · Articlos destacaus · Categorías Endice Alfabetico · Biografías · Biquiprochectos · Portals · Pachinas d'aduya · Articlos destacaus · Categorías Imachen d'o mes Monesterio de Key , India Novedaz y actualidat Noticias d'actualidat en a sección de noticias y Wikinoticias . Noticias d'actualidat en a sección de noticias y Wikinoticias . Portals En os portals de biquipedia se troba articlos d'un mesmo tema u aria tematica. En os portals de biquipedia se troba articlos d'un mesmo tema u aria tematica. Atros prochectos Biquipedia ye chestionada por Wikimedia , fundación sin d'animo de lucro, que empara atros prochectos de difusión de conoiximiento libre y multilingüe : Biquipedia ye chestionada por Wikimedia , fundación sin d'animo de lucro, que empara atros prochectos de difusión de conoiximiento libre y multilingüe : Biquizionario Diccionario con sinonimos Biquizionario Diccionario con sinonimos Biquiespecies Directorio d'especies biolochicas Biquiespecies Directorio d'especies biolochicas Wikisource Documentos orichinals Wikisource Documentos orichinals Biquiditos Colección de citas y ditos Biquiditos Colección de citas y ditos Wikinews Noticias libres Wikinews Noticias libres Wikibooks Libros de texto y manuals Wikibooks Libros de texto y manuals Wikiversity Plataforma educativa libre Wikiversity Plataforma educativa libre Commons Deposito de recursos multimedia libres Commons Deposito de recursos multimedia libres Meta-Wiki Cordinación d'os prochectos Meta-Wiki Cordinación d'os prochectos Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Under the Romans 2.2 Visigothic Kingdom 2.3 Frankish conquest of Septimania 2.4 Carolingian Empire 2.5 Jewish community of Narbonne 2.6 Narbonne loses its river and port 2.7 Narbonne Cathedral 2.8 Building of the Canal de la Robine 2.1 Under the Romans 2.2 Visigothic Kingdom 2.3 Frankish conquest of Septimania 2.4 Carolingian Empire 2.5 Jewish community of Narbonne 2.6 Narbonne loses its river and port 2.7 Narbonne Cathedral 2.8 Building of the Canal de la Robine 3 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 3.1 Climate 3.1 Climate 4 Population 5 Sights 6 Sport 7 Transport 8 Personalities 9 International relations 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Narbonne አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Asturianu 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Occitan ) Subprefecture and commune .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Narbonne skyline with Narbonne Cathedral Archbishops' Palace Pont des Marchands .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag Coat of arms Location of Narbonne .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Narbonne Show map of France Narbonne Show map of Occitanie Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°11′01″N 3°00′15″E / 43.1836°N 3.0042°E / 43.1836; 3.0042 Country France Region Occitania Department Aude Arrondissement Narbonne Canton Narbonne-1 , 2 and 3 Intercommunality Grand Narbonne Government • Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2023–2026) Bertrand Malquier [ 1 ] Area 1 172.96 km 2 (66.78 sq mi) Population (2023) [ 2 ] 57,587 • Density 332.95/km 2 (862.34/sq mi) Demonym(s) Narbonnese (En) Narbonnaise (Fr) Time zone UTC+01:00 ( CET ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC+02:00 ( CEST ) INSEE /Postal code 11262 /11100 Elevation 0–285 m (0–935 ft) 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km 2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Narbonne ( / n ɑːr ˈ b ɒ n / nar- BON , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} US also /- ˈ b ɔː n , - ˈ b ʌ n / - BAWN , - BUN , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] French: [naʁbɔn] ⓘ ; Occitan : Narbona [naɾˈβunɔ] ; Latin : Narbo [ˈna(ː)rboː] ; Late Latin : Narbona ) is a commune and subprefecture in Southern France , located in the Occitanie region . It is located about 15 km (9 mi) from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port city . Narbonne lies 849 km (528 mi) from Paris in the Aude department , of which it is an arrondissement . From the 14th century onwards, it declined following a change in the course of the river Aude . While it is the largest commune in Aude, the capital of the Aude department is the smaller commune of Carcassonne . Etymology The etymology of the town's original name, Narbo , is lost in antiquity, and it may have referred to a hillfort from the Iron Age close to the location of the current settlement or its occupants. [ 6 ] The earliest known record of the area comes from the Ancient Greek historian and geographer Hecataeus of Miletus (5th century BCE), [ 7 ] who identified it as a Celtic harbor and marketplace at that time, and called its inhabitants Ναρβαῖοι , [ 7 ] although the French academics and philologists Edme Cougny and Henri Lebègue report that several other names were used in ancient times to refer to the town, its territory, and Celtic inhabitants in ancient Greek inscriptions . [ 7 ] History Under the Romans The ancient city of Narbonne was established in Gaul by the Roman Republic in 118 BCE, as Colonia Narbo Martius , colloquially Narbo , and made into the capital of the newly established Roman province of Gallia Transalpina (modern-day southeastern France ). [ 8 ] It was located on the Via Domitia , the first Roman road in Gaul, built at the time of the foundation of the colony, and connecting Italy to Spain . Geographically, Narbonne was therefore located at a very important crossroads because it was situated where the Via Domitia connected to the Via Aquitania , which led toward the Atlantic through the cities of Tolosa and Burdigala . Politically, Narbonne gained importance as a competitor to Massilia (today Marseille ). Julius Caesar settled veterans from his 10th Legion there and attempted to develop its port while Marseille was supporting Pompey . Among the products of Narbonne, its rosemary -flower honey was famous among Romans. [ 9 ] Later, the Roman province of Gallia Transalpina was renamed Gallia Narbonensis after the city, which became its capital. Seat of a powerful administration, the city enjoyed economic and architectural expansion. At that point, the city is thought to have had 30,000–50,000 inhabitants, and may have had as many as 100,000. [ 10 ] Visigothic Kingdom According to Hydatius , in 462 AD the city was handed over to the Visigoths by a local military leader in exchange for support; as a result Roman rule ended in medieval France . It was subsequently the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom of Septimania , the only territory from Gaul to fend off the attacks of the Christian Franks after the Battle of Vouille (507). In 531, the Frankish king Childebert I invaded Septimania and defeated the Visigothic king, Amalaric , near Narbonne and occupied the city. However, after Childebert's continued invasion to Catalonia failed, Amalaric's successor Theudis was able to reclaim the rich province of Septimania, including Narbonne, to the Visigothic Kingdom. [ 11 ] Frankish conquest of Septimania The region of Septimania was the last unconquered province of the Visigothic Kingdom . [ 14 ] The incursion into Septimania was motivated by the need to secure their territorial gains in Iberia . [ 14 ] Arab and Berber Muslim forces began to campaign in Septimania in 719. [ 14 ] The region was invaded by the Andalusian Muslims in 719, renamed as Arbūnah and turned into a military base for future operations by the Andalusian military commanders . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba , which had been expanding from the south during the same century, before its subsequent conquest by the Christian Franks in 759, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] who by the end of the 9th century renamed it as Gothia or Marca Gothica ("Gothic March"). After the Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759 , the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and retreated to their Andalusian heartland after forty years of occupation, and the Carolingian king Pepin the Short came up reinforced. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Carolingian Empire The Carolingian king Pepin the Short chased the Muslim Arabs and Berbers away from Septimania and conquered Narbonne in 759 , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] after which the city became part of the Frankish Viscounty of Narbonne . Septimania became a march of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia down to the 13th century, though it was culturally and politically autonomous from the northern France-based central royal government. The region was under the influence of the people from the count territories of Toulouse , Provence , and ancient County of Barcelona . It was part of the wider cultural and linguistic region comprising the southern third of France known as Occitania . This area was finally brought under effective control of the French kings in the early 13th century as a result of the Albigensian Crusade , after which it was assigned governors. Narbonne became a major center of Jewish learning in Western Europe . [ 15 ] In the 12th century, the court of Ermengarde of Narbonne ( r. 1134–1192 ) presided over one of the cultural centers where the spirit of courtly love was developed. Jewish community of Narbonne In the 11th and 12th centuries, Narbonne was home to an important Jewish exegetical school , [ 15 ] which played a pivotal role in the growth and development of the Zarphatic (Judæo-French) and Shuadit (Judæo-Provençal) languages in medieval France . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Jews had settled in Narbonne from about the 5th century CE, with a community that numbered about 2,000 people in the 12th century. At this time, Narbonne was frequently mentioned in medieval Talmudic works in connection with its scholars. One source, Abraham ibn Daud of Toledo , gives them an importance similar to the Jewish exilarchs of Babylon . [ 18 ] In the 12th and 13th centuries, the community went through a series of ups and downs before settling into extended decline. Narbonne loses its river and port Narbonne itself fell into a slow decline in the 14th century, for a variety of reasons. One was due to a change in the course of the river Aude , which caused increased silting of the navigational access. The river, known as the Atax in ancient times, had always had two main courses which split close to Salelles; one fork going south through Narbonne and then to the sea close to the Clappe Massif, the other heading east to the etang at Vendres close to the current mouth of the river well to the east of the city. The Romans had improved the navigability of the river by building a dam near Salelles and also by canalising the river as it passed through its marshy delta to the sea (then as now the canal was known as the Robine.) A major flood in 1320 swept the dam away. The Aude river had a long history of overflowing its banks. When it was a bustling port, the distance from the coast was approximately 5 to 10 km (3 to 6 mi), but at that time the access to the sea was deep enough only when the river was in full spate which made communication between port and city unreliable. [ 19 ] However, goods could easily be transported by land and in shallow barges from the ports (there were several: a main port and forward ports for larger vessels; indeed the navigability from the sea into the étang and then into the river had been a perennial problem). The changes to the long seashore which resulted from the silting up of the series of graus or openings which were interspersed between the islands which made up the shoreline (St. Martin; St. Lucie) had a more serious impact than the change in course of the river. Other causes of decline were the plague and the raid of Edward, the Black Prince , which caused much devastation. The growth of other ports was also a factor. Narbonne Cathedral Narbonne Cathedral , dedicated to Saints Justus and Pastor , provides stark evidence of Narbonne's sudden and dramatic change of fortunes when one sees at the rear of the structure the enormously ambitious building programme frozen in time, for the cathedral—still one of the tallest in France—was never finished. The reasons are many, but the most important is that the completed cathedral would have required demolishing the city wall. The 14th century also brought the plague and a host of reasons for retaining the 5th-century (pre-Visigothic) walls. Yet the choir, side chapels, sacristy, and courtyard remain intact, and the cathedral, although no longer the seat of a bishop or archbishop, remains the primary place of worship for the Roman Catholic population of the city, and is a major tourist attraction. Building of the Canal de la Robine From the sixteenth century, eager to maintain a link to important trade, the people of Narbonne began costly work to the vestiges of the river Aude 's access to the sea so that it would remain navigable to a limited draft vessel and also serve as a link with the Royal Canal. This major undertaking resulted in the construction of the Canal de la Robine, which was finally linked with the Canal du Midi (then known as the Royal Canal) via the Canal de Jonction in 1776. In the 19th century, the canal system in the south of France had to compete with an expanding rail network, which could ship goods more quickly. The canals kept some importance as they were used to support the flourishing wine trade. Despite its decline from Roman times, Narbonne held on to its vital but limited importance as a trading route. This has continued in more recent centuries. Geography Narbonne is linked to the nearby Canal du Midi and the river Aude by the Canal de la Robine , which runs through the centre of town. It is very close to the A9 motorway, which connects Montpellier and Nîmes to Perpignan and, across the border, to Barcelona in Spain. There is also a recently renovated train station which serves the TGV to Spain, Paris and Calais, which in turn connects to the Eurostar. Narbonne is only 10 km from Narbonne Plage (beach), but it is only 2 km from the nearest open water, at La Nautique, although there is no sand, rather pebbles. Climate Climate data for Narbonne (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1989–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 22.8 (73.0) 23.3 (73.9) 28.6 (83.5) 31.0 (87.8) 33.9 (93.0) 40.2 (104.4) 38.8 (101.8) 42.1 (107.8) 36.9 (98.4) 32.7 (90.9) 25.6 (78.1) 22.5 (72.5) 42.1 (107.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.9 (51.6) 12.1 (53.8) 15.5 (59.9) 18.1 (64.6) 21.8 (71.2) 26.4 (79.5) 29.3 (84.7) 29.1 (84.4) 24.9 (76.8) 19.9 (67.8) 14.6 (58.3) 11.5 (52.7) 19.5 (67.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 7.8 (46.0) 8.4 (47.1) 11.3 (52.3) 13.6 (56.5) 17.2 (63.0) 21.3 (70.3) 24.0 (75.2) 23.9 (75.0) 20.2 (68.4) 16.2 (61.2) 11.4 (52.5) 8.5 (47.3) 15.3 (59.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.7 (40.5) 4.7 (40.5) 7.1 (44.8) 9.1 (48.4) 12.6 (54.7) 16.2 (61.2) 18.6 (65.5) 18.6 (65.5) 15.5 (59.9) 12.5 (54.5) 8.2 (46.8) 5.5 (41.9) 11.1 (52.0) Record low °C (°F) −4.7 (23.5) −8.1 (17.4) −5.2 (22.6) 0.3 (32.5) 2.2 (36.0) 8.7 (47.7) 11.2 (52.2) 11.8 (53.2) 7.8 (46.0) 2.0 (35.6) −3.9 (25.0) −6.0 (21.2) −8.1 (17.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.4 (2.42) 46.5 (1.83) 48.2 (1.90) 63.6 (2.50) 51.3 (2.02) 32.5 (1.28) 17.0 (0.67) 31.1 (1.22) 60.6 (2.39) 92.5 (3.64) 78.4 (3.09) 52.2 (2.06) 635.3 (25.01) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.9 4.9 5.9 6.4 6.1 3.7 2.6 3.6 4.5 5.9 5.7 5.5 60.6 Mean daily sunshine hours 4 6 8 8 8 10 11 9 8 6 5 4 7.25 Source: Meteociel; [ 20 ] holiday-weather.com [ 21 ] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature °C 13 13 13 14 16 19 22 23 21 18 16 14 16.8 Average Wind Speed km/h 20.9 21.2 20.9 20.5 19.4 19.1 19.8 18.0 17.3 17.6 19.8 19.4 19.4 Source: holiday-weather.com; [ 22 ] Meteo France [ 23 ] Population Historical population Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1793 9,050 — 1800 9,086 +0.06% 1806 9,464 +0.68% 1821 9,940 +0.33% 1831 10,246 +0.30% 1836 10,762 +0.99% 1841 11,907 +2.04% 1846 11,427 −0.82% 1851 13,066 +2.72% 1856 14,300 +1.82% 1861 16,062 +2.35% 1866 17,172 +1.35% 1872 17,266 +0.09% 1876 19,968 +3.70% 1881 28,134 +7.10% 1886 29,702 +1.09% 1891 29,566 −0.09% 1896 27,824 −1.21% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1793 9,050 — 1800 9,086 +0.06% 1806 9,464 +0.68% 1821 9,940 +0.33% 1831 10,246 +0.30% 1836 10,762 +0.99% 1841 11,907 +2.04% 1846 11,427 −0.82% 1851 13,066 +2.72% 1856 14,300 +1.82% 1861 16,062 +2.35% 1866 17,172 +1.35% 1872 17,266 +0.09% 1876 19,968 +3.70% 1881 28,134 +7.10% 1886 29,702 +1.09% 1891 29,566 −0.09% 1896 27,824 −1.21% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1901 28,852 +0.73% 1906 27,039 −1.29% 1911 28,173 +0.83% 1921 28,956 +0.27% 1926 29,841 +0.60% 1931 31,909 +1.35% 1936 30,047 −1.20% 1946 29,975 −0.02% 1954 32,060 +0.84% 1962 33,891 +0.70% 1968 38,441 +2.12% 1975 39,342 +0.33% 1982 41,565 +0.79% 1990 45,849 +1.23% 1999 46,510 +0.16% 2007 51,306 +1.23% 2012 51,869 +0.22% 2017 54,700 +1.07% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1901 28,852 +0.73% 1906 27,039 −1.29% 1911 28,173 +0.83% 1921 28,956 +0.27% 1926 29,841 +0.60% 1931 31,909 +1.35% 1936 30,047 −1.20% 1946 29,975 −0.02% 1954 32,060 +0.84% 1962 33,891 +0.70% 1968 38,441 +2.12% 1975 39,342 +0.33% 1982 41,565 +0.79% 1990 45,849 +1.23% 1999 46,510 +0.16% 2007 51,306 +1.23% 2012 51,869 +0.22% 2017 54,700 +1.07% Source: EHESS [ 24 ] and INSEE (1968–2017) [ 25 ] Sights The cathedral dating from 1272 The Palace of the Archbishops of Narbonne , and its donjon with views over Narbonne Musée Archeologique , an archaeological museum in the town centre (currently closed - November 2019, most sections will be moved to new museum Narbo Via which is planned to open in September 2020) Clos de la Lombarde , an archaeological site presenting the vestiges of Roman townhouses, bath houses, workshops from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD and the first Christian basilica in Narbonne (3rd/4th century AD). [ 26 ] The Roman Horreum , a former grain warehouse, built underground as a cryptoporticus Remains of the Via Domitia in the city center The canal, Canal de la Robine , running through the centre of the town The Halles covered market operates every day. The busiest times are Sunday and Thursday mornings. The nearby limestone massif known as La Clape and the beach at Narbonne plage Sport Narbonne is home to the rugby union team RC Narbonne founded in 1907. It is a historic team in France, Narbonne have twice won the French first division title and reached a European final in 2001. They play at the Parc des Sports Et de l'Amitié (capacity 12,000). They wear orange and black. Transport The Gare de Narbonne railway station offers direct connections to Paris, Barcelona, Toulouse, Marseille and many regional destinations. An extensive local system of buses and routes operated by Citibus.fr allow for easy public transport within Narbonne and surrounding communities. The nearest airports to Narbonne are Marseille , Toulouse–Blagnac , Perpignan–Rivesaltes , and Montpellier–Méditerranée airports. Personalities Varro Atacinus , Roman poet Ateyaba , French hip-hop artist Alexandre Baron , racing driver Joseph Barsalou (physician) (1600–1669), apothecary and physician whose family was from Narbonne Kalonymus ben Todros (d. c. 1194), was a Provençal rabbi who flourished at Narbonne in the second half of the twelfth century Rabbinic family of Benveniste Léon Blum was born in Paris but was elected as Deputy for Narbonne in 1929, re-elected in 1932 and 1936 Bonfilh , a Jewish troubadour from the city Carus , Roman emperor from 282 to 283, known for his late victories against the Sassanid empire and the Germanic tribes Guillaume Barthez de Marmorières (1707–1799), civil engineer Camille Lacourt , World champion swimmer Benjamin Lariche , racing driver Makhir of Narbonne , medieval Jewish scholar Jean-Joseph Cassanéa De Mondonville (1711–1772), violinist and composer Moshe ha-Darshan (11th century), chief of the yeshiva of Narbonne Anaïs Napoleón , French-Spanish photographer Pierre Reverdy , surrealist poet Saint Sébastien , third-century Christian saint and martyr Dimitri Szarzewski , rugby player Charles Trenet , singer-songwriter International relations Narbonne is twinned with: Aosta , Italy Grosseto , Italy Salford , England [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Weilheim , Germany See also Bierzo Edict Corbières AOC Communes of the Aude department A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France , a book presenting a thesis that there was a Jewish vassal princedom based in Narbonne in the 8th to 10th centuries AD. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024. ^ "Populations de référence 2023" (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies . 29 December 2025. ^ "Narbonne" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins . Retrieved 27 April 2019 . ^ "Narbonne" . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. ^ "Narbonne" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 27 April 2019 . ^ Riess, Frank (2013). "Christian and Classical Histories of Narbonne" . Narbonne and its Territory in Late Antiquity (1st ed.). London and New York : Routledge . pp. 45– 92. doi : 10.4324/9781315597218-3 . ISBN 9781315597218 . LCCN 2013005592 . ^ a b c Cougny, Edme; Lebègue, Henri , eds. (1872). Extrait des Auteurs Grecs Concernant La Géographie et l'Histoire des Gaules: Texte et Traduction Nouvelle (in French). Vol. II. Paris : Société de l'histoire de France . OCLC 960132291 . Il nous a paru intéressant de conserver religieusement ces formes diverses, en partant de Narbées ou mieux de Narbæes, Ναρβαῖοι, d'Hécatée de Milet, pour aboutir à la Narbonensis , notre Narbonaise ; de la Narbon , Νάρβων, Narbo des anciens textes, pour arriver à la Narbona de la décadence latine d'où est venu le français Narbonne , et en passant par les dénominations grecques Ναρβώνησία, Narbonèsie, et Ναρβώνῖτις, Narbônitide. ^ Collin Bouffier, Sophie (2009). "Marseille et la Gaule méditerranéenne avant la conquête romaine". Pallas (80: Marseille et la Gaule Méditerranéenne avant la Conquête Romaine): 51– 52. JSTOR 43606588 . ^ Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) The History of Food , 2nd ed. 2009:23. ^ Planhol, Xavier de; Claval, Paul (17 March 1994). An Historical Geography of France . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9 . ^ Burke, Ulick Ralph (1895). A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic . Longmans, Green and Company. p. 65 . Retrieved 27 July 2021 . ^ a b c d e Deanesly, Margaret (2019). "The Later Merovingians" . A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 . Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). London and New York City : Routledge . pp. 244– 245. ISBN 978-0-367-18458-2 . ^ a b c d e Collins, Roger (1998). "Italy and Spain, 773–801" . Charlemagne . Buffalo , London , and Toronto : Palgrave Macmillan / University of Toronto Press . pp. 65– 66. doi : 10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4 . ISBN 978-1-349-26924-2 . ^ a b c Watson, William E. (2003). "Three Legacies: Charles Martel, the Crusades, and Napoleon". Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Westport, Connecticut : Praeger Publications . pp. 1– 11. ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1 . OCLC 50322732 . ^ a b Cohen, Jeremy (1977). "The Nasi of Narbonne: A Problem in Medieval Historiography". AJS Review . 2 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Jewish Studies : 45– 76. doi : 10.1017/S0364009400000209 . ISSN 1475-4541 . ^ Hillaby, Joe (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230278165 . ^ Bobichon, Philippe (2015). Controverse judéo-chrétienne en Ashkenaz (XIIIe s.). Florilèges polémiques: hébreu, latin, ancien français . Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses (in French). Vol. 173. Paris : Bibliothèque de l'EPHE-SR . doi : 10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.5.109665 . ISBN 978-2-503-56748-8 – via Academia.edu . ^ "NARBONNE - JewishEncyclopedia.com" . The Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 6 January 2023 . ^ Mediterranean Beaches and Bluffs: A Bicycle Your France E-guide by Walter Judson Moore, 2015 ^ "Normales et records pour Narbonne (11)" . Meteociel . Retrieved 14 December 2024 . ^ "Average Daily Sunshine Hours Narbonne" . holiday-weather.com . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ "Average sea temperature for Narbonne" . holiday-weather.com . Retrieved 22 June 2024 . ^ "Average Wind Speed in Narbonne (in French)" (PDF) . Meteo France . Retrieved 27 June 2024 . ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui : Commune data sheet Narbonne , EHESS (in French) . ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 , INSEE ^ (in French and English) ^ "British towns twinned with French towns" . Archant Community Media Ltd . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . ^ Salford City Council. "Salford's twin towns" . Salford.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Michel Gayraud , Narbonne antique des origines à la fin du IIIe siècle . Paris: De Boccard, Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, Supplément 8, 1981, 591 p. Histoire de Narbonne , Jacques Michaud and André Cabanis, eds, Toulouse: Privat, 2004. L’Aude de la préhistoire à nos jours (under the direction of Jacques Crémadeilis), Saint-Jean-d’Angély, 1989. Les Audois : dictionnaire biographique , Rémy Cazals et Daniel Fabre, eds., Carcassonne, Association des Amis des Archives de l’Aude, Société d’Études Scientifiques de l’Aude, 1990. Further reading "Narbonne" . A Handbook for Travellers in France (8th ed.). London: J. Murray. 1861. OL 24627024M . "Narbonne" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 237. "Narbonne" . Southern France, Including Corsica (6th ed.). Leipzig: Baedeker. 1914. OL 24364670M . "Narbonne" in The Jewish Encyclopedia External links Official website (in French) 3D stone from Roman era (in English) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Communes of the Aude department v t e Aigues-Vives Airoux Ajac Alaigne Alairac Albas Albières Alet-les-Bains Alzonne Antugnac Aragon Argeliers Argens-Minervois Armissan Arques Arquettes-en-Val Artigues Arzens Aunat Auriac Axat Azille Badens Bages Bagnoles Baraigne Barbaira Belcaire Belcastel-et-Buc Belflou Belfort-sur-Rebenty Bellegarde-du-Razès Belpech Belvèze-du-Razès Belvianes-et-Cavirac Belvis Berriac Bessède-de-Sault La Bezole Bizanet Bize-Minervois Blomac Bouilhonnac Bouisse Bouriège Bourigeole Le Bousquet Boutenac Bram Brézilhac Brousses-et-Villaret Brugairolles Les Brunels Bugarach Cabrespine Cahuzac Cailhau Cailhavel Cailla Cambieure Campagna-de-Sault Campagne-sur-Aude Camplong-d'Aude Camps-sur-l'Agly Camurac Canet Capendu Carcassonne pref Carlipa Cascastel-des-Corbières La Cassaigne Cassaignes Les Cassés Castans Castelnaudary Castelnau-d'Aude Castelreng Caudebronde Caunes-Minervois Caunettes-en-Val Caunette-sur-Lauquet Caux-et-Sauzens Cavanac Caves Cazalrenoux Cazilhac Cenne-Monestiés Cépie Chalabre Citou Le Clat Clermont-sur-Lauquet Comigne Comus Conilhac-Corbières Conques-sur-Orbiel Corbières Coudons Couffoulens Couiza Counozouls Cournanel Coursan Courtauly La Courtète Coustaussa Coustouge Cruscades Cubières-sur-Cinoble Cucugnan Cumiès Cuxac-Cabardès Cuxac-d'Aude Davejean Dernacueillette La Digne-d'Amont La Digne-d'Aval Donazac Douzens Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse Durban-Corbières Embres-et-Castelmaure Escales Escouloubre Escueillens-et-Saint-Just-de-Bélengard Espéraza Espezel Fabrezan Fajac-en-Val Fajac-la-Relenque La Fajolle Fanjeaux Félines-Termenès Fendeille Fenouillet-du-Razès Ferrals-les-Corbières Ferran Festes-et-Saint-André Feuilla Fitou Fleury Floure Fontanès-de-Sault Fontcouverte Fonters-du-Razès Fontiers-Cabardès Fontiès-d'Aude Fontjoncouse La Force Fournes-Cabardès Fourtou Fraisse-Cabardès Fraissé-des-Corbières Gaja-et-Villedieu Gaja-la-Selve Galinagues Gardie Generville Gincla Ginestas Ginoles Gourvieille Gramazie Granès Greffeil Gruissan Homps Hounoux Les Ilhes Issel Jonquières Joucou Labastide-d'Anjou Labastide-en-Val Labastide-Esparbairenque Labécède-Lauragais Lacombe Ladern-sur-Lauquet Lafage Lagrasse Lairière Lanet Laprade Laroque-de-Fa Lasbordes Lasserre-de-Prouille Lastours Laurabuc Laurac Lauraguel Laure-Minervois Lavalette Lespinassière Leuc Leucate Lézignan-Corbières Lignairolles Limousis Limoux subpr Loupia La Louvière-Lauragais Luc-sur-Aude Luc-sur-Orbieu Magrie Mailhac Maisons Malras Malves-en-Minervois Malviès Marcorignan Marquein Marsa Marseillette Les Martys Mas-Cabardès Mas-des-Cours Massac Mas-Saintes-Puelles Mayreville Mayronnes Mazerolles-du-Razès Mazuby Mérial Mézerville Miraval-Cabardes Mirepeisset Mireval-Lauragais Missègre Molandier Molleville Montauriol Montazels Montbrun-des-Corbières Montclar Montferrand Montfort-sur-Boulzane Montgaillard Montgradail Monthaut Montirat Montjardin Montjoi Montmaur Montolieu Montréal Montredon-des-Corbières Montséret Monze Moussan Moussoulens Mouthoumet Moux Narbonne subpr Nébias Névian Niort-de-Sault Ornaisons Orsans Ouveillan Padern Palairac Palaja La Palme Paraza Pauligne Payra-sur-l'Hers Paziols Pécharic-et-le-Py Pech-Luna Pennautier Pépieux Pexiora Peyrefitte-du-Razès Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers Peyrens Peyriac-de-Mer Peyriac-Minervois Peyrolles Pezens Pieusse Plaigne Plavilla La Pomarède Pomas Pomy Portel-des-Corbières Port-la-Nouvelle Pouzols-Minervois Pradelles-Cabardès Preixan Puginier Puichéric Puilaurens Puivert Quillan Quintillan Quirbajou Raissac-d'Aude Raissac-sur-Lampy La Redorte Rennes-le-Château Rennes-les-Bains Ribaute Ribouisse Ricaud Rieux-en-Val Rieux-Minervois Rivel Rodome Roquecourbe-Minervois Roquefère Roquefeuil Roquefort-de-Sault Roquefort-des-Corbières Roquetaillade-et-Conilhac Roubia Rouffiac-d'Aude Rouffiac-des-Corbières Roullens Routier Rustiques Saint-Amans Saint-André-de-Roquelongue Saint-Benoît Saint-Couat-d'Aude Saint-Couat-du-Razès Saint-Denis Sainte-Camelle Sainte-Colombe-sur-Guette Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers Sainte-Eulalie Sainte-Valière Saint-Ferriol Saint-Frichoux Saint-Gaudéric Saint-Hilaire Saint-Jean-de-Barrou Saint-Jean-de-Paracol Saint-Julia-de-Bec Saint-Julien-de-Briola Saint-Just-et-le-Bézu Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse Saint-Louis-et-Parahou Saint-Marcel-sur-Aude Saint-Martin-des-Puits Saint-Martin-de-Villereglan Saint-Martin-Lalande Saint-Martin-le-Vieil Saint-Martin-Lys Saint-Michel-de-Lanès Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude Saint-Papoul Saint-Paulet Saint-Pierre-des-Champs Saint-Polycarpe Saint-Sernin Saissac Sallèles-Cabardès Sallèles-d'Aude Salles-d'Aude Salles-sur-l'Hers Salsigne Salvezines Salza Seignalens La Serpent Serres Serviès-en-Val Sigean Sonnac-sur-l'Hers Sougraigne Souilhanels Souilhe Soulatgé Soupex Talairan Taurize Termes Terroles Thézan-des-Corbières La Tourette-Cabardès Tournissan Tourouzelle Tourreilles Trassanel Trausse Trèbes Treilles Tréville Tréziers Tuchan Val-de-Dagne Val-de-Lambronne Val-du-Faby Valmigère Ventenac-Cabardès Ventenac-en-Minervois Véraza Verdun-en-Lauragais Verzeille Vignevieille Villalier Villanière Villardebelle Villardonnel Villar-en-Val Villar-Saint-Anselme Villarzel-Cabardès Villarzel-du-Razès Villasavary Villautou Villebazy Villedaigne Villedubert Villefloure Villefort Villegailhenc Villegly Villelongue-d'Aude Villemagne Villemoustaussou Villeneuve-la-Comptal Villeneuve-les-Corbières Villeneuve-lès-Montréal Villeneuve-Minervois Villepinte Villerouge-Termenès Villesèque-des-Corbières Villesèquelande Villesiscle Villespy Villetritouls Vinassan Aigues-Vives Airoux Ajac Alaigne Alairac Albas Albières Alet-les-Bains Alzonne Antugnac Aragon Argeliers Argens-Minervois Armissan Arques Arquettes-en-Val Artigues Arzens Aunat Auriac Axat Azille Badens Bages Bagnoles 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Laurac Lauraguel Laure-Minervois Lavalette Lespinassière Leuc Leucate Lézignan-Corbières Lignairolles Limousis Limoux subpr Loupia La Louvière-Lauragais Luc-sur-Aude Luc-sur-Orbieu Magrie Mailhac Maisons Malras Malves-en-Minervois Malviès Marcorignan Marquein Marsa Marseillette Les Martys Mas-Cabardès Mas-des-Cours Massac Mas-Saintes-Puelles Mayreville Mayronnes Mazerolles-du-Razès Mazuby Mérial Mézerville Miraval-Cabardes Mirepeisset Mireval-Lauragais Missègre Molandier Molleville Montauriol Montazels Montbrun-des-Corbières Montclar Montferrand Montfort-sur-Boulzane Montgaillard Montgradail Monthaut Montirat Montjardin Montjoi Montmaur Montolieu Montréal Montredon-des-Corbières Montséret Monze Moussan Moussoulens Mouthoumet Moux Narbonne subpr Nébias Névian Niort-de-Sault Ornaisons Orsans Ouveillan Padern Palairac Palaja La Palme Paraza Pauligne Payra-sur-l'Hers Paziols Pécharic-et-le-Py Pech-Luna Pennautier Pépieux Pexiora Peyrefitte-du-Razès Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers Peyrens Peyriac-de-Mer Peyriac-Minervois Peyrolles Pezens Pieusse Plaigne Plavilla La Pomarède Pomas Pomy Portel-des-Corbières Port-la-Nouvelle Pouzols-Minervois Pradelles-Cabardès Preixan Puginier Puichéric Puilaurens Puivert Quillan Quintillan Quirbajou Raissac-d'Aude Raissac-sur-Lampy La Redorte Rennes-le-Château Rennes-les-Bains Ribaute Ribouisse Ricaud Rieux-en-Val Rieux-Minervois Rivel Rodome Roquecourbe-Minervois Roquefère Roquefeuil Roquefort-de-Sault Roquefort-des-Corbières Roquetaillade-et-Conilhac Roubia Rouffiac-d'Aude Rouffiac-des-Corbières Roullens Routier Rustiques Saint-Amans Saint-André-de-Roquelongue Saint-Benoît Saint-Couat-d'Aude Saint-Couat-du-Razès Saint-Denis Sainte-Camelle Sainte-Colombe-sur-Guette Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers Sainte-Eulalie Sainte-Valière Saint-Ferriol Saint-Frichoux Saint-Gaudéric Saint-Hilaire Saint-Jean-de-Barrou Saint-Jean-de-Paracol Saint-Julia-de-Bec Saint-Julien-de-Briola Saint-Just-et-le-Bézu Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse Saint-Louis-et-Parahou Saint-Marcel-sur-Aude Saint-Martin-des-Puits Saint-Martin-de-Villereglan Saint-Martin-Lalande Saint-Martin-le-Vieil Saint-Martin-Lys Saint-Michel-de-Lanès Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude Saint-Papoul Saint-Paulet Saint-Pierre-des-Champs Saint-Polycarpe Saint-Sernin Saissac Sallèles-Cabardès Sallèles-d'Aude Salles-d'Aude Salles-sur-l'Hers Salsigne Salvezines Salza Seignalens La Serpent Serres Serviès-en-Val Sigean Sonnac-sur-l'Hers Sougraigne Souilhanels Souilhe Soulatgé Soupex Talairan Taurize Termes Terroles Thézan-des-Corbières La Tourette-Cabardès Tournissan Tourouzelle Tourreilles Trassanel Trausse Trèbes Treilles Tréville Tréziers Tuchan Val-de-Dagne Val-de-Lambronne Val-du-Faby Valmigère Ventenac-Cabardès Ventenac-en-Minervois Véraza Verdun-en-Lauragais Verzeille Vignevieille Villalier Villanière Villardebelle Villardonnel Villar-en-Val Villar-Saint-Anselme Villarzel-Cabardès Villarzel-du-Razès Villasavary Villautou Villebazy Villedaigne Villedubert Villefloure Villefort Villegailhenc 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 2 Climate 3 Government 4 Education 5 Sport 6 Health 7 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 8 Economy 9 Twin towns – sister cities 10 Parks 11 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 16.1 Sources 16.1 Sources 17 External links Ouagadougou Адыгабзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Anarâškielâ العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tyap Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Kumoring Moore Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Ouagadougou .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Capital city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top: Ouagadougou skyline, statue of Joanny Thévenoud in front of Ouagadougou Cathedral , Grand Mosque, National Assembly of Burkina Faso , Hall of Martyrs (formerly the Memorial to National Heroes) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Nickname: Ouaga .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°22′17″N 1°31′10″W / 12.37139°N 1.51944°W / 12.37139; -1.51944 Country Burkina Faso Regions Centre Region Province Kadiogo Founded 1050 [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 520 km 2 (200 sq mi) • Metro 2,805 km 2 (1,083 sq mi) Elevation 305 m (1,001 ft) Population (2019) [ 2 ] • Capital city 2,415,266 • Density 4,600/km 2 (12,000/sq mi) • Urban 3,063,271 • Metro 3,358,934 • Metro density 1,197/km 2 (3,101/sq mi) Time zone UTC+00:00 ( GMT ) Area code +226 Climate Aw Website www .mairie-ouaga .bf Ouagadougou or Wagadugu [ 3 ] ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ⓘ ; Mossi : Waogdgo , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ; Dyula : Wagadugu ; French : Ouagadougou , pronounced [waɡaduɡu] ) is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso , [ 4 ] and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It has a population of 2,415,266 in 2019. [ 2 ] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. [ 19 ] History Foundation and regional importance Ouagadougou was founded possibly as early as 1050 by the Soninke Wangara diaspora from the Ghana Empire , also known as Wagadu. The name Wagadugu means 'home of the Wagu', the Soninke subgroup that ruled Ghana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of this name. The Mossi people , moving north in the 14th century, conquered Wagadugu around the same time they raided Walata , contributing to the decline of the Mali Empire . [ 22 ] According to legend, the city was taken by Oubri, a grandson of Ouedraogo . [ 23 ] The eponymous Wagadugu Kingdom was founded in the 15th century, [ 24 ] which became the main center of the Mossi States around 1495. [ 25 ] The 10th Moro Naba, Nyadfo, was the first Moro-Naba to live at Ouagadougou, in the middle of the 17th century. It became the permanent capital under the 21st Moro Naba, Zombre, a century later. [ 26 ] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The 24th Moro Naba, Doulougou, built the first mosque in Ouagadougou early in the nineteenth century. [ 26 ] Colonialism On 5 September 1896 French forces entered Ouagadougou and burned the city to the ground. [ 27 ] In 1919 the colonial administration made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory, extensively rebuilding the town. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city, spurring massive population growth. [ 26 ] Independence On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released [ 30 ] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed. The jihadist insurgency continued with major attacks in 2017 and 2018 . Climate Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60.8 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109.4 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Being further north, Ouagadougou's warmest months are slightly hotter and drier than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the country's second most populous city. Climate data for Ouagadougou (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 44.5 (112.1) 46.1 (115.0) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.5 (92.3) 36.5 (97.7) 39.3 (102.7) 40.0 (104.0) 38.4 (101.1) 35.6 (96.1) 32.9 (91.2) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 36.0 (96.8) 36.7 (98.1) 34.4 (93.9) 35.7 (96.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 28.1 (82.6) 31.7 (89.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.5 (90.5) 30.1 (86.2) 27.8 (82.0) 26.8 (80.2) 27.7 (81.9) 29.6 (85.3) 28.3 (82.9) 25.7 (78.3) 28.9 (84.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 20.0 (68.0) 24.3 (75.7) 27.4 (81.3) 27.1 (80.8) 25.1 (77.2) 23.4 (74.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 20.4 (68.7) 17.5 (63.5) 22.7 (72.9) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59.0) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.1 (0.00) 0.4 (0.02) 4.7 (0.19) 43.8 (1.72) 69.8 (2.75) 83.4 (3.28) 202.4 (7.97) 232.1 (9.14) 142.5 (5.61) 32.0 (1.26) 6.6 (0.26) 0.0 (0.0) 812.8 (32.00) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 5.2 7.0 12.3 14.4 10.4 3.6 0.1 0.0 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 271.1 245.9 245.4 232.2 250.0 235.9 221.8 194.8 218.1 264.9 277.4 283.4 2,940.9 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 31 ] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [ 32 ] Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967) [ 33 ] Government Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ 3 ] The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. [ citation needed ] Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. [ 34 ] Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) [ 35 ] Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Education Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). [ 36 ] The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. [ 34 ] International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the city's main football team. Health Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée". [ 34 ] Transport Air transport Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rail Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. [ 39 ] There are freight services to Kaya in north Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. [ 40 ] Economy The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is the sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. [ 41 ] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti." [ 42 ] Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. [ 41 ] The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. While the formal economy consists of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. [ 41 ] Informal trade The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. [ 41 ] Twin towns – sister cities Ouagadougou is twinned with: Bordeaux , France [ 43 ] Briton Ferry , Wales, United Kingdom [ 44 ] Grenoble , France [ 45 ] Kumasi , Ghana [ citation needed ] Kuwait City , Kuwait [ citation needed ] Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium [ 46 ] Lyon , France [ 47 ] Taipei , Taiwan [ 48 ] Zhengzhou , China [ 49 ] Parks This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 ha (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. "Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads". Culture There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . [ 34 ] National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city. "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre-high (20 ft) statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history. "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. [ 34 ] "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the former president Blaise Compaoré. Art and crafts Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. [ 34 ] [ 50 ] Places of worship The most common places of worship are Muslim mosques. [ 51 ] There are also numerous Christian churches: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , and the International Evangelism Center . Notable people Dango Ouattara – footballer Malika Ouattara – slam poet and activist Serge Oulon – journalist Edmond Tapsoba – footballer Ezé Wendtoin – musician Hugues Fabrice Zango – triple jumper See also List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes References ^ Ade Ajayi 1965 . ^ a b Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Burkina Faso ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ouagadougou | Facts & History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso" . gouvernement.gov.bf . Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Ayka Textile to build an integrated cotton processing plant in Ouagadougou" . Ecofin Agency . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "IRO-TEXBURKINA textile complex in Sourgou: A factory to rehabilitate the industrial fabric in the Center-West" . Faso Observateur . 18 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Textile – Incubateur pour la transformation du coton et textile burkinabè" . Burkina Textile (in French) . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou City Profile" . citiesabc . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso" . ISS African Futures . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou Airport (OUA) - Thomas Sankara International Airport" . IATA . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Abidjan-Ouagadougou Railway" . African Development Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Ibrahima Diallo (14 November 2023). "Abidjan-Ouagadougou rail corridor: passenger transport will resume on November 17, 2023" . Africa Supply Chain . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou IPR - July 2022" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Multinational: Burkina Faso Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou EER - Juillet 2021" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Route from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Niamey, Niger" . RouteToDrive . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou's Market Reopens After 2003 Fire" . Africa News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market Rebuilt with Enhanced Safety" . BBC News . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market: Fire, Reconstruction, and Safety Improvements" . African Development Bank . 15 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Key Attractions in Ouagadougou: Museums, Palaces, and Markets" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul . Paris: Karthala. p. 57-60. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176-7. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 177. ^ Britannica, Ouagadougou , Encyclopædia Britannica , US. Retrieved 29 October 2024 ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 131. ^ a b c McFarland, Daniel Miles; Rupley, Lawrence (1998). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . London: Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ^ Johnson 2010 . ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital" . 15 January 2015. ^ "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages" . CNN. 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ouagadougou" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 4 January 2024 . ^ "Station Ouagadougou" (in French). Meteo Climat . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF) . Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ a b c d e f "Index of /" . www.mairie-ouaga.bf . Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ "RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITATION DE 2006" (PDF) . www.insd.bf . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) ^ " Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ " Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ." Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours) ^ Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , 19 May 2014 ^ a b c d Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers" . BBC News – Africa . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ "Les villes partenaires" . bordeaux.fr (in French). Bordeaux . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Twin Towns of Wales: Hay-on-Wye and Timbuktu, Briton Ferry and Ouagadougou, here are the sister cities of Welsh towns" . walesonline.co.uk . Wales Online. 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" . grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage Leuze-Ouagadougou" . leuze-en-hainaut.be (in French). Leuze-en-Hainaut . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage" . economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "International Sister Cities" . tcc.gov.tw . Taipei City Council . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Lutte contre le COVID-19: la Chine multiplie les dons pour le Burkina Faso" . chinafrique.com (in French). Chinafrique. 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Ouaga ça Bouge : Votre Blog pour vos Voyages et Vacances" . Ouaga-ça-bouge.net (in French) . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 455 Bibliography Sources David P. Johnson, Jr. (2010). "Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709 . Page, Willie; Davis, R. Hunt, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture Volume II: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500) (E-book ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 . Ade Ajayi, J F. (1965). A Thousand Years of West African History . Ibadan University Press. p. 49 . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . External links Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons Ouagadougou Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated places in the Centre Region (Burkina Faso) Populated places established in the 11th century Wangara trade towns Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Use British English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Mossi-language text Articles containing Dyula-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages including recorded pronunciations Pages with Mossi IPA Pages with French IPA Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles needing additional references from January 2024 Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 17:10 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . 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Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) Chairs of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Tanèyan Daftar isi Obâ'ân ghi' bhuruwân Lalampa'an jângkènè Kaca anyar Kaca sabhârâng Bârung Kopi Bhântowan Bak beddhi Nyombhâng Ghâbây akun Alebbhu Nyombhâng Ghâbây akun Alebbhu Tanèyan Tanèyan Parembhâghân Bâca Tèngghu sombher Tèngghu riwayât Bâca Tèngghu sombher Tèngghu riwayât Pranala bâli Obâ'ân akaè' Paongghâ'ân bhengkek Pranala teptep Bâberta kaca Petthèk kaca rèya Tèngghu URL sè èpakènḍâ' Patoron kode QR Ghâbây buku Kala' vèrsi PDF Vèrsi kennèng ècètha' Wikimèḍia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Wikisumber multibahasa Wikispèsiès Wikiḍata Wikifungsi Wikimania Wikigherbhung Wikioca' Butèr è Wikiḍata Apa rowa Wikipèḍia? Wikipèḍia rowa proyèk ènsiklopèḍia (lombhung pangataowan) online sè universal, multibhâsa, bân aḍhâsaraghi ḍâ' wiki. Proyèk arèya pangarana aberri' kontèn sè bhibhâs èghuna'aghi bâli, objèktif, bân kennèng èbhuktèyaghi bi' rèng-orèng sadhâjâna. Sapa bhâi ollè nolès, meccè', bân mamolbul tèn-kontènna. 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Bâḍâ bânnya' kaca bhântowan sè kennèng abhânto orèng anyar molaè aghâbây, meccè' serradhân, otabâ malebbhuwaghi ghâmbhâr. Ajjhâ' tako' atanya bân mènta tolong, apa polè bâ'na ghi' anyar è situs arèya. Kaca pakanḍhâ'ân kennèng èghuna'aghi ghâbây mabânnya' serradhân. Maju aghâbây serradhân anyar Patung kaju kerrabhân sapè Madhurâ, kèmpo'anna Tropenmuseum Patung kaju kerrabhân sapè Madhurâ, kèmpo'anna Tropenmuseum Serradhân Pèlèyan Radhin Dèwi Sartika otabâ Dèwi Sartika (Madhurâ : ꦢꦺꦮꦶꦱꦂꦠꦶꦏ ) (Lahèr 4 Ḍèsèmber 1884-11 Sèptembèr 1947) iyâ arèya advokat bân toko perintis pendidikan ḍâ' ka bâbinè'. Dewi Sartika aropa'aghi sala sèttong orèng binè’ Inḍonèsia sè palèng kalonta. Dewi èangghâp mènangka pahlawan Nasional sarèng pamarènta Inḍonèsia è taon 1966.( Bâcâ è ḍinna'... ) Artikel pilihan sebelumnya: Syafruddin Prawiranegara – - – - Arsip – Artikel pilihan lainnya ( Daftar — Sembarang ) Radhin Dèwi Sartika otabâ Dèwi Sartika (Madhurâ : ꦢꦺꦮꦶꦱꦂꦠꦶꦏ ) (Lahèr 4 Ḍèsèmber 1884-11 Sèptembèr 1947) iyâ arèya advokat bân toko perintis pendidikan ḍâ' ka bâbinè'. Dewi Sartika aropa'aghi sala sèttong orèng binè’ Inḍonèsia sè palèng kalonta. Dewi èangghâp mènangka pahlawan Nasional sarèng pamarènta Inḍonèsia è taon 1966.( Bâcâ è ḍinna'... ) Artikel pilihan sebelumnya: Syafruddin Prawiranegara – - – - Arsip – Artikel pilihan lainnya ( Daftar — Sembarang ) Ghâmbhâr Pèlèyan Apen iyâ arèya kakanan ḍâri teppong kanji, teppong bherrâs, ennyor ngoḍâ, bân pan-saponapan bahan laènna. (ukuran asli: 6.000 × 4.000 piksel, 5,28 MB) Arsip Ghâmbhâr Pèlèyan « Pettès Madhurâ is traditional food from Madura Island Oleh: Qainiii Lisensi: CC BY-SA 4.0 Arsip Ghâmbhâr Pèlèyan « Pettès Madhurâ is traditional food from Madura Island Oleh: Qainiii Lisensi: CC BY-SA 4.0 Proyèk Wikimedia sè laèn Commons Lombhung mèḍia Wiktionary Lombhung oca' Wikibooks Lombhung buku Wikisource Lombhung gherbhung Wikiquote Lombhung petthèghân Wikidata Lombhung ḍata Wikispecies Lombhung spesies Wikinews Lombhung berta Wikiversity Bahan pamolangan Wikivoyage Pètodhu parjhâlânan Meta-Wiki Jhâjhârbâ'ân Media-Wiki Aplikasi abukka' Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 1 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 1 in recent years 2026 (Thursday) 2025 (Wednesday) 2024 (Monday) 2023 (Sunday) 2022 (Saturday) 2021 (Friday) 2020 (Wednesday) 2019 (Tuesday) 2018 (Monday) 2017 (Sunday) January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar ; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years ). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. Events Pre-1600 153 BC – For the first time, Roman consuls begin their year in office on January 1. [ 1 ] 45 BC – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Republic, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new year. [ 2 ] 42 BC – The Roman Senate posthumously deifies Julius Caesar . [ 3 ] 193 – The Senate chooses Pertinax against his will to succeed Commodus as Roman emperor . [ 4 ] 404 – Saint Telemachus tries to stop a gladiatorial fight in a Roman amphitheatre , and is stoned to death by the crowd. This act impresses the Christian Emperor Honorius , who issues a historic ban on gladiatorial fights. [ 5 ] 417 – Emperor Honorius forces Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius , his famous general ( magister militum ) (probable). [ 6 ] 947 – Emperor Taizong of the Khitan -led Liao dynasty captures Daliang , ending the dynasty and empire of the Later Jin . [ 7 ] 1001 – Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II (probable). [ 8 ] 1068 – Romanos IV Diogenes marries Eudokia Makrembolitissa and is crowned Byzantine Emperor . [ 9 ] 1259 – Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris . [ 10 ] 1438 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary . [ 11 ] 1502 – The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, is first explored by the Portuguese . [ 12 ] 1515 – Twenty-year-old Francis, Duke of Brittany , succeeds to the French throne following the death of his father-in-law, Louis XII . [ 13 ] 1527 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria as King of Croatia in the 1527 election in Cetin . [ 14 ] 1600 – Scotland recognises January 1 as the start of the year, instead of March 25. [ 15 ] 1601–1900 1604 – The Masque of Indian and China Knights is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court . [ 16 ] 1651 – Charles II is crowned King of Scotland at Scone Palace . [ 17 ] 1700 – Russia begins using the Anno Domini era instead of the Anno Mundi era of the Byzantine Empire . [ 18 ] 1707 – John V is proclaimed King of Portugal and the Algarves in Lisbon. [ 19 ] 1725 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of his chorale cantata Jesu, nun sei gepreiset , BWV 41 , which features the trumpet fanfares from the beginning also in the end. [ 20 ] 1726 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben wir , BWV 16 , his church cantata for New Year's Day to a libretto by Georg Christian Lehms . [ 21 ] 1739 – Bouvet Island , the world's remotest island, [ 22 ] is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier . [ 23 ] 1772 – The first traveler's cheques , which could be used in 90 European cities, are issued by the London Credit Exchange Company. [ 24 ] 1773 – The hymn that becomes known as " Amazing Grace ", previously titled "1 Chronicles 17:16–17, Faith's Review and Expectation", is first used to accompany a sermon led by John Newton in the town of Olney, Buckinghamshire , England. [ 25 ] 1776 – American Revolutionary War : Burning of Norfolk – Norfolk, Virginia , is burned to the ground by combined Royal Navy and Continental Army action. [ 26 ] 1776 – General George Washington hoists the first United States flag, the Continental Union Flag , at Prospect Hill . [ 27 ] 1781 – American Revolutionary War: One thousand five hundred soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne 's command rebel against the Continental Army 's winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey in the Pennsylvania Line Mutiny of 1781. [ 28 ] 1788 – The first edition of The Times of London, previously The Daily Universal Register , is published. [ 29 ] 1801 – The legislative union of Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland is completed, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is proclaimed. [ 30 ] 1801 – Ceres , the largest and first known object in the Asteroid belt , is discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi . [ 31 ] 1804 – French rule ends in Haiti . Haiti becomes the first black-majority republic and second independent country in North America after the United States . [ 32 ] 1806 – The French Republican Calendar is abolished. [ 33 ] 1808 – The United States bans the importation of slaves . [ 34 ] 1810 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales . [ 35 ] 1818 – Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (anonymously) publishes the pioneering work of science fiction, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus , in London. [ 36 ] 1822 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus . [ 37 ] 1834 – Most of Germany forms the Zollverein customs union, the first such union between sovereign states. [ 38 ] 1845 – The Philippines moves its national calendar to align with other Asian countries' calendars by skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. The change has been ordered by Governor–General Narciso Claveria to reform the country's calendar so that it aligns with the rest of Asia. Its territory has been one day behind the rest of Asia for 323 years since the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines on March 16, 1521. [ 39 ] 1847 – The world's first "Mercy" Hospital is founded in Pittsburgh , United States, by a group of Sisters of Mercy from Ireland; [ 40 ] the name will go on to grace over 30 major hospitals throughout the world. 1860 – The first Polish postage stamp is issued, replacing the Russian stamps previously in use. [ 41 ] 1861 – Liberal forces supporting Benito Juárez enter Mexico City . [ 42 ] 1863 – American Civil War : The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect in Confederate territory. [ 43 ] 1877 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Empress of India . [ 44 ] 1885 – Twenty-five nations adopt Sandford Fleming 's proposal for standard time (and also, time zones ). [ 45 ] 1890 – Eritrea is consolidated into a colony by the Italian government as Italian Eritrea . [ 46 ] 1892 – Ellis Island begins processing immigrants into the United States . [ 47 ] 1898 – New York, New York annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York . The four initial boroughs , Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , and The Bronx , are joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city of five boroughs. 1899 – Spanish rule ends in Cuba . [ 48 ] 1900 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate with Frederick Lugard as high commissioner. [ 49 ] 1901–present 1901 – The Southern Nigeria Protectorate is established within the British Empire. [ 50 ] 1901 – The British colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria , South Australia , Tasmania , and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia ; Edmund Barton is appointed the first Prime Minister . [ 51 ] 1902 – The first American college football bowl game , the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford , is held in Pasadena, California . [ 52 ] 1910 – Captain David Beatty is promoted to rear admiral , and becomes the youngest admiral in the Royal Navy (except for royal family members) since Horatio Nelson . [ 53 ] 1912 – The Republic of China is established. [ 54 ] 1914 – The SPT Airboat Line becomes the world's first scheduled airline to use a winged aircraft . [ 55 ] 1923 – Britain's Railways are grouped into the Big Four : LNER , GWR , SR , and LMS . [ 56 ] 1927 – New Mexican oil legislation goes into effect, leading to the formal outbreak of the Cristero War . [ 57 ] 1928 – Boris Bazhanov defects through Iran to seek asylum in France . He is the only member of Joseph Stalin 's secretariat to have defected from the Soviet Union . [ 58 ] 1929 – The former municipalities of Point Grey, British Columbia and South Vancouver, British Columbia are amalgamated into Vancouver . [ 59 ] 1932 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth . [ 60 ] 1934 – Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay becomes a United States federal prison . [ 61 ] 1934 – A " Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring " comes into effect in Nazi Germany . [ 62 ] 1942 – The Declaration by United Nations is signed by twenty-six nations. [ 63 ] 1945 – World War II : The German Luftwaffe launches Operation Bodenplatte , a massive, but failed, attempt to knock out Allied air power in northern Europe in a single blow. [ 64 ] 1947 – Cold War : The American and British occupation zones in Allied-occupied Germany , after World War II, merge to form the Bizone , which later (with the French zone) became part of West Germany . [ 65 ] 1947 – The Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 comes into effect, converting British subjects into Canadian citizens . [ 66 ] Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first Canadian citizen. 1948 – The British railway network is nationalized to form British Railways . [ 67 ] 1949 – United Nations cease-fire takes effect in Kashmir from one minute before midnight. War between India and Pakistan stops accordingly. [ 68 ] 1956 – Sudan achieves independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom. [ 69 ] 1957 – George Town, Penang , is made a city by a royal charter of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. [ 70 ] 1957 – Lèse majesté in Thailand is strengthened to include " insult " and changed to a crime against national security , after the Thai criminal code of 1956 went into effect. [ 71 ] : 6, 18 1958 – The European Economic Community is established. [ 72 ] 1959 – Cuban Revolution : Fulgencio Batista , dictator of Cuba , is overthrown by Fidel Castro 's forces. [ 73 ] 1960 – Cameroon achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom. [ 74 ] 1962 – Western Samoa achieves independence from New Zealand ; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa . [ 75 ] 1964 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into the independent republics of Zambia and Malawi , and the British-controlled Rhodesia . [ 76 ] 1965 – The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan is founded in Kabul, Afghanistan . [ 77 ] 1970 – The defined beginning of Unix time , at 00:00:00. [ 78 ] 1971 – Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television . [ 79 ] 1973 – Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom are admitted into the European Economic Community . [ 80 ] 1976 – A bomb explodes on board Middle East Airlines Flight 438 over Qaisumah , Saudi Arabia, killing all 81 people on board. [ 81 ] 1978 – Air India Flight 855 , a Boeing 747 , crashes into the Arabian Sea off the coast of Bombay, India , due to instrument failure, spatial disorientation , and pilot error , killing all 213 people on board. [ 82 ] 1979 – the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations and Taiwan Relations Act enter into force. Through the Communiqué, the United States establishes normal diplomatic relations with China. [ 83 ] Through the Act, the United States guarantees military support for Taiwan. [ 84 ] 1981 – Greece is admitted into the European Community. [ 85 ] 1982 – Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes the first Latin American to hold the title of Secretary-General of the United Nations . [ 86 ] 1983 – The ARPANET officially changes to using TCP/IP, the Internet Protocol , effectively creating the Internet . [ 87 ] 1984 – The original American Telephone & Telegraph Company is divested of its 22 Bell System companies as a result of the settlement of the 1974 United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against AT&T . [ 88 ] 1984 – Brunei becomes independent of the United Kingdom. [ 89 ] 1985 – The first British mobile phone call is made by Michael Harrison to his father Sir Ernest Harrison , chairman of Vodafone . [ 90 ] 1985 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 980 crashes into Mount Illimani in Bolivia, killing all 29 aboard. [ 91 ] 1987 – The Isleta Pueblo tribe elect Verna Williamson to be their first female governor. [ 92 ] 1988 – The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States. [ 93 ] 1989 – The Montreal Protocol comes into force, stopping the use of chemicals contributing to ozone depletion . [ 94 ] 1990 – David Dinkins is sworn in as New York City 's first black mayor . [ 95 ] 1993 – Dissolution of Czechoslovakia : Czechoslovakia is divided into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic . [ 96 ] 1994 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation initiates twelve days of armed conflict in the Mexican state of Chiapas . [ 97 ] 1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into effect. [ 98 ] 1995 – The World Trade Organization comes into being. [ 99 ] 1995 – The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, confirming the existence of freak waves . [ 100 ] 1995 – Austria , Finland and Sweden join the EU . [ 101 ] 1998 – Following a currency reform , Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence. [ 102 ] 1998 – Argentinian physicist Juan Maldacena publishes a landmark paper initiating the study of AdS/CFT correspondence , which links string theory and quantum gravity . [ 103 ] 1999 – The Euro currency is introduced in 11 member nations of the European Union (with the exception of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and Sweden). [ 104 ] 2001 – Greece adopts the Euro , becoming the 12th Eurozone country. [ 104 ] 2004 – In a vote of confidence , General Pervez Musharraf wins 658 out of 1,170 votes in the Electoral College of Pakistan , and according to Article 41(8) of the Constitution of Pakistan , is "deemed to be elected" to the office of President until October 2007. [ 105 ] 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania join the EU . [ 106 ] 2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes near the Makassar Strait , Indonesia, killing all 102 people on board. [ 107 ] 2009 – Sixty-six people die in a nightclub fire in Bangkok, Thailand . [ 108 ] 2010 – A suicide car bomber detonates at a volleyball tournament in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, killing 105 and injuring 100 more. [ 109 ] 2011 – A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria , Egypt, leave a new year service, killing 23 people. [ 110 ] 2011 – Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country. [ 111 ] 2013 – At least 60 people are killed and 200 injured in a stampede after celebrations at Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan , Ivory Coast. [ 112 ] 2015 – The Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. [ 113 ] 2017 – An attack on a nightclub in Istanbul , Turkey, during New Year's celebrations, kills 39 people and injures 79 others. [ 114 ] 2023 – Croatia officially adopts the Euro, becoming the 20th Eurozone country, and becomes the 27th member of the Schengen Area . [ 115 ] 2024 – A 7.5 M ww earthquake strikes the western coast of Japan , killing more than 500 people and injuring over 1,000 others. [ 116 ] A majority of direct deaths were due to collapsed homes. [ 117 ] 2024 – Disney's copyright protection on Steamboat Willie and the original Mickey Mouse expires as they enter the public domain . [ 118 ] 2024 – Artsakh ceases to exist. [ 119 ] 2025 – Fourteen people are killed and 57 others injured during a vehicle-ramming and shooting attack in New Orleans , Louisiana . [ 120 ] 2026 – Bulgaria officaly adopts the Euro, becoming the 21st Eurozone country. [ 121 ] 2026 – A fire at a bar during New Year's Eve celebrations in Crans-Montana , Switzerland, kills at least 40 people and injures 100 others. [ 122 ] Births Pre-1600 766 – Ali al-Ridha , 8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam (died 818) [ 123 ] 1431 – Pope Alexander VI (died 1503) [ 124 ] 1449 – Lorenzo de' Medici , Italian politician (died 1492) [ 125 ] 1467 – Sigismund I the Old , Polish king (died 1548) [ 126 ] 1484 – Huldrych Zwingli , Swiss pastor and theologian (died 1531) [ 127 ] 1511 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall , first-born child of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon (died 1511) [ 128 ] [ 129 ] 1557 – Stephen Bocskay , Prince of Transylvania (died 1606) [ 130 ] 1600 – Friedrich Spanheim , Dutch theologian and academic (died 1649) [ 131 ] 1601–1900 1628 – Christoph Bernhard , German composer and theorist (died 1692) [ 132 ] 1655 – Christian Thomasius , German jurist and philosopher (died 1728) [ 133 ] 1684 – Arnold Drakenborch , Dutch scholar and author (died 1748) [ 130 ] 1704 – Soame Jenyns , English author, poet, and politician (died 1787) [ 134 ] 1711 – Baron Franz von der Trenck , Austrian soldier (died 1749) [ 135 ] 1714 – Giovanni Battista Mancini , Italian soprano and author (died 1800) [ 136 ] 1714 – Kristijonas Donelaitis , Lithuanian pastor and poet (died 1780) [ 137 ] 1735 – Paul Revere , American silversmith and engraver (died 1818) [ 138 ] 1745 – Anthony Wayne , American general and politician (died 1796) [ 139 ] 1752 – Betsy Ross , American seamstress, sewed flags for the Pennsylvania Navy during the Revolutionary War (died 1836) [ 140 ] 1768 – Maria Edgeworth , Anglo-Irish author (died 1849) [ 141 ] 1769 – Marie-Louise Lachapelle , French obstetrician (died 1821) [ 142 ] 1774 – André Marie Constant Duméril , French zoologist and academic (died 1860) [ 143 ] 1779 – William Clowes , English publisher (died 1847) [ 144 ] 1803 – Edward Dickinson , American politician and father of poet Emily Dickinson (died 1874) [ 145 ] 1806 – Lionel Kieseritzky , Estonian-French chess player (died 1853) [ 146 ] 1809 – Achille Guenée , French lawyer and entomologist (died 1880) [ 147 ] 1813 – George Bliss , American politician (died 1868) [ 148 ] 1814 – Hong Xiuquan , Chinese rebellion leader and king (died 1864) [ 149 ] 1818 – William Gamble , Irish-born American general (died 1866) [ 150 ] 1819 – Arthur Hugh Clough , English-Italian poet and academic (died 1861) [ 151 ] 1819 – George Foster Shepley , American general (died 1878) [ 152 ] 1823 – Sándor Petőfi , Hungarian poet and activist (died 1849) [ 153 ] 1833 – Robert Lawson , Scottish-New Zealand architect, designed the Otago Boys' High School and Knox Church (died 1902) [ 154 ] 1834 – Ludovic Halévy , French author and playwright (died 1908) [ 155 ] 1839 – Ouida , English-Italian author and activist (died 1908) [ 156 ] 1848 – John W. Goff , Irish-American lawyer and politician (died 1924) [ 157 ] 1852 – Eugène-Anatole Demarçay , French chemist and academic (died 1904) [ 158 ] 1854 – James George Frazer , Scottish anthropologist and academic (died 1941) [ 159 ] 1854 – Thomas Waddell , Irish-Australian politician, 15th Premier of New South Wales (died 1940) [ 160 ] 1857 – Tim Keefe , American baseball player (died 1933) [ 161 ] 1858 – Heinrich Rauchinger , Kraków-born painter (died 1942) [ 162 ] 1859 – Michael Joseph Owens , American inventor (died 1923) [ 163 ] 1859 – Thibaw Min , Burmese king (died 1916) [ 164 ] 1860 – Michele Lega , Italian cardinal (died 1935) [ 165 ] 1863 – Pierre de Coubertin , French historian and educator, founded the International Olympic Committee (died 1937) [ 166 ] 1864 – Alfred Stieglitz , American photographer and curator (died 1946) [ 167 ] 1864 – Qi Baishi , Chinese painter (died 1957) [ 168 ] 1865 – Harry Coulby , American businessman (died 1929) [ 169 ] 1867 – Mary Acworth Evershed , English astronomer and scholar (died 1949) [ 170 ] 1874 – Frank Knox , American publisher and politician, 46th United States Secretary of the Navy (died 1944) [ 171 ] 1874 – Gustave Whitehead , German-American pilot and engineer (died 1927) [ 172 ] 1877 – Alexander von Staël-Holstein , German sinologist and orientalist (died 1937) [ 173 ] 1878 – Agner Krarup Erlang , Danish mathematician, statistician, and engineer (died 1929) [ 174 ] 1879 – E. M. Forster , English author and playwright (died 1970) [ 175 ] 1879 – William Fox , Hungarian-American screenwriter and producer, founded the Fox Film Corporation and Fox Theatres (died 1952) [ 176 ] 1883 – William J. Donovan , American general, lawyer, and politician (died 1959) [ 177 ] 1883 – Noe Khomeriki , Georgian Social Democrat politician (died 1924) [ 178 ] 1884 – Chikuhei Nakajima , Japanese lieutenant, engineer, and politician, founded Nakajima Aircraft Company (died 1949) [ 179 ] 1887 – Wilhelm Canaris , German admiral (died 1945) [ 180 ] 1888 – Chesley Bonestell , American painter, designer, and illustrator (died 1986) [ 181 ] 1888 – John Garand , Canadian-American engineer, designed the M1 Garand rifle (died 1974) [ 182 ] 1888 – Georgios Stanotas , Greek general (died 1965) [ 183 ] 1889 – Charles Bickford , American actor (died 1967) [ 184 ] 1889 – Seabury Quinn , American author (died 1969) [ 185 ] 1890 – Anton Melik , Slovenian geographer and academic (died 1966) [ 186 ] 1891 – Sampurnanand , Indian educator and politician, 3rd Governor of Rajasthan (died 1969) [ 187 ] 1892 – Mahadev Desai , Indian author and activist (died 1942) [ 188 ] 1892 – Artur Rodziński , Polish-American conductor (died 1958) [ 189 ] 1892 – Manuel Roxas , Filipino lawyer and politician, 5th President of the Philippines (died 1948) [ 190 ] 1893 – Mordechai Frizis , Greek colonel (died 1940) [ 191 ] 1893 – Heinie Miller , American football player and coach (died 1964) [ 192 ] 1894 – Satyendra Nath Bose , Indian physicist and mathematician (died 1974) [ 193 ] 1894 – Edward Joseph Hunkeler , American clergyman (died 1970) [ 194 ] 1895 – J. Edgar Hoover , American law enforcement official; 1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (died 1972) [ 195 ] 1899 – Randolfo Pacciardi , centre-left Italian politician (died 1991) [ 196 ] 1900 – Chiune Sugihara , Japanese soldier and diplomat (died 1986) [ 197 ] 1900 – Xavier Cugat , Spanish-American singer-songwriter and actor (died 1990) [ 198 ] 1901–present 1902 – Buster Nupen , Norwegian-South African cricketer and lawyer (died 1977) [ 199 ] 1902 – Hans von Dohnányi , German jurist and political dissident (died 1945) [ 200 ] 1904 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry , Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th President of Pakistan (died 1982) [ 201 ] 1905 – Stanisław Mazur , Ukrainian-Polish mathematician and theorist (died 1981) [ 202 ] 1905 – Lise Lindbæk , Norwegian journalist and war correspondent (died 1961) [ 203 ] 1906 – Manuel Silos , Filipino filmmaker and actor (died 1988) [ 204 ] 1907 – Kinue Hitomi , Japanese sprinter and long jumper (died 1931) [ 205 ] 1909 – Dana Andrews , American actor (died 1992) [ 206 ] 1909 – Stepan Bandera , Ukrainian soldier and politician (died 1959) [ 207 ] 1909 – Peggy Dennis , American-Russian journalist, author, and activist (died 1993) [ 208 ] 1911 – Basil Dearden , English director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1971) [ 209 ] 1911 – Hank Greenberg , American baseball player (died 1986) [ 210 ] 1911 – Roman Totenberg , Polish-American violinist and educator (died 2012) [ 211 ] 1911 – Audrey Wurdemann , American poet and author (died 1960) [ 212 ] 1912 – Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko , Russian mathematician and historian (died 1995) [ 213 ] 1912 – Kim Philby , British spy (died 1988) [ 214 ] 1912 – Nikiforos Vrettakos , Greek poet and academic (died 1991) [ 215 ] 1914 – Noor Inayat Khan , British SOE agent (died 1944) [ 216 ] 1917 – Shannon Bolin , American actress and singer (died 2016) [ 217 ] [ 218 ] 1918 – Patrick Anthony Porteous , Scottish colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (died 2000) [ 219 ] 1918 – Willy den Ouden , Dutch swimmer (died 1997) [ 220 ] 1919 – Rocky Graziano , American boxer and actor (died 1990) [ 221 ] 1919 – Carole Landis , American actress (died 1948) [ 222 ] 1919 – Sheila Mercier , British actress, Emmerdale Farm (died 2019) [ 223 ] 1919 – Bones McKinney , American basketball player (died 1997) [ 224 ] 1919 – J. D. Salinger , American soldier and author (died 2010) [ 225 ] 1920 – Osvaldo Cavandoli , Italian cartoonist (died 2007) [ 226 ] 1921 – Ismail al-Faruqi , Palestinian-American philosopher and academic (died 1986) [ 227 ] 1921 – César Baldaccini , French sculptor and academic (died 1998) [ 228 ] 1921 – Regina Bianchi , Italian actress (died 2013) [ 229 ] 1921 – Johnny Logan , American basketball player (died 1977) [ 230 ] 1922 – Ernest Hollings , American soldier and politician, 106th Governor of South Carolina (died 2019) [ 231 ] 1923 – Barbara Baxley , American actress (died 1990) [ 218 ] [ 232 ] 1923 – Valentina Cortese , Italian actress (died 2019) [ 233 ] 1923 – Milt Jackson , American jazz vibraphonist and composer (died 1999) [ 234 ] 1924 – Francisco Macías Nguema , Equatorial Guinean politician, 1st President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (died 1979) [ 235 ] 1925 – Matthew Beard , American child actor (died 1981) [ 236 ] 1925 – Paul Bomani , Tanzanian politician and diplomat, 1st Tanzanian Minister of Finance (died 2005) [ 237 ] 1926 – Kazys Petkevičius , Lithuanian basketball player and coach (died 2008) [ 238 ] 1927 – Maurice Béjart , French-Swiss dancer, choreographer, and director (died 2007) [ 239 ] 1927 – James Reeb , American clergyman and political activist (died 1965) [ 240 ] 1927 – Vernon L. Smith , American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate [ 241 ] 1927 – Doak Walker , American football player and businessman (died 1998) [ 242 ] 1928 – Ernest Tidyman , American author and screenwriter (died 1984) [ 243 ] 1928 – Gerhard Weinberg , German-American historian, author, and academic [ 244 ] 1929 – Larry L. King , American journalist, author, and playwright (died 2012) [ 245 ] [ 218 ] 1929 – Haruo Nakajima , Japanese actor and stuntman, portrayed Godzilla from 1954 to 1972 (died 2017) [ 246 ] 1930 – Ty Hardin , American actor (died 2017) [ 218 ] 1930 – Frederick Wiseman , American director and producer [ 247 ] 1932 – Giuseppe Patanè , Italian conductor (died 1989) [ 248 ] 1933 – James Hormel , American philanthropist and diplomat (died 2021) [ 249 ] 1933 – Joe Orton , English dramatist (died 1967) [ 250 ] [ 218 ] 1934 – Alan Berg , American lawyer and radio host (died 1984) [ 251 ] 1934 – Lakhdar Brahimi , Algerian politician, Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs [ 252 ] 1935 – Om Prakash Chautala , Indian politician (died 2024) [ 253 ] 1936 – James Sinegal , American businessman, co-founded Costco [ 254 ] 1938 – Frank Langella , American actor [ 255 ] [ 218 ] 1939 – Michèle Mercier , French actress [ 256 ] 1939 – Phil Read , English motorcycle racer and businessman (died 2022) [ 257 ] 1939 – Senfronia Thompson , American politician [ 258 ] 1939 – Younoussi Touré , Malian politician, Prime Minister of Mali (died 2022) [ 259 ] 1942 – Dennis Archer , American lawyer and politician, 67th Mayor of Detroit [ 260 ] 1942 – Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn , English dentist and politician (died 2024) [ 261 ] 1942 – Country Joe McDonald , American singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 262 ] 1942 – Alassane Ouattara , Ivorian economist and politician, President of the Ivory Coast [ 263 ] 1942 – Gennadi Sarafanov , Russian pilot and cosmonaut (died 2005) [ 264 ] 1943 – Tony Knowles , American soldier and politician, 7th Governor of Alaska [ 265 ] 1943 – Don Novello , American comedian, screenwriter and producer [ 266 ] [ 218 ] 1943 – Vladimir Šeks , Croatian lawyer and politician, 16th Speaker of the Croatian Parliament [ 267 ] 1944 – Barry Beath , Australian rugby league player [ 268 ] 1944 – Jimmy Hart , American professional wrestling manager [ 269 ] 1944 – Zafarullah Khan Jamali , Pakistani field hockey player and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan (died 2020) [ 270 ] 1944 – Teresa Torańska , Polish journalist and author (died 2013) [ 271 ] 1944 – Mati Unt , Estonian author, playwright, and director (died 2005) [ 272 ] 1945 – Victor Ashe , American politician and former United States Ambassador to Poland [ 273 ] 1945 – Jacky Ickx , Belgian racing driver [ 274 ] 1945 – Jimmy Jones , American basketball player [ 275 ] 1946 – Rivellino , Brazilian footballer and manager [ 276 ] 1946 – Claude Steele , American social psychologist and academic [ 277 ] 1947 – Jon Corzine , American sergeant and politician, 54th Governor of New Jersey [ 278 ] 1948 – Devlet Bahçeli , Turkish economist, academic, and politician, 57th Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey [ 279 ] 1948 – Pavel Grachev , Russian general and politician, 1st Russian Minister of Defence (died 2012) [ 280 ] 1948 – Dick Quax , New Zealand runner and politician (died 2018) [ 281 ] 1949 – Borys Tarasyuk , Ukrainian politician and diplomat [ 282 ] 1950 – Wayne Bennett , Australian rugby league player and coach [ 283 ] 1950 – Tony Currie , English footballer [ 284 ] 1952 – Shaji N. Karun , Indian director and cinematographer (died 2025) [ 285 ] 1953 – Gary Johnson , American businessman and politician, 29th Governor of New Mexico [ 286 ] 1954 – Richard Edson , American actor [ 287 ] 1954 – Bob Menendez , American lawyer and politician [ 288 ] 1954 – Dennis O'Driscoll , Irish poet and critic (died 2012) [ 289 ] 1954 – Yannis Papathanasiou , Greek engineer and politician, Greek Minister of Finance [ 290 ] 1955 – Mary Beard , English classicist, academic and presenter [ 291 ] 1955 – LaMarr Hoyt , American baseball player (died 2021) [ 292 ] 1956 – Sergei Avdeyev , Russian engineer and astronaut [ 293 ] 1956 – Royce Ayliffe , Australian rugby league player [ 294 ] 1956 – Christine Lagarde , French lawyer and politician; Managing Director, International Monetary Fund [ 295 ] 1956 – Mike Mitchell , American basketball player (died 2011) [ 296 ] 1956 – Martin Plaza , Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 297 ] 1957 – Evangelos Venizelos , Greek lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece [ 298 ] 1958 – Grandmaster Flash , Barbadian rapper and DJ [ 299 ] 1958 – Dave Silk , American ice hockey player [ 300 ] 1959 – Abdul Ahad Mohmand , Afghan colonel, pilot, and astronaut [ 301 ] 1959 – Azali Assoumani , Comorian colonel and politician, President of the Comoros [ 302 ] 1959 – Panagiotis Giannakis , Greek basketball player and coach [ 303 ] 1959 – Adrian Hall , English director and former actor [ 304 ] 1961 – Sam Backo , Australian rugby league player (died 2025) [ 305 ] 1962 – Anton Muscatelli , Italian-Scottish economist and academic [ 306 ] 1963 – Milo Aukerman , American singer and songwriter [ 307 ] 1963 – Jean-Marc Gounon , French racing driver [ 308 ] 1964 – Dedee Pfeiffer , American actress [ 309 ] 1966 – Anna Burke , Australian businesswoman and politician, 28th Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives [ 310 ] 1966 – Ivica Dačić , Serbian journalist and politician, 95th Prime Minister of Serbia [ 311 ] 1966 – Tihomir Orešković , Croatian–Canadian businessman, 11th Prime Minister of Croatia [ 312 ] 1967 – Tawera Nikau , New Zealand rugby league player [ 313 ] 1968 – Davor Šuker , Croatian footballer [ 314 ] 1969 – Morris Chestnut , American actor [ 315 ] 1969 – Verne Troyer , American actor (died 2018) [ 316 ] 1970 – Sergei Kiriakov , Russian footballer and coach [ 317 ] 1971 – Sammie Henson , American wrestler and coach [ 318 ] 1971 – Bobby Holík , Czech-American ice hockey player and coach [ 319 ] 1971 – Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia , Indian politician [ 320 ] 1972 – Lilian Thuram , French footballer [ 321 ] 1974 – Christian Paradis , Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Industry [ 322 ] 1975 – Chris Anstey , Australian basketball player and coach [ 323 ] 1975 – Joe Cannon , American soccer player and sportscaster [ 324 ] 1975 – Becky Kellar-Duke , Canadian ice hockey player [ 325 ] 1975 – Fernando Tatís , Dominican baseball player [ 326 ] 1976 – Tank , American singer, songwriter, producer, and actor [ 327 ] 1978 – Arilson Chiorato , Brazilian politician [ 328 ] 1979 – Vidya Balan , Indian actress [ 329 ] 1980 – Elin Nordegren , Swedish-American model [ 330 ] 1981 – Jonas Armstrong , Irish-English actor [ 331 ] 1981 – Zsolt Baumgartner , Hungarian racing driver [ 332 ] 1981 – Mladen Petrić , Croatian footballer [ 333 ] 1981 – Eden Riegel , American actress [ 327 ] 1982 – Egidio Arévalo , Uruguayan footballer [ 334 ] 1982 – David Nalbandian , Argentine tennis player [ 335 ] 1983 – Calum Davenport , English footballer [ 336 ] 1983 – Park Sung-hyun , South Korean archer [ 337 ] 1984 – Paolo Guerrero , Peruvian footballer [ 338 ] 1984 – Fernando San Emeterio , Spanish basketball player [ 339 ] 1984 – Michael Witt , Australian rugby league player [ 340 ] 1985 – Jeff Carter , Canadian ice hockey player [ 341 ] 1985 – Steven Davis , Northern Irish footballer [ 342 ] 1985 – Kenoh , Japanese professional wrestler [ 343 ] 1985 – Tiago Splitter , Brazilian basketball player [ 344 ] 1986 – Pablo Cuevas , Uruguayan tennis player [ 345 ] 1986 – Glen Davis , American basketball player [ 346 ] 1986 – Colin Morgan , Northern Irish actor [ 347 ] 1986 – Lee Sung-min , South Korean singer [ 348 ] 1987 – Gia Coppola , American director and screenwriter [ 349 ] 1987 – Gilbert Brulé , Canadian ice hockey player [ 350 ] 1987 – Meryl Davis , American ice dancer [ 351 ] 1987 – Patric Hörnqvist , Swedish ice hockey player [ 352 ] 1988 – Marcel Gecov , Czech footballer [ 333 ] 1988 – Dallas Keuchel , American baseball player [ 353 ] 1989 – Jason Pierre-Paul , American football player [ 354 ] 1990 – Julia Glushko , Israeli tennis player [ 355 ] 1990 – Ali Maâloul , Tunisian football player [ 356 ] 1991 – Glen Rice Jr. , American basketball player [ 357 ] 1991 – Darius Slay , American football player [ 358 ] 1991 – Xavier Su'a-Filo , American football player [ 359 ] 1992 – Nathaniel Peteru , New Zealand rugby league player [ 360 ] 1992 – Shane Duffy , Irish footballer [ 361 ] 1993 – Larry Nance Jr. , American basketball player [ 362 ] 1993 – Abdoulaye Doucouré , Malian footballer [ 363 ] 1994 – Brendan Elliot , Australian rugby league player [ 364 ] 1994 – LaMonte Wade Jr. , American baseball player [ 365 ] 1995 – Sardar Azmoun , Iranian footballer [ 366 ] 1995 – Poppy , American singer and YouTube personality [ 367 ] 1996 – Andreas Pereira , Brazilian footballer [ 368 ] 1996 – Mahmoud Dahoud , German footballer [ 369 ] 1996 – Mathias Jensen , Danish footballer [ 370 ] 1997 – Noah Kahan , American singer-songwriter [ 371 ] 1997 – Keegan Hipgrave , Australian rugby league player [ 372 ] 1997 – Gonzalo Montiel , Argentine footballer [ 373 ] 1998 – Cristina Bucșa , Moldovan-Spanish tennis player [ 374 ] 1998 – Edwuin Cetré , Colombian footballer [ 375 ] 1998 – Enock Mwepu , Zambian footballer [ 376 ] 1998 – Frank Onyeka , Nigerian footballer [ 377 ] 1999 – Tomás Chancalay , Argentine footballer [ 378 ] 1999 – Azmy Qowimuramadhoni , Indonesian-Azerbaijani badminton player [ 379 ] 2000 – Nicolas Kühn , German footballer [ 380 ] 2000 – Ice Spice , American rapper [ 381 ] 2001 – Angourie Rice , Australian actress [ 382 ] 2001 – Winter , South Korean singer [ 383 ] 2002 – Simon Adingra , Ivorian footballer [ 384 ] 2003 – Daria Trubnikova , Russian rhythmic gymnast [ 385 ] 2004 – Lamine Camara , Senegalese footballer [ 386 ] 2007 – Ian Subiabre , Argentine footballer [ 387 ] Deaths Pre-1600 138 – Lucius Aelius , adopted son and intended successor of Hadrian (born 101) [ 388 ] 404 – Telemachus , Christian monk and martyr [ 389 ] 898 – Odo I , Frankish king (born 860) [ 390 ] 951 – Ramiro II , king of León and Galicia [ 391 ] 1031 – William of Volpiano , Italian abbot (born 962) [ 392 ] 1189 – Henry of Marcy , Cistercian abbot (born c. 1136 ) [ 393 ] 1204 – Haakon III , king of Norway (born 1182) [ 394 ] 1387 – Charles II , king of Navarre (born 1332) [ 395 ] 1496 – Charles d'Orléans , count of Angoulême (born 1459) [ 396 ] 1515 – Louis XII , king of France (born 1462) [ 397 ] 1559 – Christian III , king of Denmark (born 1503) [ 398 ] 1560 – Joachim du Bellay , French poet and critic (born 1522) [ 399 ] 1601–1900 1617 – Hendrik Goltzius , Dutch painter and illustrator (born 1558) [ 400 ] 1697 – Filippo Baldinucci , Florentine historian and author (born 1625) [ 401 ] 1716 – William Wycherley , English playwright and poet (born 1641) [ 402 ] 1748 – Johann Bernoulli , Swiss mathematician and academic (born 1667) [ 403 ] 1766 – James Francis Edward Stuart , Jacobite pretender (born 1688) [ 404 ] 1780 – Johann Ludwig Krebs , German organist and composer (born 1713) [ 405 ] 1782 – Johann Christian Bach , German composer (born 1735) [ 406 ] 1789 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley , English lawyer and politician, British Speaker of the House of Commons (born 1716) [ 407 ] 1793 – Francesco Guardi , Italian painter and educator (born 1712) [ 408 ] 1817 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth , German chemist and academic (born 1743) [ 409 ] 1846 – John Torrington , English sailor and explorer (born 1825) [ 410 ] 1853 – Gregory Blaxland , Australian farmer and explorer (born 1778) [ 411 ] 1862 – Mikhail Ostrogradsky , Ukrainian mathematician and physicist (born 1801) [ 412 ] [ 413 ] 1881 – Louis Auguste Blanqui , French activist (born 1805) [ 414 ] 1892 – Roswell B. Mason , American lawyer and politician, 25th Mayor of Chicago (born 1805) [ 415 ] 1894 – Heinrich Hertz , German physicist and academic (born 1857) [ 416 ] 1896 – Alfred Ely Beach , American publisher and lawyer, created the Beach Pneumatic Transit (born 1826) [ 417 ] 1901–present 1901 – Ignatius L. Donnelly , American politician and promoter of pseudoscience and pseudohistory (born 1831) [ 418 ] 1906 – Hugh Nelson , Scottish-Australian farmer and politician, 11th Premier of Queensland (born 1833) [ 419 ] 1918 – William Wilfred Campbell , Canadian poet and author (born 1858) [ 420 ] 1921 – Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg , German lawyer and politician, 5th Chancellor of Germany (born 1856) [ 421 ] 1923 – Willie Keeler , American baseball player (born 1872) [ 422 ] 1928 – Loie Fuller , American dancer (born 1862) [ 423 ] 1929 – Mustafa Necati , Turkish civil servant and politician, Turkish Minister of Environment and Urban Planning (born 1894) [ 424 ] 1931 – Martinus Beijerinck , Dutch microbiologist and botanist (born 1851) [ 425 ] 1937 – Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati , Indian religious leader, founded the Gaudiya Math (born 1874) [ 426 ] 1940 – Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao , Indian author and educator (born 1865) [ 427 ] 1943 – Jenő Rejtő , Hungarian journalist (born 1905) [ 428 ] 1944 – Edwin Lutyens , English architect, designed the Castle Drogo and Thiepval Memorial (born 1869) [ 429 ] 1944 – Charles Turner , Australian cricketer (born 1862) [ 430 ] 1953 – Hank Williams , American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1923) [ 431 ] 1955 – Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar , Indian colloid chemist, academic, and scientific administrator (born 1894) [ 432 ] 1954 – Duff Cooper , English politician and diplomat, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (born 1890) [ 433 ] 1954 – Leonard Bacon , American poet and critic (born 1887) [ 434 ] 1955 – Arthur C. Parker , American archaeologist and historian (born 1881) [ 435 ] 1958 – Edward Weston , American photographer (born 1886) [ 436 ] 1960 – Margaret Sullavan , American actress (born 1909) [ 437 ] 1961 – Alastair Denniston , Scottish cryptologist (born 1881) [ 438 ] 1966 – Vincent Auriol , French journalist and politician, 16th President of the French Republic (born 1884) [ 439 ] 1969 – Barton MacLane , American actor, playwright and screenwriter (born 1902) [ 440 ] 1971 – Amphilochius of Pochayiv , Ukrainian saint (born 1894) [ 441 ] 1972 – Maurice Chevalier , French actor and singer (born 1888) [ 442 ] 1977 – Roland Hayes , American lyric tenor and composer (born 1887) [ 443 ] 1978 – Carle Hessay , German-Canadian painter (born 1911) [ 444 ] 1980 – Pietro Nenni , Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (born 1891) [ 445 ] 1981 – Hephzibah Menuhin , American-Australian pianist (born 1920) [ 446 ] 1982 – Victor Buono , American actor (born 1938) [ 447 ] 1984 – Alexis Korner , French-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1928) [ 448 ] 1984 – Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega , known as "Cagancho", Spanish bullfighter (born 1903) [ 449 ] 1988 – Clementine Hunter , American folk artist (born 1886 or 1887) [ 450 ] 1992 – Grace Hopper , American computer scientist and admiral, co-developed COBOL (born 1906) [ 451 ] 1994 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt , New Zealand physician and politician, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (born 1900) [ 452 ] 1994 – Cesar Romero , American actor (born 1907) [ 453 ] 1994 – Edward Arthur Thompson , Irish historian and academic (born 1914) [ 454 ] 1995 – Eugene Wigner , Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1902) [ 455 ] 1996 – Arleigh Burke , American admiral (born 1901) [ 456 ] 1996 – Arthur Rudolph , German-American engineer (born 1906) [ 457 ] 1997 – Townes Van Zandt , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (born 1944) [ 458 ] 1998 – Helen Wills , American tennis player and coach (born 1905) [ 459 ] 2001 – Ray Walston , American actor (born 1914) [ 460 ] 2002 – Julia Phillips , American film producer and author (born 1944) [ 461 ] 2003 – Joe Foss , American soldier, pilot, and politician, 20th Governor of South Dakota (born 1915) [ 462 ] 2005 – Shirley Chisholm , American educator and politician (born 1924) [ 463 ] 2005 – Ngo Van , Vietnamese revolutionary (born 1913) [ 464 ] 2006 – Harry Magdoff , American economist and journalist (born 1913) [ 465 ] 2007 – Roland Levinsky , South African-English biochemist and academic (born 1943) [ 466 ] 2007 – Tillie Olsen , American short story writer (born 1912) [ 467 ] 2007 – Darrent Williams , American football player (born 1982) [ 468 ] 2008 – Pratap Chandra Chunder , Indian educator and politician (born 1919) [ 469 ] 2009 – Claiborne Pell , American politician (born 1918) [ 470 ] 2009 – Helen Suzman , South African anti-apartheid activist and politician (born 1917) [ 471 ] 2010 – Lhasa de Sela , American-Mexican singer-songwriter (born 1972) [ 472 ] 2012 – Bob Anderson , English fencer (born 1922) [ 473 ] 2012 – Kiro Gligorov , Macedonian lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (born 1917) [ 474 ] 2012 – Nay Win Maung , Burmese physician, businessman, and activist (born 1962) [ 475 ] 2012 – Tommy Mont , American football player and coach (born 1922) [ 476 ] 2013 – Christopher Martin-Jenkins , English journalist (born 1945) [ 477 ] 2013 – Patti Page , American singer and actress (born 1927) [ 478 ] 2014 – Higashifushimi Kunihide , Japanese monk and educator (born 1910) [ 479 ] 2014 – William Mgimwa , Tanzanian banker and politician, 13th Tanzanian Minister of Finance (born 1950) [ 480 ] 2014 – Juanita Moore , American actress (born 1914) [ 481 ] 2015 – Ulrich Beck , German sociologist (born 1944) [ 482 ] 2015 – Mario Cuomo , American lawyer and politician, 52nd Governor of New York (born 1932) [ 483 ] 2015 – Donna Douglas , American actress (born 1932) [ 484 ] 2015 – Omar Karami , Lebanese lawyer and politician, 58th Prime Minister of Lebanon (born 1934) [ 485 ] 2015 – Boris Morukov , Russian physician and astronaut (born 1950) [ 486 ] 2015 – William Lloyd Standish , United States District Judge (born 1930) [ 487 ] 2016 – Fazu Aliyeva , Russian poet and journalist (born 1932) [ 488 ] 2016 – Dale Bumpers , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 38th Governor of Arkansas (born 1925) [ 489 ] 2016 – Vilmos Zsigmond , Hungarian-American cinematographer and producer (born 1930) [ 490 ] 2017 – Tony Atkinson , British economist (born 1944) [ 491 ] 2017 – Yvon Dupuis , Canadian politician (born 1926) [ 492 ] 2018 – Robert Mann , American violinist (born 1920) [ 493 ] 2018 – Jon Paul Steuer , American actor (born 1984) [ 494 ] 2019 – Paul Neville , Australian politician (born 1940) [ 495 ] 2019 – Pegi Young , American singer, songwriter, environmentalist, educator and philanthropist (born 1952 ) [ 496 ] 2019 – George , last known Achatinella apexfulva (born c. 2004 ) [ 497 ] [ 498 ] 2020 – Lexii Alijai , American rapper (born 1998) [ 499 ] 2020 – Alexander Frater , British travel writer and journalist (born 1937) [ 500 ] 2020 – Don Larsen , American baseball player (born 1929) [ 501 ] 2020 – Barry McDonald , Australian rugby union player (born 1940) [ 502 ] 2020 – David Stern , American lawyer and businessman (born 1942) [ 503 ] 2021 – Carlos do Carmo , Portuguese fado singer (born 1939) [ 504 ] 2021 – Mark Eden , English actor (born 1928) [ 505 ] 2021 – Elmira Minita Gordon , Belizean educator and psychologist (born 1930) [ 506 ] 2021 – Floyd Little , American football player (born 1942) 2022 – Gary Burgess , British broadcaster and journalist (born 1975) [ 507 ] 2022 – Dan Reeves , American football player and coach (born 1944) [ 508 ] 2023 – Fred White , American musician and songwriter (born 1955) [ 509 ] 2024 – Lynja , American celebrity chef and YouTuber (born 1956) [ 510 ] 2025 – David Lodge , English author and critic (born 1935) [ 511 ] 2025 – Chad Morgan , Australian musician (born 1933) [ 512 ] 2025 – Wayne Osmond , American singer-songwriter and actor (born 1951) [ 513 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Basil the Great ( Eastern Orthodox Church ) [ 514 ] Feast of the Circumcision of Christ [ 515 ] Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus ( Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church ) [ 516 ] Fulgentius of Ruspe [ 517 ] Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ; [ 516 ] and its related observances: World Day of Peace [ 516 ] January 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Basil the Great ( Eastern Orthodox Church ) [ 514 ] Feast of the Circumcision of Christ [ 515 ] Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus ( Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church ) [ 516 ] Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus ( Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church ) [ 516 ] Fulgentius of Ruspe [ 517 ] Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God ; [ 516 ] and its related observances: World Day of Peace [ 516 ] World Day of Peace [ 516 ] January 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) The last day of Kwanzaa ( African Americans ) [ 518 ] The eighth of the Twelve Days of Christmas ( Western Christianity ) [ 519 ] Global Family Day [ 520 ] Jump-up Day ( Montserrat ) [ 521 ] New Year's Day ( Gregorian calendar ) [ 522 ] Japanese New Year [ 523 ] Novy God Day ( Russia ) [ 524 ] Japanese New Year [ 523 ] Novy God Day ( Russia ) [ 524 ] Polar Bear Swim Day [ 525 ] Public Domain Day (multiple countries) [ 526 ] Triumph of the Revolution ( Cuba ) [ 527 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . University of California Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-520-03898-1 . ^ Origines Kalendariae Italicae Nundinal Calendars of Ancient Italy, Nundinal of Calendar of Romulus, Calendar of Numa Pompilius, Calendar of the Decemvirs, Irregular Roman Calendar, and Julian Correctio Tables of the Roman Calendar, from V. C. 4 of Varro, B. C. 750, to V. C. 1108 A. D 355. 4 by Edward Greswell, B.D: Vol. 4 . University Press. 1854. p. 103. ^ Koortbojian, Michael (2013). The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus . Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-521-19215-6 . ^ Birley, Anthony R (December 6, 2012). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography . Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-134-69569-0 . ^ The Catholic Worker . 1991. p. 6. ^ Sivan, Hagith (September 15, 2011). Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress . OUP USA. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-19-537912-9 . ^ Hung, Hing Ming (2014). 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External links BBC: On This Day Archived 2006-07-06 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 1 Archived 2020-06-22 at the Wayback Machine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with dead external links from August 2023 CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023 Articles with dead external links from February 2023 Articles with French-language sources (fr) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) FJC Bio template with ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2025 Articles using Mww magnitude scale Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 12:48 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Timeline 2 In service 3 On order 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of largest cruise ships বাংলা Magyar Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners which are primarily used for transportation across seas or oceans, cruise ships typically embark on round-trip voyages to various attractive ports of call. Their passengers may go on organized tours known as "shore excursions". [ 1 ] The largest may carry thousands of passengers in a single trip, and are some of the largest ships in the world by gross tonnage (GT), bigger than many large cargo ships . Cruise ships started to exceed ocean liners in size and capacity in the mid-1990s; [ 2 ] before then, few were more than 50,000 GT. [ 3 ] In the decades since, the size of the largest vessels has more than doubled. [ 4 ] There have been nine or more new cruise ships added every year since 2001, most of which are 100,000 GT or greater. [ 5 ] In the two decades between 1988 and 2009, the largest cruise ships grew a third longer (268 to 360 m (879 to 1,181 ft)), almost doubled their widths (32.2 to 60.5 m (106 to 198 ft)), doubled the total passengers (2,744 to 5,400), and tripled in volume (73,000 GT to 225,000 GT). The largest have grown considerably since, particularly in passenger capacity; As of December 2023 [update] , the largest cruise ship, Icon of the Seas , has a gross tonnage of 248,336, is 365 m (1,198 ft) long and holds up to 7,600 passengers. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels, with a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. [ 8 ] They cater to nautical tourists , with recent vessels being described as "balcony-laden floating condominiums". [ 9 ] The "megaships" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with verandas, [ 10 ] and feature amenities such as theaters, fine-dining and chain restaurants, spas, fitness centers, casinos, sports facilities, and even amusement park attractions. [ 1 ] [ 11 ] Cruise ships require electricity both for propulsion and onboard power. [ 12 ] As with cargo ships, cruise vessels are designed with all the heavy machinery at the bottom of the hull and lightweight materials where feasible at the top, making them inherently stable even as passenger ships are getting ever taller, [ 13 ] and most supplement design with stabilizer fins to further reduce rolling in heavy weather. [ 14 ] While some cruise ships use traditional fixed propellers and rudders to steer, most larger ships use azimuth thrusters that can swivel left and right to steer, vastly improving vessel maneuverability. [ 15 ] Cruise ships are operated by cruise lines , which offer cruises to the public. In the 1990s, many cruise lines were bought by much larger holding companies and continue to operate as brands or subsidiaries of the holding company. For instance, Carnival Corporation & plc owns both the mass-market Carnival Cruise Line , focused on larger party ships for younger travelers, and Holland America Line , whose smaller ships cultivate an image of classic elegance. [ 16 ] Timeline The first large cruise ships were the Destiny -class from Carnival Cruise Line . The lead ship Carnival Destiny was the first to exceed 100,000 gross tons and the first to eclipse RMS Queen Elizabeth in terms of tonnage. [ 17 ] Grand Princess eclipsed Carnival Destiny in 1998. The Voyager -class from Royal Caribbean Group 's Royal Caribbean International (RCI) debuted in 1998 and at over 137,000 GT, were almost 30,000 GT larger than the next-largest cruise ships, and were some of the first designed to offer amenities such as an ice rink and climbing wall . [ 1 ] In 2004, the five Voyager -class ships were overtaken by the 148,528 GT Queen Mary 2 ( QM2 ), the only ocean liner currently in service. QM2 was surpassed by RCI's 155,889 GT Freedom -class vessels in 2006, which were in turn overtaken by RCI's first of six planned Oasis -class vessels in 2009. [ 18 ] The Oasis -class ships, at over 225,000 GT, at least 154 feet (47 m) wide, 240 feet (73 m) high, and 1,180 feet (360m) long, can accommodate over 5,400 passengers. [ 19 ] Oasis-class ships were surpassed by the first Icon -class ship, Icon of the Seas , at 248,663 GT in 2023. Since 2008, other cruise lines have been ordering 135,000+ GT ships. MSC Cruises introduced the first of four 137,936–139,072 GT Fantasia -class cruise ships in 2008, [ 20 ] followed in 2017 by both the 153,516 GT Seaside -class and the 171,598–181,541 GT Meraviglia class . [ 21 ] Norwegian Cruise Line debuted the 155,873 GT Norwegian Epic in 2010, the first ship outside of the Oasis class with a double-occupancy capacity of over 4,000, [ 22 ] Princess Cruises and P&O Cruises , debuted the first of seven 142,714 GT+ Royal -class ships in 2013, [ 23 ] and the corporation's Carnival Cruise Line , Costa Cruises , and AIDA Cruises debuted the first of seven planned 133,596–135,225 GT Vista -class ships in 2016. [ 24 ] AIDAnova , the first of Carnival Corporation's nine planned Excellence-class ships, debuted in 2018 at 183,858 GT, with future ships in the class planned for Costa, P&O, Carnival, and AIDA. [ 25 ] In 2016 and 2017, Genting Hong Kong 's Dream Cruises introduced the 150,695 GT Genting Dream and World Dream , the first large ships from an Asian-owned cruise line. [ 26 ] In service As of December 2025 [update] , there are 66 passenger ships with over 140,000 GT in service. Rank [ a ] Ship name Ship class Cruise line [ b ] Year [ c ] Gross tonnage [ d ] Length overall [ d ] [ e ] Beam [ d ] Staterooms Passenger capacity [ f ] Image Maximum [ g ] Waterline [ h ] Double [ i ] Maximum [ j ] 1 Icon of the Seas Icon class Royal Caribbean International 2024 [ k ] 248,663 [ 6 ] 364.75 m (1,196.7 ft) [ 6 ] 66 m (217 ft) [ 7 ] 48.47 m (159.0 ft) [ 6 ] 2,805 [ 7 ] 5,610 [ 7 ] 7,600 [ 7 ] Star of the Seas 2025 248,663 [ 27 ] 364.83 m (1,196.9 ft) [ 27 ] 66 m (217 ft) [ 28 ] 48.48 m (159.1 ft) [ 27 ] 2,805 [ 28 ] 5,610 7,600 3 Utopia of the Seas Oasis class 2024 [ 29 ] 236,473 [ 30 ] 361.12 m (1,184.8 ft) [ 29 ] 64 m (210 ft) [ 30 ] 47.46 m (155.7 ft) [ 29 ] 2,834 [ 30 ] 5,668 [ 30 ] 4 Wonder of the Seas 2022 [ k ] [ 31 ] 235,600 [ 31 ] 362.04 m (1,187.8 ft) [ 31 ] 64 m (210 ft) [ 32 ] 47.4 m (156 ft) [ 31 ] 2,867 [ 32 ] 5,734 [ 32 ] 6,988 [ 32 ] 5 Symphony of the Seas 2018 [ k ] [ 33 ] 228,081 [ 33 ] 361.011 m (1,184.42 ft) [ 33 ] 65.7 m (215.5 ft) [ 34 ] 47.78 m (156.8 ft) [ 33 ] 2,759 [ 34 ] 5,518 [ 34 ] 6,680 [ 34 ] 6 Harmony of the Seas 2016 [ k ] [ 35 ] 226,963 [ 35 ] 362.12 m (1,188.1 ft) [ 35 ] 65.7 m (215.5 ft) [ 36 ] 47.42 m (155.6 ft) [ 35 ] 2,747 [ 36 ] 5,494 [ l ] [ 36 ] 6,687 [ 36 ] 7 Oasis of the Seas 2009 [ k ] [ 37 ] 226,838 [ 37 ] 360 m (1,180 ft) [ 37 ] 60.5 m (198 ft) [ 37 ] 47 m (154 ft) [ 37 ] 2,742 [ 38 ] 5,484 [ 38 ] 6,771 [ 38 ] 8 Allure of the Seas 2010 [ 39 ] 226,637 [ 39 ] 360 m (1,180 ft) [ 39 ] 60.5 m (198 ft) [ 39 ] 47 m (154 ft) [ 39 ] 2,742 [ 40 ] 5,484 [ 40 ] 6,780 [ 40 ] 9 MSC World America World class MSC Cruises 2025 216,638 [ 41 ] 333.3 m (1,094 ft) [ 41 ] 47 m (154 ft) [ 41 ] 2,626 5,231 6,762 10 MSC World Europa 2022 215,863 [ 42 ] 333.3 m (1,094 ft) [ 42 ] 47 m (154 ft) [ 42 ] 2,626 [ 43 ] 5,231 [ 43 ] 6,762 [ 43 ] 11 Disney Adventure Global class Disney Cruise Line 2026 [ 44 ] 208.108 340.7 m (1,118 ft) [ 45 ] 46.4 m (152 ft) [ 46 ] 2,500 [ 46 ] 6,700 [ 44 ] 12 Costa Toscana Excellence class Costa Cruises 2021 [ 47 ] 186,364 [ 47 ] 337 m (1,106 ft) [ 48 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 47 ] 2,612 [ 48 ] 5,224 [ 48 ] 6,554 [ 48 ] 13 Arvia P&O Cruises 2022 [ 49 ] 185,581 [ 49 ] 344.5 m (1,130 ft) [ 49 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 49 ] 2,614 [ 50 ] 5,200 [ 50 ] 6,685 [ 51 ] 14 Costa Smeralda Costa Cruises 2019 [ 52 ] 185,010 [ 52 ] 337 m (1,106 ft) [ 53 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 52 ] 2,612 [ 53 ] 5,224 [ 53 ] 6,554 [ 52 ] 15 Iona P&O Cruises 2020 [ 54 ] 184,089 [ 54 ] 344.5 m (1,130 ft) [ 55 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 54 ] 2,614 [ 55 ] 5,206 [ 55 ] 6,600 [ 56 ] 16 MSC Euribia Meraviglia Plus class MSC Cruises 2023 [ 57 ] 184,011 [ 57 ] 331.43 m (1,087.4 ft) [ 57 ] 65 m (213 ft) [ 57 ] 50 m (160 ft) [ 57 ] 2,408 [ 58 ] 4,816 [ 46 ] 6,335 [ 59 ] 17 AIDAnova Excellence class AIDA Cruises 2018 [ 60 ] 183,858 [ 61 ] 337 m (1,106 ft) [ 61 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 61 ] 2,626 [ 62 ] 5,252 [ 62 ] 6,654 [ 61 ] 18 AIDAcosma AIDA Cruises 2021 [ 63 ] [ 64 ] 183,774 [ 65 ] 337 m (1,106 ft) [ 63 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 63 ] 2,626 [ 63 ] 5,228 [ 63 ] 6,880 [ 65 ] 19 Carnival Celebration Carnival Cruise Line 2022 [ 66 ] 183,521 [ 66 ] 345 m (1,132 ft) [ 67 ] 42 m (137 ft) [ 67 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 66 ] 2,687 [ 67 ] 5,374 [ 67 ] 6,631 [ 67 ] 20 Carnival Jubilee 2023 [ 68 ] 182,015 [ 68 ] 345 m (1,132 ft) [ 69 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 68 ] 2,626 [ 69 ] 5,228 [ 69 ] 6,631 [ 68 ] 21 Mardi Gras 2020 [ 70 ] 181,808 [ 70 ] 337.0 m (1,105.7 ft) [ 71 ] 42 m (137 ft) [ 71 ] 42 m (138 ft) [ 70 ] 2,641 [ 71 ] 5,282 [ 71 ] 6,631 [ 70 ] 22 MSC Grandiosa Meraviglia Plus class MSC Cruises 2019 [ 72 ] 181,541 [ 72 ] 331.43 m (1,087.4 ft) [ 73 ] 43 m (141 ft) [ 73 ] 2,632 [ 73 ] 5,264 [ 73 ] 6,761 [ 73 ] MSC Virtuosa 2020 [ 74 ] 181,541 [ 75 ] 331.43 m (1,087.4 ft) [ 75 ] 50 m (160 ft) [ 75 ] 43 m (141 ft) [ 75 ] 2,421 [ 74 ] 4,842 [ 74 ] 6,334 [ 74 ] 24 Star Princess Sphere class Princess Cruises 2025 [ 76 ] 177,800 GT [ 77 ] 4,300 [ 76 ] 25 Sun Princess Sphere class Princess Cruises 2024 [ 78 ] 177,882 [ 78 ] 345 m (1,132 ft) [ 78 ] 49.9 m (164 ft) [ 78 ] 42.2 m (138 ft) [ 78 ] 2,162 [ 76 ] 4,320 [ 76 ] 5,189 [ 76 ] 26 MSC Meraviglia Meraviglia class MSC Cruises 2017 [ 79 ] 171,598 [ 80 ] 315.83 m (1,036.2 ft) [ 80 ] 43 m (141 ft) [ 80 ] 2,244 [ 79 ] 4,488 [ 79 ] 5,655 [ 79 ] MSC Bellissima 2019 [ 81 ] 171,598 [ 82 ] 315.83 m (1,036.2 ft) [ 82 ] 43 m (141 ft) [ 82 ] 2,217 [ 81 ] 4,434 [ 81 ] 5,686 [ 81 ] 28 MSC Seashore Seaside EVO class 2021 [ 83 ] 170,412 [ 83 ] 339 m (1,112 ft) [ 84 ] 41 m (135 ft) [ 83 ] 2,270 [ 84 ] 4,540 [ 84 ] 5,632 [ 83 ] MSC Seascape 2022 [ 85 ] 170,412 [ 85 ] 339 m (1,112 ft) [ 86 ] 41 m (135 ft) [ 85 ] 2,270 [ 86 ] 4,540 [ 86 ] 5,877 [ 85 ] 30 Spectrum of the Seas Quantum Ultra class Royal Caribbean International 2019 [ 87 ] 169,379 [ 88 ] 347.11 m (1,138.8 ft) [ 88 ] 49.24 m (161.5 ft) [ 88 ] 41.39 m (135.8 ft) [ 88 ] 2,137 [ 87 ] 4,246 [ l ] [ 87 ] 5,622 [ 87 ] 31 Norwegian Encore Breakaway Plus class Norwegian Cruise Line 2019 [ 89 ] 169,116 [ 89 ] 333.44 m (1,094.0 ft) [ 89 ] 48.13 m (157.9 ft) [ 89 ] 41.39 m (135.8 ft) [ 89 ] 2,040 [ 90 ] 3,998 [ l ] [ 90 ] Unknown 32 Quantum of the Seas Quantum class Royal Caribbean International 2014 [ 91 ] 168,666 [ 91 ] 347.08 m (1,138.7 ft) [ 91 ] 49.47 m (162.3 ft) [ 91 ] 41.4 m (136 ft) [ 91 ] 2,090 [ 92 ] 4,180 [ 92 ] 4,905 [ 92 ] Anthem of the Seas 2015 [ 93 ] 168,666 [ 93 ] 347.06 m (1,138.6 ft) [ 93 ] 49.4 m (162 ft) [ 93 ] 41.4 m (136 ft) [ 93 ] 2,090 [ 94 ] 4,180 [ 94 ] 4,905 [ 94 ] Ovation of the Seas 2016 [ 95 ] 168,666 [ 95 ] 348 m (1,142 ft) [ 95 ] 48.9 m (160 ft) [ 95 ] 41.2 m (135 ft) [ 95 ] 2,091 [ 96 ] 4,180 [ l ] [ 96 ] 4,905 [ 96 ] 35 Norwegian Bliss Breakaway Plus class Norwegian Cruise Line 2018 [ 97 ] 168,028 [ 97 ] 333.32 m (1,093.6 ft) [ 97 ] 48.1 m (158 ft) [ 97 ] 41.4 m (136 ft) [ 97 ] 2,043 [ 98 ] 4,004 [ 98 ] 4,200 [ 99 ] 36 Norwegian Joy 2017 [ 100 ] 167,725 [ 100 ] 333.46 m (1,094.0 ft) [ 100 ] 41.4 m (136 ft) [ 100 ] 1,925 [ 101 ] 3,804 [ l ] [ 102 ] 3,883 [ 101 ] 37 Odyssey of the Seas Quantum Ultra class Royal Caribbean International 2021 167,704 [ 103 ] 347.08 m (1,138.7 ft) [ 103 ] 49.39 m (162.0 ft) [ 103 ] 41.39 m (135.8 ft) [ 103 ] 2,105 [ 104 ] 4,198 [ 104 ] 5,510 [ 104 ] 38 Norwegian Escape Breakaway Plus class Norwegian Cruise Line 2015 [ 105 ] 165,157 [ 105 ] 325.9 m (1,069 ft) [ 105 ] 46.5 m (153 ft) [ 105 ] 41.4 m (136 ft) [ 105 ] 2,124 [ 105 ] 4,248 [ 105 ] Unknown 39 Mein Schiff Relax inTUItion class TUI Cruises 2025 157,651 [ 106 ] 332.63 (1,091 ft) [ 107 ] (1,091 ft) [ 107 ] 42.14 m (138.3 ft) [ 108 ] (138.3 ft) [ 108 ] 41.8 m (137 ft) (137 ft) 1,945 3,890 3,984 40 Freedom of the Seas Freedom class Royal Caribbean International 2006 [ k ] [ 109 ] 156,271 [ 109 ] 338.774 m (1,111.46 ft) [ 109 ] 56 m (184 ft) [ 110 ] 39.034 m (128.06 ft) [ 109 ] 1,817 [ 110 ] 3,634 [ 110 ] 4,375 [ 110 ] 41 Liberty of the Seas 2007 [ k ] [ 111 ] 155,889 [ 111 ] 339 m (1,112 ft) [ 112 ] 56 m (184 ft) [ 112 ] 39.0 m (128.1 ft) [ 111 ] 1,817 [ 112 ] 3,634 [ 112 ] 4,375 [ 112 ] Independence of the Seas 2008 [ 113 ] 155,889 [ 113 ] 338.72 m (1,111.3 ft) [ 113 ] 56 m (184 ft) [ 114 ] 38.6 m (127 ft) [ 113 ] 1,929 [ 114 ] 3,858 [ 114 ] 4,560 [ 114 ] 43 Norwegian Epic Epic class Norwegian Cruise Line 2010 [ 115 ] 155,873 [ 115 ] 329.5 m (1,081 ft) [ 116 ] 40.6 m (133 ft) [ 116 ] 2,114 [ 116 ] 4,100 [ l ] [ 116 ] 5,183 [ 117 ] [ 44 ] 44 Norwegian Aqua Prima Plus class 2025 [ 118 ] 154,140 [ 119 ] 321.8 m (1,055.77 ft) [ 120 ] (1,055.77 ft) [ 120 ] 43.84m (143.8 ft) [ 121 ] (143.8 ft) [ 121 ] 1,865 3,517 4,224 45 MSC Seaview Seaside class MSC Cruises 2018 [ 122 ] 153,516 [ 122 ] 323 m (1,060 ft) [ 123 ] 41 m (135 ft) [ 122 ] 2,066 [ 123 ] 4,132 [ 123 ] 5,336 [ 123 ] MSC Seaside 2017 [ 124 ] 153,516 [ 124 ] 323 m (1,060 ft) [ 125 ] 41 m (135 ft) [ 125 ] 2,066 [ 125 ] 4,132 [ 125 ] 5,336 [ 125 ] 47 Genting Dream Genting class Dream Cruises 2016 [ 126 ] 150,695 [ 126 ] 335.33 m (1,100.2 ft) [ 126 ] 44.1 m (145 ft) [ 126 ] 39.7 m (130 ft) [ 126 ] 1,674 [ 127 ] 3,348 [ 127 ] 4,500 [ 127 ] Aroya Aroya Cruises 2017 [ 128 ] 150,695 [ 128 ] 335.2 m (1,100 ft) [ 128 ] 44.35 m (145.5 ft) [ 128 ] 39.75 m (130.4 ft) [ 128 ] 1,686 [ 129 ] Unknown 3,376 [ 129 ] 49 Queen Mary 2 — Cunard Line 2004 [ k ] [ 130 ] 149,215 [ 130 ] 345.03 m (1,132.0 ft) [ 130 ] 45 m (147 ft) [ 131 ] 41 m (135 ft) [ 130 ] 1,353 [ 132 ] 2,691 [ l ] [ 132 ] 3,090 [ 131 ] 50 Norwegian Breakaway Breakaway class Norwegian Cruise Line 2013 [ 133 ] 145,655 [ 133 ] 325.64 m (1,068.4 ft) [ 133 ] 51.7 m (169.7 ft) [ 134 ] 39.71 m (130.3 ft) [ 133 ] 2,015 [ 135 ] 3,963 [ l ] [ 134 ] Unknown Norwegian Getaway 2014 [ 136 ] 145,655 [ 136 ] 325.65 m (1,068.4 ft) [ 136 ] 44.39 m (145.6 ft) [ 136 ] 39.73 m (130.3 ft) [ 136 ] 2,015 [ 137 ] 3,963 [ l ] [ 138 ] Unknown 52 Sky Princess Royal class Princess Cruises 2019 [ 139 ] 145,281 [ 139 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 139 ] 38.4 m (126 ft) [ 139 ] 1,830 [ 140 ] 3,660 [ 140 ] 4,610 [ 140 ] Enchanted Princess 2020 [ 141 ] 145,281 [ 141 ] 329.92 m (1,082.4 ft) [ 141 ] 38.42 m (126.0 ft) [ 141 ] 1,830 [ 142 ] 3,660 [ 142 ] Unknown Discovery Princess 2022 [ 143 ] 145,281 [ 143 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 143 ] 38.42 m (126.0 ft) [ 143 ] 1,830 [ 142 ] 3,660 [ 142 ] Unknown 55 Disney Wish Wish class Disney Cruise Line 2022 [ 144 ] 144,256 [ 144 ] 340.89 m (1,118.4 ft) [ 144 ] 37 m (121 ft) [ 144 ] 40.3 m (132 ft) [ 144 ] 1,250 [ 145 ] 2,500 [ 145 ] Unknown Disney Treasure 2024 [ 146 ] 144,256 [ 146 ] 341.13 m (1,119.2 ft) [ 146 ] 39 m (128 ft) [ 146 ] 1,250 [ 147 ] 2,500 [ 147 ] Unknown Disney Destiny 2025 144,256 [ 148 ] 58 Majestic Princess Royal class Princess Cruises 2017 [ 149 ] 144,216 [ 149 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 149 ] 38.4 m (126 ft) [ 149 ] 1,780 [ 150 ] 3,560 [ 150 ] 5,600 [ 150 ] 59 Britannia P&O Cruises 2015 [ 151 ] 143,730 [ 151 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 151 ] Unknown 38.38 m (125.9 ft) [ 151 ] 1,837 [ 152 ] 3,647 [ l ] [ 152 ] Unknown 60 Norwegian Prima Prima class Norwegian Cruise Line 2022 143,535 [ 153 ] 299 m (981 ft) [ 153 ] 51 m (167 ft) [ 153 ] 40.5 m (133 ft) [ 153 ] Unknown 3,099 [ 154 ] Unknown Norwegian Viva 2023 143,535 [ 155 ] 282.1 m (926 ft) [ 155 ] 43.84 m (143.8 ft) [ 155 ] 3,099 [ 154 ] 62 Royal Princess Royal class Princess Cruises 2013 [ 156 ] 142,714 [ 156 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 156 ] 47 m (155 ft) [ 157 ] 38.4 m (126 ft) [ 156 ] 1,780 [ 157 ] 3,560 [ 157 ] 4,340 [ 157 ] Regal Princess 2014 [ 158 ] 142,714 [ 158 ] 330 m (1,080 ft) [ 158 ] Unknown 38.27 m (125.6 ft) [ 158 ] 1,780 [ 159 ] 3,560 [ 159 ] 4,340 [ 159 ] 64 Celebrity Beyond Edge class Celebrity Cruises 2022 [ 160 ] 141,420 [ 160 ] 326.5 m (1,071 ft) [ 160 ] Unknown 39.5 m (130 ft) [ 160 ] 1,646 [ 161 ] 3,292 [ 161 ] Celebrity Ascent 2023 [ 162 ] 141,420 [ 162 ] 326.5 m (1,071 ft) [ 162 ] 39.5 m (130 ft) [ 162 ] 1,646 [ 163 ] 3,260 [ l ] [ 163 ] 3,731 [ citation needed ] 66 Celebrity Xcel [ 164 ] 2025 [ 165 ] 141,262 [ 166 ] 326.5 m (1,071 ft) [ 166 ] 39 m (128 ft) [ 166 ] 3,260 ^ Ships are ranked by gross tonnage and subsequently by the date they entered service. ^ The cruise line that currently operates the ship, which in some cases may be different than the line that ordered the ship or from the holding company that technically owns it ^ The year the ship originally entered service, which in some cases may not be the year it started service under the listed cruise line or with the listed name ^ a b c Ship dimensions are sourced from the appropriate classification society whenever possible. ^ Some classification societies, such as Registro Italiano Navale only list length between perpendiculars , not length overall , in which case length data is provided by other sources. ^ Passenger capacity excludes crew. ^ Width at the widest point anywhere on the ship's height ^ Width at the widest point as measured at the ship's nominal waterline ^ Where official sources do not specify double occupancy capacity or lower berths capacity, this list assumes two passengers per stateroom (some ships have small rooms that only count as a single passenger when calculating double-occupancy). ^ Maximum capacity of the ship, usually determined by total number of beds and/or SOLAS safety standards ^ a b c d e f g h This ship was the largest passenger ship in the world when it debuted. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k This number assumes only single occupancy of certain staterooms designed for only one passenger. Cruise line Ships Royal Caribbean International 15 MSC Cruises 10 Norwegian Cruise Line 10 Princess Cruises 7 Disney Cruise Line 4 Carnival Cruise Line 3 Costa Cruises 2 P&O Cruises 3 AIDA Cruises 2 Celebrity Cruises 2 TUI Cruises 1 Dream Cruises 1 Cunard 1 Aroya Cruises 1 Shipyard Ships Meyer Werft 21 Chantiers de l'Atlantique 15 Fincantieri , Monfalcone 13 Meyer Turku 12 Fincantieri , Marghera 3 Meyer Wismar 1 On order As of December 2025 [update] , 33 passenger ships are currently on order or under construction with a publicly announced size of over 140,000 GT. RCI has three Icon -class cruise ships on order with expected delivery in 2026, 2027 and 2028 in addition to two options. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] RCI also has one Oasis -class ship on order for 2028. Celebrity Cruises , which is owned by RCI's parent company Royal Caribbean Group, will introduce a 140,600 GT Edge -class ships, [ 165 ] and TUI Cruises , a joint venture between Royal Caribbean Group and TUI Group, are introducing a new class of 161,000 GT cruise ships in 2024 and 2026. [ 169 ] Asia-based Dream Cruises, which went bankrupt due to the COVID-19 pandemic , had been planning to take delivery of two 208,000 GT Global -class ships in 2021 and 2022, which would have been the first ships over 200,000 GT not built for RCI, with the largest maximum passenger capacity, 9,500, of any ship. [ 170 ] [ 46 ] One unfinished ship, formerly the Global Dream , was sold to Disney Cruise Line and is expected to debut in 2025 [ 44 ] as the Disney Adventure , while the other was sent for scrapping . [ 59 ] MSC Cruises has six World-class ships planned for 2026–2031 at 215,800 GT and a capacity of 6,762 passengers [ 171 ] [ 172 ] and four New-Frontier-class ships with a size of 180,000 GT for delivery from 2030 onwards. Carnival Corporation has two more 183,200–183,900 GT Excellence class planned to debut in 2027 and 2028. [ 173 ] Each year from 2023 to 2027, the Norwegian Cruise Line will debut additional ships from the Prima class . The Prima -class ships are expected to be 142,500 GT and carry 3,215 to 3,550 passengers. [ 174 ] Additionally, Norwegian Cruise Line is expected to take delivery of four approximately 200,000-gross-ton ships, each with a capacity of nearly 5,000 guests, in 2030, 2032, 2034 and 2036, which are subject to financing. [ 175 ] Disney Cruise Line will launch two more 144,000 GT Triton-class ships in 2024, and 2025. These ships will have 1,250 staterooms, like the line's previous two ships, but will be 14,000 GT larger than those ships and powered by liquified natural gas fuel. [ 145 ] Rank [ a ] Ship name [ b ] Class or project name Cruise line [ c ] Year (planned) [ d ] Gross tonnage [ b ] Shipyard [ b ] Passenger capacity [ b ] [ e ] Double [ f ] Maximum [ g ] 1 Legend of the Seas [ 177 ] Icon class Royal Caribbean International 2026 250,800 Meyer Turku 5,610 TBC [ 168 ] 2027 TBC 2028 4 TBC Oasis class 2028 231,000 Chantiers de l'Atlantique 5,714 5 TBC Ace class Carnival Cruise Line 2029 230,000 [ 178 ] Fincantieri 8,000 [ 178 ] TBC 2031 TBC 2033 8 TBC Norwegian Cruise Line 2030 226,000 [ 179 ] Fincantieri 5,100 TBC 2032 TBC 2034 TBC 2036 12 MSC World Asia World class MSC Cruises 2026 [ 180 ] 215,863 [ 181 ] [ 182 ] Chantiers de l'Atlantique 5,400 MSC World Atlantic 2027 [ 180 ] TBC 2029 [ 171 ] TBC 2030 [ 171 ] TBC 2030 [ 183 ] TBC 2031 [ 183 ] 18 Carnival Festivale [ 184 ] Excellence class Carnival Cruise Line 2027 183,900 Meyer Werft 5,400 Carnival Tropicale 2028 20 TBC New Frontier class [ 185 ] MSC Cruises 2030 180,000 Meyer Werft TBC 2031 TBC 2032 TBC 2033 24 Norwegian Aura [ 186 ] Prima Plus class [ 187 ] Norwegian Cruise Line 2027 172,000 Fincantieri 3,650 TBC 2028 26 Mein Schiff Flow inTUItion class TUI Cruises 2026 [ 169 ] 161,000 [ 169 ] Fincantieri 4,000 TBA 2031 [ 188 ] TBA 2033 29 Norwegian Luna Prima Plus class Norwegian Cruise Line 2026 156,300 Fincantieri 3,571 30 Adora Flora City [ 189 ] Vista class Adora Cruises 2026 [ 189 ] 142,000 [ 189 ] Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding 2,130 5,232 31 Celebrity Xcite Edge -class Celebrity Cruises 2028 140,600 Chantiers de l'Atlantique 32 TBC Wish class Disney Cruise Line 2027 140,000 [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Meyer Werft 2,500 [ 190 ] TBC NYK Line [ 192 ] 2028 ^ Ships are ranked by gross tonnage and subsequently by the date they will enter service. ^ a b c d Ship name and dimensions are sourced from press releases or other official communications from the cruise line or shipyard. ^ Cruise line that ordered the ship or is expected to take delivery ^ Year the ship is planned to enter service, not when it is launched or floated out ^ Passenger capacity excludes crew. ^ Where official sources do not specify double occupancy capacity or lower berths capacity, this list assumes two passengers per stateroom (some ships have small rooms that only count as a single passenger when calculating double-occupancy). ^ Maximum capacity of the ship, usually determined by total number of beds and/or SOLAS safety standards Cruise line Ships MSC Cruises 10 Norwegian Cruise Line 7 Carnival Cruise Line 5 Royal Caribbean International 4 TUI Cruises 3 Disney Cruise Line 1 NYK Line 1 Celebrity Cruises 1 Adora Cruises 1 Shipyard Ships Fincantieri 13 Chantiers de l'Atlantique 8 Meyer Werft 8 Meyer Turku 3 Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding 1 See also Oceans portal Transport portal List of cruise lines List of largest cruise lines List of cruise ships List of largest passenger ships List of largest ships by gross tonnage List of longest ships List of largest container ships Timeline of largest passenger ships References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Saunders, Aaron (2013). 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Archived from the original on 28 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^ a b "Disney Destiny" . Meyer Werft . Retrieved 30 October 2024 . ^ "N.N. (2028)" . Meyer Werft . Retrieved 30 October 2024 . ^ "NYK Line, NYK CRUISES, and Oriental Land Conclude Basic Business Partnership Agreement concerning Oriental Land's Cruise Business | NYK Line" . Cite error: A list-defined reference named "AdoramagiccityLR" is not used in the content (see the help page ). 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Modern merchant ships v t e Overviews Ship Cargo ship Cargo Maritime transport Freight transport Merchant marine Maritime history Shipping line Ship Cargo ship Cargo Maritime transport Freight transport Merchant marine Maritime history Shipping line Dry cargo Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coastal trading vessel Collier Container ship Heavy-lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coastal trading vessel Collier Container ship Heavy-lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Tankers Chemical tanker Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) Gas carrier Hydrogen tanker LNG carrier LPG carrier LEG carrier Oil tanker Chemical tanker Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) Gas carrier Hydrogen tanker LNG carrier LPG carrier LEG carrier Oil tanker Passenger Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Support Anchor handling tug supply vessel Diving support vessel Emergency tow vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Salvage tug Tender Tugboat Anchor handling tug supply vessel Diving support vessel Emergency tow vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Salvage tug Tender Tugboat Other types Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Floating restaurant Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco-submarine Pipe-laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Floating restaurant Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco-submarine Pipe-laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Related Nautical operations Affreightment Admiralty law International Chamber of Shipping List of merchant navy capacity by country Nautical operations Affreightment Admiralty law International Chamber of Shipping List of merchant navy capacity by country v t e Timeline of largest passenger ships v t e Briefly held the title before the preceding ship reclaimed it† Shared record‡ Briefly held the title before the preceding ship reclaimed it† Shared record‡ SS Royal William (1831) SS Great Western (1837) SS British Queen (1839) SS President (1840)† SS Great Britain (1843) RMS Atrato (1853) SS Adriatic (1857) SS Great Eastern (1858) SS City of New York (1888) RMS Campania (1893)‡ SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897) RMS Oceanic (1899) RMS Celtic (1901) RMS Cedric (1903) RMS Baltic (1904) RMS Empress of Scotland (1906) RMS Lusitania (1907) RMS Mauretania (1907) RMS Olympic (1911) RMS Titanic (1912)† SS Imperator (1913) SS Vaterland (1913) RMS Majestic (1922) SS Normandie (1935) RMS Queen Mary (1936)† RMS Queen Elizabeth (1942) SS France (1972) MS Sovereign of the Seas (1987)† Sun Princess (1995) MS Carnival Destiny (1996) MS Grand Princess (1998) MS Voyager of the Seas (1999) MS Explorer of the Seas (2000) MS Navigator of the Seas (2002) RMS Queen Mary 2 (2003) MS Freedom of the Seas (2006) Liberty of the Seas (2007) Oasis of the Seas (2009)‡ Harmony of the Seas (2016) Symphony of the Seas (2018) Wonder of the Seas (2022) Icon of the Seas (2023)‡ SS Royal William (1831) SS Great Western (1837) SS British Queen (1839) SS President (1840)† SS Great Britain (1843) RMS Atrato (1853) SS Adriatic (1857) SS Great Eastern (1858) SS City of New York (1888) RMS Campania (1893)‡ SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897) RMS Oceanic (1899) RMS Celtic (1901) RMS Cedric (1903) RMS Baltic (1904) RMS Empress of Scotland (1906) RMS Lusitania (1907) RMS Mauretania (1907) RMS Olympic (1911) RMS Titanic (1912)† SS Imperator (1913) SS Vaterland 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 3 Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) Toggle Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) subsection 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 4 Sanctions Toggle Sanctions subsection 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External liks Delcy Rodríguez Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Delcy Rodríguez Official portrait, 2026 Acting President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 5 January 2026 [ a ] Vice President Herself Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Vice President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 14 June 2018 President .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Minister of Petroleum and Hydrocarbons Incumbent Assumed office 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Pedro Tellechea Minister of Economy and Finance In office 10 September 2020 – 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Simón Zerpa Succeeded by Anabel Pereira Fernández President of the Constituent National Assembly In office 4 August 2017 – 14 June 2018 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Luis Miquilena (1999) Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 26 December 2014 – 21 June 2017 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information In office 3 August 2013 – 13 October 2014 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Ernesto Villegas Succeeded by Jacqueline Faría Minister for Presidential Affairs In office February 2006 – August 2006 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Haiman El Troudi Succeeded by Adan Chavez Personal details Born Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez ( 1969-05-18 ) 18 May 1969 (age 56) Caracas , Venezuela Party PSUV (2012–2018, since 2018) Other political affiliations MSV (2018) Domestic partner Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (2017–present) Parents Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Relatives Jorge Rodríguez (brother) Education Central University of Venezuela ( LLB ) Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Lawyer politician government official diplomat Lawyer politician government official diplomat Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez [ b ] (born 18 May 1969) [ 1 ] is a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who has served as the acting president of Venezuela since 3 January 2026, after the United States captured and de facto removed President Nicolás Maduro from power. Rodríguez was formally sworn in two days later. [ 2 ] She has been the vice president of Venezuela since 2018. Rodríguez held several positions under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro: she was Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela from 2013 to 2014, [ 3 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017, [ 4 ] President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela from 2017 to 2018, head of Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) from 2018, and Minister of Petroleum since 2024. Rodríguez is a member of the national leadership of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The European Union , the United States , and Canada have placed sanctions on her due to claimed human rights violations and her role in the political crisis in the country. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Her vice-presidency was disputed between 2019 and 2023. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] She managed to stabilize the Venezuelan economy after years of crisis and increase the country's oil production despite tougher US sanctions. [ 12 ] On 3 January 2026, Maduro was abducted by the United States in Operation Absolute Resolve , leaving Rodríguez as acting president of the country but making her future role in the government administration unclear. [ 13 ] She later appeared on state television, where she said that Maduro was Venezuela's only president. [ 14 ] Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to become acting president. [ 15 ] She is the first woman to perform the duties associated with the president of Venezuela. Early life Rodríguez is the sister of Jorge Rodríguez Gómez , a psychiatrist serving as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela since 2021. Her father, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez , was a founder of the Socialist League , a Marxist political party in Venezuela. [ 16 ] Her mother is Delcy Gómez. Rodríguez's father was murdered in 1976, while he was incarcerated and being tortured by the Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) for his leadership role in the kidnapping of American executive and alleged CIA spy William Niehous . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] According to The Washington Post , a person who had held repeated conversations with Rodríguez stated that Rodríguez had lived in Santa Monica, California during her college years. [ 23 ] Rodríguez graduated with a law degree from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) in 1993. [ 24 ] During her time at UCV, Rodríguez was active as a student leader. She then studied labor law at Sorbonne University in Paris , [ 25 ] [ 16 ] but did not graduate. [ 1 ] In her professional career, Rodríguez served as a professor at UCV. She was president of the union within the Venezuelan Association of Labor Lawyers. [ 25 ] Political career Rodríguez became involved in national politics during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt . [ 26 ] She has stated that her decision to enter politics was motivated by revenge for the death of her father while in the custody of pro-American intelligence agents. [ 12 ] While in London during the crisis, she and her mother symbolically took over the Venezuelan Embassy in London to protest the de facto government of Pedro Carmona . [ 26 ] From there, they coordinated interviews with international media, including the BBC and CNN , to denounce the rupture of the constitutional order. [ 26 ] Rodríguez commenced her governmental career in 2003, joining the General Coordination of the Vice Presidency of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. [ 27 ] She subsequently became Director of International Affairs at the Ministry of Energy and Mines. In 2005, Rodríguez was appointed Vice-minister for European Affairs. [ 28 ] From February to August 2006, Rodríguez was the Minister for Presidential Affairs. [ 29 ] Her tenure was short-lived due to reported tensions with president Hugo Chávez . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] She reportedly refused to show the "personal homage" expected by the president. [ 29 ] According to profiles published in Tal Cual and El Estímulo [ es ] , Rodríguez disregarded established hierarchies and maintained a direct attitude that alienated her from the presidential inner circle. [ 29 ] [ 1 ] Travelling to an official visit to Moscow in 2006, it was reported that Rodríguez engaged in a heated argument with Chávez and swore at him; [ 1 ] Chávez dismissed her, and she had to return immediately to Venezuela. [ 1 ] In 2007, Rodríguez served as the General Coordinator to the Vice-President of Venezuela, both of which roles she held while her brother occupied the office of Vice President of the Republic. [ 31 ] In August 2013, President Nicolás Maduro appointed her as the Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela, a position in which she was reaffirmed in 2014 and maintained until October 2014. [ 32 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs In December 2014, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Minister of Popular Power for Foreign Relations, also known as Chancellor, succeeding Rafael Ramírez Carreño. Rodríguez became the first woman to hold this position in Venezuela's history. [ 24 ] In December 2015, in the absence of President Maduro, Rodríguez attended the 49th Summit of Mercosur heads of state in Asunción . During this summit, Rodríguez was involved in a dispute with the president of Argentina, Mauricio Macri , who called for the prompt release of political prisoners in Venezuela. [ 33 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of meddling in Venezuelan internal affairs, of endorsing political violence against Chavismo, and of criticizing Hebe de Bonafini , the head of Madres de Plaza de Mayo , for advocating peaceful protests against his government. [ 34 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of releasing officials responsible for torture during Argentina's last military dictatorship and vetoing human rights laws, claims that the newspaper Clarín characterized as factual errors. [ 35 ] President Maduro later praised Rodríguez publicly for metaphorically "sending Macri to the showers" during the summit. [ 36 ] During the same summit, Rodríguez presented photographs depicting Leopoldo López and opposition protestors attacking public buildings. She said the images, sourced from news agencies, evidenced López's responsibility for "attacks against essential public services and Venezuelan universities". [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rodríguez alleged Macri had released prisoners who were responsible for repression during the last military dictatorship in Argentina and had vetoed laws aimed at addressing unfair treatment, torture, and forced disappearances. These allegations were denied by the Argentine Foreign Minister, Susana Malcorra , during a press conference. Malcorra stated that Rodríguez's accusations were incorrect and that President Macri deemed a response unnecessary. She criticized Rodríguez's remarks as overly aggressive and based on inaccurate information. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2016, Rodríguez accused Luis Almagro , the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) of "international bullying" because of his attempt to suspend Venezuela from the OAS. [ 41 ] In March 2016, within the framework of an Organization of American States (OAS) assembly, Rodríguez denounced a report published by Luis Almagro. She characterized the report as part of a "complex intervention strategy with medium and long-term consequences". Rodríguez informed the assembly that over 70% of Almagro's tweets were focused on criticizing the Venezuelan government and its citizens. [ 42 ] In June 2016, during the commemoration of the 195th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo , President Maduro awarded Rodríguez the Military Order of National Defense, Commander Degree, First Class. This honor was bestowed upon her for "defending the interests of the nation in the face of attacks from the right". [ 43 ] At the XXV Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, which took place in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia, Rodríguez addressed the President of Peru , Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . In criticism, she asked for the president to "see more of the reality of the people of Latin America". [ 44 ] Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay convened to deliberate on the suspension of Venezuela from Mercosur . The trio expressed reservations regarding Venezuela's compliance with the prerequisites for full membership within the bloc, emphasizing the need for adherence to Mercosur's stipulations, particularly in the areas of trade , politics , democracy , and human rights . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Concurrently, Argentina assumed the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur. Despite this, Venezuela did not acknowledge its suspension from the trading bloc and sought to continue its exercise of the pro tempore presidency until 30 December 2016. [ 48 ] In December 2016, after Venezuela was suspended from Mercosur, Rodríguez attempted to force her entry into a bloc meeting in Buenos Aires to which she had not been invited. [ 49 ] Accompanied by Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca , she tried to enter the San Martín Palace but was blocked by riot police. [ 49 ] Rodríguez claimed she was "struck" by police during the scuffle, and reports indicated a doctor had to immobilize her arm. [ 49 ] Although she eventually gained access to the building, she found the meeting room empty as the other foreign ministers had decided to move their gathering to a different location. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In June 2017, Rodríguez vacated her role as Chancellor to stand as a candidate in the National Constituent Assembly elections held that year. [ 51 ] Prior to her candidacy, she had been designated a member of the Presidential Commission for the Constituent Assembly. [ 52 ] Before she left her position, President Maduro honored her on 22 June with the Saber Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar of the Battle of Carabobo. [ 53 ] She was succeeded by Samuel Moncada . [ 54 ] President of the Constituent Assembly In July 2017, Rodríguez was elected as a deputy for Caracas to the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). Upon the ANC's establishment in August 2017, in the Federal Legislative Palace, she was chosen as its president. [ 55 ] In January 2018, President Maduro announced Rodríguez as the president of a then-to-be-legalized political entity, the Somos Venezuela Movement ( MSV ). [ 56 ] In February 2018, Rodríguez resigned from the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and joined the ranks of the MSV, adhering to statutes prohibiting dual membership in political organizations within the country. [ 57 ] In October 2018, she re-entered the PSUV as a member. [ 6 ] Vice President On 14 June 2018, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Vice President of Venezuela, succeeding Tareck El Aissami . [ 58 ] She also became the head official of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), Venezuela's intelligence agency , as it is dependent on the office of the vice presidency. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] During Rodríguez's time as head of SEBIN, the United Nations found the agency had committed crimes against humanity with the intent of crushing political dissent. [ 62 ] In December 2018, Rodríguez welcomed the President of Turkey , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , during his official visit to Venezuela. [ 63 ] In November 2022, she visited the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi . [ 64 ] Reporting from late 2025 suggests she established private communication channels with international intermediaries. Analysts point to a clandestine meeting on the island of Bonaire in November 2025 as a pivotal moment where she reportedly discussed "stabilization protocols" for Venezuela's energy sector in the event of a power vacuum. [ 65 ] Minister of Economy and Finance From 10 September 2020 to 27 August 2024, Rodríguez served as the Minister of Economy and Finance , having been appointed to this position by President Maduro. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In July 2021, Rodríguez participated in the Annual Assembly of Fedecámaras , marking the first instance in two decades that a high-ranking official from the national executive attended this event, which convenes leaders from the country's main corporations. Rodríguez highlighted the significance of private sector engagement in unlocking Venezuela's productive capacity but urged the business community in attendance to refrain from political involvement. [ 68 ] Fedecámaras has historically been viewed by Chavismo as part of the opposition, often being described as the "parasitic bourgeoisie". [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath On 3 January 2026, at approximately 2:00 AM VET, [ 73 ] the United States carried out several strikes in Venezuela, including the capital of Caracas , and detained President Maduro and transported him to New York City . [ 74 ] Vice President Rodríguez was granted presidential powers under Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution , which states that the vice president takes charge if there is a presidential vacancy. [ 75 ] Rodríguez initially demanded proof that Maduro was still alive. [ 74 ] US President Donald Trump announced that Secretary of State Marco Rubio had made contact with Rodríguez and that she had been "sworn in" as president. Trump further stated that Rodríguez told Rubio that she would do "whatever the US asks", adding that she was gracious but "really doesn't have a choice". [ 76 ] [ 77 ] According to The New York Times , Vice President Rodríguez had earned the respect of American officials due to increasing Venezuela's oil production and stabilizing its economy, despite harsher US sanctions. Rodríguez has also gained a reputation among both Venezuelan and foreign business leaders as a technocrat . [ 12 ] According to the Financial Times , Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez , had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, although those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured. [ 78 ] The Venezuelan military announced it would recognize Rodríguez as acting president and called for a return to normalcy. [ 79 ] She also received a pledge of loyalty from Assemblyman Nicolás Maduro Guerra , the president's son. [ 80 ] Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) On 3 January, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to "assume and exercise, as acting president, all the powers, duties, and faculties inherent to the office of President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in order to guarantee administrative continuity and the comprehensive defense of the nation." [ 15 ] [ 76 ] Speaking at the European Commission , spokesperson Anitta Hipper announced on 5 January 2026 that the European Union does not recognize the legitimacy of Rodríguez as the country's acting head of government. [ 81 ] First speech and inauguration Appearing on Venezolana de Televisión , Rodríguez described Maduro as Venezuela's "only president" in contrast to Trump's statements. During the broadcast she called for calm and unity to defend the country while Maduro remained under US detention, and stated that Venezuela would never be the colony of any nation. [ 82 ] Rodríguez also stated that "governments around the world are shocked that the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has become the victim and target of an attack of this nature, which undoubtedly has Zionist undertones". [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president on 5 January 2026 by her brother, Jorge Rodríguez , the president of the National Assembly of Venezuela. [ 2 ] She announced a week of national mourning for the people killed during the American strike. [ 85 ] Restart of diplomatic relations with US On 8 January, her government released nine foreign and Venezuelan political prisoners. Donald Trump announced that he had cancelled a second wave of attacks due to this gesture of cooperation. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The United States and the Rodríguez government have begun discussions to restart diplomatic relations and to possibly reopen the United States embassy in Venezuela, closed since 2019. [ 88 ] Sanctions Rodríguez has been sanctioned by several countries . The government of neighboring Colombia included her on a list of people banned from entering Colombia, along with (as of 2019) approximately 200 other Maduro regime supporters and associates. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In September 2017, Canada sanctioned Rodríguez for her role in Venezuela's constitutional crisis. [ 7 ] In June 2018, shortly after being named Vice President of Venezuela, Rodríguez was one of eleven Venezuelan officials sanctioned by the European Union , with her assets frozen and a travel ban issued against her for "undermin[ing] democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela". [ 8 ] [ 91 ] In April 2018, the Mexican Senate approved a Point of Agreement that, among other things, rejected the presidential elections scheduled for 20 May. The Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration, including Rodríguez, and prohibited them from entering Mexico. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In July 2018, Switzerland sanctioned Rodríguez, freezing her assets and imposing a travel ban, citing the same reasons as the European Union. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] In September 2018, the United States sanctioned Rodríguez for "corruption and humanitarian issues" by including her in OFAC 's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List . [ 9 ] After her ascension to the interim presidency, her cabinet contacted the European Commission to request the lifting of sanctions placed on her by the European Union for allegedly persecuting the opposition and undermining the rule of law. The Commission has yet to respond. [ 97 ] Delcygate In January 2020, a controversy emerged in Spain surrounding Rodríguez's presence at Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, where she was purported to have met with Spanish politician José Luis Ábalos . This incident sparked significant attention because, since November 2017, Rodríguez has been prohibited from entering the territory of the European Union. José Luis Ábalos denied having met Rodríguez. [ 98 ] The incident took place on 20 January, when the aircraft bearing the registration TC-AKE and flying the Turkish flag arrived at the terminal. Upon recognizing Rodríguez among the passengers, Spanish authorities decided to prevent her entry into the country. Accompanying Rodríguez on the flight were Kenny Antonio Díaz , Alejandra Carolina Bastidas , Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (her partner), Jorge Andrés Giménez (the president of the Venezuelan Football Federation ), and minister Félix Plasencia . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The scandal originated from a covert visit by Delcy Rodríguez to Spain, during which she allegedly facilitated the fraudulent sale of 104 bars of Venezuelan gold to Spanish businessmen for $68.5 million. This transaction was purportedly conducted through the Spanish Ministry of Transport, with the involvement of then-Transport Minister José Luis Ábalos , who is under investigation as part of the Koldo Case . According to reports by El Confidencial , Rodríguez offered these gold bars to Spanish entrepreneurs during meetings arranged with Ábalos, with the approval of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez . [ 102 ] The Guardia Civil's Central Operative Unit (UCO) uncovered communications on Spanish businessman Víctor de Aldama's mobile phone that directly linked him to Rodríguez, indicating discussions about the purchase of Venezuelan gold. A contract dated 27 December 2019 outlined the delivery of the gold between 27 December 2019 and 6 January 2020, shortly before Rodríguez's secret trip to Madrid, which was officially described by La Moncloa as a "technical stopover". [ 102 ] According to the Diario de Cuba , this connection underscored the alleged lack of commitment by the Spanish government to support a democratic transition in Venezuela. A 2020 U.S. government official said Spain was a significant barrier within the European Union in confronting the Venezuelan government. The scandal also involved a strategic omission of the gold transaction details in the official invitation sent by Ábalos to Rodríguez, which instead focused on humanitarian aid and support for Spanish businesses in Venezuela. In response, the opposition Partido Popular accused Sánchez of deceit regarding the true purpose of Rodríguez's visit and declared intentions to launch a comprehensive political, judicial, and international campaign to uncover the truth behind Delcygate. [ 102 ] Criticism of foreign officials During a 2017 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS), Rodríguez accused some member states of interfering in Venezuela. She called the OAS Secretary General, Luis Almagro , a "liar, dishonest, a criminal, and a mercenary, a traitor to everything that represents the dignity of a Latin American diplomat". Her remarks were criticised by Uruguayan Foreign Minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa . In June 2017, Rodríguez criticised the President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , after Kuczynski proposed international intervention in Venezuela. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Personal life Rodríguez was the romantic partner of the Venezuelan actor and model Fernando Carrillo until 2007. [ 106 ] Rodríguez is a follower of Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba . [ 16 ] See also List of elected and appointed female state leaders List of female foreign ministers List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Notes ^ Designated by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice to ensure administrative continuity on 3 January, formally sworn in two days later. ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdelsi eloˈina ro'ðɾiɣes ˈɣomes] . References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacia en pie de guerra #Perfil" [Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacy on a war footing: Profile]. 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External liks Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish) Political offices Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014–2017 Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Vacant Title last held by Luis Miquilena (1999) President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela 2017–2018 Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Vice President of Venezuela 2018–present Incumbent Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Acting President of Venezuela 2026–present Incumbent Assembly seats New office Member of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela for the municipality of Libertador, Caracas 2017–present Incumbent .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Current heads of state of republics v t e Africa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Asia Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Europe Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy North America Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump South America Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Oceania Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Leaders of the Union of South American Nations v t e Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Heads of state of OPEC member states v t e Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) v t e Leaders of the ALBA v t e Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Biography Politics Venezuela Women Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States United States Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1969 births 21st-century Venezuelan women politicians Chavismo Female foreign ministers Finance ministers of Venezuela First women presidents Hugo Chávez ministers Living people Members of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 2017 Ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro ministers People of the Crisis in Venezuela Politicians from Caracas Presidents of Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela politicians Venezuelan women lawyers Vice presidents of Venezuela Women government ministers of Venezuela Women vice presidents in South America Pages with Spanish IPA CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2026 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 07:08 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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(1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 15 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "January 15" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 15 in recent years 2026 (Thursday) 2025 (Wednesday) 2024 (Monday) 2023 (Sunday) 2022 (Saturday) 2021 (Friday) 2020 (Wednesday) 2019 (Tuesday) 2018 (Monday) 2017 (Sunday) January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 350 days remain until the end of the year (351 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome , [ 1 ] beginning a reign of only three months. 1535 – King Henry VIII issues letters patent incorporating the title Supreme Head of the Church of England into his royal title. [ 2 ] 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith". [ 3 ] 1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England and Ireland in Westminster Abbey , London. [ 4 ] 1582 – Truce of Yam-Zapolsky : Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . [ 5 ] 1601–1900 1759 – The British Museum opens to the public. [ 6 ] 1777 – American Revolutionary War : New Connecticut (present-day Vermont ) declares its independence. [ 7 ] 1782 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage . [ 8 ] 1815 – War of 1812 : American frigate USS President , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur , is captured by a squadron of four British frigates. [ 9 ] 1818 – A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society , belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. [ 10 ] On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light. 1822 – Greek War of Independence : Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly. 1865 – American Civil War : Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union , thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy. [ 11 ] 1867 – Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park , London , collapses. [ 12 ] 1870 – Thomas Nast publishes a political cartoon symbolizing the Democratic Party with a donkey (" A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion ") for Harper's Weekly . [ 13 ] 1876 – The first newspaper in Afrikaans , Die Afrikaanse Patriot , is published in Paarl . 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company , then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta . 1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball . [ 14 ] 1901–present 1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women. 1910 – Construction ends on the Buffalo Bill Dam in Wyoming , United States, which was the highest dam in the world at the time, at 99 m (325 ft). 1911 – Palestinian Arabic -language Falastin newspaper founded. [ 15 ] 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht , two of the most prominent communists in Germany, are clubbed and then shot to death by members of the Freikorps at the end of the Spartacist uprising . [ 16 ] 1919 – Great Molasses Flood : A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston , Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. 1934 – The 8.0 M w Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people. 1936 – The first building to be completely covered in glass, built for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company , is completed in Toledo, Ohio . 1937 – Spanish Civil War : Nationalists and Republicans both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the Corunna Road . 1943 – World War II : The Soviet counter-offensive at Voronezh begins. 1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia . 1947 – The Black Dahlia murder: The dismembered corpse of Elizabeth Short is found in Los Angeles. 1949 – Chinese Civil War : The Communist forces take over Tianjin from the Nationalist government . 1962 – The Derveni papyrus , Europe's oldest surviving manuscript dating to 340 BC, is found in northern Greece. 1962 – Netherlands New Guinea Conflict: Indonesian Navy fast patrol boat RI Macan Tutul commanded by Commodore Yos Sudarso sunk in Arafura Sea by the Dutch Navy . 1966 – The First Nigerian Republic , led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in a military coup d'état . 1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles . The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10. 1969 – The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 5 . 1970 – Nigerian Civil War : Biafran rebels surrender following an unsuccessful 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria . 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya . 1973 – Vietnam War : Citing progress in peace negotiations, President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam . 1975 – The Alvor Agreement is signed, ending the Angolan War of Independence and giving Angola independence from Portugal. 1976 – Gerald Ford 's would-be assassin, Sara Jane Moore , is sentenced to life in prison . 1977 – Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashes in Kälvesta near Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm , Sweden, killing 22 people. [ 17 ] 1981 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity at the Vatican led by Lech Wałęsa . 1991 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm . 1991 – Elizabeth II , in her capacity as Queen of Australia , signs letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own Victoria Cross in its honours system. [ 18 ] 2001 – Wikipedia , a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched ( Wikipedia Day ). [ 19 ] 2005 – ESA 's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium , aluminum , silicon , iron , and other surface elements on the Moon. 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off. This becomes known as "The Miracle on the Hudson" as all 155 people on board were rescued. 2013 – A train carrying Egyptian Army recruits derails near Giza , Greater Cairo , killing 19 and injuring 120 others. [ 20 ] 2015 – The Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the Swiss franc 's value relative to the euro , causing turmoil in international financial markets. [ 21 ] 2016 – The Kenyan Army suffers its worst defeat ever in a battle with Al-Shabaab Islamic insurgents in El-Adde , Somalia . An estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers are killed in the battle. [ 22 ] 2018 – British multinational construction and facilities management services company Carillion goes into liquidation [ 23 ] – officially, "the largest ever trading liquidation in the UK". [ 24 ] 2019 – Somali militants attack the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi , Kenya killing at least 21 people and injuring 19. [ 25 ] 2019 – Theresa May 's UK government suffers the biggest government defeat in modern times , when 432 MPs voting against the proposed European Union withdrawal agreement , giving her opponents a majority of 230. [ 26 ] 2020 – The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare confirms the first case of COVID-19 in Japan . [ 27 ] 2021 – A 6.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Indonesia's Sulawesi island killing at least 105 and injuring 3,369 people. [ 28 ] 2022 – The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupts , cutting off communications with Tonga and causing a tsunami across the Pacific. [ 29 ] 2023 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes near Pokhara International Airport , killing all 72 people on board. [ 30 ] Births Pre-1600 1432 – Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481) [ 31 ] 1462 – Edzard I, Count of East Frisia , German noble (died 1528) 1481 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi , Japanese shōgun (died 1511) [ citation needed ] 1538 – Maeda Toshiie , Japanese general (died 1599) 1595 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth , English politician (died 1661) 1601–1900 1622 – Molière , French actor and playwright (died 1673) [ 32 ] 1623 – Algernon Sidney , British philosopher (probable) [ 33 ] (died 1683) 1671 – Abraham de la Pryme , English archaeologist and historian (died 1704) 1716 – Philip Livingston , American merchant and politician (died 1778) 1747 – John Aikin , English surgeon and author (died 1822) [ 34 ] 1754 – Richard Martin , Irish activist and politician, co-founded the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (died 1834) 1791 – Franz Grillparzer , Austrian author, poet, and playwright (died 1872) [ 35 ] 1795 – Alexander Griboyedov , Russian playwright, composer, and poet (died 1829) 1803 – Marjorie Fleming , Scottish poet and author (died 1811) 1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , French economist and politician (died 1865) 1815 – William Bickerton , English-American religious leader, third President of the Church of Jesus Christ (died 1905) 1834 – Samuel Arza Davenport , American lawyer and politician (died 1911) 1840 – Jo Abbott , American judge, politician and Confederate army officer [ 36 ] (died 1908) 1841 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby , English captain and politician, sixth Governor General of Canada (died 1908) 1842 – Josef Breuer , Austrian physician and psychiatrist (died 1925) 1842 – Mary MacKillop , Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (died 1909) 1850 – Leonard Darwin , English soldier, eugenicist, and politician (died 1943) [ 37 ] 1850 – Mihai Eminescu , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (died 1889) [ 38 ] 1850 – Sofia Kovalevskaya , Russian-Swedish mathematician and physicist (died 1891) [ 39 ] 1855 – Jacques Damala , Greek-French soldier and actor (died 1889) 1858 – Giovanni Segantini , Italian painter (died 1899) 1859 – Archibald Peake , English-Australian politician, 25th Premier of South Australia (died 1920) 1863 – Wilhelm Marx , German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (died 1946) 1866 – Nathan Söderblom , Swedish archbishop, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1931) 1869 – Ruby Laffoon , American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Kentucky (died 1941) 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish poet, playwright, and painter (died 1907) 1870 – Pierre S. du Pont , American businessman and philanthropist (died 1954) 1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev , Russian author and translator (died 1944) 1875 – Thomas Burke , American sprinter, coach, and journalist (died 1929) 1877 – Lewis Terman , American psychologist, eugenicist, and academic (died 1956) 1878 – Johanna Müller-Hermann , Austrian composer (died 1941) 1879 – Mazo de la Roche , Canadian author and playwright (died 1961) [ 40 ] 1879 – Ernest Thesiger , English actor (died 1961) [ 41 ] 1882 – Henry Burr , Canadian singer, radio performer, and producer (died 1941) 1882 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (died 1920) [ 42 ] 1885 – Lorenz Böhler , Austrian physician and author (died 1973) 1885 – Grover Lowdermilk , American baseball player (died 1968) 1890 – Michiaki Kamada , Japanese admiral (died 1947) 1891 – Ray Chapman , American baseball player (died 1920) 1893 – Rex Ingram , Irish film director, producer, writer, and actor (died 1950) [ 43 ] 1893 – Ivor Novello , Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (died 1951) [ 44 ] 1895 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Finnish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) 1896 – Marjorie Bennett , Australian-American actress (died 1982) 1901–present 1902 – Nâzım Hikmet , Greek-Turkish author, poet, and playwright (died 1963) [ 45 ] 1902 – Saud of Saudi Arabia (died 1969) 1903 – Paul A. Dever , American lieutenant and politician, 58th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1958) 1905 – Torin Thatcher , British actor (died 1981) [ 46 ] 1907 – Janusz Kusociński , Polish runner and soldier (died 1940) 1908 – Edward Teller , Hungarian-American physicist and academic (died 2003) 1909 – Jean Bugatti , German-French engineer (died 1939) 1909 – Gene Krupa , American drummer, composer, and actor (died 1973) [ 47 ] 1912 – Michel Debré , French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (died 1996) 1913 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (died 2002) 1913 – Lloyd Bridges , American actor (died 1998) [ 47 ] 1913 – Miriam Hyde , Australian pianist and composer (died 2005) 1913 – Alexander Marinesko , Ukrainian-Russian lieutenant (died 1963) 1914 – Stefan Bałuk , Polish general (died 2014) 1914 – Hugh Trevor-Roper , English historian and academic (died 2003) 1917 – K. A. Thangavelu , Indian film actor and comedian (died 1994) 1918 – João Figueiredo , Brazilian general and politician, 30th President of Brazil (died 1999) 1918 – Édouard Gagnon , Canadian cardinal (died 2007) 1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser , Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (died 1970) [ 47 ] 1919 – Maurice Herzog , French mountaineer and politician, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (died 2012) 1919 – George Cadle Price , Belizean politician, first Prime Minister of Belize (died 2011) 1920 – Bob Davies , American basketball player and coach (died 1990) [ 48 ] 1920 – Steve Gromek , American baseball player (died 2002) 1920 – John O'Connor , American cardinal (died 2000) 1921 – Cliff Barker , American basketball player (died 1998) [ 49 ] 1921 – Babasaheb Bhosale , Indian lawyer and politician, eighth Chief Minister of Maharashtra (died 2007) 1921 – Frank Thornton , English actor (died 2013) [ 50 ] 1922 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (died 1996) 1922 – Eric Willis , Australian sergeant and politician, 34th Premier of New South Wales (died 1999) 1923 – Ivor Cutler , Scottish pianist, songwriter, and poet (died 2006) 1923 – Lee Teng-hui , Taiwanese economist and politician, fourth President of the Republic of China (died 2020) 1924 – George Lowe , New Zealand-English mountaineer and explorer (died 2013) 1925 – Ruth Slenczynska , American pianist and composer 1925 – Ignacio López Tarso , Mexican actor (died 2023) 1926 – Maria Schell , Austrian-Swiss actress (died 2005) 1927 – Phyllis Coates , American actress (died 2023) 1928 – Joanne Linville , American actress (died 2021) [ 51 ] 1928 – W. R. Mitchell , English journalist and author (died 2015) 1929 – Earl Hooker , American guitarist (died 1970) 1929 – Martin Luther King Jr. , American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate ( died 1968 ) [ 47 ] 1930 – Eddie Graham , American professional wrestler and promoter (died 1985) 1931 – Lee Bontecou , American painter and sculptor (died 2022) 1931 – Derek Meddings , British special effects designer (died 1995) [ 52 ] 1932 – Lou Jones , American sprinter (died 2006) 1933 – Frank Bough , English journalist and radio host (died 2020) 1933 – Ernest J. Gaines , American author and academic (died 2019) 1933 – Peter Maitlis , English chemist and academic (died 2022) 1934 – V. S. Ramadevi , Indian civil servant and politician, 13th Governor of Karnataka (died 2013) 1935 – Robert Silverberg , American author and editor [ 53 ] 1936 – Richard Franklin , English actor, writer, director and political activist (died 2023) [ 54 ] 1937 – Margaret O'Brien , American actress and singer [ 55 ] 1938 – Ashraf Aman , Pakistani engineer and mountaineer 1938 – Estrella Blanca , Mexican wrestler (died 2021) 1938 – Chuni Goswami , Indian footballer and cricketer (died 2020) [ 56 ] 1939 – Per Ahlmark , Swedish journalist and politician, first Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (died 2018) 1939 – Tony Bullimore , English sailor (died 2018) 1941 – Captain Beefheart , American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (died 2010) 1942 – Frank Joseph Polozola , American academic and judge (died 2013) 1943 – George Ambrum , Australian rugby league player (died 1986) 1943 – Margaret Beckett , English metallurgist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 1943 – Stuart E. Eizenstat , American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the European Union 1943 – Mike Marshall , American baseball player (died 2021) 1944 – Jenny Nimmo , English author 1945 – Ko Chun-hsiung , Taiwanese actor, director, and politician (died 2015) 1945 – Vince Foster , American lawyer and political figure (died 1993) 1945 – William R. Higgins , American colonel (died 1990) 1945 – Princess Michael of Kent 1945 – David Pleat , English footballer, manager, and sportscaster 1946 – Charles Brown , American actor (died 2004) 1947 – Mary Hogg , English lawyer and judge 1947 – Andrea Martin , American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter [ 55 ] 1948 – Ronnie Van Zant , American singer-songwriter (died 1977) [ 47 ] 1949 – Luis Alvarado , Puerto Rican-American baseball player (died 2001) 1949 – Alasdair Liddell , English businessman (died 2012) 1949 – Ian Stewart , Scottish runner 1949 – Howard Twitty , American golfer 1950 – Marius Trésor , French footballer and coach 1951 – Ernie DiGregorio , American basketball player [ 57 ] 1952 – Boris Blank , Swiss singer-songwriter 1952 – Andrzej Fischer , Polish footballer (died 2018) 1952 – Muhammad Wakkas , Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (died 2021) [ 58 ] 1953 – Randy White , American football player 1954 – Jose Dalisay, Jr. , Filipino poet, author, and screenwriter 1955 – Nigel Benson , English author and illustrator 1955 – Andreas Gursky , German photographer 1955 – Khalid Islambouli , Egyptian lieutenant (died 1982) 1956 – Vitaly Kaloyev , Russian architect 1956 – Mayawati , Indian educator and politician, 23rd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 1956 – Marc Trestman , American football player and coach 1957 – David Ige , American politician 1957 – Marty Lyons , American football player and sportscaster 1957 – Andrew Tyrie , English journalist and politician 1957 – Mario Van Peebles , Mexican-American actor and director [ 55 ] 1958 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (died 2016) 1958 – Boris Tadić , Serbian psychologist and politician, 16th President of Serbia 1959 – Greg Dowling , Australian rugby league player 1959 – Pavle Kozjek , Slovenian mountaineer and photographer (died 2008) 1961 – Serhiy N. Morozov , Ukrainian footballer and coach 1961 – Yves Pelletier , Canadian actor and director 1963 – Craig Fairbrass , English actor, producer, and screenwriter [ 59 ] 1964 – Osmo Tapio Räihälä , Finnish composer 1965 – Maurizio Fondriest , Italian cyclist 1965 – Bernard Hopkins , American boxer and coach 1965 – Adam Jones , American musician and songwriter [ 55 ] 1965 – James Nesbitt , Northern Irish actor [ 55 ] 1967 – Ted Tryba , American golfer 1968 – Chad Lowe , American actor, director, and producer [ 55 ] 1969 – Delino DeShields , American baseball player and manager 1970 – Michele Granger , American softball player [ 60 ] 1970 – Shane McMahon , American wrestler and businessman [ 61 ] 1971 – Regina King , American actress [ 55 ] 1972 – Shelia Burrell , American heptathlete 1972 – Christos Kostis , Greek footballer 1972 – Claudia Winkleman , English journalist and critic 1973 – Essam El Hadary , Egyptian footballer 1974 – Séverine Deneulin , international development academic 1975 – Mary Pierce , Canadian-American tennis player and coach 1975 – Martin Štrbák , Slovak ice hockey player [ 62 ] 1976 – Doug Gottlieb , American basketball player and sportscaster 1976 – Alexander Korolyuk , Russian ice hockey player [ 63 ] 1976 – Iryna Lishchynska , Ukrainian runner 1976 – Dorian Missick , American actor [ 55 ] 1976 – Scott Murray , Scottish rugby player 1976 – Florentin Petre , Romanian footballer and manager 1978 – Eddie Cahill , American actor [ 64 ] 1978 – Franco Pellizotti , Italian cyclist 1978 – Ryan Sidebottom , English cricketer 1979 – Drew Brees , American football player [ 47 ] 1979 – Michalis Morfis , Cypriot footballer 1979 – Martin Petrov , Bulgarian footballer 1980 – Matt Holliday , American baseball player [ 65 ] 1981 – Dylan Armstrong , Canadian shot putter and hammer thrower 1981 – Vanessa Henke , German tennis player 1981 – Pitbull , American rapper and producer [ 55 ] 1981 – El Hadji Diouf , Senegalese footballer [ 66 ] 1982 – Armando Galarraga , Venezuelan baseball player [ 67 ] 1982 – Francis Zé , Cameroonian footballer 1983 – Hugo Viana , Portuguese footballer 1983 – Jermaine Pennant , English footballer [ 68 ] 1984 – Ben Shapiro , American author and commentator [ 69 ] 1984 – Victor Rasuk , American actor [ 55 ] 1985 – René Adler , German footballer 1985 – Kenneth Emil Petersen , Danish footballer 1985 – Pavel Podkolzin , Russian basketball player [ 70 ] 1986 – Jessy Schram , American actress and model [ 55 ] 1987 – Greg Inglis , Australian rugby league player [ 71 ] 1987 – Tsegaye Kebede , Ethiopian runner 1987 – Kelly Kelly , American wrestler and model [ 72 ] 1987 – David Knight , English footballer [ 73 ] 1987 – Kelleigh Ryan , Canadian fencer [ 74 ] 1988 – Daniel Caligiuri , German footballer [ 75 ] 1988 – Skrillex , American DJ and producer [ 55 ] 1988 – Donald Sloan , American basketball player [ 76 ] 1988 – Jun. K , South Korean singer [ 77 ] 1989 – Alexei Cherepanov , Russian ice hockey player (died 2008) 1989 – Nicole Ross , American Olympic foil fencer [ 78 ] 1989 – Martin Dúbravka , Slovakian footballer [ 79 ] 1990 – Sidney Franklin , American actor and tap dancer [ 80 ] 1990 – Robert Trznadel , Polish footballer 1990 – Slava Voynov , Russian ice hockey player [ 81 ] 1990 – Chris Warren , American actor [ 47 ] 1991 – Marc Bartra , Spanish footballer [ 82 ] 1991 – Matt Duffy , American baseball player [ 83 ] 1991 – Mitch Garver , American baseball player [ 84 ] 1991 – Nicolai Jørgensen , Danish footballer 1991 – Darya Klishina , Russian long jumper 1991 – James Mitchell , Australian basketball player [ 85 ] 1992 – Joël Veltman , Dutch footballer 1992 – Joshua King , Norwegian footballer [ 86 ] 1993 – Kadeem Allen , American basketball player [ 87 ] 1994 – Eric Dier , English footballer [ 88 ] 1996 – Dove Cameron , American actress and singer [ 89 ] 1996 – Deebo Samuel , American football player [ 90 ] 1998 – Alexandra Eade , Australian artistic gymnast [ 91 ] 1998 – Ben Godfrey , English footballer [ 92 ] 1998 – Chloe Kelly , English footballer [ 93 ] 2000 – Triston Casas , American baseball player [ 94 ] 2002 – Tim Stützle , German ice hockey player [ 95 ] 2004 – Grace VanderWaal , American singer-songwriter [ 96 ] Deaths Pre-1600 69 – Galba , Roman emperor (born 3 BC) 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I , Mayan ruler 570 – Íte of Killeedy , Irish nun and saint (born 475) 849 – Theophylact , Byzantine emperor (born 793) 936 – Rudolph of France (born 880) 950 – Wang Jingchong , Chinese general 1149 – Berengaria of Barcelona , queen consort of Castile (born 1116) 1477 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen , German countess (born 1449) [ 97 ] 1568 – Nicolaus Olahus , Romanian archbishop (born 1493) 1569 – Catherine Carey , lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (born 1524) 1584 – Martha Leijonhufvud , Swedish noblewoman (born 1520) 1601–1900 1623 – Paolo Sarpi , Italian lawyer, historian, and scholar (born 1552) 1672 – John Cosin , English bishop and academic (born 1594) 1683 – Philip Warwick , English politician (born 1609) 1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini , Italian organist and composer (born 1700) 1783 - Lord Stirling , American Revolutionary War Major General (born 1726) [ 98 ] 1790 – John Landen , English mathematician and theorist (born 1719) 1804 – Dru Drury , English entomologist and author (born 1725) 1813 – Anton Bernolák , Slovak linguist and priest (born 1762) 1815 – Emma, Lady Hamilton , English-French mistress of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (born 1761) 1854 – Jiang Zhongyuan , Chinese scholar and soldier (born 1812) [ 99 ] 1855 – Henri Braconnot , French chemist and pharmacist (born 1780) 1864 – Isaac Nathan , English-Australian composer and journalist (born 1792) 1866 – Massimo d'Azeglio , Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist and painter (born 1798) 1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnson , American wife of Andrew Johnson , 18th First Lady of the United States (born 1810) 1880 – Carl Georg von Wächter , German jurist (born 1797) [ 100 ] 1893 – Fanny Kemble , English actress (born 1809) 1896 – Mathew Brady , American photographer and journalist (born 1822) 1901–present 1905 – George Thorn , Australian politician, sixth Premier of Queensland (born 1838) 1909 – Arnold Janssen , German priest and missionary (born 1837) 1916 – Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Russian playwright and translator (born 1850) 1919 – Karl Liebknecht , German politician (born 1871) 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg , German economist, theorist, and philosopher (born 1871) 1926 – Enrico Toselli , Italian pianist and composer (born 1883) 1929 – George Cope , American painter (born 1855) 1936 – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster , English cricketer and politician, seventh Governor-General of Australia (born 1866) 1937 – Anton Holban , Romanian author, theoretician, and educator (born 1902) 1939 – Kullervo Manner , Finnish Speaker of the Parliament , the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (born 1880) [ 101 ] 1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger , Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (born 1865) 1948 – Josephus Daniels , American publisher and diplomat, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1862) 1950 – Henry H. Arnold , American general (born 1886) 1951 – Ernest Swinton , British Army officer (born 1868) 1951 – Nikolai Vekšin , Estonian-Russian captain and sailor (born 1887) 1952 – Ned Hanlon , Australian sergeant and politician, 26th Premier of Queensland (born 1887) 1955 – Yves Tanguy , French-American painter (born 1900) 1959 – Regina Margareten , Hungarian businesswoman (born 1863) 1962 – Yos Sudarso , Indonesian naval officer (born 1925) [ 102 ] 1964 – Jack Teagarden , American singer-songwriter and trombonist (born 1905) [ 103 ] 1967 – David Burliuk , Ukrainian author and illustrator (born 1882) 1968 – Bill Masterton , Canadian-American ice hockey player (born 1938) 1970 – Frank Clement , English race car driver (born 1886) 1970 – William T. Piper , American engineer and businessman, founded Piper Aircraft (born 1881) 1972 – Daisy Ashford , English author (born 1881) 1973 – Coleman Francis , American actor, director, and producer (born 1919) 1973 – Ivan Petrovsky , Russian mathematician and academic (born 1901) 1974 – Harold D. Cooley , American lawyer and politician (born 1897) 1981 – Graham Whitehead , English race car driver (born 1922) 1982 – Red Smith , American journalist (born 1905) 1983 – Armin Öpik , Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (born 1898) 1983 – Shepperd Strudwick , American actor (born 1907) 1984 – Fazıl Küçük , Cypriot journalist and politician (born 1906) 1987 – Ray Bolger , American actor, singer, and dancer (born 1904) 1988 – Seán MacBride , Irish republican activist and politician, Minister for External Affairs , Nobel Prize laureate (born 1904) 1990 – Gordon Jackson , Scottish-English actor (born 1923) 1990 – Peggy van Praagh , English ballerina, choreographer, and director (born 1910) 1993 – Sammy Cahn , American songwriter (born 1913) 1994 – Georges Cziffra , Hungarian-French pianist and composer (born 1921) 1994 – Harry Nilsson , American singer-songwriter (born 1941) 1994 – Harilal Upadhyay , Indian author, poet, and astrologist (born 1916) 1996 – Les Baxter , American pianist and composer (born 1922) 1996 – Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (born 1938) 1998 – Gulzarilal Nanda , Indian economist and politician, Prime Minister of India (born 1898) 1998 – Junior Wells , American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (born 1934) 1999 – Betty Box , English film producer (born 1915) 2000 – Georges-Henri Lévesque , Canadian-Dominican priest and sociologist (born 1903) 2001 – Leo Marks , English cryptographer, playwright, and screenwriter (born 1920) 2002 – Michael Anthony Bilandic , American politician, 49th Mayor of Chicago (born 1923) 2002 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (born 1913) 2002 – Jeanne Voltz , American food journalist and cookbook writer (born 1920) [ 104 ] 2003 – Doris Fisher , American singer-songwriter (born 1915) 2004 – Olivia Goldsmith , American author (born 1949) 2005 – Victoria de los Ángeles , Spanish soprano and actress (born 1923) 2005 – Walter Ernsting , German author (born 1920) 2005 – Elizabeth Janeway , American author and critic (born 1913) 2005 – Ruth Warrick , American actress (born 1916) 2006 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , Kuwaiti ruler (born 1926) 2007 – Awad Hamed al-Bandar , Iraqi lawyer and judge (born 1945) 2007 – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Iraqi intelligence officer (born 1951) 2007 – James Hillier , Canadian-American computer scientist and academic, co-invented the electron microscope (born 1915) 2007 – Pura Santillan-Castrence , Filipino educator and diplomat (born 1905) 2007 – Bo Yibo , Chinese commander and politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1908) 2008 – Robert V. Bruce , American historian, author, and academic (born 1923) 2008 – Brad Renfro , American actor (born 1982) 2009 – Lincoln Verduga Loor , Ecuadorian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2011 – Nat Lofthouse , English footballer and manager (born 1925) 2011 – Pierre Louis-Dreyfus , French soldier, race car driver, and businessman (born 1908) 2011 – Susannah York , English actress and activist (born 1939) 2012 – Ed Derwinski , American soldier and politician, first United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (born 1926) 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne , Spanish lawyer and politician, third President of the Xunta of Galicia (born 1922) 2012 – Carlo Fruttero , Italian journalist and author (born 1926) 2012 – Samuel Jaskilka , American general (born 1919) 2012 – Ib Spang Olsen , Danish author and illustrator (born 1921) 2012 – Hulett C. Smith , American lieutenant and politician, 27th Governor of West Virginia (born 1918) 2013 – Nagisa Oshima , Japanese director and screenwriter (born 1932) 2013 – John Thomas , American high jumper (born 1941) 2014 – Curtis Bray , American football player and coach (born 1970) 2014 – John Dobson , Chinese-American astronomer and author (born 1915) 2014 – Roger Lloyd-Pack , English actor (born 1944) 2015 – Ervin Drake , American songwriter and composer (born 1919) 2015 – Kim Fowley , American singer-songwriter, producer, and manager (born 1939) 2015 – Ray Nagel , American football player and coach (born 1927) 2016 – Francisco X. Alarcón , American poet and educator (born 1954) 2016 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (born 1958) 2016 – Manuel Velázquez , Spanish footballer (born 1943) 2017 – Jimmy Snuka , Fijian professional wrestler (born 1943) 2018 – Dolores O'Riordan , Irish pop singer (born 1971) [ 105 ] 2019 – Carol Channing , American actress (born 1921) [ 106 ] 2019 – Ida Kleijnen , Dutch chef (born 1936) [ 107 ] 2020 – Rocky Johnson , Canadian professional wrestler (born 1944) [ 108 ] 2020 – Lloyd Cowan , British athlete and coach (born 1962) [ 109 ] 2022 – Alexa McDonough , first female politician to lead a major provincial political party in Canada, former leader of the federal New Democratic Party. (born 1944) [ 110 ] 2025 – Paul Danan , English actor and television personality (born 1978) [ 111 ] 2025 – David Lynch , American television and film director, visual artist and musician, complications from emphysema (born 1946) [ 112 ] 2025 – Melba Montgomery , American country music singer-songwriter (born 1938) [ 113 ] 2025 – Linda Nolan , Irish singer and actress (born 1959) [ 114 ] Holidays and observances Arbor Day (Egypt) Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria) Army Day (India) Christian feast day : Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) John Chilembwe Day ( Malawi ) Korean Alphabet Day ( North Korea ) Ocean Duty Day ( Indonesia ) Teacher's Day (Venezuela) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Fik Meijer; Fredericus Joannes Antonius Maria Meijer (2004). 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Retrieved August 6, 2007 . ^ "Martin Strbak" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "Alexander Korolyuk" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ Trongo, Rachel (January 15, 2013). "Happy Birthday, Eddie Cahill!" . CSI Files. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2019. ^ Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) ^ "El Hadji Diouf" . Premier League . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Armando Galarraga" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "Jermaine Pennant" . Premier League . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Spotlight: Ben Shapiro" . Daily Wire . Archived from the original on March 21, 2019 . Retrieved January 12, 2019 . ^ "Pavel Podkolzin" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "Warrington Wolves profile" . Warrington Wolves . Retrieved February 14, 2022 . ^ Mac, Eddie (15 January 2015). "This Day in Wrestling History (January 15)" . CageSide Seats . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11 . Mainstream Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0 . ^ "Kelleigh Ryan" . Team Canada - Official Olympic Team Website . 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 January 2020 . ^ January 15 at fussballdaten.de (in German) ^ "Donald Sloan" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "2PM 준케이 우영 팬콘 포스터 추가 공개, 세련미에 시크함 더한 조합" . 뉴스엔 (in Korean). 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ "Nicole Ross; Foil Fencing," Team USA. ^ "Martin Dúbravka" . Premier League . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Sidney Franklin - In Biographical Summaries of Notable People" . MyHeritage . Retrieved 2025-12-07 . ^ "Slava Voynov" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ January 15 – FIFA competition record (archived) ^ "Matt Duffy" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "Mitch Garver" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ "James Mitchell Player Profile" . SportsTG.com . Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ "Joshua King" . Premier League . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "Kadeem Allen Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft Status and more" . Basketball-Reference.com . ^ "Eric Dier=" . Premier League . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ Cameron, Dove [@DoveCameron] (December 27, 2013). "Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 13, 2020 – via Twitter . ^ "Deebo Samuel" . ESPN . Retrieved 11 January 2023 . ^ "Artistic Gymnastics | Athlete Profile: Alexandra EADE - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games" . results.gc2018.com . Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 21 April 2020 . ^ "Ben Godfrey" . Premier League . 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Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 435– 440. ^ "Manner, Kullervo – Svinhufvud" . Finland100.fi . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2021-06-04). "Yos Sudarso: Kiprah, Peran, dan Akhir Hidupnya Halaman all - Kompas.com" . KOMPAS.com . Archived from the original on 2021-12-24 . Retrieved 2025-01-19 . ^ Ross Russell (1 January 1983). Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest . University of California Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-520-04785-3 . ^ Archives, L.A. Times (2002-01-16). "Jeanne Voltz, 81; Past Editor of Times' Food Section" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2024-05-11 . ^ "Obituary: Dolores O'Riordan, troubled lead singer for Irish rock band The Cranberries" . www.scotsman.com . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ Wild, Stephi. "The Legendary Carol Channing Dies at 97" . BroadwayWorld.com . ^ "IN MEMORIAM Ida Kleijnen (1936-2019)" . Chapeau Magazine (in Dutch). 17 January 2019 . 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Retrieved January 25, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 15 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2025 CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with German-language sources (de) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:03 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.2 Blood supply 1.3 Nerve supply 1.4 Microanatomy 1.1 Gross anatomy 1.2 Blood supply 1.3 Nerve supply 1.4 Microanatomy 2 Gene and protein expression 3 Development 4 Function Toggle Function subsection 4.1 Formation of urine 4.1.1 Filtration 4.1.2 Reabsorption 4.1.3 Secretion 4.1.4 Excretion 4.2 Hormone secretion 4.3 Blood pressure regulation 4.4 Acid–base balance 4.5 Regulation of osmolality 4.6 Measuring function 4.1 Formation of urine 4.1.1 Filtration 4.1.2 Reabsorption 4.1.3 Secretion 4.1.4 Excretion 4.1.1 Filtration 4.1.2 Reabsorption 4.1.3 Secretion 4.1.4 Excretion 4.2 Hormone secretion 4.3 Blood pressure regulation 4.4 Acid–base balance 4.5 Regulation of osmolality 4.6 Measuring function 5 Clinical significance Toggle Clinical significance subsection 5.1 Acquired disease 5.2 Kidney injury and failure 5.3 Dialysis 5.4 Congenital disease 5.5 Diagnosis 5.5.1 Imaging 5.5.2 Biopsy 5.1 Acquired disease 5.2 Kidney injury and failure 5.3 Dialysis 5.4 Congenital disease 5.5 Diagnosis 5.5.1 Imaging 5.5.2 Biopsy 5.5.1 Imaging 5.5.2 Biopsy 6 Other animals Toggle Other animals subsection 6.1 Evolutionary adaptation 6.1 Evolutionary adaptation 7 Society and culture Toggle Society and culture subsection 7.1 Significance 7.1.1 Egyptian 7.1.2 Hebrew 7.1.3 India: Ayurvedic system 7.1.4 Medieval Christianity 7.1 Significance 7.1.1 Egyptian 7.1.2 Hebrew 7.1.3 India: Ayurvedic system 7.1.4 Medieval Christianity 7.1.1 Egyptian 7.1.2 Hebrew 7.1.3 India: Ayurvedic system 7.1.4 Medieval Christianity 8 History 9 Additional images 10 See also 11 References Toggle References subsection 11.1 Citations 11.2 General and cited references 11.1 Citations 11.2 General and cited references 12 External links Kidney Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Li Niha Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing ရခိုင် Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiversity Wikidata item This article may incorporate text from a large language model . It may include hallucinated information, copyright violations , claims not verified in cited sources, original research , or fictitious references . Any such material should be removed , and content with an unencyclopedic tone should be rewritten. ( October 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Kidneys The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space behind the abdomen, and act to filter blood to create urine Location of kidneys with associated organs (adrenal glands and bladder) Details System Urinary system and endocrine system Artery Renal artery Vein Renal vein Nerve Renal plexus Identifiers Latin ren Greek νεφρός (nephros) MeSH D007668 TA98 A08.1.01.001 TA2 3358 FMA 7203 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs [ 1 ] that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys , usually without signs of external lobulation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space , and in adult humans are about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 12 centimetres ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) in length. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] They receive blood from the paired renal arteries ; blood exits into the paired renal veins . Each kidney is attached to a ureter , a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder . The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluids , fluid osmolality , acid–base balance , various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins . Filtration occurs in the glomerulus : one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water , sodium , bicarbonate , glucose , and amino acids . Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen , ammonium , potassium and uric acid . The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephrons. For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol ; and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin . Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a leading public health problem worldwide. The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%, and patients with kidney failure needing renal replacement therapy are estimated between 5 and 7 million. [ 6 ] Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine ( urinalysis ), measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the serum creatinine ; and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat kidney failure ; one (or both sequentially) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15%. Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma . Renal physiology is the study of kidney function . Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function : these include CKD, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes , acute kidney injury , and pyelonephritis . Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy : these include cancer , renal cysts , kidney stones and ureteral stones , and urinary tract obstruction . [ 7 ] The word " renal " is an adjective meaning "relating to the kidneys", and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney artery", other experts have advocated preserving the use of "renal" as appropriate including in "renal artery". [ 8 ] Structure In humans, the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity , one on each side of the spine , and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle. [ 9 ] The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver , typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3 , [ 13 ] and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver . The left kidney sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen . On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland . The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs . Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia . The human kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a convex and a concave border. [ 14 ] A recessed area on the concave border is the renal hilum , where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule , which is itself surrounded by perirenal fat , renal fascia , and pararenal fat . The anterior (front) surface of these tissues is the peritoneum , while the posterior (rear) surface is the transversalis fascia . The superior pole of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver. For the left kidney, it is next to the spleen . Both, therefore, move down upon inhalation. Sex Weight , standard reference range Right kidney Left kidney Male [ 15 ] 80–160 g ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 5 + 3 ⁄ 4 oz) 80–175 g ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 oz) Female [ 16 ] 40–175 g ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 oz) 35–190 g ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 oz) A Danish study measured the median renal length to be 11.2 cm ( 4 + 7 ⁄ 16 in) on the left side and 10.9 cm ( 4 + 5 ⁄ 16 in) on the right side in adults. Median renal volumes were 146 cm 3 ( 8 + 15 ⁄ 16 cu in) on the left and 134 cm 3 ( 8 + 3 ⁄ 16 cu in) on the right. [ 17 ] Gross anatomy The functional substance, or parenchyma , of the human kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla . Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes , each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid . [ 18 ] Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renal columns . The tip, or papilla , of each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx ; minor calyces empty into major calyces , and major calyces empty into the renal pelvis . This becomes the ureter. At the hilum, the ureter and renal vein exit the kidney and the renal artery enters. Hilar fat and lymphatic tissue with lymph nodes surround these structures. The hilar fat is contiguous with a fat-filled cavity called the renal sinus . The renal sinus collectively contains the renal pelvis and calyces and separates these structures from the renal medullary tissue. [ 19 ] The kidneys possess no overtly moving structures. Normal adult right kidney as seen on abdominal ultrasound with a pole to pole measurement of 9.34 cm A CT scan of the abdomen showing the position of the kidneys. The left cross-section in the upper abdomen shows the liver on the left side of scan (right side of body). Center: cross-section showing the kidneys below the liver and spleen. Right: further cross-section through the left kidney. Image showing the structures that the kidney lies near Cross-section through a cadaveric specimen showing the position of the kidneys Blood supply The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries , left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta . The kidneys receive approximately 20–25% of cardiac output in adult human. [ 18 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries , which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids. The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli. Blood drains from the kidneys, ultimately into the inferior vena cava . After filtration occurs, the blood moves through a small network of small veins ( venules ) that converge into interlobular veins . As with the arteriole distribution, the veins follow the same pattern: the interlobular provide blood to the arcuate veins then back to the interlobar veins , which come to form the renal veins which exit the kidney. Nerve supply The kidney and nervous system communicate via the renal plexus , whose fibers course along the renal arteries to reach each kidney. [ 22 ] Input from the sympathetic nervous system triggers vasoconstriction in the kidney, thereby reducing renal blood flow . [ 22 ] The kidney also receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system , [ 23 ] by way of the renal branches of the vagus nerve ; the function of this is yet unclear. [ 22 ] [ 24 ] Sensory input from the kidney travels to the T10–11 levels of the spinal cord and is sensed in the corresponding dermatome . [ 22 ] Thus, pain in the flank region may be referred from corresponding kidney. [ 22 ] Microanatomy Nephrons , the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle , which is located in the cortex. This is followed by a renal tubule that passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids. Part of the renal cortex, a medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct . [ citation needed ] Renal histology is the study of the microscopic structure of the kidney. The adult human kidney contains at least 26 distinct cell types , [ 25 ] including epithelial, endothelial, stromal and smooth muscle cells. Distinct cell types include: Kidney glomerulus parietal cell Kidney glomerulus podocyte Intraglomerular mesangial cell Extraglomerular mesangial cell Juxtaglomerular cell Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Loop of Henle thin segment cell Thick ascending limb cell Kidney distal tubule cell Collecting duct principal cell Collecting duct intercalated cell Interstitial kidney cells Gene and protein expression In humans, about 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and almost 70% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult kidneys. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Just over 300 genes are more specifically expressed in the kidney, with only some 50 genes being highly specific for the kidney. Many of the corresponding kidney specific proteins are expressed in the cell membrane and function as transporter proteins. The highest expressed kidney specific protein is uromodulin , the most abundant protein in urine with functions that prevent calcification and growth of bacteria. Specific proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the kidney with podocin and nephrin expressed in glomeruli, Solute carrier family protein SLC22A8 expressed in proximal tubules, calbindin expressed in distal tubules and aquaporin 2 expressed in the collecting duct cells. [ 28 ] Development The mammalian kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm . Kidney development , also called nephrogenesis , proceeds through a series of three successive developmental phases: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros are primordia of the permanent kidney. [ 29 ] Function The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism into the urine. The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . It processes the blood supplied to it via filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion; the consequence of those processes is the production of urine . These include the nitrogenous wastes urea , from protein catabolism , and uric acid , from nucleic acid metabolism. The ability of mammals and some birds to concentrate wastes into a volume of urine much smaller than the volume of blood from which the wastes were extracted is dependent on an elaborate countercurrent multiplication mechanism. This requires several independent nephron characteristics to operate: a tight hairpin configuration of the tubules, water and ion permeability in the descending limb of the loop, water impermeability in the ascending loop, and active ion transport out of most of the ascending limb. In addition, passive countercurrent exchange by the vessels carrying the blood supply to the nephron is essential for enabling this function. The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis , regulating acid–base balance , electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume , and blood pressure . The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the endocrine system . Various endocrine hormones coordinate these endocrine functions; these include renin , angiotensin II , aldosterone , antidiuretic hormone , and atrial natriuretic peptide , among others. Formation of urine Filtration Filtration, which takes place at the renal corpuscle , is the process by which cells and large proteins are retained while materials of smaller molecular weights are [ 30 ] filtered from the blood to make an ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine. The adult human kidney generates approximately 180 liters of filtrate a day, most of which is reabsorbed. [ 31 ] The normal range for a twenty four hour urine volume collection is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day. [ 32 ] The process is also known as hydrostatic filtration due to the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the capillary walls. Reabsorption Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and into the peritubular capillary network that surrounds the nephron tubules. [ 33 ] It is accomplished via selective receptors on the luminal cell membrane. Water is 55% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Glucose at normal plasma levels is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The mechanism for this is the Na + /glucose cotransporter. A plasma level of 350 mg/dL will fully saturate the transporters and glucose will be lost in the urine. A plasma glucose level of approximately 160 is sufficient to allow glucosuria, which is an important clinical clue to diabetes mellitus. Amino acids are reabsorbed by sodium dependent transporters in the proximal tubule. Hartnup disease is a deficiency of the tryptophan amino acid transporter, which results in pellagra . [ 34 ] Location of reabsorption Reabsorbed nutrient Notes Early proximal tubule Glucose (100%), amino acids (100%), bicarbonate (90%), Na + (65%), Cl − (65%), phosphate (65%) and H 2 O (65%) PTH will inhibit phosphate reabsorption. AT II stimulates Na + , H 2 O and HCO 3 − reabsorption. PTH will inhibit phosphate reabsorption. AT II stimulates Na + , H 2 O and HCO 3 − reabsorption. Thin descending loop of Henle H 2 O Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic. Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic. Thick ascending loop of Henle Na + (10–20%), K + , Cl − ; indirectly induces para cellular reabsorption of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ This region is impermeable to H 2 O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends. This region is impermeable to H 2 O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends. Early distal convoluted tubule Na + , Cl − PTH causes Ca 2+ reabsorption. PTH causes Ca 2+ reabsorption. Collecting tubules Na + (3–5%), H 2 O Na + is reabsorbed in exchange for K + , and H + , which is regulated by aldosterone. ADH acts on the V2 receptor and inserts aquaporins on the luminal side Na + is reabsorbed in exchange for K + , and H + , which is regulated by aldosterone. ADH acts on the V2 receptor and inserts aquaporins on the luminal side Secretion Secretion is the reverse of reabsorption: molecules are transported from the peritubular capillary through the interstitial fluid, then through the renal tubular cell and into the ultrafiltrate. Excretion The last step in the processing of the ultrafiltrate is excretion : the ultrafiltrate passes out of the nephron and travels through a tube called the collecting duct , which is part of the collecting duct system , and then to the ureters where it is renamed urine . In addition to transporting the ultrafiltrate, the collecting duct also takes part in reabsorption. Hormone secretion The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones , including erythropoietin , calcitriol , and renin . Erythropoietin (EPO) is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow . Calcitriol , the activated form of vitamin D , promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate . Renin is an enzyme which regulates angiotensin and aldosterone levels. Blood pressure regulation Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney. This primarily occurs through maintenance of the extracellular fluid compartment, the size of which depends on the plasma sodium concentration. Renin is the first in a series of important chemical messengers that make up the renin–angiotensin system . Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system, principally the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone . Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms, but both increase the kidney's absorption of sodium chloride , thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure. When renin levels are elevated, the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase, leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption, expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, and an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, when renin levels are low, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease, contracting the extracellular fluid compartment, and decreasing blood pressure. Acid–base balance The two organ systems that help regulate the body's acid–base balance are the kidneys and lungs. Acid–base homeostasis is the maintenance of pH around a value of 7.4. The lungs are the part of respiratory system which helps to maintain acid–base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the blood. The respiratory system is the first line of defense when the body experiences and acid–base problem. It attempts to return the body pH to a value of 7.4 by controlling the respiratory rate. When the body is experiencing acidic conditions, it will increase the respiratory rate which in turn drives off CO 2 and decreases the H + concentration, therefore increasing the pH. In basic conditions, the respiratory rate will slow down so that the body holds onto more CO 2 and increases the H + concentration and decreases the pH. [ 35 ] The kidneys have two cells that help to maintain acid-base homeostasis: intercalated A and B cells. The intercalated A cells are stimulated when the body is experiencing acidic conditions. Under acidic conditions, the high concentration of CO 2 in the blood creates a gradient for CO 2 to move into the cell and push the reaction HCO 3 + H ↔ H 2 CO 3 ↔ CO 2 + H 2 O to the left. On the luminal side of the cell there is a H + pump and a H/K exchanger. These pumps move H + against their gradient and therefore require ATP. These cells will remove H + from the blood and move it to the filtrate which helps to increase the pH of the blood. On the basal side of the cell there is a HCO 3 /Cl exchanger and a Cl/K co-transporter (facilitated diffusion). When the reaction is pushed to the left it also increases the HCO 3 concentration in the cell and HCO 3 is then able to move out into the blood which additionally raises the pH. The intercalated B cell responds very similarly, however, the membrane proteins are flipped from the intercalated A cells: the proton pumps are on the basal side and the HCO 3 /Cl exchanger and K/Cl co-transporter are on the luminal side. They function the same, but now release protons into the blood to decrease the pH. [ 36 ] Regulation of osmolality The kidneys help maintain the water and salt level of the body. Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus , which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland . An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels. Measuring function Various calculations and methods are used to try to measure kidney function. Renal clearance is the volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared from the blood per unit time. The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation. The kidney is a very complex organ and mathematical modelling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales, including fluid uptake and secretion. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Clinical significance Nephrology is the subspeciality under Internal Medicine that deals with kidney function and disease states related to renal malfunction and their management including dialysis and kidney transplantation . Urology is the specialty under Surgery that deals with kidney structure abnormalities such as kidney cancer and cysts and problems with urinary tract . Nephrologists are internists , and urologists are surgeons , whereas both are often called "kidney doctors". There are overlapping areas that both nephrologists and urologists can provide care such as kidney stones and kidney related infections . There are many causes of kidney disease . Some causes are acquired over the course of life, such as diabetic nephropathy whereas others are congenital , such as polycystic kidney disease . Medical terms related to the kidneys commonly use terms such as renal and the prefix nephro- . The adjective renal , meaning related to the kidney, is from the Latin rēnēs , meaning kidneys; the prefix nephro- is from the Ancient Greek word for kidney, nephros (νεφρός) . [ 39 ] For example, surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy , while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction . Acquired disease Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine. Interstitial nephritis is inflammation of the area of the kidney known as the renal interstitium . Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys. The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin. Kidney tumour Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease In nephrotic syndrome , the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of protein in the blood enters the urine . Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol. Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection . Kidney failure Acute kidney failure Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Acute kidney failure Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Renal artery stenosis Renovascular hypertension Kidney injury and failure Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease . Renal replacement therapy , in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation , is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms. [ 40 ] Dialysis Dialysis is a treatment that substitutes for the function of normal kidneys. Dialysis may be instituted when approximately 85%–90% of kidney function is lost, as indicated by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15. Dialysis removes metabolic waste products as well as excess water and sodium (thereby contributing to regulating blood pressure); and maintains many chemical levels within the body. Life expectancy is 5–10 years for those on dialysis; some live up to 30 years. Dialysis can occur via the blood (through a catheter or arteriovenous fistula ), or through the peritoneum ( peritoneal dialysis ). Hemodialysis is typically administered three times a week for several hours at free-standing dialysis centers, allowing recipients to lead an otherwise essentially normal life. [ 41 ] Congenital disease Congenital hydronephrosis Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Duplex kidneys, or double kidneys, occur in approximately 1% of the population. This occurrence normally causes no complications, but can occasionally cause urinary tract infections. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Duplicated ureter occurs in approximately one in 100 live births Horseshoe kidney occurs in approximately one in 400 live births Nephroblastoma (Syndromic Wilm's tumour) Nutcracker syndrome Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease affects patients later in life. Approximately one in 1,000 people will develop this condition Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is far less common, but more severe, than the dominant condition. It is apparent in utero or at birth. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease affects patients later in life. Approximately one in 1,000 people will develop this condition Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is far less common, but more severe, than the dominant condition. It is apparent in utero or at birth. Renal agenesis . Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births. Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal; however, medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur. Renal dysplasia Unilateral small kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney occurs in approximately one in every 2,400 live births Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO); although most cases are congenital, some are acquired. [ 44 ] Diagnosis Many renal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of a detailed medical history , and physical examination . [ 45 ] The medical history takes into account present and past symptoms, especially those of kidney disease; recent infections; exposure to substances toxic to the kidney; and family history of kidney disease. Kidney function is tested by using blood tests and urine tests . The most common blood tests are creatinine , urea and electrolytes . Urine tests such as urinalysis can evaluate for pH, protein, glucose, and the presence of blood. Microscopic analysis can also identify the presence of urinary casts and crystals. [ 46 ] The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be directly measured ("measured GFR", or mGFR) but this rarely done in everyday practice. Instead, special equations are used to calculate GFR ("estimated GFR", or eGFR). [ 47 ] [ 46 ] Imaging Renal ultrasonography is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. [ 48 ] Other modalities, such as CT and MRI , should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease. [ 48 ] Biopsy The role of the renal biopsy is to diagnose renal disease in which the etiology is not clear based upon noninvasive means (clinical history, past medical history, medication history, physical exam, laboratory studies, imaging studies). In general, a renal pathologist will perform a detailed morphological evaluation and integrate the morphologic findings with the clinical history and laboratory data, ultimately arriving at a pathological diagnosis. A renal pathologist is a physician who has undergone general training in anatomic pathology and additional specially training in the interpretation of renal biopsy specimens. Ideally, multiple core sections are obtained and evaluated for adequacy (presence of glomeruli) intraoperatively. A pathologist/pathology assistant divides the specimen(s) for submission for light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. The pathologist will examine the specimen using light microscopy with multiple staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin/H&E, PAS, trichrome, silver stain) on multiple level sections. Multiple immunofluorescence stains are performed to evaluate for antibody, protein and complement deposition. Finally, ultra-structural examination is performed with electron microscopy and may reveal the presence of electron-dense deposits or other characteristic abnormalities that may suggest an etiology for the patient's renal disease. Other animals In the majority of vertebrates, the mesonephros persists into the adult, albeit usually fused with the more advanced metanephros ; only in amniotes is the mesonephros restricted to the embryo. The kidneys of fish and amphibians are typically narrow, elongated organs, occupying a significant portion of the trunk. The collecting ducts from each cluster of nephrons usually drain into an archinephric duct , which is homologous with the vas deferens of amniotes. However, the situation is not always so simple; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians, there is also a shorter duct, similar to the amniote ureter, which drains the posterior (metanephric) parts of the kidney, and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca . Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult. [ 49 ] In the most primitive vertebrates, the hagfish and lampreys , the kidney is unusually simple: it consists of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the archinephric duct. Invertebrates may possess excretory organs that are sometimes referred to as "kidneys", but, even in Amphioxus , these are never homologous with the kidneys of vertebrates, and are more accurately referred to by other names, such as nephridia . [ 49 ] In amphibians , kidneys and the urinary bladder harbour specialized parasites , monogeneans of the family Polystomatidae. [ 50 ] The kidneys of reptiles consist of a number of lobules arranged in a broadly linear pattern. Each lobule contains a single branch of the ureter in its centre, into which the collecting ducts empty. Reptiles have relatively few nephrons compared with other amniotes of a similar size, possibly because of their lower metabolic rate . [ 49 ] Birds have relatively large, elongated kidneys, each of which is divided into three or more distinct lobes. The lobes consists of several small, irregularly arranged, lobules, each centred on a branch of the ureter. Birds have small glomeruli, but about twice as many nephrons as similarly sized mammals. [ 49 ] The human kidney is fairly typical of that of mammals . Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney, in comparison with that of other vertebrates, include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids and a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla. The latter feature is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle ; these are much shorter in birds, and not truly present in other vertebrates (although the nephron often has a short intermediate segment between the convoluted tubules). It is only in mammals that the kidney takes on its classical "kidney" shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans . [ 49 ] Evolutionary adaptation Kidneys of various animals show evidence of evolutionary adaptation and have long been studied in ecophysiology and comparative physiology . Kidney morphology, often indexed as the relative medullary thickness, is associated with habitat aridity among species of mammals [ 51 ] and diet (e.g., carnivores have only long loops of Henle). [ 38 ] Society and culture Significance Egyptian In ancient Egypt , the kidneys, like the heart, were left inside the mummified bodies, unlike other organs which were removed. Comparing this to the biblical statements, and to drawings of human body with the heart and two kidneys portraying a set of scales for weighing justice, it seems that the Egyptian beliefs had also connected the kidneys with judgement and perhaps with moral decisions. [ 52 ] Hebrew According to studies in modern and ancient Hebrew, various body organs in humans and animals served also an emotional or logical role, today mostly attributed to the brain and the endocrine system . The kidney is mentioned in several biblical verses in conjunction with the heart, much as the bowels were understood to be the "seat" of emotion – grief, joy and pain. [ 53 ] Similarly, the Talmud ( Berakhoth 61.a) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good, and the other evil. In the sacrifices offered at the biblical Tabernacle and later on at the temple in Jerusalem , the priests were instructed [ 54 ] to remove the kidneys and the adrenal gland covering the kidneys of the sheep, goat and cattle offerings, and to burn them on the altar, as the holy part of the "offering for God" never to be eaten. [ 55 ] India: Ayurvedic system In ancient India, according to the Ayurvedic medical systems , the kidneys were considered the beginning of the excursion channels system, the 'head' of the Mutra Srota s, receiving from all other systems, and therefore important in determining a person's health balance and temperament by the balance and mixture of the three 'Dosha's – the three health elements: Vatha (or Vata) – air, Pitta – bile , and Kapha – mucus . The temperament and health of a person can then be seen in the resulting color of the urine. [ 56 ] Modern Ayurveda practitioners, a practice which is characterized as pseudoscience, [ 57 ] have attempted to revive these methods in medical procedures as part of Ayurveda Urine therapy . [ 58 ] These procedures have been called "nonsensical" by skeptics. [ 59 ] Medieval Christianity The Latin term renes is related to the English word "reins", a synonym for the kidneys in Shakespearean English (e.g. Merry Wives of Windsor 3.5), which was also the time when the King James Version of the Bible was translated. Kidneys were once popularly regarded as the seat of the conscience and reflection, [ 60 ] [ 61 ] and a number of verses in the Bible (e.g. Ps. 7:9, Rev. 2:23) state that God searches out and inspects the kidneys, or "reins", of humans, together with the heart. [ 62 ] History Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. [ 63 ] The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by Galen in the second century AD. [ 64 ] The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. [ 63 ] This was improved on by VF Marshall who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on fiber optics , which occurred in 1964. [ 63 ] The insertion of a drainage tube into the renal pelvis , bypassing the uterers and urinary tract, called nephrostomy , was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the open surgical approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia. [ 63 ] Additional images Right kidney Kidney Right kidney Right kidney Left kidney Kidneys Left kidney See also Artificial kidney Holonephros Nephromegaly Organ donation Organ harvesting Pelvic kidney World Kidney Day List of distinct cell types in the adult human body List of human cell types derived from the germ layers References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Kidneys: Anatomy, Function, Health & Conditions" . 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OCLC 1076268769 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) External links Kidney at the Human Protein Atlas Electron microscopic images of the kidney (Dr. Jastrow's EM-Atlas) Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Anatomy of the urinary system v t e Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla pyramids medullary interstitium Sinus Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla pyramids medullary interstitium Sinus Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Fascia Capsule Cortex column column Medulla pyramids medullary interstitium pyramids medullary interstitium Sinus Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Circulation Vesical arteries Vesical veins Vaginal artery (female) Detrusor muscle Median umbilical ligament Trigone Circulation Vesical arteries Vesical veins Vaginal artery (female) Vesical arteries Vesical veins Vaginal artery (female) Detrusor muscle Median umbilical ligament Trigone Urethra Internal urethral orifice Urethral sphincters External male female Internal Male urethra pre-prostatic prostatic intermediate spongy navicular fossa Lacunae of Morgagni urethral gland Urinary meatus Internal urethral orifice Urethral sphincters External male female Internal External male female male female Internal Male urethra pre-prostatic prostatic intermediate spongy navicular fossa Lacunae of Morgagni urethral gland pre-prostatic prostatic intermediate spongy navicular fossa Lacunae of Morgagni urethral gland Urinary meatus Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Terminologia Anatomica Yale LUX Terminologia Anatomica Yale LUX Kidney Endocrine system CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) CS1 errors: periodical ignored Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing suspected AI-generated texts from October 2025 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022 Articles with unsourced 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 1952 and 1956 elections 1.2 1958 midterm elections 1.1 1952 and 1956 elections 1.2 1958 midterm elections 2 Candidates Toggle Candidates subsection 2.1 Nominee 2.2 Other major candidates 2.3 Favorite sons 2.4 Declined to run 2.1 Nominee 2.2 Other major candidates 2.3 Favorite sons 2.4 Declined to run 3 Polling Toggle Polling subsection 3.1 National polling 3.1.1 Two-way races 3.2 Statewide polling 3.2.1 West Virginia 3.2.2 Wisconsin 3.1 National polling 3.1.1 Two-way races 3.1.1 Two-way races 3.2 Statewide polling 3.2.1 West Virginia 3.2.2 Wisconsin 3.2.1 West Virginia 3.2.2 Wisconsin 4 Schedule and results Toggle Schedule and results subsection 4.1 States by winner 4.1 States by winner 5 Primary race Toggle Primary race subsection 5.1 New Hampshire: March 8 5.2 Wisconsin: April 5 5.3 West Virginia: May 10 5.1 New Hampshire: March 8 5.2 Wisconsin: April 5 5.3 West Virginia: May 10 6 Convention Toggle Convention subsection 6.1 Presidential nomination 6.2 Vice-presidential nomination 6.1 Presidential nomination 6.2 Vice-presidential nomination 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries Français Italiano Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item ← 1956 March 8 to June 7, 1960 1964 → 1,521 delegates to the Democratic National Convention 761 (majority) votes needed to win Candidate John F. Kennedy Hubert Humphrey Home state Massachusetts Minnesota Contests won 10 2 Popular vote 1,847,259 590,410 Percentage 31.4% 10.1% Candidate John F. Kennedy Hubert Humphrey Home state Massachusetts Minnesota Contests won 10 2 Popular vote 1,847,259 590,410 Percentage 31.4% 10.1% First place by popular vote First place by convention roll call John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert H. Humphrey Various [ a ] Previous Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy Previous Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson Adlai Stevenson Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy From March 8 to June 7, 1960, voters and members of the Democratic Party elected delegates to the 1960 Democratic National Convention through a series of caucuses, conventions, and primaries, partly for the purpose of nominating a candidate for President of the United States in the 1960 election . The presidential primaries were inconclusive, as several of the leading contenders did not enter them, but U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts emerged as the strongest candidate and won the nomination over Lyndon B. Johnson at the convention, held from July 11 to 15 at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena . Recalling the experience of 1928 Democratic nominee Al Smith (who was Catholic ), many wondered if anti-Catholic prejudice would affect Kennedy's chances of winning the nomination and the election in November. [ 1 ] To prove his vote-getting ability, Kennedy challenged U.S. senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota , a liberal, in the Wisconsin primary. Although Kennedy defeated Humphrey in Wisconsin, his reliance on heavily Catholic areas left many party bosses unconvinced. Kennedy thus faced Humphrey in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia. Humphrey's campaign was low on money and could not compete with the well-organized, well-financed Kennedy team. Kennedy's siblings combed the state looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he "felt like an independent merchant running against a chain store." [ 2 ] On primary day, Kennedy crushed Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, and Humphrey withdrew from the race. Although Kennedy won the popular contests by comfortable margin, his main opponent, Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , did not participate (except as a write-in candidate). Johnson had a very strong base in the party establishment and gained the support of many delegates chosen through caucus and convention selection processes. [ 3 ] In the months leading up to the Democratic Convention, Kennedy traveled around the nation persuading delegates from various states to support him. However, as the Convention opened, Kennedy was still a few dozen votes short of victory. [ citation needed ] Several major candidates served as Democratic Party nominees, with John F. Kennedy serving as the nominee for 1960, Johnson in 1964, and Humphrey in 1968. Background 1952 and 1956 elections After controlling the White House for five consecutive terms from 1933 through 1953, the Democratic Party had been defeated in two consecutive elections. Both times, popular World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated Adlai Stevenson II . [ 4 ] At the 1956 Democratic National Convention , Stevenson surprisingly left the choice of his vice-presidential running mate to the delegates. [ 5 ] Following his nomination in Chicago, Stevenson made a brief appearance before the convention. He told the delegates he had decided "to depart from the precedents of the past" and that "the selection of the Vice Presidential nominee should be made through the free processes of this convention." [ 6 ] With one day's notice, the candidates scrambled to assemble campaigns for delegate support. The leaders were Estes Kefauver , who had run two populist campaigns for the presidency but lost the nomination each time to Stevenson, and John F. Kennedy , a relatively unknown 39-year-old United States Senator from Massachusetts but a scion of the powerful Kennedy family . Kennedy surprised observers by surging into the lead on the second ballot and falling only 39 votes short of the nomination, but on the third ballot, several favorite son candidates threw their delegations' support to Kefauver, and he prevailed. Kennedy gave a gracious concession speech, raising his national profile within the party. [ 7 ] 1958 midterm elections In the 1958 elections, the Republican Party suffered heavy losses due to a nationwide economic recession , the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union, and the galvanized opposition of organized labor following the passage of strengthened labor restrictions. Kennedy was re-elected in a historic landslide; the gain of ten Senate seats also buttressed the political power of Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , who had won the regional support of some Southern delegations in 1956. [ 8 ] "Democrats won seats in the Senate in California, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, Ohio, Utah, West Virginia and Wyoming." Democrats conceded no seats they had obtained in previous years. [ 8 ] Candidates The following political leaders were candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination: Nominee Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign Withdrawal date Withdrawal date Popular vote Contests won Running mate John F. Kennedy U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960) Massachusetts ( Campaign ) Secured nomination: July 15, 1960 1,847,259 (31.4%) 10 Lyndon B. Johnson Other major candidates These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls. Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign Withdrawal date Withdrawal date Lyndon B. Johnson United States Senator from Texas (1949–1961) Texas Announced: July 1960 ( Campaign ) Hubert Humphrey United States Senator from Minnesota (1949–1964, 1971–1978) Minnesota Announced: December 30, 1959 Withdrew: May 10, 1960 ( Campaign ) Adlai Stevenson II Governor of Illinois (1949–1953) Illinois ( Campaign ) Stuart Symington U.S. Senator from Missouri (1953–1976) Missouri ( Campaign ) Robert B. Meyner [ 9 ] Governor of New Jersey (1954–1962) New Jersey ( Campaign ) Wayne Morse United States Senator from Oregon (1945–1969) Oregon ( Campaign ) Favorite sons The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media. Governor Ross Barnett of Mississippi Governor Pat Brown of California (pledged support to Kennedy) Governor Michael DiSalle of Ohio (pledged support to Kennedy) Governor Herschel Loveless of Iowa George H. McLain of California Albert S. Porter of Ohio Senator George Smathers of Florida Declined to run The following persons were listed in two or more major national polls or were the subject of media speculation surrounding their potential candidacy, but declined to actively seek the nomination. Senator Joseph Clark of Pennsylvania Former Governor Frank G. Clement of Tennessee Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas Senator Albert Gore of Tennessee Former Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine Governor G. Mennen Williams of Michigan Polling National polling Poll source Publication @supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}} Pat Brown Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Adlai Stevenson Stuart Symington Other Undecided Gallup [ 10 ] Aug. 11, 1957 – 5% 29% 23% 8% – 5% 14% [ b ] 16% Gallup [ 11 ] Nov. 16, 1957 – 3% 26% 19% 11% – 5% 15% [ c ] 21% Gallup [ 12 ] June 11, 1958 – 3% 16% 19% 12% 23% 4% 8% [ d ] 15% Gallup [ 13 ] Nov. 30, 1958 – 1% 11% 23% 6% 29% 5% 11% [ e ] 14% Gallup [ 14 ] Jan. 25, 1959 – 4% 10% 25% 7% 29% 4% 12% [ f ] 9% Gallup [ 15 ] April 5, 1959 – – 12% 28% 9% 27% 5% 11% [ g ] 9% Gallup [ 16 ] May 18, 1959 – 5% 10% 25% 13% 26% 7% 6% [ h ] 8% Gallup [ 17 ] June 10, 1959 – 6% – 26% 12% 29% 4% 6% [ i ] 8% Gallup [ 18 ] July 9, 1959 – 4% 11% 29% 14% 25% 6% 4% [ j ] 7% Gallup [ 19 ] Aug. 14, 1959 2% 5% 9% 26% 12% 26% 7% 6% [ k ] 7% Gallup [ 20 ] Sep. 27, 1959 1% 5% 9% 30% 10% 26% 6% 8% 5% Gallup [ 21 ] Nov. 18, 1959 3% 4% 10% 27% 11% 26% 6% 5% [ l ] 8% Gallup [ 22 ] Dec. 18, 1959 3% 4% 10% 24% 14% 26% 5% 4% [ m ] 10% Gallup [ 23 ] Jan. 29, 1960 2% 5% 6% 32% 12% 28% 6% 3% [ n ] 6% Gallup [ 24 ] Feb. 26, 1960 – 6% 6% 35% 13% 23% 5% 5% [ o ] 7% Gallup [ 25 ] March 27, 1960 3% 5% – 34% 15% 23% 6% 6% 8% Gallup [ 26 ] April 20, 1960 3% 7% – 39% 11% 21% 6% 5% 8% Gallup [ 27 ] May 27, 1960 – 7% – 41% 11% 21% 7% 9% 4% ^ Favorite sons received the support of Missouri ( Stuart Symington ), Florida ( George Smathers ), New Jersey ( Robert Meyner ), Mississippi ( Ross Barnett ), and Hawaii. ( Adlai E. Stevenson II ) ^ Frank Clement with 6%, G. Mennen Williams with 4%, Edmund Muskie with 2%, Robert Meyner and Robert Kerr combined for 2% ^ Frank Clement with 6%, Robert Meyner with 3%, and 6% combined for Happy Chandler, G. Mennen Williams, and Robert Kerr ^ Frank Clement with 4%, Robert Meyner and G. Mennen Williams combined for 4% ^ G. Mennen Williams with 5%, Orval Faubus with 4%, and Robert Meyner with <2% ^ G. Mennen Williams with 5%, Orval Faubus with 5%, and Robert Meyner with 2% ^ Combined for Orval Faubus, Hubert Humphrey, Robert Meyner, and G. Mennen Williams ^ Combined for G. Mennen Williams, Orval Faubus, and Robert Meyner ^ Combined for Robert Meyner and G. Mennen Williams ^ Combined for Robert Meyner and G. Mennen Williams ^ Robert Meyner with 3%, G. Mennen Williams with 3% ^ G. Mennen Williams with 3% and Robert Meyner with 2% ^ Robert Meyner with 2% and G. Mennen Williams with 2% ^ G. Mennen Williams with 2% and Robert Meyner with 1% ^ Robert Meyner with 2%; Pat Brown, G. Mennen Williams, Wayne Morse, and Chester Bowles combined for 3% Two-way races Kennedy v. Kefauver Poll source Date(s) Estes Kefauver John F. Kennedy Undecided Gallup [ 28 ] Feb. 7, 1958 35% 56% 9% Kennedy v. Johnson Poll source Date(s) Lyndon Johnson John F. Kennedy Undecided Gallup [ 29 ] Feb. 28, 1960 32% 58% 10% Kennedy v. Stevenson Poll source Date(s) John F. Kennedy Adlai Stevenson Undecided Gallup [ 30 ] Dec. 3, 1958 42% 42% 16% Gallup [ 31 ] Feb. 6, 1959 44% 45% 1% Gallup [ 32 ] June 12, 1959 45% 44% 11% Gallup [ 29 ] Feb. 28, 1960 50% 43% 7% Look magazine [ 33 ] June 21, 1960 59% 20% 21% Johnson v. Symington Poll source Date(s) Lyndon Johnson Stuart Symington Undecided Gallup [ 29 ] February 28, 1960 47% 28% 25% Statewide polling West Virginia Poll source Date(s) Sample size [ a ] Hubert Humphrey John F. Kennedy Other Undecided The Fayette Tribune [ 34 ] May 6, 1960 181 A in Fayette County 24% 38% – 39% Wisconsin Poll source Date(s) Sample size [ a ] Hubert Humphrey John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Adlai Stevenson Stuart Symington Other Undecided Sen. William Proxmire [ 35 ] Aug 5, 1959 1,311 A 17% 43% 4% 29% 7% – – Schedule and results States by winner Date Contest Pledged delegates John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Pat Brown Hubert Humphrey George Smathers Michael DiSalle George H. McLain Unpledged Others Total March 8 New Hampshire primary 11 11 43,372 43,372 – – – – – – 7,527 50,899 April 5 Wisconsin primary 31 23 476,024 476,024 – – 8 366,753 366,753 – – – 842,777 April 12 Illinois preference primary 0 34,332 – – 4,283 – – – 14,552 53,167 Illinois delegate primary 69 [ data missing ] April 19 New Jersey primary 0 – – – – – – 217,608 217,608 April 26 Massachusetts primary 41 41 91,607 91,607 – – 794 – – – 6,762 99,163 Pennsylvania primary 83 183,073 – – 13,860 – – – 59,880 256,813 May 3 Indiana primary 34 353,832 – – – – – – 82,937 436,769 Ohio primary 64 – – – – – 315,312 – 315,312 Washington D.C. primary 9 – – – 8,239 – – – 6,127 14,366 May 8 Texas caucuses [ 36 ] 61 – 61 – – – – – – – May 10 Nebraska primary 16 80,408 – – 3,202 – – – 7,082 90,692 West Virginia primary 25 236,510 – – 152,187 – – – 388,697 May 17 Maryland primary 24 201,769 – – – – – 24,350 49,420 275,539 May 20 Oregon primary 17 146,663 – – 16,319 – – – 162,982 May 24 Florida primary 29 – – – – 322,235 – – 322,235 June 7 California primary 81 – – 1,354,031 – – – 646,387 – 2,000,418 South Dakota primary 11 – – – 24,773 – – – 24,773 TOTALS 1,847,259 1,354,031 590,410 322,235 315,312 646,387 241,958 369,072 5,686,664 Primary race From the outset of the campaign, Kennedy's religion played a major role. Happy Chandler , the governor of Kentucky and a major power broker in the party, emphatically stated that Kennedy could not win Kentucky due to his Catholicism. [ 37 ] New Hampshire: March 8 Kennedy faced trivial opposition in the neighboring state of New Hampshire and won overwhelmingly. [ 38 ] While campaigning in Madison, Wisconsin , Kennedy expressed enthusiasm about the New Hampshire results: "I'm very happy about it; we did better than I thought we would." [ 39 ] Wisconsin: April 5 The first sharply contested popular primary was in Wisconsin, where Kennedy faced Humphrey on April 5. Kennedy had begun building campaign operations in the state as early as June 1959, when he hired Jerry Bruno, the organizer behind William Proxmire 's election to the Senate, and laid the groundwork for a campaign headquarters in Milwaukee . [ 40 ] Kennedy formally announced his intention to run in Wisconsin on January 21, intending to show popular support for his campaign. [ 41 ] The wealthy Kennedy was far better funded than Humphrey, a man of relatively modest means. [ 42 ] Kennedy was also supported by his wealthy and glamorous extended family and friends; in his memoirs, Humphrey later lamented that " Muriel and I and our 'plain folks' entourage were no match for the glamour of Jackie Kennedy and the other Kennedy women, for Peter Lawford ... and Frank Sinatra singing their commercial 'High Hopes'. Jack Kennedy brought family and Hollywood to Wisconsin. The people loved it and the press ate it up." [ 43 ] Humphrey nevertheless believed that by beating Kennedy in Wisconsin, he could blunt the latter's momentum and overtake him in later primaries. In Wisconsin, Kennedy won with the support of Catholic voters, including some Republican Catholics who voted in the Democratic primary. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Days before the primary, Kennedy said it had been the "toughest, closest, most meaningful". [ 46 ] However, some observers found his margin of victory unexpectedly narrow and attributed it solely to Catholic support, while Protestants had backed Humphrey, leaving questions about Kennedy's ability to carry the convention or the election in the fall. [ 47 ] Humphrey remained in the race, setting up a second popular showdown in the more heavily Protestant state of West Virginia . The Wisconsin race was covered in the documentary film Primary . West Virginia: May 10 In West Virginia, Kennedy sought to show that he could win the support of Protestant voters and to remove Humphrey from the race, securing the party's liberal wing and setting up a showdown with Johnson for the nomination. Humphrey had high expectations, given that the state's population was rural, working class, ninety-five percent Protestant, and its delegates had backed him against Kennedy in the vice presidential contest four years prior. [ 48 ] Kennedy met the religious issue head-on, hoping to redefine the race as one of "tolerance against intolerance," rather than Catholic against Protestant. His father also brought Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. to campaign in the state; [ 49 ] Roosevelt then raised the issue of Humphrey's failure to serve in World War II . Though Humphrey had tried and failed to serve due to physical disability, [ 50 ] Roosevelt attacked his lack of service record, publicly telling audiences, "I don't know where [Humphrey] was in World War Two," and distributing flyers that accused him of draft dodging . [ 51 ] After the primary was over, Roosevelt apologized to Humphrey and retracted the claims, [ 48 ] which he later called his greatest political regret. [ 52 ] Kennedy continued to outspend Humphrey heavily in West Virginia; though he publicly claimed expenditures of $100,000, later estimates placed his family's overall spending at $1.5 million, dwarfing Humphrey's $23,000. [ 53 ] Humphrey traveled the state in a rented bus, while the Kennedys used a family-owned airplane. [ 54 ] Humphrey later wrote of the West Virginia campaign, "as a professional politician I was able to accept and indeed respect the efficacy of the Kennedy campaign. But underneath the beautiful exterior, there was an element of ruthlessness and toughness that I had trouble either accepting or forgetting." [ 55 ] On May 4, 1960, Humphrey and Kennedy took part in a televised one-on-one debate at WCHS-TV in Charleston , West Virginia , ahead of the state's primary. [ 56 ] Kennedy defeated Humphrey soundly in West Virginia, and Humphrey announced his withdrawal from the race that night. Convention Presidential nomination Presidential tally: [ 57 ] John F. Kennedy : 806 (52.89%) Lyndon B. Johnson : 409 (26.84%) Stuart Symington : 86 (5.64%) Adlai Stevenson : 80 (5.25%) Robert B. Meyner : 43 (2.82%) Hubert Humphrey : 42 (2.76%) George Smathers : 30 (1.97%) Ross Barnett : 23 (1.51%) Herschel C. Loveless : 2 (0.13%) Pat Brown , Orval E. Faubus , Albert Dean Rosellini : each 1 vote Vice-presidential nomination Kennedy announced Lyndon B. Johnson as his choice of running-mate on the afternoon following his nomination. [ 58 ] Johnson was nominated by acclamation that evening. [ 59 ] See also 1960 Republican Party presidential primaries Notes ^ a b Key: A – all adults RV – registered voters LV – likely voters V – unclear References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "John Kennedy As U.S. Presidential Hopeful" . The Canberra Times . Associated Press . January 2, 1960. p. 2 . Retrieved March 25, 2021 . ^ Schlesinger, Arthur M. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy and His Times . New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 195. ISBN 0-618-21928-5 . ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1960 ^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition" . library.cqpress.com . Retrieved August 2, 2023 . ^ "Stevenson 1956 Presidential Acceptance Speech | C-SPAN.org" . www.c-span.org . Retrieved August 2, 2023 . ^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition" . library.cqpress.com . Retrieved August 2, 2023 . ^ JOHN F. KENNEDY DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 1956 , March 19, 2016 , retrieved August 2, 2023 ^ a b "CQ Almanac Online Edition" . library.cqpress.com . Retrieved August 2, 2023 . ^ Oliphant, Thomas; Wilkie, Curtis (2017). The road to Camelot: Inside JFK's Five-Year Campaign . Simon & Schuster. ^ Gallup, George (August 11, 1957). "Kefauver, Kennedy Tops in Party". The Washington Post . p. E5. ^ Gallup, George (November 17, 1957). "GALLUP POLL SHOWS: Kefauver Democratic Choice for 1960, Sen. Kennedy Second". Los Angeles Times . p. 21. ^ Gallup, George (June 11, 1958). "Stevenson Top Choice of Democratic Voters". Los Angeles Times . p. 15. ^ Gallup, George (November 30, 1958). "Stevenson Tops Poll of Democrats: Kennedy Leads in Gallup Survey of Independent Voters". Los Angeles Times . ^ Gallup, George (January 25, 1959). "STEVENSON LEAD IN POLL LOWERED: Kennedy Closes Gap Over November Gallup Rating; Still lndependents'-Choice". Los Angeles Times . p. A. ^ Gallup, George (April 5, 1959). "Kennedy, Stevenson Tie for Democratic Favor: Massachusetts Senator Gains Slightly, Gallup Poll Sampling Reveals". Los Angeles Times . ^ Gallup, George (May 18, 1959). "Stevenson, Kennedy Run Close: Gallup Poll Shows Johnson Third With Democrats". Los Angeles Times . p. 6. ^ Gallup, George (June 10, 1959). "Top Places Maintained by Stevenson, Kennedy". The Hartford Courant . p. 16. ^ Gallup, George (July 9, 1959). "Kennedy Moves Out Ahead of Adlai In Democrats' Rating for Nomination". The Washington Post . p. A21. ^ Gallup, George (August 14, 1959). "Kennedy and Stevenson Still Pace the Democrats". The Washington Post . p. D4. ^ Gallup, George (September 27, 1959). "Party Rates Kennedy No. 1". The Boston Globe . p. A3. ^ Gallup, George (November 18, 1959). "Stevenson Pulls Closer to Kennedy in Poll". The Hartford Courant . p. 16. ^ Gallup, George (December 18, 1959). "Kennedy Loses Ground Slightly, Johnson Gains". The Washington Post . p. A21. ^ Gallup, George (January 29, 1960). "Kennedy Scores Gain in Democrat Backing". Los Angeles Times . p. 6. ^ Gallup, George (February 26, 1960). "Kennedy Lead Gains as Democratic Choice". Los Angeles Times . p. 21. ^ Gallup, George (March 27, 1960). "Kennedy Keeps Lead in Democratic Vote". Los Angeles Times . p. A. ^ Gallup, George (April 20, 1960). "Kennedy Widens Lead in New Gallup Poll". Los Angeles Times . p. 24. ^ Gallup, George (May 27, 1960). "Kennedy In Same Spot As Previous Candidates". The Hartford Daily Courant . p. 17. ^ Gallup, George (February 7, 1958). "Kennedy Widens Lead Over Kefauver in Poll". Los Angeles Times . p. 24. ^ a b c Gallup, George (February 28, 1960). "Kennedy Favored by Democrats". Los Angeles Times . p. B14. ^ Gallup, George (December 3, 1958). "Kennedy, Stevenson Tied As '60 'Show-Down' Choice". The Hartford Courant . ^ Gallup, George (February 6, 1959). "GALLUP POLL REPORTS:: Stevenson in Slight Gain on Sen. Kennedy". Los Angeles Times . ^ Gallup, George (June 12, 1959). "Stevenson, Kennedy in Close Race". Los Angeles Times . p. 17. ^ "Poll Finds Nixon, Kennedy Favored". The Washington Post . June 21, 1960. ^ Lawrence, W.H. (May 6, 1960). "West Virginia Poll Finds Kennedy Gain". The New York Times . p. 1. ^ "Kennedy, Nixon in Poll Lead". The Austin Statesman . August 5, 1959. p. 3. ^ "JOHNSON SWEEPS TEXAS CAUCUSES; Senator Assured of Control of State's Delegation to Democratic Convention" . The New York Times . May 9, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved April 24, 2024 . ^ "Kennedy Can't Take Kentucky, Chandler Says" . The Boston Globe . January 13, 1960. p. 16. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020 – via Newspapers.com . ^ O'Brien, Michael (2006). John F. Kennedy: A Biography . St. Martin's Griffin. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-312-35745-0 . ^ Fulton, William (March 10, 1960). "Many Factors Aid Kennedy's N.H. Triumph" . Chicago Tribune. ^ Savage, Sean J. (2004). JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party . State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6169-3 . ^ Pietrusza, David (2008). 1960: LBJ Vs. JFK Vs. Nixon: the Epic Campaign that Forged Three Presidencies . Union Square Press. ISBN 978-1-4027-6114-0 . ^ "JFK and the Public View" . shanti.virginia.edu. ^ Humphrey, Hubert H. (1976). Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics . Doubleday & Company . p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8166-1897-2 . ^ Lawrence W.H.; 'Wisconsin Buoys Kennedy's Drive but Poses Perils: Senator's Feat in Outpolling Humphrey and Nixon Aids His Presidential Fight'; Special to The New York Times , April 7, 1960, p. 1 ^ Janson, Donald; 'Religion Big Factor In Kennedy Victory', Special to The New York Times , April 6, 1960, p. 1 ^ "Press Wisconsin Campaign; Sen. Kennedy, Humphrey In Final Drive" . Chicago Tribune. April 3, 1960. ^ Solberg, Carl (1984). Hubert Humphrey: A Biography . Borealis Books. p. 208. ISBN 0-87351-473-4 . ^ a b Solberg 1984 , p. 209. ^ Mcquiston, John T. (August 18, 1988). "Franklin Roosevelt Jr., 74, Ex-Congressman, Dies" . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13, 2016 . ^ Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 . Oxford University Press. p. 256 . ISBN 978-0-19-505465-1 . ^ Caro, Robert (2012), "3. Forging Chains", The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power , New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 85– 86 ^ Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1996). Robert Kennedy and His Times . New York: Ballantine Books. p. 201. ^ Solberg 1984 , pp. 210–11. ^ Bryan Ward Jr. (April 26, 2013). "Battleground West Virginia Electing the President in 1960" . wvculture.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2023 . ^ Humphrey 1976 , p. 208. ^ Berquist, Goodwin F. Jr. (September 1, 1960). "The Kennedy-Humphrey debate" . Today's Speech . 8 (3): 2– 31. doi : 10.1080/01463376009385139 . Retrieved September 10, 2020 . ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 11, 1960 ^ White, Theodore (1961). The Making of the President 1960 . Giant Cardinal. p. 212. ^ Lawrence, W. H. (July 15, 1960). "Johnson is Nominated for Vice President; Kennedy Picks Him to Placate the South" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11, 2016 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e ( ← 1956 ) 1960 United States presidential election ( → 1964 ) v t e Democratic Party Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: John F. Kennedy campaign VP nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson Other candidates Ross Barnett Pat Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H. McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson II George Smathers Stuart Symington Convention Primaries Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: John F. Kennedy campaign VP nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson Other candidates Ross Barnett Pat Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H. McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson II George Smathers Stuart Symington Nominee: John F. Kennedy campaign campaign VP nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson Republican Party Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: Richard Nixon campaign VP nominee: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Other candidates Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller Convention Primaries Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: Richard Nixon campaign VP nominee: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Other candidates Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller Nominee: Richard Nixon campaign campaign VP nominee: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Third-party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Symon Gould National States' Rights Party Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J. B. Stoner Prohibition Party Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly Charles L. Sullivan Gabriel Green Third-party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Symon Gould National States' Rights Party Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J. B. Stoner Prohibition Party Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly Charles L. Sullivan Gabriel Green Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly Charles L. Sullivan Gabriel Green Other 1960 elections: House Senate Other 1960 elections: House Senate v t e ( 1959 ← ) 1960 United States elections ( → 1961 ) v t e President 1960 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention 1960 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (Special) Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina North Dakota (Special) Oklahoma Oregon Oregon (Special) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (Special) Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina North Dakota (Special) Oklahoma Oregon Oregon (Special) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 23rd sp North Carolina 12th sp North Dakota Ohio 6th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 17th sp 18th sp Apr 18th sp Nov Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington 3rd sp West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 23rd sp 23rd sp North Carolina 12th sp 12th sp North Dakota Ohio 6th sp 6th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 17th sp 18th sp Apr 18th sp Nov 17th sp 18th sp Apr 18th sp Nov Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington 3rd sp 3rd sp West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming State governors Arizona Arkansas Delaware Florida Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine (Special) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. 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Progressive parties Progressive Party of 1912 1912 1916 Progressive Party of 1924 1924 Progressive Party of 1948 1948 1952 Whig Party 1839 1844 1848 1852 1856 1839 1844 1848 1852 1856 Greenback Party 1876 1880 1884 1888 1876 1880 1884 1888 Populist Party 1892 1896 1900 • 1904 • 1908 1892 1896 1900 • 1904 • 1908 Progressive parties Progressive Party of 1912 1912 1916 Progressive Party of 1924 1924 Progressive Party of 1948 1948 1952 Progressive Party of 1912 1912 1916 1912 1916 Progressive Party of 1924 1924 1924 Progressive Party of 1948 1948 1952 1948 1952 Reforms California Democratic Party v. Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary White primary California Democratic Party v. Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary White primary v t e John F. Kennedy v t e 35th President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960) U.S. Representative for MA–11 (1947–1953) 35th President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960) U.S. Representative for MA–11 (1947–1953) Presidency ( timeline ) Transition Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidential pardons Detachment Hotel Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Foreign policy Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act Migration and Refugee Assistance Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis Moscow–Washington hotline Vienna summit New Frontier Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Executive Order 11110 Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty-mile hikes Food for Peace Pilot Food Stamp Program Presidential Medal of Freedom Space policy Status of Women (Presidential Commission) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project All-Channel Receiver Act Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Revenue Act of 1962 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961 Wetlands Loan Act Transition Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Supreme Court Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidential pardons Detachment Hotel Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Foreign policy Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act Migration and Refugee Assistance Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis Moscow–Washington hotline Vienna summit Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act Migration and Refugee Assistance Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm ExComm Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis Moscow–Washington hotline Vienna summit New Frontier Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Executive Order 11110 Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty-mile hikes Food for Peace Pilot Food Stamp Program Presidential Medal of Freedom Space policy Status of Women (Presidential Commission) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project All-Channel Receiver Act Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Revenue Act of 1962 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961 Wetlands Loan Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Executive Order 11110 Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty-mile hikes Food for Peace Pilot Food Stamp Program Presidential Medal of Freedom Space policy Status of Women (Presidential Commission) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project All-Channel Receiver Act Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Revenue Act of 1962 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961 Wetlands Loan Act Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech " We choose to go to the Moon " Report to the American People on Civil Rights " Ich bin ein Berliner " " A rising tide lifts all boats " Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts State of the Union Address 1961 1962 1963 Inaugural address American University speech " We choose to go to the Moon " Report to the American People on Civil Rights " Ich bin ein Berliner " " A rising tide lifts all boats " Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts State of the Union Address 1961 1962 1963 1961 1962 1963 Elections U.S. House of Representatives elections: 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1952 1958 1960 presidential primaries 1960 presidential campaign Democratic National Conventions: 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election 1960 debates U.S. House of Representatives elections: 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1952 1958 1960 presidential primaries 1960 presidential campaign Democratic National Conventions: 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election 1960 debates debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill La Querida Wexford Navy service: PT-109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT-59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call " Happy Birthday, Mr. President " John F. Kennedy document hoax Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill La Querida Wexford Navy service: PT-109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT-59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call " Happy Birthday, Mr. President " John F. Kennedy document hoax Books Why England Slept (1940) Profiles in Courage (1956) A Nation of Immigrants (1958) Why England Slept (1940) Profiles in Courage (1956) A Nation of Immigrants (1958) Death Assassination timeline media coverage reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Assassination timeline media coverage reactions in popular culture timeline media coverage reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy Bibliography John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Profile in Courage Award Twenty-fourth Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1964 Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Round United States Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Bibliography John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Profile in Courage Award Profile in Courage Award Twenty-fourth Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1964 Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Round United States Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials, namesakes Harvard Kennedy School Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) John F. Kennedy International Airport Boston statue Brooklyn bust Dallas memorial Hyannis memorial London bust Nashua bust Portland memorial Runnymede memorial John F. Kennedy Arboretum John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School John F. Kennedy University (defunct) John F. Kennedy Stadium Kennedy Expressway Mount Kennedy MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) Yad Kennedy Love Park Harvard Kennedy School Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) John F. Kennedy International Airport Boston statue Brooklyn bust Dallas memorial Hyannis memorial London bust Nashua bust Portland memorial Runnymede memorial John F. Kennedy Arboretum John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School John F. Kennedy University (defunct) John F. Kennedy Stadium Kennedy Expressway Mount Kennedy MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) Yad Kennedy Love Park Family Jacqueline Bouvier (wife) Caroline Kennedy (daughter) John F. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son) Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter) Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter) Jack Schlossberg (grandson) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Fitzgerald (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Ted Kennedy (brother) P. J. Kennedy (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather) Pushinka (dog) Billie and Debbie (hamsters) Sardar (horse) Jacqueline Bouvier (wife) Caroline Kennedy (daughter) John F. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son) Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter) Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter) Jack Schlossberg (grandson) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Fitzgerald (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Ted Kennedy (brother) P. J. Kennedy (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather) Pushinka (dog) Billie and Debbie (hamsters) Sardar (horse) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category v t e Lyndon B. Johnson v t e 36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949) 36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949) Presidency Timeline Inaugurations first second Let Us Continue Great Society ( Model Cities Program ) Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Clean Air Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Coinage Act of 1965 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Executive Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution " Credibility gap " VISTA 24th Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights Cannabis policy White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Presidential transition of Richard Nixon Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Timeline Inaugurations first second first second Let Us Continue Great Society ( Model Cities Program ) Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Clean Air Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Coinage Act of 1965 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Fair Housing Act Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Executive Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution " Credibility gap " Gulf of Tonkin Resolution " Credibility gap " VISTA 24th Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights Cannabis policy White House preservation State of the Union Address 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Presidential transition of Richard Nixon Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad Charles E. Marsh Alice Marsh Helen Gahagan Douglas Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad Charles E. Marsh Alice Marsh Helen Gahagan Douglas Legacy and memorials Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp USS Lyndon B. Johnson Black Jack (state funeral riderless horse) Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp USS Lyndon B. Johnson Black Jack (state funeral riderless horse) Elections United States House of Representatives 1937 (special) 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate 1941 (special) 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1960 1964 campaign 1968 withdrawal Democratic National Conventions 1956 1960 1964 Presidential elections 1960 transition 1964 United States House of Representatives 1937 (special) 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1937 (special) 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate 1941 (special) 1948 1954 1960 1941 (special) 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1960 1964 campaign 1968 withdrawal 1960 1964 campaign campaign 1968 withdrawal withdrawal Democratic National Conventions 1956 1960 1964 1956 1960 1964 Presidential elections 1960 transition 1964 1960 transition transition 1964 Public image Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Master of the Senate LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way ( play , film ) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film) Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Master of the Senate Master of the Senate LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way ( play , film ) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film) Family Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law) Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → ← Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey → Category ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → ← Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey → Category v t e Hubert Humphrey v t e 38th Vice President of the United States (1965–1969) • U.S. Senator from Minnesota (1949–1964, 1971–1978) Political career Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party 1948 Civil Rights speech Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party 1948 Civil Rights speech Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act Electoral history U.S. Senate 1948 1954 1960 1970 1976 Presidential 1960 campaign primaries 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention protests election Nixon transition 1972 campaign primaries Vice presidential 1964 campaign selection convention election 1968 campaign Johnson withdrawal U.S. Senate 1948 1954 1960 1970 1976 1948 1954 1960 1970 1976 Presidential 1960 campaign primaries 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention protests election Nixon transition 1972 campaign primaries 1960 campaign primaries primaries 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention protests election Nixon transition primaries running mate selection convention protests protests election Nixon transition 1972 campaign primaries primaries Vice presidential 1964 campaign selection convention election 1968 campaign Johnson withdrawal 1964 campaign selection convention election selection convention election 1968 campaign Johnson withdrawal Johnson withdrawal Legacy Primary (1960 documentary) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Humphrey School of Public Affairs Hubert H. Humphrey Building Primary (1960 documentary) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Humphrey School of Public Affairs Hubert H. Humphrey Building Family and personal life Muriel Humphrey (wife) Hubert "Skip" Humphrey III (son) Muriel Humphrey (wife) Hubert "Skip" Humphrey III (son) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Spiro Agnew → Category ← Lyndon B. Johnson Spiro Agnew → Category v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 1960 United States Democratic presidential primaries Pages using the Chart extension Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from June 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2025 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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(January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Terrain and defenses 2 Plan Toggle Plan subsection 2.1 Naval component 2.1 Naval component 3 Pre-landing bombardment 4 Initial assault Toggle Initial assault subsection 4.1 Tank landings 4.2 Infantry landings 4.3 Engineer landings 4.1 Tank landings 4.2 Infantry landings 4.3 Engineer landings 5 Second assault wave Toggle Second assault wave subsection 5.1 American situation 5.2 German situation 5.1 American situation 5.2 German situation 6 Breakthrough Toggle Breakthrough subsection 6.1 Assaulting the bluffs 6.2 Naval support 6.3 German defenses inland 6.1 Assaulting the bluffs 6.2 Naval support 6.3 German defenses inland 7 Beachhead 8 German reactions 9 RAF at Omaha Beach 10 End of day 11 Aftermath 12 See also 13 Notes Toggle Notes subsection 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Citations 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Citations 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Omaha Beach Afrikaans العربية Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Limburgs Lombard Magyar मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Omaha Beach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Omaha Beach Part of the Normandy landings , World War II Into the Jaws of Death : Troops from the U.S. 1st Infantry Division landing on Omaha, as photographed by Robert F. Sargent Date June 6, 1944 Location Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes , Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer , Vierville-sur-Mer , in France Result Allied victory Date June 6, 1944 Location Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes , Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer , Vierville-sur-Mer , in France Result Allied victory Belligerents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} United States United Kingdom Canada France United States United Kingdom Canada France Germany Commanders and leaders Leonard T. Gerow John L. Hall Jr. Clarence R. Huebner Charles H. Gerhardt Norman Cota Leonard T. Gerow John L. Hall Jr. Clarence R. Huebner Charles H. Gerhardt Norman Cota Dietrich Kraiss Units involved V Corps 1st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division US Army Rangers US Navy US Coast Guard Commandos Royal Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Navy Free French Navy 1st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division US Army Rangers US Navy US Coast Guard Commandos Royal Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Navy Free French Navy LXXXIV Corps 352nd Infantry Division 439th Ost-Battalion 716th Infantry Division 352nd Infantry Division 439th Ost-Battalion 716th Infantry Division Strength 43,250 infantry 2 battleships 3 cruisers 13 destroyers 1,010 other vessels 7,800 infantry 8 artillery bunkers 35 pillboxes 4 artillery pieces 6 mortar pits 18 anti-tank guns 45 rocket launcher sites 85 machine gun sites 6 tank turrets Casualties and losses 2,000–5,000+ 1,200 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Operation Overlord (Battle of Normandy) v t e Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Airborne assault British Sector Tonga Caen Canal and Orne River bridges Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo-Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port-en-Bessin Logistics American Operation Chastity British Mulberry Pluto Ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes La Haye-du-Puits Saint-Lô Carentan Hill 30 Cherbourg Naval Anglo-Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers-Bocage Le Mesnil-Patry Normandy massacres Ardenne Abbey Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Hill 140 Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Britanny Rennes Saint-Malo Brest Lorient Saint-Nazaire Mantes-Gassicourt Paris La Rochelle Air and Sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Jedburgh Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Bulbasket Houndsworth Haft Loyton Kipling Dragoon Wallace & Hardy Aftermath Cemeteries Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Airborne assault British Sector Tonga Caen Canal and Orne River bridges Merville Battery Caen Canal and Orne River bridges Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo-Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port-en-Bessin Logistics American Operation Chastity Operation Chastity British Mulberry Pluto Mulberry Pluto Ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes La Haye-du-Puits Saint-Lô Carentan Hill 30 Hill 30 Cherbourg Naval Naval Anglo-Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers-Bocage Le Mesnil-Patry Villers-Bocage Le Mesnil-Patry Normandy massacres Ardenne Abbey Ardenne Abbey Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Hill 140 Hill 140 Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Britanny Rennes Saint-Malo Brest Lorient Saint-Nazaire Rennes Saint-Malo Brest Lorient Saint-Nazaire Mantes-Gassicourt Paris La Rochelle Air and Sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Jedburgh Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Bulbasket Houndsworth Haft Loyton Kipling Dragoon Wallace & Hardy Aftermath Cemeteries Omaha Beach was one of five Allied beach landing sectors of the amphibious assault component of Operation Overlord during the Second World War . On June 6, 1944, the Allies invaded German-occupied France with the Normandy landings . [ 1 ] "Omaha" refers to an 8-kilometer (5 mi) section of the coast of Normandy , France, facing the English Channel , from west of Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to east of Vierville-sur-Mer on the right bank of the Douve river estuary. Landings here were necessary to link the British landings to the east at Gold with the American landing to the west at Utah , thus providing a continuous lodgement on the Normandy coast of the Baie de Seine (Bay of the Seine River). Taking Omaha was to be the responsibility of United States Army troops, with sea transport, and a naval bombardment force provided predominantly by the United States Navy and Coast Guard , with contributions from the British , Canadian and Free French navies. The primary objective at Omaha was to secure a beachhead 8 kilometers (5 miles) deep, between Port-en-Bessin and the Vire river, linking with the British landings at Gold to the east, and reaching the area of Isigny to the west to link up with VII Corps landing at Utah. The untested American 29th Infantry Division , along with nine companies of U.S. Army Rangers redirected from Pointe du Hoc , assaulted the western half of the beach. The battle-hardened 1st Infantry Division was given the eastern half. Opposing the landings was the German 352nd Infantry Division . Of its 12,020 men, 6,800 were experienced combat troops, detailed to defend a 53-kilometer (33 mi) front. The German strategy was based on defeating any seaborne assault at the water line, and the defenses were mainly deployed in strongpoints along the coast. The Allied plan called for initial assault waves of tanks , infantry , and combat engineer forces to reduce the coastal defenses, allowing larger ships to land in follow-up waves. But very little went as planned. Difficulties in navigation caused most of the landing craft to miss their targets throughout the day. The defenses were unexpectedly strong, and inflicted substantial casualties on landing U.S. troops. Under intense fire, the engineers struggled to clear the beach obstacles; later landings bunched up around the few channels that were cleared. Weakened by the casualties taken just in landing, the surviving assault troops could not clear the exits off the beach. This caused further problems and consequent delays for later landings. Small penetrations were eventually achieved by groups of survivors making improvised assaults, scaling the bluffs between the most well-defended points. By the end of the day, two small isolated footholds had been won by the American forces, [ disputed – discuss ] which were subsequently exploited against weaker defenses further inland, achieving the original D-Day objectives over the following days. American forces suffered 2,400 casualties at Omaha on June 6, but by the end of the day they had landed 34,000 troops. The German 352nd Division lost 20 percent of its strength, with 1,200 casualties, but it had no reserves coming to continue the fight. Terrain and defenses The coastline of Normandy was divided into sixteen sectors, which were assigned code names using a spelling-alphabet – from Able, west of Omaha, to Roger on the east flank of Sword . The area of beach that would become Omaha was originally designated X-Ray , from the phonetic alphabet of the day; the name was changed on 3 March 1944. The names of both Omaha and Utah were probably suggested by Omar Bradley , as two privates fitting out his London headquarters were from Omaha, Nebraska (Gayle Eyler) and Provo, Utah ; they were not named after the corps commanders, who were from Virginia (Gerow) and Louisiana (Collins). [ 2 ] Eight further sectors were added when the invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula . Sectors were divided into beaches identified by the colors Red, White and Green, corresponding to the colored lights used on naval craft to designate the port (left), amidships, and starboard (right) sides. [ 3 ] Omaha was bounded at either end by large rocky cliffs. The crescent-shaped beach presented a gently sloping tidal area averaging 300 m (330 yd) between low and high-water marks. Above the tide line was a bank of shingle 2.5 m (8 ft) high and up to 15 m (49 ft) wide in places. At the western end, the shingle bank rested against a stone (further east becoming wood) sea wall which ranged from 1.5–4 m (5–13 ft) in height. For the remaining two thirds of the beach after the seawall ended, the shingle lay against a low sand embankment. Behind the sand embankment and sea wall was a level shelf of sand, narrow at either end and extending up to 200 m (220 yd) inland in the center, and behind that rose steep escarpments or bluffs 30–50 m (33–55 yd) high, which dominated the whole beach and were cut into by small wooded valleys or draws at five points along the beach, codenamed west to east D-1, D-3, E-1, E-3 and F-1. [ 4 ] The German defensive preparations and the lack of any defense in depth indicated that their plan was to stop the invasion at the beaches. [ 5 ] Four lines of obstacles were constructed in the intertidal zone . The first, a non-contiguous line with a small gap in the middle of Dog White and a larger gap across the whole of Easy Red, was 250 m (270 yd) out from the highwater line and consisted of 200 Belgian Gates with mines lashed to the uprights. 30 meters (33 yd) behind these was a continuous line of logs driven into the sand pointing seaward, every third one capped with an anti-tank mine . Another 30 meters (33 yd) shoreward of this line was a continuous line of 450 ramps sloping towards the shore, also with mines attached and designed to force flat-bottomed landing craft to ride up and either flip or detonate the mine. The final line of obstacles was a continuous line of hedgehogs 150 meters (160 yd) from the shoreline. The area between the shingle bank and the bluffs was both wired and mined, and mines were also scattered on the bluff slopes. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Coastal troop deployments, comprising five companies of infantry , were concentrated mostly at 15 strongpoints called Widerstandsnester ("resistance nests"), numbered WN-60 in the east to WN-74 near Vierville in the west, located primarily around the entrances to the draws and protected by minefields and wire. [ 8 ] Positions within each strongpoint were interconnected by trenches and tunnels. As well as the basic weaponry of rifles and machine guns , more than 60 light artillery pieces were deployed at these strongpoints. The heaviest pieces were located in eight gun casemates and four open positions while the lighter guns were housed in 35 pillboxes . Obsolete VK 30.01 (H) tank turrets (from a panzer development program ) armed with 75 mm L/24 guns were re-used in permanent fortified bunkers . [ 9 ] A further 18 anti-tank guns completed the disposition of artillery targeting the beach. Areas between the strongpoints were lightly manned with occasional trenches, rifle pits, and 85 machine-gun emplacements. No area of the beach was left uncovered, and the disposition of weapons meant that flanking fire could be brought to bear anywhere along the beach. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Allied intelligence had identified the coastal defenders as a reinforced battalion (800–1000 men) of the 716th Infantry Division . [ 12 ] This was a static defensive division estimated to consist up to 50% of non-German troops, mostly Russians and Ukrainians, and German Volksdeutsche . The recently activated but capable 352nd Infantry Division was believed to be 30 kilometers (19 mi) inland at Saint-Lô and was regarded as the most likely force to be committed to a counter-attack. As part of Rommel's strategy to concentrate defenses at the water's edge, the 352nd had been ordered forward in March, [ 13 ] taking over responsibility for the defense of the portion of the Normandy coast in which Omaha was located. As part of this reorganization, the 352nd also took under its command two battalions of the 726th Grenadier Regiment (part of the 716th Static Infantry Division) as well as the 439th Ost-Battalion, which had been attached to the 726th. [ 14 ] Omaha fell mostly within 'Coast Defense Sector 2', which stretched westward from Colleville and allocated to the 916th Grenadier Regiment , with the third battalion 726th Grenadier Regiment attached. Two companies of the 726th manned strongpoints in the Vierville area while two companies of the 916th occupied the St. Laurent area strongpoints in the center of Omaha. These positions were supported by the artillery of the first and fourth battalions of the 352nd Artillery Regiment (twelve 105 mm and four 150 mm howitzers respectively). The two remaining companies of the 916th formed a reserve at Formigny , three kilometers (1.9 miles) inland. East of Colleville, 'Coast Defense Sector 3' was the responsibility of the remainder of the 726th Grenadier Regiment. Two companies were deployed at the coast, one in the most easterly series of strongpoints, with artillery support provided by the third battalion of the 352nd Artillery Regiment. The area reserve, comprising the two battalions of the 915th Grenadier Regiment and known as ' Kampfgruppe Meyer', was located south-east of Bayeux outside the immediate Omaha area. [ 15 ] The failure to identify the reorganization of the defenses was a rare intelligence breakdown for the Allies. Post-action reports still documented the original estimate and assumed that the 352nd had been deployed to the coastal defenses by chance, a few days previously, as part of an anti-invasion exercise. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The source of this inaccurate information came from German prisoners of war from the 352nd Infantry Division captured on D-Day as reported by the 16th Infantry S-3 D-Day Action Report. In fact, Allied intelligence had already become aware of the relocation of the 352nd Infantry Division on June 4. This information was passed on to V Infantry Corps and 1st Infantry Division HQ through 1st Army, but at that late stage in the operations, no plans were changed. [ 17 ] When General Omar Bradley expressed concern about Omaha Beach in January, a Royal Engineers team of Captain Logan Scott-Bowden and Sergeant Bruce Ogden-Smith showed him a sample of sand from the beach. They had swum ashore in Normandy from midget submarines over thirty times, to obtain sand samples to see whether the beaches would support tanks. Scott-Bowden said to him "Sir, I hope you don't mind me saying it, but this beach is a very formidable proposition indeed and there are bound to be tremendous casualties." Bradley put his hand on Scott-Bowden's shoulder and replied, "I know, my boy. I know." [ 18 ] Plan Omaha was divided into ten sectors, codenamed (from west to east): Charlie, Dog Green, Dog White, Dog Red, Easy Green, Easy White, Easy Red, Fox Green, Fox White, and Fox Red. The initial assault was to be made by two Regimental Combat Teams (RCT), supported by two tank battalions, with two battalions of Rangers also attached. The infantry regiments were organized into three battalions each of around 1,000 men. Each battalion was organized as three rifle companies each of up to 240 men, and a support company of up to 190 men. [ 19 ] Infantry companies A through D belonged to the 1st battalion of a regiment, E through H to the 2nd, I through M to the 3rd; the letter ‘J’ was not used. (Individual companies will be referred to in this article by company and regiment, e.g. Company A of the 116th RCT will be 'A/116'). In addition, each battalion had a headquarters company of up to 180 men. The tank battalions consisted of three companies, A through C, each of 16 tanks, while the Ranger battalions were organized into six companies, A through F, of around 65 men per company. V Corps ' 56th Signal Battalion was responsible for communications on Omaha with the fleet offshore, especially routing requests for naval gunfire support to the destroyers and USS Arkansas . The 116th RCT of the 29th Infantry Division was to land two battalions in the western four beaches, to be followed 30 minutes later by the third battalion. Their landings were to be supported by the tanks of the 743rd Tank Battalion ; two companies swimming ashore in amphibious DD tanks and the remaining company landing directly onto the beach from assault craft. To the left of the 116th RCT the 16th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division was also to land two battalions with the third following 30 minutes after, on Easy Red and Fox Green at the eastern end of Omaha. Their tank support was to be provided by the 741st Tank Battalion , again two companies swimming ashore and the third landed conventionally. Three companies of the 2nd Ranger Battalion were to take a fortified battery at Pointe du Hoc , five kilometers (3.1 miles) to the west of Omaha. Meanwhile, C Company 2nd Rangers was to land on the right of the 116th RCT and take the positions at Pointe de la Percée. The remaining companies of 2nd Rangers and the 5th Ranger Battalion were to follow up at Pointe du Hoc if that action proved to be successful, otherwise they were to follow the 116th into Dog Green and proceed to Pointe du Hoc overland. [ 20 ] The landings were scheduled to start at 06:30, " H-Hour ", on a flooding tide, preceded by a 40-minute naval and 30-minute aerial bombardment of the beach defenses, with the DD tanks arriving five minutes before H-Hour. The infantry were organized into specially equipped assault sections, 32 men strong, one section to a landing craft, with each section assigned specific objectives in reducing the beach defenses. Immediately behind the first landings the Special Engineer Task Force was to land with the mission of clearing and marking lanes through the beach obstacles. This would allow the larger ships of the follow-up landings to get through safely at high tide. The landing of artillery support was scheduled to start at H+90 minutes while the main buildup of vehicles was to start at H+180 minutes. At H+195 minutes two further Regimental Combat Teams, the 115th RCT of the 29th Infantry Division and the 18th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division were to land, with the 26th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division to be landed on the orders of the V Corps commander. [ 21 ] The objective was for the beach defenses to be cleared by H+2 hours, whereupon the assault sections were to reorganize, continuing the battle in battalion formations. The draws were to be opened to allow traffic to exit the beach by H+3 hours. By the end of the day, the forces at Omaha were to have established a bridgehead 8 kilometers (5.0 miles) deep, linked up with the British 50th Division landed at Gold to the east, and be in position to move on Isigny the next day, linking up with the American VII Corps at Utah to the west. [ 22 ] Naval component Task Force O, commanded by Rear Admiral John L. Hall Jr. , was the naval component responsible for transporting the troops across the channel and landing them on the beaches. The task force comprised four assault groups, a support group, a bombarding force, a minesweeper group, eight patrol craft , and three anti-submarine trawlers, numbering in total 1,028 vessels. [ 24 ] Assault groups O1 to O3, tasked with landing the main body of the assault, were organized along similar lines, with each comprising three infantry transports and varying numbers of tank landing ships (LST), Landing Craft Control (LCC), Landing Craft Infantry (LCI(L)), Landing Craft Tank (LCT), and Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM). Assault Group O4, tasked with landing the Rangers and the Special Engineer Task Force at Pointe du Hoc and Dog Green, comprised only six smaller infantry transports. [ 24 ] The infantry transports of assault groups O1 and O2 comprised two US Navy Attack Transport (APA or AP) ships and a Royal Navy Landing Ship, Infantry (Large) (LSI(L)). All three infantry transports of Assault Group O3 were US Navy AP ships. Each US transport typically carried 1,400 troops and 26 Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP, popularly known as "Higgins Boats"), while the British LSI(L) carried 900 to 1,400 troops and 18 Landing Craft Assault (LCA). The infantry transports of Assault Group O4 – all Royal Navy ships – comprised three LSI(S) and three LSI(H), all converted fast North Sea ferries. Each of them carried 200 to 250 troops and eight LCA. [ 25 ] The Support Group operated a mixture of gun, rocket, flak, tank, and smoke landing craft, totaling 67 vessels. The Minesweeper Group comprised four flotillas, the 4th comprising nine Royal Navy minesweepers; the 31st comprising nine minesweepers of the Royal Canadian Navy; the 104th comprising ten Royal Navy inshore minesweepers; and the 167th comprising ten Royal Navy coastal minesweepers. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] Bombarding Force C comprised two battleships, three cruisers (two Free French and one Royal Navy), and 13 destroyers (three of which were provided by the Royal Navy). [ 27 ] Pre-landing bombardment While reviewing Allied troops in England training for D-Day, General Omar Bradley promised that the Germans on the beach would be blasted with naval gunfire before the landing. "You men should consider yourself lucky. You are going to have ringside seats for the greatest show on earth," he said, referring to the naval bombardment. [ 28 ] However, Rear Admiral John L. Hall strongly disapproved of what he considered to be the small amount of air and naval bombardment used, saying "It's a crime to send men on the biggest amphibious attack in history with such inadequate naval gunfire support." [ 29 ] Just after 05:00 the Germans at Port-en-Bessin reported ships off the coast, and at 05:30 opened artillery fire on the destroyer USS Emmons . The destroyer was joined in returning fire by the Free French Georges Leygues , and later by the battleship USS Arkansas . At 05:50 the planned naval bombardment began. Pointe-du-Hoc was targeted by the battleship USS Texas , and the destroyers USS Satterlee and HMS Talybont , the latter having first destroyed the radar station at Pointe et Raz de la Percée. [ 30 ] The focus of the main naval bombardment was then switched to the beach defenses, and at 06:00, 36 M7 Priest howitzers and 34 tanks that were approaching the beach on LCTs began to supplement the naval guns. They were joined by fire from ten landing craft-mounted 4.7-inch guns and the rockets of nine Landing Craft Tank (Rocket) , the latter planned to hit as the assault craft were just 300 meters (330 yd) from the beach. [ 31 ] At 06:00, 448 Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers of the United States Army Air Forces , having already completed one bombing mission over Omaha late the previous day, returned. However, with the skies overcast and under orders to avoid bombing the troops which were by then approaching the beach, the bombers overshot their targets and only three bombs fell near the beach area. [ 32 ] Shortly after the bombardment began, the German 916th Grenadiers reported their positions to be under particularly intense fire, with the position at WN-60 very badly hit. Although the Rangers at Pointe-du-Hoc were greatly assisted in their assault of the cliffs by the Satterlee and Talybont , elsewhere the air and naval bombardment was not so effective, and the German beach defenses and supporting artillery remained largely intact. [ 33 ] Later analysis of naval support during the pre-landing phase concluded that the navy had provided inadequate bombardment, given the size and extent of the planned assault. [ 34 ] Kenneth P. Lord, a U.S. Army planner for the D-Day invasion, says that, upon hearing the naval gunfire support plan for Omaha, which limited support to one battleship, two cruisers and six destroyers, he and other planners were very upset, especially in light of the tremendous naval gunfire support given to landings in the Pacific. [ 35 ] Historian Adrian R. Lewis postulates that American casualties would have been greatly reduced if a longer barrage had been implemented, [ 36 ] although the First Infantry Division Chief of Staff said that the Division would not have been able to move off the beach without effective naval gunfire. [ 37 ] Initial assault This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Omaha Beach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2025 ) Despite these preparations, very little went according to plan. Ten landing craft were swamped by the rough seas before they reached the beach, and several others stayed afloat only because their passengers bailed water out with their helmets. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Seasickness was prevalent among the troops waiting offshore. On the 16th RCT front, the landing boats passed struggling men in life preservers and on rafts, survivors of the DD tanks which had sunk in the rough sea. [ 40 ] Navigation of the landing vehicles was made difficult by the smoke and mist obscuring the landmarks they were to use in guiding themselves in, while a strong current pushed them continually eastward. [ 41 ] As the boats approached to within a few hundred meters of the shore, they came under increasingly intense fire from automatic weapons and artillery. The force only then discovered the ineffectiveness of the pre-landing bombardment. The bombers, facing overcast conditions, had been ordered to implement a pre-arranged plan to compensate for decreased accuracy. The center of targeting was displaced inland to assure the safety of the landing allied troops. As a result, there was little or no damage to the beach defenses. [ 42 ] Tank landings Because sea conditions were so rough, the decision was made for the 116th LCT to carry the DD tanks of the 743rd Tank Battalion all the way to the beach, after 27 of the initial 29 DD tanks of the 741st Tank Battalion were swamped while wading to shore. Coming in opposite the well-defended Vierville draw, Company B of the 743rd Tank Battalion lost all but one of its officers and half of its DD tanks. The other two companies landed to the left of B/743 without initial loss. On the 16th RCT front, the two DD tanks from the 741st Tank Battalion that had survived the swim ashore were joined by three others that were landed directly onto the beach because of their LCT's damaged ramp. The remaining tank company managed to land 14 of its 16 tanks (although three of these were quickly knocked out). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Infantry landings I was the first one out. The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit. All the ones in-between were hit. Two were killed; three were injured. That's how lucky you had to be. I was the first one out. The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit. All the ones in-between were hit. Two were killed; three were injured. That's how lucky you had to be. Of the nine companies landing in the first wave, only Company A of the 116th RCT at Dog Green and the Rangers to their right landed where intended. E/116, aiming for Easy Green, ended up scattered across the two beaches of the 16th RCT area. [ 46 ] G/116, aiming for Dog White, opened up a 900-meter (1,000 yd) gap between themselves and A/116 to their right when they landed at Easy Green instead. I/16 drifted so far east it did not land for another hour and a half. [ 47 ] As infantry disembarked from the landing craft, they often found themselves on sandbars 50 to 90 meters (50 to 100 yd) out. To reach the beach they had to wade through water sometimes neck deep, and they still had 180 meters (200 yd) or more to go when they did reach shore. Those that made it to the shingle did so at a walking pace because they were so heavily laden. Most sections had to brave the full weight of fire from small arms, mortars , artillery, and interlocking fields of machine gun fire. [ 48 ] Where the naval bombardment set grass fires burning, as it had at Dog Red opposite the Les Moulins strongpoint, the smoke obscured the landing troops and prevented effective fire from being laid down by the defenders. [ 46 ] Some sections of G/116 and F/116 were able to reach the shingle bank relatively unscathed, though the latter became disorganized after the loss of their officers. G/116 was able to retain some cohesion, but this was soon lost as they made their way westwards under fire along the shingle in an attempt to reach their assigned objectives. [ 49 ] The scattering of the boats was most evident on the 16th RCT front, where parts of E/16, F/16 and E/116 had intermingled, making it difficult for sections to come together to improvise company assaults that might have reversed the situation caused by the mis-landings. Those scattered sections of E/116 landing at Easy Red were able to escape heavy casualties, although, having encountered a deep runnel after being landed on a sandbank, they were forced to discard most of their weapons to make the swim ashore. [ 50 ] Casualties were most severe among the troops landing at either end of Omaha. In the east at Fox Green and the adjacent stretch of Easy Red, scattered elements of three companies were reduced to half strength by the time they gained the relative safety of the shingle, many of them having crawled the 270 meters (300 yd) of beach just ahead of the incoming tide. Within 15 minutes of landing at Dog Green on the western end of the beach, A/116 had been cut to pieces, the leaders among the 120 or so casualties, [ 49 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ a ] the survivors reduced to seeking cover at the water's edge or behind obstacles. The smaller Ranger company to their right had fared a little better, having made the shelter of the bluffs, but were also down to half strength. [ citation needed ] L/16 eventually landed, 30 minutes late, to the left of Fox Green, taking casualties as the boats ran in and more as they crossed the 180 meters (200 yd) of beach. The terrain at the very eastern end of Omaha gave them enough protection to allow the 125 survivors to organize and begin an assault of the bluffs. They were the only company in the first wave able to operate as a unit. [ 54 ] All the other companies were, at best, disorganized, mostly leaderless and pinned down behind the shingle with no hope of carrying out their assault missions. At worst, they had ceased to exist as fighting units. Nearly all had landed at least a few hundred meters off target, and in an intricately planned operation where each section on each boat had been assigned a specific task, this was enough to throw the whole plan off. [ citation needed ] Engineer landings Like the infantry, the engineers had been pushed off their targets, and only five of the 16 teams arrived at their assigned locations. Three teams came in where there were no infantry or armor to cover them. Working under intense fire, the engineers set about their task of clearing gaps through the beach obstacles—work made more difficult by loss of equipment, and by infantry passing through or taking cover behind the obstacles they were trying to blow. They also suffered heavy casualties as enemy fire set off the explosives they were working with. Eight men of one team were dragging their pre-loaded rubber boat off the LCM when artillery hit; only one survived the resulting detonation of their supplies. Another team had just finished laying its explosives when the area was struck by mortar fire. The premature explosion of the charges killed or wounded 19 engineers, as well as some nearby infantry. Nevertheless, the engineers succeeded in clearing six gaps, one each at Dog White and Easy Green on the 116th RCT front, the other four at Easy Red on the 16th RCT front. They had suffered casualties of over 40 percent. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second assault wave This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Omaha Beach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2025 ) With the initial targets unaccomplished, the second and larger wave of assault landings brought in reinforcements, support weapons and headquarters elements at 07:00 to face nearly the same difficulties as had the first. The second wave was larger, and so the defenders' fire was less concentrated. The survivors of the first wave were unable to provide effective covering fire, and in places the fresh landing troops suffered casualty rates as high as those of the first wave. Failure to clear paths through the beach obstacles also added to the difficulties of the second wave. In addition, the incoming tide was beginning to hide the remaining obstacles, causing high attrition among the landing craft before they had reached the shore. As in the initial landings, difficult navigation caused disruptive mislandings, scattering the infantry and separating vital headquarters elements from their units. [ 57 ] On the 116th RCT front, the remainder of the 1st Battalion, B/116, C/116 and D/116, were due to land in support of A/116 at Dog Green. Three boats, including their headquarters and beach-master groups, landed too far west, under the cliffs. Their exact casualties in getting across the beach are unknown, but the one-third to one-half that made it to shore spent the rest of the day pinned down by snipers . Not all sections of the badly scattered B/116 landed there, but those that did were quickly forced to join those survivors of A/116 fighting for survival at the water's edge. [ 58 ] Two companies of 2nd Rangers, coming in later on the edge of Dog Green, did manage to reach the seawall, but at the cost of half their strength. [ 59 ] To the left of Dog Green sat Dog White, between the Vierville and Les Moulins strongpoints (defending draws D-1 and D-3); and here was a different story. As a result of earlier mis-landings, and now because of their own mis-landing, the troops of C/116 found themselves alone at Dog White, with a handful of tanks from the first wave in sight. With the smoke from the grass fires covering their advance up the beach, they gained the seawall with few casualties, and were in better shape than any unit on the 116th RCT front so far. [ 60 ] Although the 1st Battalion was effectively disarmed of its heavy weapons when D/116 suffered a disastrous landing, the buildup at Dog White continued. C/116 was joined by the 5th Ranger Battalion almost in its entirety. The Ranger battalion commander, Col. Max Schneider, recognizing the situation at Dog Green on the run-in, ordered the assault craft to divert into Dog White. Like the C/116, the smoke covered their advance, although the 2nd Rangers were caught out on the right flank of the Ranger's landing. This was where the 116th RCT regimental command group, including the 29th Division assistant commander Brig. Gen. Norman "Dutch" Cota , was able to land relatively unscathed. [ 59 ] Further east, the strongpoint defenses were effective. On the Dog Red/Easy Green boundary, the defenses around the Les Moulins strongpoint took a heavy toll on the remaining 2nd Battalion, with H/116 and headquarters elements struggling ashore there. The survivors joined the remnants of F/116 behind the shingle, and here the battalion commander was able to organize 50 men for an improvised advance across the shingle. A further advance up the bluffs just east of Les Moulins was too weak to have any effect and was forced back down. [ 61 ] To their left, mainly between the draws on the Easy Green/Easy Red boundary, the 116th RCT's support battalion landed without too much loss, although they did become scattered, and were too disorganized to play any immediate part in an assault on the bluffs. [ 62 ] On the 16th RCT front, at the eastern end of Easy Red, was another area between strongpoints. This allowed G/16 and the support battalion to escape complete destruction in their advance up the beach. Nevertheless, most of G/16's 63 casualties for the day came before they had reached the shingle. The other 2nd Battalion company landed in the second wave; H/16 came in a few hundred yards to the left, opposite the E-3 draw, and suffered for it – they were put out of action for several hours. [ 63 ] On the easternmost beach, Fox Green, elements of five different companies had become entangled, and the situation was little improved by the equally disorganized landings of the second wave. Two more companies of the 3rd Battalion joined the melee, and, having drifted east in the first wave, I/16 finally made their traumatic landing on Fox Green, at 08:00. Two of their six boats were swamped on their detour to the east, and as they came in under fire, three of the four remaining boats were damaged by artillery or mines, and the fourth was hung up on an obstacle. A captain from this company found himself senior officer, and in charge of the badly out of shape 3rd Battalion. [ 64 ] American situation Along with the infantry landing in the second wave, supporting arms began to arrive, meeting the same chaos and destruction as had the rifle companies. Combat engineers , tasked with clearing the exits and marking beaches, landed off-target and without their equipment. Many half-tracks , jeeps and trucks foundered in deep water; those that made it ashore soon became jammed up on the narrowing beach, making easy targets for the German defenders. Most of the radios were lost, making the task of organizing the scattered and dispirited troops even more difficult, and those command groups that did make the shore found their effectiveness limited to their immediate vicinity. Except for a few surviving tanks and a heavy weapons squad here or there, the assault troops had only their personal weapons, which, having been dragged through surf and sand, invariably needed cleaning before they could be used. [ 65 ] The survivors at the shingle, many facing combat for the first time, found themselves relatively well-protected from small arms fire, but still exposed to artillery and mortars. In front of them lay heavily mined flats exposed to active fire from the bluffs above. Morale naturally became a problem. [ 66 ] Many groups were leaderless and witnesses to the fate of neighboring troops and landings coming in around them. Wounded men on the beach were drowning in the incoming tide and incoming landing craft were being pounded and set ablaze. [ 67 ] German situation By 07:35, the third battalion of the 726th Grenadier Regiment, defending Draw F-1 on Fox Green beach, was reporting that 100–200 American troops had penetrated the front, with troops inside the wire at WN-62 and WN-61 attacking the Germans from the rear. [ 68 ] From the German vantage point at Pointe de la Percée, overlooking the whole beach from the western end, it seemed that the assault had been stopped at the beach. An officer there noted that troops were seeking cover behind obstacles, and counted ten tanks burning. [ 69 ] Thus, as late as 13:35, the 352nd division was reporting that the assault had been hurled back into the sea. [ 70 ] Heinrich Severloh , a machine-gunner at WN62 with the soubriquet "The Beast of Omaha", claimed to have fired 13,500 rounds from an MG 42 and 400 using two Karabiner 98k rifles, a total weight of ammunition of over 375 kilograms. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] While these figures appear across several accounts, they are based solely on Severloh's personal memory, expressed over half a century later. Historians remain sceptical as his numbers imply a rate of fire and hit ratio considered implausible. Casualties among the defenders were mounting. While the 916th Regiment, defending the center of the 352nd zone, was reporting that the landings had been frustrated, it was also requesting reinforcements. The request could not be met, because the situation elsewhere in Normandy was becoming more urgent for the defenders. The reserve force of the German 352nd Division, the 915th Regiment, which had earlier been deployed against the US airborne landings to the west of Omaha, was diverted to the Gold Beach zone east of Omaha, where German defenses were crumbling. [ 73 ] Breakthrough This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Omaha Beach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2025 ) "Are you going to lay there and get killed, or get up and do something about it?" "Are you going to lay there and get killed, or get up and do something about it?" The key geographical features that had influenced the landings also influenced the next phase of the battle: the draws, the natural exits off the beaches, were the main targets in the initial assault plan. The strongly concentrated defenses around these draws meant that the troops landing near them quickly became incapable of carrying out a further assault. In the areas between the draws, at the bluffs, units were able to land in greater strength. Defenses were also weaker away from the draws, thus most advances were made there. [ 75 ] The other key aspect of the next few hours was leadership. The original plan was in tatters, with so many units mis-landed, disorganized and scattered. Most commanders had fallen or were absent, and there were few ways to communicate, other than shouted commands. In places, small groups of men, sometimes scratched together from different companies, in some cases from different divisions, were "...inspired, encouraged or bullied..." [ 66 ] out of the relative safety of the shingle, starting the dangerous task of reducing the defenses atop the bluffs. Assaulting the bluffs Survivors of C company 2nd Rangers in the first wave landed on Dog Green around 06:45; by 07:30, they had scaled the cliffs near Dog Green and the Vierville draw. They were joined later by a mis-landed section from B/116, and this group spent the better part of the day tying up and eventually taking WN-73, which defended draw D-1 at Vierville. [ 74 ] [ 76 ] At 07:50, Cota led the charge off of Dog White, between WN-68 and WN-70, by forcing gaps in the wire with a Bangalore torpedo and wire cutters. Twenty minutes later, the 5th Rangers joined the advance, and blew more openings. The command party established themselves at the top of the bluff, and elements of G/116 and H/116 joined them, having earlier moved laterally along the beach, and now the narrow front had widened to the east. Before 09:00, small parties from F/116 and B/116 reached the crests just east of Dog White. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] The right flank of this penetration was covered by the survivors of the 2nd Rangers’ A and B companies, who had independently fought their way to the top between 08:00 and 08:30. They took WN-70 (already heavily damaged by naval shells), and joined the 5th Rangers for the move inland. By 09:00, more than 600 American troops, in groups ranging from company sized to just a few men, had reached the top of the bluff opposite Dog White and were advancing inland. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] The 3rd battalion 116th RCT forced its way across the flats and up the bluff between WN-66 (which defended the D-3 draw at Les Moulins), and WN-65 (defending the E-1 draw). They advanced in small groups, supported by the heavy weapons of M/116, who were held at the base of the bluff. Progress was slowed by mines on the slopes of the bluff, but elements of all three rifle companies, as well as a stray section of G/116, had gained the top by 09:00, causing the defenders at WN-62 to mistakenly report that both WN-65 and WN-66 had been taken. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Between 07:30 and 08:30 elements of G/16, E/16, and E/116 came together and climbed the bluffs at Easy Red, between WN-64 (defending the E-1 draw) and WN-62 (the E-3 draw). At 09:05, German observers reported that WN-61 was lost, and that one machine gun was still firing from WN-62. 150 men, mostly from G/16, having reached the top hampered more by minefields than by enemy fire, continued south to attack the WN-63 command post on the edge of Colleville. Meanwhile, E/16, led by Second Lieutenant John M. Spalding and Captain Robert L. Sheppard V , turned westward along the top of the bluffs, engaging in a two-hour battle for WN-64. His small group of just four men had effectively neutralized this point by mid-morning, taking 21 prisoners—just in time to prevent them from attacking freshly landing troops. [ 82 ] On the beach below, the 16th RCT commander, Colonel George Taylor had landed at 08:15. With the words "Two kinds of people are staying on this beach, the dead and those who are going to die – now let's get the hell out of here!" [ 83 ] he organized groups of men regardless of their unit, putting them under the command of the nearest non-commissioned officer and sending them through the area opened up by G/16. By 09:30, the regimental command post was set up just below the bluff crest, and the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 16th RCT were being sent inland as they reached the crest. [ 84 ] On Fox Green, at the eastern end of Omaha, four sections of L/16 had survived their landing intact and were now leading elements of I/16, K/16 and E/116 up the slopes. With supporting fire from the heavy weapons of M/16, tanks and destroyers , this force eliminated WN-60, which defended the draw at F-1; by 09:00, the 3rd battalion 16th RCT was moving inland. [ 76 ] [ 85 ] Naval support The only artillery support for the troops making these tentative advances was from the navy. Finding targets difficult to spot, and in fear of hitting their own troops, the big guns of the battleships and cruisers concentrated fire on the flanks of the beaches. The destroyers were able to get in closer, and from 08:00 began engaging their own targets. At 09:50, two minutes after the McCook destroyed a 75 mm (3.0 in) gun position in WN-74, the destroyers were ordered to get as close in as possible. Some approached within 900 meters (1,000 yd) several times, scraping bottom and risking running aground. [ 68 ] An engineer who had landed in the first wave at Fox Red, watching the Frankford steaming in towards shore, thought she had been badly hit and was being beached. Instead, she turned parallel to the beach and cruised westwards, guns blazing at targets of opportunity. Thinking she would turn back out to sea, the engineer soon saw that she had instead begun backing up, guns still firing. At one point, gunners aboard the Frankford saw an immobilized tank at the water's edge, still firing. Watching the fall of its shot, they followed up with a salvo of their own. In this manner, the tank acted as the ship's fire control party for several minutes. [ 86 ] German defenses inland While the coastal defenses had not turned back the invasion at the beach, they had broken up and weakened the assault formations struggling through them. The German emphasis on this main line of resistance (MLR) meant that defenses further inland were significantly weaker, and based on small pockets of prepared positions smaller than company sized in strength. This tactic was enough to disrupt American advances inland, making it difficult even to reach the assembly areas, let alone achieve their D-Day objectives. [ 87 ] As an example of the effectiveness of German defenses despite weakness in numbers, the 5th Ranger battalion was halted in its advance inland by a single machine gun position hidden in a hedgerow. One platoon attempted to outflank the position, only to run into another machine gun position to the left of the first. A second platoon dispatched to take this new position ran into a third, and attempts to deal with this met with fire from a fourth position. The success of the MLR in blocking the movement of heavy weapons off the beach meant that, after four hours, the Rangers were forced to give up on attempts to move them any further inland. [ 88 ] Beachhead Despite penetrations inland, the key beach objectives had not been achieved. The draws necessary for the movement of vehicles off the beach had not been opened, and the strongpoints defending these were still putting up a spirited resistance. The failure to clear beach obstacles forced subsequent landings to concentrate on Easy Green and Easy Red. [ 89 ] Where vehicles were landing, they found a narrow strip of beach with no shelter from enemy fire. Around 08:30, commanders suspended all such landings. This caused a jam of landing craft out to sea. The DUKWs had a particularly hard time of it in the rough conditions. Thirteen DUKWs carried the 111th Field Artillery Battalion of the 116th RCT; five were swamped soon after disembarking from the LCT, four were lost as they circled in the rendezvous area while waiting to land, and one capsized as they turned for the beach. Two were destroyed by enemy fire as they approached the beach and the lone survivor managed to offload its howitzer to a passing craft before it also succumbed to the sea. This one gun eventually landed in the afternoon. [ 90 ] The official record of Omaha reports that "...the tanks were leading a hard life...". According to the commander of the 2nd battalion 116th RCT the tanks "...saved the day. They shot the hell out of the Germans, and got the hell shot out of them." [ 91 ] As the morning progressed the beach defenses were gradually being reduced, often by tanks. Scattered along the length of the beach, trapped between the sea and the impassable shingle embankment and with no operating radios amongst the commanders, tanks had to be controlled individually. This was perilous work. The commanding officer of the 111th Field Artillery, who had landed ahead of his unit, was killed as he tried to direct the fire of one tank. The command group of the 741st Tank Battalion lost three out of their group of five in their efforts. Additionally, the commander of the 743rd tank battalion became a casualty as he approached one of his tanks with orders. When naval gunfire was brought to bear against the strong-points defending the E-3 draw, a decision was made to try to force this exit with tanks. Colonel Taylor ordered all available tanks into action against this point at 11:00. Only three were able to reach the rallying point, and two were knocked out as they attempted to go up the draw, forcing the remaining tank to back off. Reinforcement regiments were due to land by battalion, beginning with the 18th RCT at 09:30 on Easy Red. The first battalion to land, 2/18, arrived at the E-1 draw 30 minutes late after a difficult passage through the congestion offshore. Casualties were light, though. Despite the existence of a narrow channel through the beach obstacles, the ramps and mines there accounted for the loss of 22 LCVPs, 2 LCI(L)s and 4 LCTs. Supported by tank and subsequent naval fire, the newly arrived troops took the surrender at 11:30 of the last strong-point defending the entrance to the E-1 draw. Although a usable exit was finally opened, congestion prevented an early exploitation inland. The three battalions of the 115th RCT, scheduled to land from 10:30 on Dog Red and Easy Green, came in together and on top of the 18th RCT landings at Easy Red. The confusion prevented the remaining two battalions of the 18th RCT from landing until 13:00, and delayed the move off the beach of all but 2/18, which had exited the beach further east before noon, until 14:00. Even then, this movement was hampered by mines and enemy positions still in action further up the draw. [ 92 ] By early afternoon, the strong-point guarding the D-1 draw at Vierville was silenced by the navy. But without enough force on the ground to mop up the remaining defenders, the exit could not be opened. Traffic was eventually able to use this route by nightfall, and the surviving tanks of the 743rd tank battalion spent the night near Vierville. [ 93 ] The advance of the 18th RCT cleared away the last remnants of the force defending the E-1 draw. When engineers cut a road up the western side of this draw, it became the main route inland off the beaches. With the congestion on the beaches thus relieved, they were re-opened for the landing of vehicles by 14:00. Further congestion on this route, caused by continued resistance just inland at St. Laurent, was bypassed with a new route, and at 17:00, the surviving tanks of the 741st tank battalion were ordered inland via the E-1 draw. [ 94 ] The F-1 draw, initially considered too steep for use, was also eventually opened when engineers laid down a new road. In the absence of any real progress opening the D-3 and E-3 draws, landing schedules were revised to take advantage of this route, and a company of tanks from the 745th tank battalion were able to reach the high ground by 20:00. [ 95 ] Approaches to the exits were also cleared, with minefields lifted and holes blown in the embankment to permit the passage of vehicles. As the tide receded, engineers were also able to resume their work of clearing the beach obstacles, and by the end of the evening, 13 gaps were opened and marked. [ 96 ] German reactions Observing the build-up of shipping off the beach, and in an attempt to contain what were regarded as minor penetrations at Omaha, a battalion was detached from the 915th Regiment being deployed against the British to the east. Along with an anti-tank company, this force was attached to the 916th Regiment and committed to a counterattack in the Colleville area in the early afternoon. It was stopped by "firm American resistance" and reported heavy losses. [ 97 ] The strategic situation in Normandy precluded the reinforcement of the weakened 352nd Division. The main threat was felt by the Germans to be the British beachheads to the east of Omaha, and these received the most attention from the German mobile reserves in the immediate area of Normandy. [ 98 ] Preparations were made to bring up units stationed for the defense of Brittany , southwest of Normandy, but these would not arrive quickly and would be subject to losses inflicted in transit by overwhelming Allied air superiority. The last reserve of the 352nd Division, an engineer battalion, was attached to the 916th Regiment in the evening. It was deployed to defend against the expected attempt to break out of the Colleville-St. Laurent beachhead established on the 16th RCT front. At midnight General Dietrich Kraiss , commander of the 352nd Division, reported the total loss of men and equipment in the coastal positions. He advised that he had sufficient forces to contain the Americans on D+1 but that he would need reinforcements thereafter. He was told that there were no more reserves available. [ 99 ] RAF at Omaha Beach In order to provide frontline infantry the best possible aerial protection, both on the beaches and as they moved forward to secure the beachhead, it was necessary that the Allied Air Forces provided radar detection and guidance to be in place on the evening of the D-Day invasion. [ citation needed ] As a result, a small force of about 160 Royal Air Force technical personnel, together with their attached supporting signals and other units, were scheduled to land on Omaha beach in Normandy at high tide on D-Day (about 11:00), immediately after the first waves of American assault troops had secured the beach and their engineers had made it safe. [ 100 ] As the United States did not have their own radar available by D-Day, it was agreed that a British Mobile Ground Controlled Interception Radar Units, (GCI 15082), would be lent to the US. The British mobile radars, being able to detect the range, bearing and height of potential enemy aircraft, were ideally suited for this role, provided they could be located on favorable sites and were available for immediate use on the night of the landings. [ 100 ] GCI 15082 was formed as a Ground Controlled Interception unit in August 1943 at Renscombe Down, near Swanage in Dorset. It was equipped with what was then the latest in radar, including height-finding apparatus, and it was used primarily for the control of night fighters in forward fighting areas. The unit was mobile, with heavy equipment mounted on Crossley trucks and smaller apparatus on Bedfords . Operational status, following arrival at a designated site, was expected to be reached in two hours. In order to provide this air cover, three Base Defence Wings (re-designated as "Sectors" – BDS – in May 1944) [ 100 ] were begun to be formed from 1 January 1944 with the appointment of Group Captain Moseby as the Commanding Officer of No. 21 BDS at RAF Church Fenton , North Riding of Yorkshire. [ 100 ] At a later date, the second and third Wings, Nos 24 and 25, were formed, the former with effect from 1 February 1944 at RAF Acklington , Northumberland, and the latter with effect from 1 March 1944 at RAF Castle Camps , Cambridgeshire. [ 100 ] The plan had been for 21 BDS to land at Easy Red Beach at around 11:30 when the tide would be in and to drive ashore. However, at the appointed hour for 21 BDS to land, the beach had not been taken, so they were ordered to circle offshore until the situation improved. Slowly, US Forces began to penetrate the bluffs and by early afternoon, at several points along the beach, advances were being made. [ 100 ] By mid-afternoon, the first draw had been taken (E-1), quickly followed by E-3. There was now a chance to land 21 BDS, and so at 17:00, 6 hours behind schedule, they were ordered in. However, while they should have landed at the E-1 draw, they were actually put ashore closer to the D-3 draw, which was still being viciously fought over. The tide was also low, and so the vehicles were dropped far out on the flat, sandy beach into low water. There were deep, hidden channels. The whole contents of one LCT drove off the ship and straight into a deep channel, never to be seen again. Other vehicles became stuck in deep sand and mud and became drowned out by the advancing tide. Those that made it to the edge of the shingle found themselves trapped with no exit off the beach. They became sitting targets for the German mortar and artillery shells that picked them off, one after another. The US forces that were on the beach with them were traumatized and immobile. Many men were dead or injured. 21 BDS’ position was grave, and they too were suffering casualties. The only solution was to get off the beach and get into the shelter of a ravine. Several of the British officers managed to organize themselves and some of the Americans to use an abandoned bulldozer to break through the shingle and effect their escape. Their plan was successful, and the remaining, unscathed vehicles were driven a few hundred meters to the comparative safety of the destroyed hamlet of Les Moulins. Out of the original 27 vehicles, only 8 survived, and 21 BDS had lost 11 dead and 39 seriously injured out of their starting complement of about 150. [ 100 ] Six men were awarded either the Military Cross or Military Medal from 21 BDS. [ 101 ] Along with many detachments of the US 5th Army, they had suffered shocking losses, and had endured a frightening ordeal. Despite losing most of their equipment, they were able to re-group on 7 June and salvage some vehicles from the beach, though still under sniper fire. By the 8th June, they had established a temporary working base at the airstrip close to St. Laurent and claimed their first “kill” on the 9th June. [ 100 ] One tragic error that the RAF committed was to send these men into conflict in their RAF blue battle dress, treated with “anti gas” material – once this uniform got wet, it became more grey than blue and became far too similar to the German grey uniform. It was reported that, on many occasions, the ill-fated 21 BDS were being shot at from both sides. [ 100 ] Replacement vehicles and men were sent over after a week or so, and the rest of 21 BDS were operational by 1 July. 21 BDS went on to become the joint most successful GCI unit on the Western Front, with over 46 enemy aircraft downed in the first three months of the invasion alone. [ 100 ] End of day Following the penetrations inland, confused hard-fought individual actions pushed the foothold out two and a half kilometers (1.6 miles) deep in the Colleville area to the east, less than that west of St. Laurent, and an isolated penetration in the Vierville area. Pockets of enemy resistance still fought on behind the American front line, and the whole beachhead remained under artillery fire. At 21:00 the landing of the 26th RCT completed the planned landing of infantry, but losses in equipment were high, including 26 artillery pieces, over 50 tanks, about 50 landing craft and 10 larger vessels. [ 102 ] Only 100 of the 2,400 tons of supplies scheduled to be landed on D-Day were landed. [ 103 ] An accurate figure for casualties incurred by V Corps at Omaha on 6 June is not known; sources vary between 5,000 and over 6,000 killed, wounded, and missing, [ 104 ] [ 105 ] with the heaviest losses incurred by the infantry, tanks and engineers in the first landings. [ 102 ] Only five tanks of the 741st Tank Battalion were ready for action the next day. [ 106 ] The German 352nd division suffered 1,200 killed, wounded and missing; about 20% of its strength. [ 99 ] Its deployment at the beach caused such problems that Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , commander of the U.S. First Army, at one stage considered evacuating Omaha, [ 107 ] while Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery considered the possibility of diverting V Corps forces through Gold. [ 108 ] Aftermath The foothold gained on D-Day at Omaha by the U.S. troops, itself two isolated pockets, was the most tenuous across all the D-Day beaches. With the original objective yet to be achieved, the priority for the Allies was to link up all the Normandy beachheads. [ 108 ] During the course of June 7, while still under sporadic shellfire, the beach was prepared as a supply area. Surplus cargo ships were deliberately sunk to form an artificial breakwater and, while still less than planned, 1,429 tons of stores were landed that day. [ 109 ] With the beach assault phase completed the RCTs reorganized into infantry regiments and battalions and over the course of the next two days achieved the original D-Day objectives. On the 1st divisional front the 18th Infantry Regiment blocked an attempt by two companies from the 916th and 726th Grenadiers to break out of WN-63 and Colleville , both of which were subsequently taken by the 16th Infantry Regiment which also moved on Port-en-Bessin . The main advance was made by the 18th Infantry Regiment, with the 3rd battalion of the 26th Infantry Regiment attached, south and south-eastwards. The most intense opposition was encountered at Formigny where troops of the 2nd battalion 915th Grenadiers had reinforced the headquarters troops of 2nd battalion 916th Grenadiers. Attempts by 3/26 and B/18 with support from the tanks of B/745 were held off and the town did not fall until the morning of June 8. The threat of an armored counterattack kept the 18th Infantry Regiment on the defensive for the rest of June 8. The 26th Infantry Regiment's three battalions, having been attached to the 16th, 18th and 115th Regiments the previous day, spent June 8 reassembling before pushing eastwards, forcing the 1st battalion of the German 726th Grenadiers to spend the night extricating itself from the pocket thus forming between Bayeux and Port-en-Bessin. By the morning of June 9, the 1st Division had established contact with the British XXX Corps, thus linking Omaha with Gold. [ 110 ] On the 29th divisional front two battalions of the 116th Infantry Regiment cleared the last defenders from the bluffs while the remaining 116th battalion joined the Rangers in their move west along the coast. This force relieved the 2nd Ranger companies who were holding Pointe du Hoc on June 8 and subsequently forced the German 914th Grenadiers and the 439th Ost-Battalion to withdraw from the Grandcamp area which lay further to the west. Early on June 7 WN-69 defending St. Laurent was abandoned and the 115th Infantry Regiment was therefore able to push inland to the south-west, reaching the Formigny area on June 7 and the original D-Day phase line the following day. The third regiment of 29th Division; the 175th, started landing on June 7. By the morning of June 9 this regiment had taken Isigny and on the evening of the following day forward patrols established contact with the 101st Airborne Division , thus linking Omaha with Utah. [ 111 ] In the meantime, the original defender at Omaha, the 352nd Division, was being steadily reduced. By the morning of June 9 the division was reported as having been "...reduced to 'small groups'..." while the 726th Grenadier Regiment had "...practically disappeared." [ 112 ] By June 11 the effectiveness of the 352nd was regarded as "very slight", [ 113 ] and by June 14 the German corps command was reporting the 352nd as completely used up and needing to be removed from the line. [ 114 ] Once the beachhead had been secured, Omaha became the location of one of the two Mulberry harbors , prefabricated artificial harbors towed in pieces across the English Channel and assembled just off shore. Construction of 'Mulberry A' at Omaha began the day after D-Day with the scuttling of ships to form a breakwater. By D+10 the harbor became operational when the first pier was completed; LST 342 docking and unloading 78 vehicles in 38 minutes. Three days later the worst storm to hit Normandy in 40 years began to blow, raging for three days and not abating until the night of June 22. The harbor was so badly damaged that the decision was taken not to repair it; supplies being subsequently landed directly on the beach until fixed port facilities were captured. [ 115 ] In the few days that the harbor was operational, 11,000 troops, 2,000 vehicles and 9,000 tons of equipment and supplies were brought ashore. [ 116 ] Over the 100 days following D-Day more than 1,000,000 tons of supplies, 100,000 vehicles and 600,000 men were landed, and 93,000 casualties were evacuated, via Omaha. [ 117 ] Today at Omaha jagged remains of the harbor can be seen at low tide. The shingle bank is no longer there, cleared by engineers in the days following D-Day to facilitate the landing of supplies. The beachfront is more built-up and the beach road extended, villages have grown and merged, but the geography of the beach remains as it was and the remains of the coastal defenses can still be visited. [ 118 ] At the top of the bluff overlooking Omaha near Colleville is the American cemetery . [ b ] In 1988, particles of shrapnel , as well as glass and iron beads resulting from munitions explosions were found in the sand of the beach, and the study of them estimated that those particles would remain in the sand of the beach for one to two centuries. [ 120 ] See also List of ships in Omaha Bombardment Group Maisy battery – WWII German fortifications in Normandy, France - German battery behind Omaha Beach - active on D-day Saving Private Ryan John C. Raaen Jr. – retired U.S. Army major general, as of 2025, the last surviving U.S. Army Ranger of those who landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day Notes Footnotes ^ Official estimates put the casualties for A/116 as high as two thirds, but of the more than 200 strong company Neillands and De Normann report that the unit "...had 91 men killed and almost as many wounded. Less than 20 men got across the beach." Stephen Ambrose reports that the company "...had lost 96% of its effective strength." ^ British servicemen who died on Omaha Beach were exhumed from their initial graves in US war cemeteries and reinterred in the Bayeux war cemetery . These "grave concentrations" typically occurred late in 1944. See the cited reference for an example of this. [ 119 ] Citations ^ Gal Perl Finkel, 75 years from that long day in Normandy – we still have something to learn , The Jerusalem Post , June 12, 2019. ^ Caddick-Adams 2019 , pp. 136–139. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Buckingham, William F. 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Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 54– 57. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ a b "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 57. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Omaha Beachhead, 6 June – 13 June 1944 (PDF) . United States Army Center of Military History . 5 February 2015. pp. 47, 57, 82. ISBN 978-1-507-85568-3 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2015 . Retrieved October 2, 2021 . ^ a b Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 135– 136. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 113. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ 27 (grams for a 7.92 x 57mm Mauser cartridge) x 13,900 (Rounds) / 1,000 (convert to kgs) ^ Markham, J. "Heinrich Severloh and the MG42 at Omaha Beach." GunsAmerica Digest, 10 November 2020. ^ Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). "Cross-Channel Attack" . Historical Division, War Department. pp. 320– 321. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . ^ a b "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 75– 77. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 58. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ a b c Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 59– 62. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 77– 78. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 63– 65. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 73, 76. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 76– 77. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 71. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 66– 73. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 73– 75. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (2002). D-Day, June 6, 1944, The Battle for the Normandy Beaches . Pocket Books. pp. 386– 389. ISBN 0-7434-4974-6 . The official history attributes a similar action to the Carmick : "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 81 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). "Cross-Channel Attack" . Historical Division, War Department. p. 326. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 93. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 79. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 80. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 80– 81. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. pp. 82– 85. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 95. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 104. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 106. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 102. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). "Cross-Channel Attack" . Historical Division, War Department. p. 330. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . ^ Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). "Cross-Channel Attack" . Historical Division, War Department. p. 332. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . ^ a b Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). "Cross-Channel Attack" . Historical Division, War Department. p. 334. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "21 Base Defence Sector Operations Record Book, 21 Sector ORB" . The RAF at Omaha Beach . ^ "The Gazette | Official Public Record" . 14 November 1944. ^ a b "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 109. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 108. Archived from the original on October 28, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Balkoski, Joseph (2004). Omaha Beach . US: Stackpole Books. pp. 350– 352. ISBN 0-8117-0079-8 . ^ Citino, Robert M. (2017). The Wehrmacht's Last Stand: The German Campaigns of 1944–1945 . Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 135. ISBN 9780700624942 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ a b Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 96– 97. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 94– 95, 98– 100. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 92– 94, 97– 100. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 147. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 149. Archived from the original on December 25, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "Omaha Beachhead" . Historical Division, War Department. 20 September 1945. p. 161. Archived from the original on October 23, 2003 . Retrieved 2007-06-10 . ^ "A Harbor Built from Scratch" . Archived from the original on 2007-12-03 . Retrieved 2007-09-10 . ^ "Operation Mulberry" . U.S. Army Transportation Museum. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-09-10 . ^ "Bridge to the Past—Engineers in World War II" . US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-09-11 . ^ Badsey, Stephen; Bean, Tim (2004). Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing. pp. 12, 128– 184. ISBN 0-7509-3017-9 . ^ "Leading Seaman Peter Wheeldon | War Casualty Details 2341793" . CWGC . Retrieved 28 August 2024 . ^ McBride, Earle F.; Picard, M. Dane (September 2011). "Shrapnel in Omaha Beach sand" . The Sedimentary Record . 9 (3): 4– 8. doi : 10.2110/sedred.2011.3.4 . References Buckingham, William F. (2004). D-Day: The First 72 Hours . Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-2842-0 . Caddick-Adams, Peter (2019). Sand & Steel: A New History of D-Day . London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-1-84794-8-281 . Trigg, Jonathan (2019). D-Day through German Eyes: How the Wehrmacht Lost France . Stroud UK: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-8931-9 . Further reading Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022). A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II . Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate. ISBN 978-1636241043 . Harrison, G. A. (1951). Cross-Channel Attack (PDF) . United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 606012173 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Omaha Beachhead (6 June–13 June 1944) . American Forces in Action Series (2011 Digital ed.). Washington DC: Historical Division, War Department. 1945. OCLC 643549468 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . External links Omaha Beach Memorial 29th Infantry Division Historical Society American D-Day: Omaha Beach, Utah Beach & Pointe du Hoc 352nd Infantrie Division History Archived 2007-04-28 at the Wayback Machine Omaha Beach Mémoire D-Day : Etat des Lieux : Omaha Beach Photos of Omaha Beach and the American Cemetery, with text by Ernie Pyle and President Clinton IX Engineer Command Oral history interview with Franklyn Johnson. from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University. Omaha Beach. H-Hour on Easy Red & Fox Green Free Mobile Augmented Reality app for use on location below WN62 by the Colleville draw (developed by the SitsimLab–project at the University of Oslo). The RAF at Omaha Beach v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category v t e Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, Western Front , World War II v t e Operations Overlord (overall plan) Neptune (assault plan) American airborne landings in Normandy Atlantic (Canada) Bluecoat (UK) Charnwood (UK and Canada) Cobra (US) Capture of Caen and Orne bridges (UK) Epsom (UK) Fortitude (Deception plan) Goodwood (UK) Greenline, Pomegranate and Express (UK) Jupiter (UK) Lüttich (German) Mallard (UK) Martlet (UK) Perch (UK) Spring (Canada) Titanic (UK) Tonga (UK 6th Airborne) Totalize (Canada, Poland, UK) Tractable (Canada, Poland, UK) Windsor (Canada) Overlord (overall plan) Neptune (assault plan) American airborne landings in Normandy Atlantic (Canada) Bluecoat (UK) Charnwood (UK and Canada) Cobra (US) Capture of Caen and Orne bridges (UK) Epsom (UK) Fortitude (Deception plan) Goodwood (UK) Greenline, Pomegranate and Express (UK) Jupiter (UK) Lüttich (German) Mallard (UK) Martlet (UK) Perch (UK) Spring (Canada) Titanic (UK) Tonga (UK 6th Airborne) Totalize (Canada, Poland, UK) Tractable (Canada, Poland, UK) Windsor (Canada) Battles Brest (US) Bréville (UK) Caen (UK, Canada) Carentan (US) Chambois (Canada, Poland, US) Cherbourg (US) Merville Battery (UK) Verrières Ridge (Canada) Villers-Bocage (UK) Brest (US) Bréville (UK) Caen (UK, Canada) Carentan (US) Chambois (Canada, Poland, US) Cherbourg (US) Merville Battery (UK) Verrières Ridge (Canada) Villers-Bocage (UK) Landing points ( W → E ) Utah (US) Omaha (US) Pointe du Hoc (US) Gold (UK) Juno (Canada) Sword (UK) Utah (US) Omaha (US) Pointe du Hoc (US) Pointe du Hoc (US) Gold (UK) Juno (Canada) Sword (UK) Logistics American logistics in the Normandy campaign British logistics in the Normandy campaign Mulberry harbour Pluto (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) Operation Chastity American logistics in the Normandy campaign British logistics in the Normandy campaign Mulberry harbour Pluto (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) Operation Chastity Gun batteries Amfreville Azeville Crisbecq Houlgate Longues-sur-Mer Maisy Merville Mont Canisy Amfreville Azeville Crisbecq Houlgate Longues-sur-Mer Maisy Merville Mont Canisy Other places Falaise pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Pegasus Bridge Military cemeteries in Normandy Falaise pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Pegasus Bridge Military cemeteries in Normandy See also Atlantic Wall D-Day D-Day naval deceptions Dieppe Raid Hobart's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ " Batman (1989)" . Lumiere . Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 8, 2016 . Retrieved April 23, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men" . Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . Simon & Schuster . pp. 158–174 . ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 16, 2020 . Retrieved December 29, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman". Burton on Burton . London: Faber and Faber. pp. 70– 83. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . ^ Tim Burton, Burton on Burton: Revised Edition (London: Faber and Faber, 2006) 71. ^ a b c Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 8, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 1" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 11, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 2" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ a b c d e Jones, Alan (November 1989). " Batman in Production" . Cinefantastique . pp. 75– 88. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013 . Retrieved May 13, 2008 . ^ a b Michael Uslan , Benjamin Melniker , Peter Guber , Tom Mankiewicz , Sam Hamm , Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ a b c d e f g h i Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . pp. 55– 67. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved May 2, 2008 . ^ Stax (December 1, 2001). "The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of The Batman " . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6, 2008 . Retrieved October 24, 2008 . ^ a b c d e f White, Taylor L. (July 1989). "Batman". Cinefantastique . pp. 33– 40. ^ a b c Hanke, Ken (1999). "Going Batty in Britain". Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75– 85. ISBN 1-58063-162-2 . ^ Lee Goldberg & David McDonnell (September 1986). "Wes Craven's Double Doubleheader". Fangoria . No. 57. Wes Craven (interviewed). pp. 50– 53, 64. ISSN 0164-2111 . ^ a b "Batman" . Steve Englehart .com . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007 . Retrieved November 25, 2007 . ^ a b c d Rebello, Stephen (November 1989). "Sam Hamm – Screenwriter". Cinefantastique . pp. 34– 41. ^ a b c Tim Burton, Sam Hamm, Mark Canton, Michael Keaton, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Gathering Storm , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on February 13, 2016 . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ a b Lowry, Brian (August 23, 2013). "Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 21, 2019 . Retrieved August 24, 2013 . ^ "Michael Biehn came close to starring in Tim Burton's Batman" . October 7, 2024. ^ "How Tim Burton's Batman set the stage for comic books' Hollywood takeover" . June 20, 2019. ^ a b Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). "Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema" . Superhero Hype!. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved July 25, 2015 . ^ "Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman" . The Guardian . August 21, 2014. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ Wigler, Josh (October 27, 2009). "Exclusive: Willem Dafoe As Batman? It Almost Happened!" . MTV . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved May 14, 2015 . ^ John Peters, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? , 2015 ^ a b c d e f Morgenstern, Joe (April 9, 1989). "Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 27, 2018 . Retrieved March 26, 2018 . ^ Hilary de Vries (February 5, 1989). " Batman Battles for Big Money" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 26, 2008 . ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Batman: The Complete History . Chronicle Books . p. 164. ISBN 0-8118-2470-5 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (November 4, 2011). "Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman' " . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ a b c Hughes, David (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33– 46. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6 . ^ Child, Ben (October 15, 2013). "Batman's Joker was originally Brad Dourif, not Jack Nicholson, says Dourif" . The Guardian . Retrieved October 27, 2021 . ^ Van Syckle, Katie (June 13, 2017). "John Lithgow Still Regrets Passing on Playing the Joker in Tim Burton's Batman" . Vulture . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. 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" " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 15 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "January 15" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 15 in recent years 2026 (Thursday) 2025 (Wednesday) 2024 (Monday) 2023 (Sunday) 2022 (Saturday) 2021 (Friday) 2020 (Wednesday) 2019 (Tuesday) 2018 (Monday) 2017 (Sunday) January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 350 days remain until the end of the year (351 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome , [ 1 ] beginning a reign of only three months. 1535 – King Henry VIII issues letters patent incorporating the title Supreme Head of the Church of England into his royal title. [ 2 ] 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith". [ 3 ] 1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England and Ireland in Westminster Abbey , London. [ 4 ] 1582 – Truce of Yam-Zapolsky : Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . [ 5 ] 1601–1900 1759 – The British Museum opens to the public. [ 6 ] 1777 – American Revolutionary War : New Connecticut (present-day Vermont ) declares its independence. [ 7 ] 1782 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage . [ 8 ] 1815 – War of 1812 : American frigate USS President , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur , is captured by a squadron of four British frigates. [ 9 ] 1818 – A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society , belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. [ 10 ] On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light. 1822 – Greek War of Independence : Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly. 1865 – American Civil War : Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union , thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy. [ 11 ] 1867 – Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park , London , collapses. [ 12 ] 1870 – Thomas Nast publishes a political cartoon symbolizing the Democratic Party with a donkey (" A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion ") for Harper's Weekly . [ 13 ] 1876 – The first newspaper in Afrikaans , Die Afrikaanse Patriot , is published in Paarl . 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company , then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta . 1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball . [ 14 ] 1901–present 1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women. 1910 – Construction ends on the Buffalo Bill Dam in Wyoming , United States, which was the highest dam in the world at the time, at 99 m (325 ft). 1911 – Palestinian Arabic -language Falastin newspaper founded. [ 15 ] 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht , two of the most prominent communists in Germany, are clubbed and then shot to death by members of the Freikorps at the end of the Spartacist uprising . [ 16 ] 1919 – Great Molasses Flood : A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston , Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. 1934 – The 8.0 M w Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people. 1936 – The first building to be completely covered in glass, built for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company , is completed in Toledo, Ohio . 1937 – Spanish Civil War : Nationalists and Republicans both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the Corunna Road . 1943 – World War II : The Soviet counter-offensive at Voronezh begins. 1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia . 1947 – The Black Dahlia murder: The dismembered corpse of Elizabeth Short is found in Los Angeles. 1949 – Chinese Civil War : The Communist forces take over Tianjin from the Nationalist government . 1962 – The Derveni papyrus , Europe's oldest surviving manuscript dating to 340 BC, is found in northern Greece. 1962 – Netherlands New Guinea Conflict: Indonesian Navy fast patrol boat RI Macan Tutul commanded by Commodore Yos Sudarso sunk in Arafura Sea by the Dutch Navy . 1966 – The First Nigerian Republic , led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in a military coup d'état . 1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles . The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10. 1969 – The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 5 . 1970 – Nigerian Civil War : Biafran rebels surrender following an unsuccessful 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria . 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya . 1973 – Vietnam War : Citing progress in peace negotiations, President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam . 1975 – The Alvor Agreement is signed, ending the Angolan War of Independence and giving Angola independence from Portugal. 1976 – Gerald Ford 's would-be assassin, Sara Jane Moore , is sentenced to life in prison . 1977 – Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashes in Kälvesta near Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm , Sweden, killing 22 people. [ 17 ] 1981 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity at the Vatican led by Lech Wałęsa . 1991 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm . 1991 – Elizabeth II , in her capacity as Queen of Australia , signs letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own Victoria Cross in its honours system. [ 18 ] 2001 – Wikipedia , a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched ( Wikipedia Day ). [ 19 ] 2005 – ESA 's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium , aluminum , silicon , iron , and other surface elements on the Moon. 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off. This becomes known as "The Miracle on the Hudson" as all 155 people on board were rescued. 2013 – A train carrying Egyptian Army recruits derails near Giza , Greater Cairo , killing 19 and injuring 120 others. [ 20 ] 2015 – The Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the Swiss franc 's value relative to the euro , causing turmoil in international financial markets. [ 21 ] 2016 – The Kenyan Army suffers its worst defeat ever in a battle with Al-Shabaab Islamic insurgents in El-Adde , Somalia . An estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers are killed in the battle. [ 22 ] 2018 – British multinational construction and facilities management services company Carillion goes into liquidation [ 23 ] – officially, "the largest ever trading liquidation in the UK". [ 24 ] 2019 – Somali militants attack the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi , Kenya killing at least 21 people and injuring 19. [ 25 ] 2019 – Theresa May 's UK government suffers the biggest government defeat in modern times , when 432 MPs voting against the proposed European Union withdrawal agreement , giving her opponents a majority of 230. [ 26 ] 2020 – The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare confirms the first case of COVID-19 in Japan . [ 27 ] 2021 – A 6.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Indonesia's Sulawesi island killing at least 105 and injuring 3,369 people. [ 28 ] 2022 – The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupts , cutting off communications with Tonga and causing a tsunami across the Pacific. [ 29 ] 2023 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes near Pokhara International Airport , killing all 72 people on board. [ 30 ] Births Pre-1600 1432 – Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481) [ 31 ] 1462 – Edzard I, Count of East Frisia , German noble (died 1528) 1481 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi , Japanese shōgun (died 1511) [ citation needed ] 1538 – Maeda Toshiie , Japanese general (died 1599) 1595 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth , English politician (died 1661) 1601–1900 1622 – Molière , French actor and playwright (died 1673) [ 32 ] 1623 – Algernon Sidney , British philosopher (probable) [ 33 ] (died 1683) 1671 – Abraham de la Pryme , English archaeologist and historian (died 1704) 1716 – Philip Livingston , American merchant and politician (died 1778) 1747 – John Aikin , English surgeon and author (died 1822) [ 34 ] 1754 – Richard Martin , Irish activist and politician, co-founded the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (died 1834) 1791 – Franz Grillparzer , Austrian author, poet, and playwright (died 1872) [ 35 ] 1795 – Alexander Griboyedov , Russian playwright, composer, and poet (died 1829) 1803 – Marjorie Fleming , Scottish poet and author (died 1811) 1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , French economist and politician (died 1865) 1815 – William Bickerton , English-American religious leader, third President of the Church of Jesus Christ (died 1905) 1834 – Samuel Arza Davenport , American lawyer and politician (died 1911) 1840 – Jo Abbott , American judge, politician and Confederate army officer [ 36 ] (died 1908) 1841 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby , English captain and politician, sixth Governor General of Canada (died 1908) 1842 – Josef Breuer , Austrian physician and psychiatrist (died 1925) 1842 – Mary MacKillop , Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (died 1909) 1850 – Leonard Darwin , English soldier, eugenicist, and politician (died 1943) [ 37 ] 1850 – Mihai Eminescu , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (died 1889) [ 38 ] 1850 – Sofia Kovalevskaya , Russian-Swedish mathematician and physicist (died 1891) [ 39 ] 1855 – Jacques Damala , Greek-French soldier and actor (died 1889) 1858 – Giovanni Segantini , Italian painter (died 1899) 1859 – Archibald Peake , English-Australian politician, 25th Premier of South Australia (died 1920) 1863 – Wilhelm Marx , German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (died 1946) 1866 – Nathan Söderblom , Swedish archbishop, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1931) 1869 – Ruby Laffoon , American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Kentucky (died 1941) 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish poet, playwright, and painter (died 1907) 1870 – Pierre S. du Pont , American businessman and philanthropist (died 1954) 1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev , Russian author and translator (died 1944) 1875 – Thomas Burke , American sprinter, coach, and journalist (died 1929) 1877 – Lewis Terman , American psychologist, eugenicist, and academic (died 1956) 1878 – Johanna Müller-Hermann , Austrian composer (died 1941) 1879 – Mazo de la Roche , Canadian author and playwright (died 1961) [ 40 ] 1879 – Ernest Thesiger , English actor (died 1961) [ 41 ] 1882 – Henry Burr , Canadian singer, radio performer, and producer (died 1941) 1882 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (died 1920) [ 42 ] 1885 – Lorenz Böhler , Austrian physician and author (died 1973) 1885 – Grover Lowdermilk , American baseball player (died 1968) 1890 – Michiaki Kamada , Japanese admiral (died 1947) 1891 – Ray Chapman , American baseball player (died 1920) 1893 – Rex Ingram , Irish film director, producer, writer, and actor (died 1950) [ 43 ] 1893 – Ivor Novello , Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (died 1951) [ 44 ] 1895 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Finnish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) 1896 – Marjorie Bennett , Australian-American actress (died 1982) 1901–present 1902 – Nâzım Hikmet , Greek-Turkish author, poet, and playwright (died 1963) [ 45 ] 1902 – Saud of Saudi Arabia (died 1969) 1903 – Paul A. Dever , American lieutenant and politician, 58th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1958) 1905 – Torin Thatcher , British actor (died 1981) [ 46 ] 1907 – Janusz Kusociński , Polish runner and soldier (died 1940) 1908 – Edward Teller , Hungarian-American physicist and academic (died 2003) 1909 – Jean Bugatti , German-French engineer (died 1939) 1909 – Gene Krupa , American drummer, composer, and actor (died 1973) [ 47 ] 1912 – Michel Debré , French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (died 1996) 1913 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (died 2002) 1913 – Lloyd Bridges , American actor (died 1998) [ 47 ] 1913 – Miriam Hyde , Australian pianist and composer (died 2005) 1913 – Alexander Marinesko , Ukrainian-Russian lieutenant (died 1963) 1914 – Stefan Bałuk , Polish general (died 2014) 1914 – Hugh Trevor-Roper , English historian and academic (died 2003) 1917 – K. A. Thangavelu , Indian film actor and comedian (died 1994) 1918 – João Figueiredo , Brazilian general and politician, 30th President of Brazil (died 1999) 1918 – Édouard Gagnon , Canadian cardinal (died 2007) 1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser , Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (died 1970) [ 47 ] 1919 – Maurice Herzog , French mountaineer and politician, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (died 2012) 1919 – George Cadle Price , Belizean politician, first Prime Minister of Belize (died 2011) 1920 – Bob Davies , American basketball player and coach (died 1990) [ 48 ] 1920 – Steve Gromek , American baseball player (died 2002) 1920 – John O'Connor , American cardinal (died 2000) 1921 – Cliff Barker , American basketball player (died 1998) [ 49 ] 1921 – Babasaheb Bhosale , Indian lawyer and politician, eighth Chief Minister of Maharashtra (died 2007) 1921 – Frank Thornton , English actor (died 2013) [ 50 ] 1922 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (died 1996) 1922 – Eric Willis , Australian sergeant and politician, 34th Premier of New South Wales (died 1999) 1923 – Ivor Cutler , Scottish pianist, songwriter, and poet (died 2006) 1923 – Lee Teng-hui , Taiwanese economist and politician, fourth President of the Republic of China (died 2020) 1924 – George Lowe , New Zealand-English mountaineer and explorer (died 2013) 1925 – Ruth Slenczynska , American pianist and composer 1925 – Ignacio López Tarso , Mexican actor (died 2023) 1926 – Maria Schell , Austrian-Swiss actress (died 2005) 1927 – Phyllis Coates , American actress (died 2023) 1928 – Joanne Linville , American actress (died 2021) [ 51 ] 1928 – W. R. Mitchell , English journalist and author (died 2015) 1929 – Earl Hooker , American guitarist (died 1970) 1929 – Martin Luther King Jr. , American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate ( died 1968 ) [ 47 ] 1930 – Eddie Graham , American professional wrestler and promoter (died 1985) 1931 – Lee Bontecou , American painter and sculptor (died 2022) 1931 – Derek Meddings , British special effects designer (died 1995) [ 52 ] 1932 – Lou Jones , American sprinter (died 2006) 1933 – Frank Bough , English journalist and radio host (died 2020) 1933 – Ernest J. Gaines , American author and academic (died 2019) 1933 – Peter Maitlis , English chemist and academic (died 2022) 1934 – V. S. Ramadevi , Indian civil servant and politician, 13th Governor of Karnataka (died 2013) 1935 – Robert Silverberg , American author and editor [ 53 ] 1936 – Richard Franklin , English actor, writer, director and political activist (died 2023) [ 54 ] 1937 – Margaret O'Brien , American actress and singer [ 55 ] 1938 – Ashraf Aman , Pakistani engineer and mountaineer 1938 – Estrella Blanca , Mexican wrestler (died 2021) 1938 – Chuni Goswami , Indian footballer and cricketer (died 2020) [ 56 ] 1939 – Per Ahlmark , Swedish journalist and politician, first Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (died 2018) 1939 – Tony Bullimore , English sailor (died 2018) 1941 – Captain Beefheart , American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (died 2010) 1942 – Frank Joseph Polozola , American academic and judge (died 2013) 1943 – George Ambrum , Australian rugby league player (died 1986) 1943 – Margaret Beckett , English metallurgist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 1943 – Stuart E. Eizenstat , American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the European Union 1943 – Mike Marshall , American baseball player (died 2021) 1944 – Jenny Nimmo , English author 1945 – Ko Chun-hsiung , Taiwanese actor, director, and politician (died 2015) 1945 – Vince Foster , American lawyer and political figure (died 1993) 1945 – William R. Higgins , American colonel (died 1990) 1945 – Princess Michael of Kent 1945 – David Pleat , English footballer, manager, and sportscaster 1946 – Charles Brown , American actor (died 2004) 1947 – Mary Hogg , English lawyer and judge 1947 – Andrea Martin , American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter [ 55 ] 1948 – Ronnie Van Zant , American singer-songwriter (died 1977) [ 47 ] 1949 – Luis Alvarado , Puerto Rican-American baseball player (died 2001) 1949 – Alasdair Liddell , English businessman (died 2012) 1949 – Ian Stewart , Scottish runner 1949 – Howard Twitty , American golfer 1950 – Marius Trésor , French footballer and coach 1951 – Ernie DiGregorio , American basketball player [ 57 ] 1952 – Boris Blank , Swiss singer-songwriter 1952 – Andrzej Fischer , Polish footballer (died 2018) 1952 – Muhammad Wakkas , Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (died 2021) [ 58 ] 1953 – Randy White , American football player 1954 – Jose Dalisay, Jr. , Filipino poet, author, and screenwriter 1955 – Nigel Benson , English author and illustrator 1955 – Andreas Gursky , German photographer 1955 – Khalid Islambouli , Egyptian lieutenant (died 1982) 1956 – Vitaly Kaloyev , Russian architect 1956 – Mayawati , Indian educator and politician, 23rd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 1956 – Marc Trestman , American football player and coach 1957 – David Ige , American politician 1957 – Marty Lyons , American football player and sportscaster 1957 – Andrew Tyrie , English journalist and politician 1957 – Mario Van Peebles , Mexican-American actor and director [ 55 ] 1958 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (died 2016) 1958 – Boris Tadić , Serbian psychologist and politician, 16th President of Serbia 1959 – Greg Dowling , Australian rugby league player 1959 – Pavle Kozjek , Slovenian mountaineer and photographer (died 2008) 1961 – Serhiy N. Morozov , Ukrainian footballer and coach 1961 – Yves Pelletier , Canadian actor and director 1963 – Craig Fairbrass , English actor, producer, and screenwriter [ 59 ] 1964 – Osmo Tapio Räihälä , Finnish composer 1965 – Maurizio Fondriest , Italian cyclist 1965 – Bernard Hopkins , American boxer and coach 1965 – Adam Jones , American musician and songwriter [ 55 ] 1965 – James Nesbitt , Northern Irish actor [ 55 ] 1967 – Ted Tryba , American golfer 1968 – Chad Lowe , American actor, director, and producer [ 55 ] 1969 – Delino DeShields , American baseball player and manager 1970 – Michele Granger , American softball player [ 60 ] 1970 – Shane McMahon , American wrestler and businessman [ 61 ] 1971 – Regina King , American actress [ 55 ] 1972 – Shelia Burrell , American heptathlete 1972 – Christos Kostis , Greek footballer 1972 – Claudia Winkleman , English journalist and critic 1973 – Essam El Hadary , Egyptian footballer 1974 – Séverine Deneulin , international development academic 1975 – Mary Pierce , Canadian-American tennis player and coach 1975 – Martin Štrbák , Slovak ice hockey player [ 62 ] 1976 – Doug Gottlieb , American basketball player and sportscaster 1976 – Alexander Korolyuk , Russian ice hockey player [ 63 ] 1976 – Iryna Lishchynska , Ukrainian runner 1976 – Dorian Missick , American actor [ 55 ] 1976 – Scott Murray , Scottish rugby player 1976 – Florentin Petre , Romanian footballer and manager 1978 – Eddie Cahill , American actor [ 64 ] 1978 – Franco Pellizotti , Italian cyclist 1978 – Ryan Sidebottom , English cricketer 1979 – Drew Brees , American football player [ 47 ] 1979 – Michalis Morfis , Cypriot footballer 1979 – Martin Petrov , Bulgarian footballer 1980 – Matt Holliday , American baseball player [ 65 ] 1981 – Dylan Armstrong , Canadian shot putter and hammer thrower 1981 – Vanessa Henke , German tennis player 1981 – Pitbull , American rapper and producer [ 55 ] 1981 – El Hadji Diouf , Senegalese footballer [ 66 ] 1982 – Armando Galarraga , Venezuelan baseball player [ 67 ] 1982 – Francis Zé , Cameroonian footballer 1983 – Hugo Viana , Portuguese footballer 1983 – Jermaine Pennant , English footballer [ 68 ] 1984 – Ben Shapiro , American author and commentator [ 69 ] 1984 – Victor Rasuk , American actor [ 55 ] 1985 – René Adler , German footballer 1985 – Kenneth Emil Petersen , Danish footballer 1985 – Pavel Podkolzin , Russian basketball player [ 70 ] 1986 – Jessy Schram , American actress and model [ 55 ] 1987 – Greg Inglis , Australian rugby league player [ 71 ] 1987 – Tsegaye Kebede , Ethiopian runner 1987 – Kelly Kelly , American wrestler and model [ 72 ] 1987 – David Knight , English footballer [ 73 ] 1987 – Kelleigh Ryan , Canadian fencer [ 74 ] 1988 – Daniel Caligiuri , German footballer [ 75 ] 1988 – Skrillex , American DJ and producer [ 55 ] 1988 – Donald Sloan , American basketball player [ 76 ] 1988 – Jun. K , South Korean singer [ 77 ] 1989 – Alexei Cherepanov , Russian ice hockey player (died 2008) 1989 – Nicole Ross , American Olympic foil fencer [ 78 ] 1989 – Martin Dúbravka , Slovakian footballer [ 79 ] 1990 – Sidney Franklin , American actor and tap dancer [ 80 ] 1990 – Robert Trznadel , Polish footballer 1990 – Slava Voynov , Russian ice hockey player [ 81 ] 1990 – Chris Warren , American actor [ 47 ] 1991 – Marc Bartra , Spanish footballer [ 82 ] 1991 – Matt Duffy , American baseball player [ 83 ] 1991 – Mitch Garver , American baseball player [ 84 ] 1991 – Nicolai Jørgensen , Danish footballer 1991 – Darya Klishina , Russian long jumper 1991 – James Mitchell , Australian basketball player [ 85 ] 1992 – Joël Veltman , Dutch footballer 1992 – Joshua King , Norwegian footballer [ 86 ] 1993 – Kadeem Allen , American basketball player [ 87 ] 1994 – Eric Dier , English footballer [ 88 ] 1996 – Dove Cameron , American actress and singer [ 89 ] 1996 – Deebo Samuel , American football player [ 90 ] 1998 – Alexandra Eade , Australian artistic gymnast [ 91 ] 1998 – Ben Godfrey , English footballer [ 92 ] 1998 – Chloe Kelly , English footballer [ 93 ] 2000 – Triston Casas , American baseball player [ 94 ] 2002 – Tim Stützle , German ice hockey player [ 95 ] 2004 – Grace VanderWaal , American singer-songwriter [ 96 ] Deaths Pre-1600 69 – Galba , Roman emperor (born 3 BC) 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I , Mayan ruler 570 – Íte of Killeedy , Irish nun and saint (born 475) 849 – Theophylact , Byzantine emperor (born 793) 936 – Rudolph of France (born 880) 950 – Wang Jingchong , Chinese general 1149 – Berengaria of Barcelona , queen consort of Castile (born 1116) 1477 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen , German countess (born 1449) [ 97 ] 1568 – Nicolaus Olahus , Romanian archbishop (born 1493) 1569 – Catherine Carey , lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (born 1524) 1584 – Martha Leijonhufvud , Swedish noblewoman (born 1520) 1601–1900 1623 – Paolo Sarpi , Italian lawyer, historian, and scholar (born 1552) 1672 – John Cosin , English bishop and academic (born 1594) 1683 – Philip Warwick , English politician (born 1609) 1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini , Italian organist and composer (born 1700) 1783 - Lord Stirling , American Revolutionary War Major General (born 1726) [ 98 ] 1790 – John Landen , English mathematician and theorist (born 1719) 1804 – Dru Drury , English entomologist and author (born 1725) 1813 – Anton Bernolák , Slovak linguist and priest (born 1762) 1815 – Emma, Lady Hamilton , English-French mistress of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (born 1761) 1854 – Jiang Zhongyuan , Chinese scholar and soldier (born 1812) [ 99 ] 1855 – Henri Braconnot , French chemist and pharmacist (born 1780) 1864 – Isaac Nathan , English-Australian composer and journalist (born 1792) 1866 – Massimo d'Azeglio , Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist and painter (born 1798) 1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnson , American wife of Andrew Johnson , 18th First Lady of the United States (born 1810) 1880 – Carl Georg von Wächter , German jurist (born 1797) [ 100 ] 1893 – Fanny Kemble , English actress (born 1809) 1896 – Mathew Brady , American photographer and journalist (born 1822) 1901–present 1905 – George Thorn , Australian politician, sixth Premier of Queensland (born 1838) 1909 – Arnold Janssen , German priest and missionary (born 1837) 1916 – Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Russian playwright and translator (born 1850) 1919 – Karl Liebknecht , German politician (born 1871) 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg , German economist, theorist, and philosopher (born 1871) 1926 – Enrico Toselli , Italian pianist and composer (born 1883) 1929 – George Cope , American painter (born 1855) 1936 – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster , English cricketer and politician, seventh Governor-General of Australia (born 1866) 1937 – Anton Holban , Romanian author, theoretician, and educator (born 1902) 1939 – Kullervo Manner , Finnish Speaker of the Parliament , the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (born 1880) [ 101 ] 1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger , Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (born 1865) 1948 – Josephus Daniels , American publisher and diplomat, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1862) 1950 – Henry H. Arnold , American general (born 1886) 1951 – Ernest Swinton , British Army officer (born 1868) 1951 – Nikolai Vekšin , Estonian-Russian captain and sailor (born 1887) 1952 – Ned Hanlon , Australian sergeant and politician, 26th Premier of Queensland (born 1887) 1955 – Yves Tanguy , French-American painter (born 1900) 1959 – Regina Margareten , Hungarian businesswoman (born 1863) 1962 – Yos Sudarso , Indonesian naval officer (born 1925) [ 102 ] 1964 – Jack Teagarden , American singer-songwriter and trombonist (born 1905) [ 103 ] 1967 – David Burliuk , Ukrainian author and illustrator (born 1882) 1968 – Bill Masterton , Canadian-American ice hockey player (born 1938) 1970 – Frank Clement , English race car driver (born 1886) 1970 – William T. Piper , American engineer and businessman, founded Piper Aircraft (born 1881) 1972 – Daisy Ashford , English author (born 1881) 1973 – Coleman Francis , American actor, director, and producer (born 1919) 1973 – Ivan Petrovsky , Russian mathematician and academic (born 1901) 1974 – Harold D. Cooley , American lawyer and politician (born 1897) 1981 – Graham Whitehead , English race car driver (born 1922) 1982 – Red Smith , American journalist (born 1905) 1983 – Armin Öpik , Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (born 1898) 1983 – Shepperd Strudwick , American actor (born 1907) 1984 – Fazıl Küçük , Cypriot journalist and politician (born 1906) 1987 – Ray Bolger , American actor, singer, and dancer (born 1904) 1988 – Seán MacBride , Irish republican activist and politician, Minister for External Affairs , Nobel Prize laureate (born 1904) 1990 – Gordon Jackson , Scottish-English actor (born 1923) 1990 – Peggy van Praagh , English ballerina, choreographer, and director (born 1910) 1993 – Sammy Cahn , American songwriter (born 1913) 1994 – Georges Cziffra , Hungarian-French pianist and composer (born 1921) 1994 – Harry Nilsson , American singer-songwriter (born 1941) 1994 – Harilal Upadhyay , Indian author, poet, and astrologist (born 1916) 1996 – Les Baxter , American pianist and composer (born 1922) 1996 – Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (born 1938) 1998 – Gulzarilal Nanda , Indian economist and politician, Prime Minister of India (born 1898) 1998 – Junior Wells , American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (born 1934) 1999 – Betty Box , English film producer (born 1915) 2000 – Georges-Henri Lévesque , Canadian-Dominican priest and sociologist (born 1903) 2001 – Leo Marks , English cryptographer, playwright, and screenwriter (born 1920) 2002 – Michael Anthony Bilandic , American politician, 49th Mayor of Chicago (born 1923) 2002 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (born 1913) 2002 – Jeanne Voltz , American food journalist and cookbook writer (born 1920) [ 104 ] 2003 – Doris Fisher , American singer-songwriter (born 1915) 2004 – Olivia Goldsmith , American author (born 1949) 2005 – Victoria de los Ángeles , Spanish soprano and actress (born 1923) 2005 – Walter Ernsting , German author (born 1920) 2005 – Elizabeth Janeway , American author and critic (born 1913) 2005 – Ruth Warrick , American actress (born 1916) 2006 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , Kuwaiti ruler (born 1926) 2007 – Awad Hamed al-Bandar , Iraqi lawyer and judge (born 1945) 2007 – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Iraqi intelligence officer (born 1951) 2007 – James Hillier , Canadian-American computer scientist and academic, co-invented the electron microscope (born 1915) 2007 – Pura Santillan-Castrence , Filipino educator and diplomat (born 1905) 2007 – Bo Yibo , Chinese commander and politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1908) 2008 – Robert V. Bruce , American historian, author, and academic (born 1923) 2008 – Brad Renfro , American actor (born 1982) 2009 – Lincoln Verduga Loor , Ecuadorian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2011 – Nat Lofthouse , English footballer and manager (born 1925) 2011 – Pierre Louis-Dreyfus , French soldier, race car driver, and businessman (born 1908) 2011 – Susannah York , English actress and activist (born 1939) 2012 – Ed Derwinski , American soldier and politician, first United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (born 1926) 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne , Spanish lawyer and politician, third President of the Xunta of Galicia (born 1922) 2012 – Carlo Fruttero , Italian journalist and author (born 1926) 2012 – Samuel Jaskilka , American general (born 1919) 2012 – Ib Spang Olsen , Danish author and illustrator (born 1921) 2012 – Hulett C. Smith , American lieutenant and politician, 27th Governor of West Virginia (born 1918) 2013 – Nagisa Oshima , Japanese director and screenwriter (born 1932) 2013 – John Thomas , American high jumper (born 1941) 2014 – Curtis Bray , American football player and coach (born 1970) 2014 – John Dobson , Chinese-American astronomer and author (born 1915) 2014 – Roger Lloyd-Pack , English actor (born 1944) 2015 – Ervin Drake , American songwriter and composer (born 1919) 2015 – Kim Fowley , American singer-songwriter, producer, and manager (born 1939) 2015 – Ray Nagel , American football player and coach (born 1927) 2016 – Francisco X. Alarcón , American poet and educator (born 1954) 2016 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (born 1958) 2016 – Manuel Velázquez , Spanish footballer (born 1943) 2017 – Jimmy Snuka , Fijian professional wrestler (born 1943) 2018 – Dolores O'Riordan , Irish pop singer (born 1971) [ 105 ] 2019 – Carol Channing , American actress (born 1921) [ 106 ] 2019 – Ida Kleijnen , Dutch chef (born 1936) [ 107 ] 2020 – Rocky Johnson , Canadian professional wrestler (born 1944) [ 108 ] 2020 – Lloyd Cowan , British athlete and coach (born 1962) [ 109 ] 2022 – Alexa McDonough , first female politician to lead a major provincial political party in Canada, former leader of the federal New Democratic Party. (born 1944) [ 110 ] 2025 – Paul Danan , English actor and television personality (born 1978) [ 111 ] 2025 – David Lynch , American television and film director, visual artist and musician, complications from emphysema (born 1946) [ 112 ] 2025 – Melba Montgomery , American country music singer-songwriter (born 1938) [ 113 ] 2025 – Linda Nolan , Irish singer and actress (born 1959) [ 114 ] Holidays and observances Arbor Day (Egypt) Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria) Army Day (India) Christian feast day : Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) John Chilembwe Day ( Malawi ) Korean Alphabet Day ( North Korea ) Ocean Duty Day ( Indonesia ) Teacher's Day (Venezuela) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Fik Meijer; Fredericus Joannes Antonius Maria Meijer (2004). 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Retrieved January 25, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 15 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2025 CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with German-language sources (de) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:03 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Series overview Toggle Series overview subsection 1.1 Regular seasons 1.2 Specials 1.3 Notes 1.1 Regular seasons 1.2 Specials 1.3 Notes 2 Episodes Toggle Episodes subsection 2.1 Ninth Doctor 2.1.1 Series 1 (2005) 2.2 Tenth Doctor 2.2.1 Series 2 (2006) 2.2.2 Series 3 (2007) 2.2.3 Series 4 (2008) 2.2.4 Specials (2008–2010) 2.3 Eleventh Doctor 2.3.1 Series 5 (2010) 2.3.2 Series 6 (2011) 2.3.3 Series 7 (2012–2013) 2.3.4 Specials (2013) 2.4 Twelfth Doctor 2.4.1 Series 8 (2014) 2.4.2 Series 9 (2015) 2.4.3 Series 10 (2017) 2.5 Thirteenth Doctor 2.5.1 Series 11 (2018) 2.5.2 Series 12 (2020) 2.5.3 Series 13 (2021) 2.5.4 Specials (2022) 2.6 Fourteenth Doctor 2.6.1 Specials (2023) 2.7 Fifteenth Doctor 2.7.1 Series 14 (2024) 2.7.2 Series 15 (2025) 2.8 Future 2.1 Ninth Doctor 2.1.1 Series 1 (2005) 2.1.1 Series 1 (2005) 2.2 Tenth Doctor 2.2.1 Series 2 (2006) 2.2.2 Series 3 (2007) 2.2.3 Series 4 (2008) 2.2.4 Specials (2008–2010) 2.2.1 Series 2 (2006) 2.2.2 Series 3 (2007) 2.2.3 Series 4 (2008) 2.2.4 Specials (2008–2010) 2.3 Eleventh Doctor 2.3.1 Series 5 (2010) 2.3.2 Series 6 (2011) 2.3.3 Series 7 (2012–2013) 2.3.4 Specials (2013) 2.3.1 Series 5 (2010) 2.3.2 Series 6 (2011) 2.3.3 Series 7 (2012–2013) 2.3.4 Specials (2013) 2.4 Twelfth Doctor 2.4.1 Series 8 (2014) 2.4.2 Series 9 (2015) 2.4.3 Series 10 (2017) 2.4.1 Series 8 (2014) 2.4.2 Series 9 (2015) 2.4.3 Series 10 (2017) 2.5 Thirteenth Doctor 2.5.1 Series 11 (2018) 2.5.2 Series 12 (2020) 2.5.3 Series 13 (2021) 2.5.4 Specials (2022) 2.5.1 Series 11 (2018) 2.5.2 Series 12 (2020) 2.5.3 Series 13 (2021) 2.5.4 Specials (2022) 2.6 Fourteenth Doctor 2.6.1 Specials (2023) 2.6.1 Specials (2023) 2.7 Fifteenth Doctor 2.7.1 Series 14 (2024) 2.7.2 Series 15 (2025) 2.7.1 Series 14 (2024) 2.7.2 Series 15 (2025) 2.8 Future 3 See also 4 References Toggle References subsection 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 5 External links List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present) Français 한국어 עברית Português Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata Wikidata item Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC . Having ceased broadcasting in 1989, it resumed in 2005 . The 2005 revival traded the earlier multi-episode serial format of the original series for a run of self-contained episodes, interspersed with occasional multi-part stories and structured into loose story arcs. [ 1 ] Doctor Who depicts the adventures of an extraterrestrial being called the Doctor , part of a humanoid species called Time Lords . The Doctor travels in the universe and in time using a time travelling spaceship called the TARDIS , which externally appears as a British police box . While travelling, typically with companions , the Doctor works to save lives and liberate oppressed peoples by combating various enemies. The Doctor has been played by various actors; the transition between actors is written into the plot with the concept of regeneration , a plot device in which a Time Lord's cells regenerated when they are fatally injured or weakened from old age and they are reincarnated into a different body. Each actor's distinct portrayal represents different stages in the Doctor's life and, together, they form a single lifetime and narrative. Six actors have led the revived series in the role of the Doctor under three showrunners , beginning with Christopher Eccleston as the Ninth Doctor and Russell T Davies as showrunner. Eccleston departed the role after the first series , succeeded by David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor , who played the role for three regular series. Tennant and Davies departed following a series of specials , replaced by Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and Steven Moffat as showrunner, respectively. Smith portrayed the character for three series, leaving after the 2013 specials . Peter Capaldi took over the role for three series as the Twelfth Doctor ; he and Moffat departed following the 2017 Christmas special . Capaldi was replaced by Jodie Whittaker , the first woman to play the role, as the Thirteenth Doctor ; Chris Chibnall became showrunner. After three series, Whittaker and Chibnall left at the end of the 2022 specials , and Davies returned for a second term as showrunner. Tennant returned as the Fourteenth Doctor in the 60th anniversary specials , succeeded by Ncuti Gatwa , who headlined the series as the Fifteenth Doctor from 2023 to 2025. At the end of the fifteenth series , Gatwa's second series in the role, the Fifteenth Doctor regenerated into a form resembling Rose Tyler , portrayed by Billie Piper . As of 31 May 2025, [update] 892 episodes of Doctor Who have aired. This includes one television movie and multiple specials, and encompasses 319 stories over 41 seasons, starting in 1963; out of these, 196 are from the revived series, encompassing 163 stories over 15 series and various specials. The programme's high episode count has resulted in Doctor Who holding the world record for the highest number of episodes of a science-fiction programme. [ 2 ] As of November 2023, up to a seventeenth series of the revived era has been planned. [ 3 ] The story numbers below are meant as a guide to placement in the overall context of the programme. [ 4 ] The numbering scheme in this list follows the official website's episode guide; other sources sometimes diverge in their numbering. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Series overview The following table dictates the season or series in question for the programme as a whole. Regular seasons Season / Series Era Doctor Episodes Stories Originally released (UK) Average viewers (millions) Average AI First released Last released Season 1 Classic era First Doctor 42 8 23 November 1963 ( 1963-11-23 ) 12 September 1964 ( 1964-09-12 ) 8.08 59 Season 2 39 9 31 October 1964 ( 1964-10-31 ) 24 July 1965 ( 1965-07-24 ) 10.46 54 Season 3 45 10 11 September 1965 ( 1965-09-11 ) 16 July 1966 ( 1966-07-16 ) 7.65 49 Season 4 [ a ] Second Doctor 43 9 10 September 1966 ( 1966-09-10 ) 1 July 1967 ( 1967-07-01 ) 7.10 49 Season 5 40 7 2 September 1967 ( 1967-09-02 ) 1 June 1968 ( 1968-06-01 ) 7.23 53 Season 6 44 7 10 August 1968 ( 1968-08-10 ) 21 June 1969 ( 1969-06-21 ) 6.38 54 Season 7 Third Doctor 25 4 3 January 1970 ( 1970-01-03 ) 20 June 1970 ( 1970-06-20 ) 7.17 59 Season 8 25 5 2 January 1971 ( 1971-01-02 ) 19 June 1971 ( 1971-06-19 ) 7.96 – Season 9 26 5 1 January 1972 ( 1972-01-01 ) 24 June 1972 ( 1972-06-24 ) 8.30 – Season 10 26 5 30 December 1972 ( 1972-12-30 ) 23 June 1973 ( 1973-06-23 ) 8.87 – Season 11 26 5 15 December 1973 ( 1973-12-15 ) 8 June 1974 ( 1974-06-08 ) 8.78 60 Season 12 Fourth Doctor 20 5 28 December 1974 ( 1974-12-28 ) 10 May 1975 ( 1975-05-10 ) 10.00 56 Season 13 26 6 30 August 1975 ( 1975-08-30 ) 6 March 1976 ( 1976-03-06 ) 10.14 57 Season 14 26 6 4 September 1976 ( 1976-09-04 ) 2 April 1977 ( 1977-04-02 ) 11.08 59 Season 15 26 6 3 September 1977 ( 1977-09-03 ) 11 March 1978 ( 1978-03-11 ) 8.98 62 Season 16 [ b ] 26 6 2 September 1978 ( 1978-09-02 ) 24 February 1979 ( 1979-02-24 ) 8.61 64 Season 17 20 5 [ c ] 1 September 1979 ( 1979-09-01 ) 12 January 1980 ( 1980-01-12 ) 11.21 65 Season 18 28 7 30 August 1980 ( 1980-08-30 ) 21 March 1981 ( 1981-03-21 ) 5.82 63 Season 19 Fifth Doctor 26 7 4 January 1982 ( 1982-01-04 ) 30 March 1982 ( 1982-03-30 ) 9.24 – Season 20 22 6 3 January 1983 ( 1983-01-03 ) 16 March 1983 ( 1983-03-16 ) 7.03 67 Season 21 [ d ] 24 7 5 January 1984 ( 1984-01-05 ) 30 March 1984 ( 1984-03-30 ) 7.14 65 Season 22 Sixth Doctor 13 6 5 January 1985 ( 1985-01-05 ) 30 March 1985 ( 1985-03-30 ) 7.12 64 Season 23 [ e ] 14 1 6 September 1986 ( 1986-09-06 ) 6 December 1986 ( 1986-12-06 ) 4.81 69 Season 24 Seventh Doctor 14 4 7 September 1987 ( 1987-09-07 ) 7 December 1987 ( 1987-12-07 ) 4.94 60 Season 25 14 4 5 October 1988 ( 1988-10-05 ) 4 January 1989 ( 1989-01-04 ) 5.34 68 Season 26 14 4 6 September 1989 ( 1989-09-06 ) 6 December 1989 ( 1989-12-06 ) 4.15 68 Series 1 Revived era Ninth Doctor 13 10 26 March 2005 ( 2005-03-26 ) 18 June 2005 ( 2005-06-18 ) 7.95 82 Series 2 Tenth Doctor 13 10 15 April 2006 ( 2006-04-15 ) 8 July 2006 ( 2006-07-08 ) 7.71 84 Series 3 13 9 31 March 2007 ( 2007-03-31 ) 30 June 2007 ( 2007-06-30 ) 7.55 86 Series 4 13 10 5 April 2008 ( 2008-04-05 ) 5 July 2008 ( 2008-07-05 ) 8.05 88 Series 5 Eleventh Doctor 13 10 3 April 2010 ( 2010-04-03 ) 26 June 2010 ( 2010-06-26 ) 7.25 86 Series 6 13 11 23 April 2011 ( 2011-04-23 ) 1 October 2011 ( 2011-10-01 ) 7.52 86 Series 7 13 13 1 September 2012 ( 2012-09-01 ) 18 May 2013 ( 2013-05-18 ) 7.44 86 Series 8 Twelfth Doctor 12 11 23 August 2014 ( 2014-08-23 ) 8 November 2014 ( 2014-11-08 ) 7.26 83 Series 9 12 9 19 September 2015 ( 2015-09-19 ) 5 December 2015 ( 2015-12-05 ) 6.03 82 Series 10 12 11 15 April 2017 ( 2017-04-15 ) 1 July 2017 ( 2017-07-01 ) 5.46 83 Series 11 Thirteenth Doctor 10 10 7 October 2018 ( 2018-10-07 ) 9 December 2018 ( 2018-12-09 ) 7.96 81 Series 12 10 8 1 January 2020 ( 2020-01-01 ) 1 March 2020 ( 2020-03-01 ) 5.40 80 Series 13 [ f ] 6 1 31 October 2021 ( 2021-10-31 ) 5 December 2021 ( 2021-12-05 ) 4.95 77 Series 14 [ g ] Fifteenth Doctor 8 7 11 May 2024 ( 2024-05-11 ) 22 June 2024 ( 2024-06-22 ) 3.97 78 Series 15 [ h ] 8 7 12 April 2025 ( 2025-04-12 ) 31 May 2025 ( 2025-05-31 ) 3.23 – Specials Special(s) Doctor Episodes Originally released Average viewers (millions) Average AI First released Last released 20th anniversary Fifth Doctor 1 25 November 1983 ( 1983-11-25 ) 7.70 75 Television film Eighth Doctor 1 12 May 1996 ( 1996-05-12 ) 9.08 75 2005 Christmas Tenth Doctor 1 25 December 2005 ( 2005-12-25 ) 9.84 84 2006 Christmas 1 25 December 2006 ( 2006-12-25 ) 9.35 84 2007 Christmas 1 25 December 2007 ( 2007-12-25 ) 13.31 86 2008–2010 specials [ i ] 5 25 December 2008 ( 2008-12-25 ) 1 January 2010 ( 2010-01-01 ) 11.19 88 2010 Christmas Eleventh Doctor 1 25 December 2010 ( 2010-12-25 ) 12.11 83 2011 Christmas 1 25 December 2011 ( 2011-12-25 ) 10.77 84 2012 Christmas 1 25 December 2012 ( 2012-12-25 ) 9.87 87 2013 specials [ j ] 2 23 November 2013 ( 2013-11-23 ) 25 December 2013 ( 2013-12-25 ) 11.97 86 2014 Christmas Twelfth Doctor 1 25 December 2014 ( 2014-12-25 ) 8.28 82 2015 Christmas 1 25 December 2015 ( 2015-12-25 ) 7.69 82 2016 Christmas 1 25 December 2016 ( 2016-12-25 ) 7.83 82 2017 Christmas 1 25 December 2017 ( 2017-12-25 ) 7.92 81 2019 New Year Thirteenth Doctor 1 1 January 2019 ( 2019-01-01 ) 7.13 80 2021 New Year 1 1 January 2021 ( 2021-01-01 ) 6.36 79 2022 specials [ k ] 3 1 January 2022 ( 2022-01-01 ) 23 October 2022 ( 2022-10-23 ) 4.39 – 2023 specials [ l ] Fourteenth Doctor 3 25 November 2023 ( 2023-11-25 ) 9 December 2023 ( 2023-12-09 ) 7.20 84 2023 Christmas Fifteenth Doctor 1 25 December 2023 ( 2023-12-25 ) 7.49 82 2024 Christmas 1 25 December 2024 ( 2024-12-25 ) 6.33 76 Notes ^ The First Doctor remained for the first two serials of season 4 . The Second Doctor featured for the remainder of the season from the third serial, The Power of the Daleks . ^ Also known by its subtitle, The Key to Time [ 6 ] ^ Shada was left unfinished due to a strike. The story was later completed and officially released on home media in 2017. [ 7 ] It is not included in the episode or story counts as it was not broadcast. [ 5 ] ^ The Fifth Doctor regenerated in the sixth serial of season 21 . The Sixth Doctor featured only in the final serial, The Twin Dilemma . [ 8 ] ^ Also known by its subtitle, The Trial of a Time Lord [ 9 ] ^ Also known by its subtitle, Flux [ 10 ] ^ Also known by its official numbering, Season 1 ^ Also known by its official numbering, Season 2 ^ These specials consist of the 2008 Christmas, 2009 Easter, November, and Christmas, and 2010 New Year's Day episodes. [ 11 ] ^ These specials consist of the 50th anniversary and 2013 Christmas episodes. ^ These specials consist of the 2022 New Year's Day, Easter, and BBC centenary episodes. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] ^ These specials consist of the 60th anniversary episodes. [ 14 ] Episodes 1963–1989 episodes and 1996 film This list has been split for improved performance . In 2005, the BBC relaunched Doctor Who after a 16-year absence from episodic television, with Russell T Davies , Julie Gardner , and Mal Young as executive producers, and Phil Collinson as producer. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] : 190 For the first time since the third season , each episode has a title. Unlike the classic series, most episodes told standalone stories. [ 16 ] : 208 The show also returned to its traditional Saturday evening slot. [ 16 ] : 185–186 Ninth Doctor The revived series began with Christopher Eccleston taking the lead role of the Ninth Doctor . During Eccleston's tenure, all episodes were set on Earth, or its orbit, in the past, present, or future. [ 17 ] In his last story, " The Parting of the Ways ", the Doctor absorbed the Time Vortex to save his companion, leading to his regeneration . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Series 1 (2005) The 2005 series introduces Billie Piper as the companion Rose Tyler . A loose story arc deals with the consequences of the Time War and its impact on the Doctor, and the mystery of the seemingly omnipresent phrase "Bad Wolf". [ 20 ] Beginning with " The Empty Child ", John Barrowman appears as Jack Harkness . [ 19 ] Adam Mitchell appears in the consecutive episodes " Dalek " and " The Long Game ". No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 21 ] 157 1 " Rose " Keith Boak Russell T Davies 26 March 2005 ( 2005-03-26 ) 1.1 10.81 76 158 2 " The End of the World " Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 2 April 2005 ( 2005-04-02 ) 1.2 7.97 76 159 3 " The Unquiet Dead " Euros Lyn Mark Gatiss 9 April 2005 ( 2005-04-09 ) 1.3 8.86 80 160a 4 " Aliens of London " Keith Boak Russell T Davies 16 April 2005 ( 2005-04-16 ) 1.4 7.63 82 160b 5 " World War Three " Keith Boak Russell T Davies 23 April 2005 ( 2005-04-23 ) 1.5 7.98 81 161 6 " Dalek " Joe Ahearne Robert Shearman 30 April 2005 ( 2005-04-30 ) 1.6 8.63 84 162 7 " The Long Game " Brian Grant Russell T Davies 7 May 2005 ( 2005-05-07 ) 1.7 8.01 81 163 8 " Father's Day " Joe Ahearne Paul Cornell 14 May 2005 ( 2005-05-14 ) 1.8 8.06 83 164a 9 " The Empty Child " James Hawes Steven Moffat 21 May 2005 ( 2005-05-21 ) 1.9 7.11 84 164b 10 " The Doctor Dances " James Hawes Steven Moffat 28 May 2005 ( 2005-05-28 ) 1.10 6.86 85 165 11 " Boom Town " Joe Ahearne Russell T Davies 4 June 2005 ( 2005-06-04 ) 1.11 7.68 82 166a 12 " Bad Wolf " Joe Ahearne Russell T Davies 11 June 2005 ( 2005-06-11 ) 1.12 6.81 86 166b 13 " The Parting of the Ways " Joe Ahearne Russell T Davies 18 June 2005 ( 2005-06-18 ) 1.13 6.91 89 Tenth Doctor The Tenth Doctor was portrayed by David Tennant , who was cast before the first series aired. [ 23 ] With the success of the first series, Doctor Who returned to its old formula of visiting alien planets in addition to time travel. [ 24 ] Tennant retained the role until Part Two of " The End of Time " when the Doctor is killed by radiation poisoning while saving his companion . [ 25 ] Series 2 (2006) The back-story for the spin-off series Torchwood is "seeded" in various episodes of the 2006 series. [ 26 ] Rose continues travelling with the Doctor, leaving the programme at the end of the finale " Doomsday ". [ 27 ] From " School Reunion " to " The Age of Steel ", Noel Clarke , who recurred in series 1, appeared as companion Mickey Smith . [ 19 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 28 ] 167 – " The Christmas Invasion " James Hawes Russell T Davies 25 December 2005 ( 2005-12-25 ) 2X 9.84 [ 29 ] 84 168 1 " New Earth " James Hawes Russell T Davies 15 April 2006 ( 2006-04-15 ) 2.1 8.62 85 169 2 " Tooth and Claw " Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 22 April 2006 ( 2006-04-22 ) 2.2 9.24 83 170 3 " School Reunion " James Hawes Toby Whithouse 29 April 2006 ( 2006-04-29 ) 2.3 8.31 85 171 4 " The Girl in the Fireplace " Euros Lyn Steven Moffat 6 May 2006 ( 2006-05-06 ) 2.4 7.90 84 172a 5 " Rise of the Cybermen " Graeme Harper Tom MacRae 13 May 2006 ( 2006-05-13 ) 2.5 9.22 86 172b 6 " The Age of Steel " Graeme Harper Tom MacRae 20 May 2006 ( 2006-05-20 ) 2.6 7.63 86 173 7 " The Idiot's Lantern " Euros Lyn Mark Gatiss 27 May 2006 ( 2006-05-27 ) 2.7 6.76 84 174a 8 " The Impossible Planet " James Strong Matt Jones 3 June 2006 ( 2006-06-03 ) 2.8 6.32 85 174b 9 " The Satan Pit " James Strong Matt Jones 10 June 2006 ( 2006-06-10 ) 2.9 6.08 86 175 10 " Love & Monsters " Dan Zeff Russell T Davies 17 June 2006 ( 2006-06-17 ) 2.10 6.66 76 176 11 " Fear Her " Euros Lyn Matthew Graham 24 June 2006 ( 2006-06-24 ) 2.11 7.14 83 177a 12 " Army of Ghosts " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 1 July 2006 ( 2006-07-01 ) 2.12 8.19 86 177b 13 " Doomsday " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 8 July 2006 ( 2006-07-08 ) 2.13 8.22 89 Series 3 (2007) This series introduces Freema Agyeman as the companion Martha Jones , whose time as the companion ends in the finale " Last of the Time Lords ", and deals with the mysterious Mr Saxon, and the Doctor dealing with the loss of Rose Tyler . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 32 ] 178 – " The Runaway Bride " Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 25 December 2006 ( 2006-12-25 ) 3X 9.35 84 179 1 " Smith and Jones " Charles Palmer Russell T Davies 31 March 2007 ( 2007-03-31 ) 3.1 8.71 88 180 2 " The Shakespeare Code " Charles Palmer Gareth Roberts 7 April 2007 ( 2007-04-07 ) 3.2 7.23 87 181 3 " Gridlock " Richard Clark Russell T Davies 14 April 2007 ( 2007-04-14 ) 3.3 8.41 85 182a 4 " Daleks in Manhattan " James Strong Helen Raynor 21 April 2007 ( 2007-04-21 ) 3.4 6.69 86 182b 5 " Evolution of the Daleks " James Strong Helen Raynor 28 April 2007 ( 2007-04-28 ) 3.5 6.97 85 183 6 " The Lazarus Experiment " Richard Clark Stephen Greenhorn 5 May 2007 ( 2007-05-05 ) 3.6 7.19 86 184 7 " 42 " Graeme Harper Chris Chibnall 19 May 2007 ( 2007-05-19 ) 3.7 7.41 85 185a 8 " Human Nature " Charles Palmer Paul Cornell 26 May 2007 ( 2007-05-26 ) 3.8 7.74 86 185b 9 " The Family of Blood " Charles Palmer Paul Cornell 2 June 2007 ( 2007-06-02 ) 3.9 7.21 86 186 10 " Blink " Hettie MacDonald Steven Moffat 9 June 2007 ( 2007-06-09 ) 3.10 6.62 87 187a 11 " Utopia " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 16 June 2007 ( 2007-06-16 ) 3.11 7.84 87 187b 12 " The Sound of Drums " Colin Teague Russell T Davies 23 June 2007 ( 2007-06-23 ) 3.12 7.51 87 187c 13 " Last of the Time Lords " Colin Teague Russell T Davies 30 June 2007 ( 2007-06-30 ) 3.13 8.61 88 Series 4 (2008) In this series, Catherine Tate reprises her role as Donna Noble from " The Runaway Bride ", this time as a full-fledged companion. The coincidences binding the Doctor and Donna together are explored. Donna departs in the second part of the finale " Journey's End ". The first part " The Stolen Earth " brings back all the long-term companions in the revived series up to that moment for the finale. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] There is also a loose story arc of many planets as well as bees mysteriously disappearing. [ 35 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 36 ] 188 – " Voyage of the Damned " James Strong Russell T Davies 25 December 2007 ( 2007-12-25 ) 4X 13.31 86 189 1 " Partners in Crime " James Strong Russell T Davies 5 April 2008 ( 2008-04-05 ) 4.1 9.14 88 190 2 " The Fires of Pompeii " Colin Teague James Moran 12 April 2008 ( 2008-04-12 ) 4.3 9.04 87 191 3 " Planet of the Ood " Graeme Harper Keith Temple 19 April 2008 ( 2008-04-19 ) 4.2 7.50 87 192a 4 " The Sontaran Stratagem " Douglas Mackinnon Helen Raynor 26 April 2008 ( 2008-04-26 ) 4.4 7.06 87 192b 5 " The Poison Sky " Douglas Mackinnon Helen Raynor 3 May 2008 ( 2008-05-03 ) 4.5 6.53 88 193 6 " The Doctor's Daughter " Alice Troughton Stephen Greenhorn 10 May 2008 ( 2008-05-10 ) 4.6 7.33 88 194 7 " The Unicorn and the Wasp " Graeme Harper Gareth Roberts 17 May 2008 ( 2008-05-17 ) 4.7 8.41 86 195a 8 " Silence in the Library " Euros Lyn Steven Moffat 31 May 2008 ( 2008-05-31 ) 4.9 6.27 89 195b 9 " Forest of the Dead " Euros Lyn Steven Moffat 7 June 2008 ( 2008-06-07 ) 4.10 7.84 89 196 10 " Midnight " Alice Troughton Russell T Davies 14 June 2008 ( 2008-06-14 ) 4.8 8.05 86 197 11 " Turn Left " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 21 June 2008 ( 2008-06-21 ) 4.11 8.09 88 198a 12 " The Stolen Earth " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 28 June 2008 ( 2008-06-28 ) 4.12 8.78 91 198b 13 " Journey's End " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies 5 July 2008 ( 2008-07-05 ) 4.13 10.57 91 Specials (2008–2010) The specials focus (" Planet of the Dead " onwards) on a premonition of "four knocks" leading to the death of the Tenth Doctor. The Doctor continues travelling alone in all the specials, taking one-off companions as he deals with the grief of continuously ending up alone again and again. [ 25 ] [ 19 ] No. story No. special Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 37 ] AI [ 37 ] 199 1 " The Next Doctor " Andy Goddard Russell T Davies 25 December 2008 ( 2008-12-25 ) 4.14 13.10 86 200 2 " Planet of the Dead " James Strong Russell T Davies & Gareth Roberts 11 April 2009 ( 2009-04-11 ) 4.15 9.54 88 201 3 " The Waters of Mars " Graeme Harper Russell T Davies & Phil Ford 15 November 2009 ( 2009-11-15 ) 4.16 9.94 88 202a 4 " The End of Time – Part One " Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 25 December 2009 ( 2009-12-25 ) 4.17 11.57 87 202b 5 " The End of Time – Part Two " Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 1 January 2010 ( 2010-01-01 ) 4.18 11.79 89 Eleventh Doctor The Eleventh Doctor was portrayed by Matt Smith . Steven Moffat took over as showrunner from the fifth series, with an emphasis on stories involving twisting and complicated plots. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Smith retained the role until the Christmas special " The Time of the Doctor " , with the Doctor dying due to old age and fatigue from a centuries-long war. [ 40 ] Series 5 (2010) This series introduces Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams respectively. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] It deals with cracks spreading throughout time and space erasing things from existence; the opening of the "Pandorica" is also mentioned in various episodes. [ 43 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 44 ] 203 1 " The Eleventh Hour " Adam Smith Steven Moffat 3 April 2010 ( 2010-04-03 ) 1.1 9.59 86 204 2 " The Beast Below " Andrew Gunn Steven Moffat 10 April 2010 ( 2010-04-10 ) 1.2 7.93 86 205 3 " Victory of the Daleks " Andrew Gunn Mark Gatiss 17 April 2010 ( 2010-04-17 ) 1.3 7.82 84 206a 4 " The Time of Angels " Adam Smith Steven Moffat 24 April 2010 ( 2010-04-24 ) 1.4 8.13 87 206b 5 " Flesh and Stone " Adam Smith Steven Moffat 1 May 2010 ( 2010-05-01 ) 1.5 8.02 86 207 6 " The Vampires of Venice " Jonny Campbell Toby Whithouse 8 May 2010 ( 2010-05-08 ) 1.6 7.28 86 208 7 " Amy's Choice " Catherine Morshead Simon Nye 15 May 2010 ( 2010-05-15 ) 1.7 7.06 84 209a 8 " The Hungry Earth " Ashley Way Chris Chibnall 22 May 2010 ( 2010-05-22 ) 1.8 6.01 86 209b 9 " Cold Blood " Ashley Way Chris Chibnall 29 May 2010 ( 2010-05-29 ) 1.9 7.04 85 210 10 " Vincent and the Doctor " Jonny Campbell Richard Curtis 5 June 2010 ( 2010-06-05 ) 1.10 6.29 86 211 11 " The Lodger " Catherine Morshead Gareth Roberts 12 June 2010 ( 2010-06-12 ) 1.11 5.98 87 212a 12 " The Pandorica Opens " Toby Haynes Steven Moffat 19 June 2010 ( 2010-06-19 ) 1.12 6.94 88 212b 13 " The Big Bang " Toby Haynes Steven Moffat 26 June 2010 ( 2010-06-26 ) 1.13 6.12 89 Series 6 (2011) This series centres on the true identity of River Song (who was introduced in series 4 and recurred in series 5, played by Alex Kingston ), [ 45 ] and the Doctor's "death". The original transmission of series 6 was split into two parts, with the first seven episodes airing April to June 2011 and the final six from late August to October 2011. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 48 ] 213 – " A Christmas Carol " Toby Haynes Steven Moffat 25 December 2010 ( 2010-12-25 ) 2.X 12.11 83 214a 1 " The Impossible Astronaut " Toby Haynes Steven Moffat 23 April 2011 ( 2011-04-23 ) 2.1 8.86 88 214b 2 " Day of the Moon " Toby Haynes Steven Moffat 30 April 2011 ( 2011-04-30 ) 2.2 7.30 87 215 3 " The Curse of the Black Spot " Jeremy Webb Stephen Thompson 7 May 2011 ( 2011-05-07 ) 2.9 7.85 86 216 4 " The Doctor's Wife " Richard Clark Neil Gaiman 14 May 2011 ( 2011-05-14 ) 2.3 7.97 87 217a 5 " The Rebel Flesh " Julian Simpson Matthew Graham 21 May 2011 ( 2011-05-21 ) 2.5 7.35 85 217b 6 " The Almost People " Julian Simpson Matthew Graham 28 May 2011 ( 2011-05-28 ) 2.6 6.72 86 218 7 " A Good Man Goes to War " Peter Hoar Steven Moffat 4 June 2011 ( 2011-06-04 ) 2.7 7.51 88 219 8 " Let's Kill Hitler " Richard Senior Steven Moffat 27 August 2011 ( 2011-08-27 ) 2.8 8.10 85 220 9 " Night Terrors " Richard Clark Mark Gatiss 3 September 2011 ( 2011-09-03 ) 2.4 7.07 86 221 10 " The Girl Who Waited " Nick Hurran Tom MacRae 10 September 2011 ( 2011-09-10 ) 2.10 7.60 85 222 11 " The God Complex " Nick Hurran Toby Whithouse 17 September 2011 ( 2011-09-17 ) 2.11 6.77 86 223 12 " Closing Time " Steve Hughes Gareth Roberts 24 September 2011 ( 2011-09-24 ) 2.12 6.93 86 224 13 " The Wedding of River Song " Jeremy Webb Steven Moffat 1 October 2011 ( 2011-10-01 ) 2.13 7.67 86 Series 7 (2012–2013) Series 7 started with five episodes, was split by a Christmas special in late 2012, and was completed by eight episodes in 2013. It deals with the exit of the Ponds midway through the series in " The Angels Take Manhattan ", and the mystery of the new companion Clara Oswald portrayed by Jenna Coleman . [ 20 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 49 ] 225 – " The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe " Farren Blackburn Steven Moffat 25 December 2011 ( 2011-12-25 ) 10.77 84 226 1 " Asylum of the Daleks " Nick Hurran Steven Moffat 1 September 2012 ( 2012-09-01 ) 8.33 89 227 2 " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " Saul Metzstein Chris Chibnall 8 September 2012 ( 2012-09-08 ) 7.57 87 228 3 " A Town Called Mercy " Saul Metzstein Toby Whithouse 15 September 2012 ( 2012-09-15 ) 8.42 85 229 4 " The Power of Three " Douglas Mackinnon Chris Chibnall 22 September 2012 ( 2012-09-22 ) 7.67 87 230 5 " The Angels Take Manhattan " Nick Hurran Steven Moffat 29 September 2012 ( 2012-09-29 ) 7.82 88 231 – " The Snowmen " Saul Metzstein Steven Moffat 25 December 2012 ( 2012-12-25 ) 9.87 87 232 6 " The Bells of Saint John " Colm McCarthy Steven Moffat 30 March 2013 ( 2013-03-30 ) 8.44 87 233 7 " The Rings of Akhaten " Farren Blackburn Neil Cross 6 April 2013 ( 2013-04-06 ) 7.45 84 234 8 " Cold War " Douglas Mackinnon Mark Gatiss 13 April 2013 ( 2013-04-13 ) 7.37 84 235 9 " Hide " Jamie Payne Neil Cross 20 April 2013 ( 2013-04-20 ) 6.61 85 236 10 " Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS " Mat King Stephen Thompson 27 April 2013 ( 2013-04-27 ) 6.50 85 237 11 " The Crimson Horror " Saul Metzstein Mark Gatiss 4 May 2013 ( 2013-05-04 ) 6.47 85 238 12 " Nightmare in Silver " Stephen Woolfenden Neil Gaiman 11 May 2013 ( 2013-05-11 ) 6.64 84 239 13 " The Name of the Doctor " Saul Metzstein Steven Moffat 18 May 2013 ( 2013-05-18 ) 7.45 88 Specials (2013) The first special focuses on various incarnations of the Doctor, including the return of the Tenth Doctor as well as the reveal of a secret incarnation called the War Doctor and his actions during the Time War . [ 50 ] The second special focuses on the Eleventh Doctor's regeneration as he dedicates his life to protecting the planet Trenzalore. [ 40 ] No. story No. special Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 51 ] 240 1 " The Day of the Doctor " Nick Hurran Steven Moffat 23 November 2013 ( 2013-11-23 ) 12.80 88 241 2 " The Time of the Doctor " Jamie Payne Steven Moffat 25 December 2013 ( 2013-12-25 ) 11.14 83 Twelfth Doctor The Twelfth Doctor was portrayed by Peter Capaldi . His tenure saw a reduction of total episodes per series from thirteen to twelve. His Doctor was characterised by his grappling with the question of the meaning of goodness and whether he is himself a good man. [ 52 ] Capaldi played the role until the Christmas special " Twice Upon a Time ", after his last stand against the Cybermen in the previous episode. [ 53 ] Series 8 (2014) The series deals with the Doctor's questioning of him being a good man, and the mystery of the identity of the character "Missy". [ 20 ] [ 46 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 54 ] 242 1 " Deep Breath " Ben Wheatley Steven Moffat 23 August 2014 ( 2014-08-23 ) 9.17 82 243 2 " Into the Dalek " Ben Wheatley Phil Ford and Steven Moffat 30 August 2014 ( 2014-08-30 ) 7.29 84 244 3 " Robot of Sherwood " Paul Murphy Mark Gatiss 6 September 2014 ( 2014-09-06 ) 7.28 82 245 4 " Listen " Douglas Mackinnon Steven Moffat 13 September 2014 ( 2014-09-13 ) 7.01 82 246 5 " Time Heist " Douglas Mackinnon Stephen Thompson and Steven Moffat 20 September 2014 ( 2014-09-20 ) 6.99 84 247 6 " The Caretaker " Paul Murphy Gareth Roberts and Steven Moffat 27 September 2014 ( 2014-09-27 ) 6.82 83 248 7 " Kill the Moon " Paul Wilmshurst Peter Harness 4 October 2014 ( 2014-10-04 ) 6.91 82 249 8 " Mummy on the Orient Express " Paul Wilmshurst Jamie Mathieson 11 October 2014 ( 2014-10-11 ) 7.11 85 250 9 " Flatline " Douglas Mackinnon Jamie Mathieson 18 October 2014 ( 2014-10-18 ) 6.71 85 251 10 " In the Forest of the Night " Sheree Folkson Frank Cottrell-Boyce 25 October 2014 ( 2014-10-25 ) 6.92 83 252a 11 " Dark Water " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 1 November 2014 ( 2014-11-01 ) 7.34 85 252b 12 " Death in Heaven " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 8 November 2014 ( 2014-11-08 ) 7.60 83 Series 9 (2015) The series is almost exclusively made up of two-episode stories and loose story arcs. It deals with the "prophecy of the Hybrid", and the consequences of the changing dynamics of the Doctor and Clara's relationship, which leads to her departure in the finale " Hell Bent ". [ 55 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 56 ] 253 – " Last Christmas " Paul Wilmshurst Steven Moffat 25 December 2014 ( 2014-12-25 ) 8.28 82 254a 1 " The Magician's Apprentice " Hettie MacDonald Steven Moffat 19 September 2015 ( 2015-09-19 ) 6.54 84 254b 2 " The Witch's Familiar " Hettie MacDonald Steven Moffat 26 September 2015 ( 2015-09-26 ) 5.71 83 255a 3 " Under the Lake " Daniel O'Hara Toby Whithouse 3 October 2015 ( 2015-10-03 ) 5.63 84 255b 4 " Before the Flood " Daniel O'Hara Toby Whithouse 10 October 2015 ( 2015-10-10 ) 6.05 83 256 5 " The Girl Who Died " Ed Bazalgette Jamie Mathieson and Steven Moffat 17 October 2015 ( 2015-10-17 ) 6.56 82 257 6 " The Woman Who Lived " Ed Bazalgette Catherine Tregenna 24 October 2015 ( 2015-10-24 ) 6.11 81 258a 7 " The Zygon Invasion " Daniel Nettheim Peter Harness 31 October 2015 ( 2015-10-31 ) 5.76 82 258b 8 " The Zygon Inversion " Daniel Nettheim Peter Harness and Steven Moffat 7 November 2015 ( 2015-11-07 ) 6.03 84 259 9 " Sleep No More " Justin Molotnikov Mark Gatiss 14 November 2015 ( 2015-11-14 ) 5.61 78 260 10 " Face the Raven " Justin Molotnikov Sarah Dollard 21 November 2015 ( 2015-11-21 ) 6.05 84 261 11 " Heaven Sent " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 28 November 2015 ( 2015-11-28 ) 6.19 80 262 12 " Hell Bent " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 5 December 2015 ( 2015-12-05 ) 6.17 82 263 – " The Husbands of River Song " Douglas Mackinnon Steven Moffat 25 December 2015 ( 2015-12-25 ) 7.69 82 Series 10 (2017) The series deals with the mystery of a vault and the Doctor's oath of guarding it, later exploring the Doctor and Missy's relationship, and the possibility of Missy turning good. [ 57 ] This season introduces Pearl Mackie and Matt Lucas as the Doctor's new companions Bill Potts and Nardole respectively, both of whom depart in the series's corresponding Christmas special " Twice Upon a Time ". [ 58 ] [ 59 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 60 ] AI [ 60 ] 264 – " The Return of Doctor Mysterio " Ed Bazalgette Steven Moffat 25 December 2016 ( 2016-12-25 ) 7.83 82 265 1 " The Pilot " Lawrence Gough Steven Moffat 15 April 2017 ( 2017-04-15 ) 6.68 83 266 2 " Smile " Lawrence Gough Frank Cottrell-Boyce 22 April 2017 ( 2017-04-22 ) 5.98 83 267 3 " Thin Ice " Bill Anderson Sarah Dollard 29 April 2017 ( 2017-04-29 ) 5.61 84 268 4 " Knock Knock " Bill Anderson Mike Bartlett 6 May 2017 ( 2017-05-06 ) 5.73 83 269 5 " Oxygen " Charles Palmer Jamie Mathieson 13 May 2017 ( 2017-05-13 ) 5.27 83 270 6 " Extremis " Daniel Nettheim Steven Moffat 20 May 2017 ( 2017-05-20 ) 5.53 82 271 7 " The Pyramid at the End of the World " Daniel Nettheim Peter Harness and Steven Moffat 27 May 2017 ( 2017-05-27 ) 5.79 82 272 8 " The Lie of the Land " Wayne Yip Toby Whithouse 3 June 2017 ( 2017-06-03 ) 4.82 82 273 9 " Empress of Mars " Wayne Yip Mark Gatiss 10 June 2017 ( 2017-06-10 ) 5.02 83 274 10 " The Eaters of Light " Charles Palmer Rona Munro 17 June 2017 ( 2017-06-17 ) 4.73 81 275a 11 " World Enough and Time " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 24 June 2017 ( 2017-06-24 ) 5.00 85 275b 12 " The Doctor Falls " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 1 July 2017 ( 2017-07-01 ) 5.29 83 276 – " Twice Upon a Time " Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 25 December 2017 ( 2017-12-25 ) 7.92 81 Thirteenth Doctor The Thirteenth Doctor was portrayed by Jodie Whittaker , [ 61 ] becoming the first woman to play the role. Chris Chibnall took over as showrunner from the eleventh series onwards, with a reduction of episodes from twelve to ten. The time slot was changed to Sunday. They both departed in the special " The Power of the Doctor ", with the Doctor dying at the hands of the Master. [ 62 ] Series 11 (2018) The series introduces Mandip Gill , Bradley Walsh and Tosin Cole as the new companions Yasmin Khan , Graham O'Brien and Ryan Sinclair respectively. [ 63 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 64 ] 277 1 " The Woman Who Fell to Earth " Jamie Childs Chris Chibnall 7 October 2018 ( 2018-10-07 ) 10.96 83 278 2 " The Ghost Monument " Mark Tonderai Chris Chibnall 14 October 2018 ( 2018-10-14 ) 9.00 82 279 3 " Rosa " Mark Tonderai Malorie Blackman and Chris Chibnall 21 October 2018 ( 2018-10-21 ) 8.41 83 280 4 " Arachnids in the UK " Sallie Aprahamian Chris Chibnall 28 October 2018 ( 2018-10-28 ) 8.22 83 281 5 " The Tsuranga Conundrum " Jennifer Perrott Chris Chibnall 4 November 2018 ( 2018-11-04 ) 7.76 79 282 6 " Demons of the Punjab " Jamie Childs Vinay Patel 11 November 2018 ( 2018-11-11 ) 7.48 80 283 7 " Kerblam! " Jennifer Perrott Pete McTighe 18 November 2018 ( 2018-11-18 ) 7.46 81 284 8 " The Witchfinders " Sallie Aprahamian Joy Wilkinson 25 November 2018 ( 2018-11-25 ) 7.21 81 285 9 " It Takes You Away " Jamie Childs Ed Hime 2 December 2018 ( 2018-12-02 ) 6.42 80 286 10 " The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos " Jamie Childs Chris Chibnall 9 December 2018 ( 2018-12-09 ) 6.65 79 287 – " Resolution " Wayne Yip Chris Chibnall 1 January 2019 ( 2019-01-01 ) 7.13 80 Series 12 (2020) This series deals with a new incarnation of the Master , [ 65 ] the appearance of an unknown incarnation of the Doctor , [ 66 ] the destruction of her homeworld Gallifrey and the secret of the Timeless Child. [ 67 ] It saw the return of Jack Harkness in a cameo. [ 68 ] The concluding special is the last regular appearance of Graham and Ryan. [ 69 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 70 ] 288a 1 " Spyfall, Part 1 " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 1 January 2020 ( 2020-01-01 ) 6.89 82 288b 2 " Spyfall, Part 2 " Lee Haven Jones Chris Chibnall 5 January 2020 ( 2020-01-05 ) 6.07 82 289 3 " Orphan 55 " Lee Haven Jones Ed Hime 12 January 2020 ( 2020-01-12 ) 5.38 77 290 4 " Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror " Nida Manzoor Nina Metivier 19 January 2020 ( 2020-01-19 ) 5.20 79 291 5 " Fugitive of the Judoon " Nida Manzoor Vinay Patel and Chris Chibnall 26 January 2020 ( 2020-01-26 ) 5.57 83 292 6 " Praxeus " Jamie Magnus Stone Pete McTighe and Chris Chibnall 2 February 2020 ( 2020-02-02 ) 5.22 78 293 7 " Can You Hear Me? " Emma Sullivan Charlene James and Chris Chibnall 9 February 2020 ( 2020-02-09 ) 4.89 78 294 8 " The Haunting of Villa Diodati " Emma Sullivan Maxine Alderton 16 February 2020 ( 2020-02-16 ) 5.07 80 295a 9 " Ascension of the Cybermen " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 23 February 2020 ( 2020-02-23 ) 4.99 81 295b 10 " The Timeless Children " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 1 March 2020 ( 2020-03-01 ) 4.69 82 296 – " Revolution of the Daleks " Lee Haven Jones Chris Chibnall 1 January 2021 ( 2021-01-01 ) 6.36 79 Series 13 (2021) Series 13 is a single story arc, subtitled Flux , consisting of six episodes. It involves a universe-ending anomaly, called the "Flux", which leads to several enemies separately attempting to take over Earth and destroy most of the universe. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] John Bishop joined the series as new companion Dan. [ 73 ] No. story No. in series Title [ a ] Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 74 ] 297a 1 " The Halloween Apocalypse " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 31 October 2021 ( 2021-10-31 ) 5.81 76 297b 2 " War of the Sontarans " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 7 November 2021 ( 2021-11-07 ) 5.12 77 297c 3 " Once, Upon Time " Azhur Saleem Chris Chibnall 14 November 2021 ( 2021-11-14 ) 4.70 75 297d 4 " Village of the Angels " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall and Maxine Alderton 21 November 2021 ( 2021-11-21 ) 4.57 79 297e 5 " Survivors of the Flux " Azhur Saleem Chris Chibnall 28 November 2021 ( 2021-11-28 ) 4.87 77 297f 6 " The Vanquishers " Azhur Saleem Chris Chibnall 5 December 2021 ( 2021-12-05 ) 4.68 76 Specials (2022) The specials loosely continued from Flux , with the last special celebrating the BBC's centenary. [ 71 ] [ 75 ] They deal with Yaz and the Doctor's relationship and the lead up to the Thirteenth Doctor's regeneration. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Both Dan and Yaz depart in the finale. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] No. story No. special Title Directed by Written by Original release date UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] 298 1 " Eve of the Daleks " Annetta Laufer Chris Chibnall 1 January 2022 ( 2022-01-01 ) 4.40 299 2 " Legend of the Sea Devils " Haolu Wang Ella Road and Chris Chibnall 17 April 2022 ( 2022-04-17 ) 3.47 300 3 " The Power of the Doctor " Jamie Magnus Stone Chris Chibnall 23 October 2022 ( 2022-10-23 ) 5.30 Fourteenth Doctor The Fourteenth Doctor was portrayed by David Tennant , who previously portrayed the Tenth Doctor and returned to the show for its 60th anniversary. Additionally, Russell T Davies returned as showrunner. Bad Wolf [ 79 ] [ 80 ] and Disney+ began co-producing the programme, [ b ] while Disney+ handled international distribution outside the UK and Ireland. [ 81 ] Specials (2023) These specials celebrate the 60th anniversary, and were preceded by a Children in Need minisode about the Doctor and Davros . They reunite the Doctor with Donna Noble; introduce Beep the Meep on-screen; involve thwarting a threat at the universe's edge; re-introduce the Toymaker; and conclude with the Fourteenth Doctor's unique bi-generation. [ 85 ] No. story No. special Title Directed by Written by Original release date [ c ] UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 87 ] 301 1 " The Star Beast " Rachel Talalay Russell T Davies , from a story by Pat Mills and Dave Gibbons 25 November 2023 ( 2023-11-25 ) 7.61 84 302 2 " Wild Blue Yonder " Tom Kingsley Russell T Davies 2 December 2023 ( 2023-12-02 ) 7.14 83 303 3 " The Giggle " Chanya Button Russell T Davies 9 December 2023 ( 2023-12-09 ) 6.85 85 Fifteenth Doctor The Fifteenth Doctor was portrayed by Ncuti Gatwa . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 80 ] His tenure saw the episode count reduced from ten to eight. Gatwa played the role for two series, regenerating in the series 15 finale after sacrificing himself to save Poppy, Belinda's daughter. Series 14 (2024) The Christmas special introduces Millie Gibson as companion Ruby Sunday , while the following series centred around the mystery of Ruby's birth, and a mysterious woman who appeared in different forms within each of the Doctor and Ruby's adventures. [ 90 ] With this series, the numbering system was reset in marketing, starting with "Season 1". [ 91 ] No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date [ d ] UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 92 ] 304 – " The Church on Ruby Road " Mark Tonderai Russell T Davies 25 December 2023 ( 2023-12-25 ) 7.49 82 305 1 " Space Babies " Julie Anne Robinson Russell T Davies 11 May 2024 ( 2024-05-11 ) 4.62 75 306 2 " The Devil's Chord " Ben Chessell Russell T Davies 11 May 2024 ( 2024-05-11 ) 4.24 77 307 3 " Boom " Julie Anne Robinson Steven Moffat 18 May 2024 ( 2024-05-18 ) 3.63 78 308 4 " 73 Yards " Dylan Holmes Williams Russell T Davies 25 May 2024 ( 2024-05-25 ) 4.26 77 309 5 " Dot and Bubble " Dylan Holmes Williams Russell T Davies 1 June 2024 ( 2024-06-01 ) 3.62 77 310 6 " Rogue " Ben Chessell Kate Herron and Briony Redman 8 June 2024 ( 2024-06-08 ) 3.66 77 311a 7 " The Legend of Ruby Sunday " Jamie Donoughue Russell T Davies 15 June 2024 ( 2024-06-15 ) 3.79 81 311b 8 " Empire of Death " Jamie Donoughue Russell T Davies 22 June 2024 ( 2024-06-22 ) 3.94 80 Series 15 (2025) A Christmas special aired on 25 December 2024, preceding the eight-episode fifteenth series, which premiered in April 2025. [ 94 ] Millie Gibson returned as Ruby Sunday alongside new companion Belinda Chandra , played by Varada Sethu . [ 95 ] Filming occurred between 23 October 2023 and 25 May 2024. [ 94 ] This series was numbered in marketing as "Season 2". In this series, the Doctor tries to get Belinda home to 2025, but they keep getting repelled by a "sinister force". No. story No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original release date [ e ] UK viewers (millions) [ 22 ] AI [ 92 ] 312 – " Joy to the World " Alex Sanjiv Pillai Steven Moffat 25 December 2024 ( 2024-12-25 ) 6.33 76 313 1 " The Robot Revolution " Peter Hoar Russell T Davies 12 April 2025 ( 2025-04-12 ) 3.56 – 314 2 " Lux " Amanda Brotchie Russell T Davies 19 April 2025 ( 2025-04-19 ) 3.04 – 315 3 " The Well " Amanda Brotchie Russell T Davies & Sharma Angel-Walfall 26 April 2025 ( 2025-04-26 ) 3.24 – 316 4 " Lucky Day " Peter Hoar Pete McTighe 3 May 2025 ( 2025-05-03 ) 2.83 – 317 5 " The Story & the Engine " Makalla McPherson Inua Ellams 10 May 2025 ( 2025-05-10 ) 2.71 – 318 6 " The Interstellar Song Contest " Ben A. Williams Juno Dawson 17 May 2025 ( 2025-05-17 ) 3.79 – 319a 7 " Wish World " Alex Sanjiv Pillai Russell T Davies 24 May 2025 ( 2025-05-24 ) 3.16 – 319b 8 " The Reality War " Alex Sanjiv Pillai Russell T Davies 31 May 2025 ( 2025-05-31 ) 3.48 – Future A seventh series with Davies as showrunner (the third since his return) was being planned by November 2023. [ 3 ] By the following June, Davies was working on the series' fourth script, despite it not yet having been commissioned; filming was initially expected to begin in early 2025. [ 99 ] A decision to commission further episodes was not made until after series 15 aired and the Doctor Who portion of the 26-episode deal with Disney+ [ f ] was concluded. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] In October 2025, the BBC confirmed the show would return with a Christmas special in 2026, written by Davies, with plans for the sixteenth series to be announced at a later date. [ 102 ] See also Doctor Who portal BBC portal Doctor Who missing episodes List of Doctor Who Christmas and New Year's specials List of unmade Doctor Who serials and films List of Doctor Who audio releases List of Doctor Who home video releases List of Doctor Who audio plays by Big Finish List of Doctor Who radio stories List of supplementary Doctor Who episodes Doctor Who spin-offs References Notes ^ These titles are normally prefixed with their respective "Chapter" number, or with the overall serial title " Flux ". ^ Though not directly stated as such in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Doctor 's episode end slates nor by the BBC's early announcements in September 2021 and October 2022, which mention BBC Studios and Bad Wolf alone, [ 79 ] [ 80 ] or refer to Disney Branded Television as a non-UK and Ireland distribution partner, [ 81 ] Russell T Davies has called the deal a Disney+ co-production in interviews, [ 82 ] [ 83 ] and sources like HuffPost and The Independent retrospectively said Disney+ were announced as co-producers in October 2022. [ 82 ] [ 84 ] ^ The episodes were released simultaneously at 6:30 p.m. GMT in the United Kingdom on BBC One , and at 10:30 a.m. PT in the United States on Disney+ . [ 86 ] ^ Episodes for the fourteenth series were released simultaneously at 12 a.m. BST in the United Kingdom on BBC iPlayer (followed by a 7 p.m. BBC One broadcast the same day), and at 4 p.m. PT the day prior in the United States on Disney+ . [ 93 ] ^ The first seven episodes for the fifteenth series were released simultaneously at 8 a.m. BST in the United Kingdom on BBC iPlayer (followed by a 7 p.m. BBC One broadcast the same day), and at 12 a.m. PT in the United States on Disney+ . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] The final episode was released simultaneously at 7 p.m. BST in the United Kingdom on BBC iPlayer and BBC One, and at 11 a.m. PT in the United States on Disney+. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] ^ The deal included five episodes of 2025's The War Between the Land and the Sea , although Disney+ ended its deal with the BBC after it was filmed and before it aired. [ 100 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ainsworth, John, ed. 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External links BBC Episode Guide (1963–1996) (archived) BBC Episode Guide (2005–2022) DoctorWho.TV story guide (1963–present) Doctor Who at IMDb : 1963–1989 , 1996 , 2005–2022 , 2023– .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Doctor Who v t e Programme Episodes 1963–1989 episodes 1996 film 2005–present episodes Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Radio stories Unmade serials Production Producers Script editors Writers Music theme music composers soundtrack releases Releases Home video Other home video Miscellaneous History Australia United States and Canada Whoniverse Fandom Thasmin Merchandise Awards and nominations Gender in Doctor Who Episodes 1963–1989 episodes 1996 film 2005–present episodes Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Radio stories Unmade serials 1963–1989 episodes 1996 film 1996 film 2005–present episodes Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Radio stories Unmade serials Production Producers Script editors Writers Music theme music composers soundtrack releases Producers Script editors Writers Music theme music composers soundtrack releases theme music composers soundtrack releases Releases Home video Other home video Home video Other home video Miscellaneous History Australia United States and Canada Whoniverse Fandom Thasmin Merchandise Awards and nominations Gender in Doctor Who History Australia United States and Canada Australia United States and Canada Whoniverse Fandom Thasmin Thasmin Merchandise Awards and nominations Gender in Doctor Who Plot devices Characters The Doctor actors considered Companions Supporting characters The Master Cast Creatures Cyberman Dalek Davros Ice Warrior Nestene Consciousness and Autons Sontaran Silurian and Sea Devil Slitheen Time Lord Weeping Angel Concepts Sonic screwdriver TARDIS Torchwood Institute UNIT Characters The Doctor actors considered Companions Supporting characters The Master Cast The Doctor actors considered actors considered Companions Supporting characters The Master The Master Cast Creatures Cyberman Dalek Davros Ice Warrior Nestene Consciousness and Autons Sontaran Silurian and Sea Devil Slitheen Time Lord Weeping Angel Cyberman Dalek Davros Ice Warrior Nestene Consciousness and Autons Sontaran Silurian and Sea Devil Slitheen Time Lord Weeping Angel Concepts Sonic screwdriver TARDIS Torchwood Institute UNIT Sonic screwdriver TARDIS Torchwood Institute UNIT Related media Spin-offs K-9 and Company Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K9 Class Tales of the TARDIS The War Between the Land and the Sea Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. Documentaries Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Aftershows Confidential Extra Whovians Unleashed Stage 2008 Prom Live Books New Adventures Missing Adventures Virgin Decalog Eighth Doctor Adventures Novellas Past Doctor Adventures New Series Adventures BBC Short Trips Big Finish Short Trips Novelisations Audio Big Finish The Classic Series The New Series The Worlds of Doctor Who Audiobooks Audio releases Video Wartime P.R.O.B.E. Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Cyberon Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon: When Being You Just Isn't Enough Video games The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Evacuation Earth Return to Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Legacy Lego Dimensions Worlds Apart Miscellaneous Comics Faction Paradox The Minister of Chance Pinball Spoofs Star Trek crossover Exhibitions Time Lord Victorious The Game of Time & Space Wizards vs Aliens Spin-offs K-9 and Company Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K9 Class Tales of the TARDIS The War Between the Land and the Sea K-9 and Company Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K9 Class Tales of the TARDIS The War Between the Land and the Sea Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. Documentaries Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Aftershows Confidential Extra Whovians Unleashed Confidential Extra Whovians Unleashed Stage 2008 Prom Live 2008 Prom Live Books New Adventures Missing Adventures Virgin Decalog Eighth Doctor Adventures Novellas Past Doctor Adventures New Series Adventures BBC Short Trips Big Finish Short Trips Novelisations New Adventures Missing Adventures Virgin Decalog Eighth Doctor Adventures Novellas Past Doctor Adventures New Series Adventures BBC Short Trips Big Finish Short Trips Novelisations Audio Big Finish The Classic Series The New Series The Worlds of Doctor Who Audiobooks Audio releases Big Finish The Classic Series The New Series The Worlds of Doctor Who The Classic Series The New Series The Worlds of Doctor Who Audiobooks Audio releases Video Wartime P.R.O.B.E. Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Cyberon Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon: When Being You Just Isn't Enough Wartime P.R.O.B.E. Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Cyberon Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon: When Being You Just Isn't Enough Video games The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Evacuation Earth Return to Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Legacy Lego Dimensions Worlds Apart The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Evacuation Earth Return to Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Legacy Lego Dimensions Worlds Apart Miscellaneous Comics Faction Paradox The Minister of Chance Pinball Spoofs Star Trek crossover Exhibitions Time Lord Victorious The Game of Time & Space Wizards vs Aliens Comics Faction Paradox The Minister of Chance Pinball Spoofs Star Trek crossover Exhibitions Time Lord Victorious The Game of Time & Space Wizards vs Aliens Publications Magazines etc. Magazine Adventures Battles in Time The Black Archive Publishers Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Productions Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Magazines etc. Magazine Adventures Battles in Time The Black Archive Magazine Adventures Battles in Time The Black Archive Publishers Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Productions Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Productions Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Portal Category Portal Category v t e Doctor Who episodes v t e Original series Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Film Missing episodes Revived series Series 1 2 3 4 2008–2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 12 13 2022 specials 2023 specials 14 15 Season 1 An Unearthly Child The Daleks The Edge of Destruction Marco Polo The Keys of Marinus The Aztecs The Sensorites The Reign of Terror An Unearthly Child The Daleks The Edge of Destruction Marco Polo The Keys of Marinus The Aztecs The Sensorites The Reign of Terror Season 2 Planet of Giants The Dalek Invasion of Earth The Rescue The Romans The Web Planet The Crusade The Space Museum The Chase The Time Meddler Planet of Giants The Dalek Invasion of Earth The Rescue The Romans The Web Planet The Crusade The Space Museum The Chase The Time Meddler Season 3 Galaxy 4 " Mission to the Unknown " The Myth Makers The Daleks' Master Plan The Massacre The Ark The Celestial Toymaker The Gunfighters The Savages The War Machines Galaxy 4 " Mission to the Unknown " The Myth Makers The Daleks' Master Plan The Massacre The Ark The Celestial Toymaker The Gunfighters The Savages The War Machines Season 4 The Smugglers The Tenth Planet The Power of the Daleks The Highlanders The Underwater Menace The Moonbase The Macra Terror The Faceless Ones The Evil of the Daleks The Smugglers The Tenth Planet The Power of the Daleks The Highlanders The Underwater Menace The Moonbase The Macra Terror The Faceless Ones The Evil of the Daleks Season 5 The Tomb of the Cybermen The Abominable Snowmen The Ice Warriors The Enemy of the World The Web of Fear Fury from the Deep The Wheel in Space The Tomb of the Cybermen The Abominable Snowmen The Ice Warriors The Enemy of the World The Web of Fear Fury from the Deep The Wheel in Space Season 6 The Dominators The Mind Robber The Invasion The Krotons The Seeds of Death The Space Pirates The War Games The Dominators The Mind Robber The Invasion The Krotons The Seeds of Death The Space Pirates The War Games Season 7 Spearhead from Space Doctor Who and the Silurians The Ambassadors of Death Inferno Spearhead from Space Doctor Who and the Silurians The Ambassadors of Death Inferno Season 8 Terror of the Autons The Mind of Evil The Claws of Axos Colony in Space The Dæmons Terror of the Autons The Mind of Evil The Claws of Axos Colony in Space The Dæmons Season 9 Day of the Daleks The Curse of Peladon The Sea Devils The Mutants The Time Monster Day of the Daleks The Curse of Peladon The Sea Devils The Mutants The Time Monster Season 10 The Three Doctors Carnival of Monsters Frontier in Space Planet of the Daleks The Green Death The Three Doctors Carnival of Monsters Frontier in Space Planet of the Daleks The Green Death Season 11 The Time Warrior Invasion of the Dinosaurs Death to the Daleks The Monster of Peladon Planet of the Spiders The Time Warrior Invasion of the Dinosaurs Death to the Daleks The Monster of Peladon Planet of the Spiders Season 12 Robot The Ark in Space The Sontaran Experiment Genesis of the Daleks Revenge of the Cybermen Robot The Ark in Space The Sontaran Experiment Genesis of the Daleks Revenge of the Cybermen Season 13 Terror of the Zygons Planet of Evil Pyramids of Mars The Android Invasion The Brain of Morbius The Seeds of Doom Terror of the Zygons Planet of Evil Pyramids of Mars The Android Invasion The Brain of Morbius The Seeds of Doom Season 14 The Masque of Mandragora The Hand of Fear The Deadly Assassin The Face of Evil The Robots of Death The Talons of Weng-Chiang The Masque of Mandragora The Hand of Fear The Deadly Assassin The Face of Evil The Robots of Death The Talons of Weng-Chiang Season 15 Horror of Fang Rock The Invisible Enemy Image of the Fendahl The Sun Makers Underworld The Invasion of Time Horror of Fang Rock The Invisible Enemy Image of the Fendahl The Sun Makers Underworld The Invasion of Time Season 16 The Ribos Operation The Pirate Planet The Stones of Blood The Androids of Tara The Power of Kroll The Armageddon Factor The Ribos Operation The Pirate Planet The Stones of Blood The Androids of Tara The Power of Kroll The Armageddon Factor Season 17 Destiny of the Daleks City of Death The Creature from the Pit Nightmare of Eden The Horns of Nimon Shada (unaired) Destiny of the Daleks City of Death The Creature from the Pit Nightmare of Eden The Horns of Nimon Shada (unaired) Season 18 The Leisure Hive Meglos Full Circle State of Decay Warriors' Gate The Keeper of Traken Logopolis The Leisure Hive Meglos Full Circle State of Decay Warriors' Gate The Keeper of Traken Logopolis Season 19 Castrovalva Four to Doomsday Kinda The Visitation Black Orchid Earthshock Time-Flight Castrovalva Four to Doomsday Kinda The Visitation Black Orchid Earthshock Time-Flight Season 20 Arc of Infinity Snakedance Mawdryn Undead Terminus Enlightenment The King's Demons Special " The Five Doctors " Arc of Infinity Snakedance Mawdryn Undead Terminus Enlightenment The King's Demons Arc of Infinity Snakedance Mawdryn Undead Terminus Enlightenment The King's Demons Special " The Five Doctors " Season 21 Warriors of the Deep The Awakening Frontios Resurrection of the Daleks Planet of Fire The Caves of Androzani The Twin Dilemma Warriors of the Deep The Awakening Frontios Resurrection of the Daleks Planet of Fire The Caves of Androzani The Twin Dilemma Season 22 Attack of the Cybermen Vengeance on Varos The Mark of the Rani The Two Doctors Timelash Revelation of the Daleks Attack of the Cybermen Vengeance on Varos The Mark of the Rani The Two Doctors Timelash Revelation of the Daleks Season 23 The Mysterious Planet / Mindwarp / Terror of the Vervoids / The Ultimate Foe The Mysterious Planet / Mindwarp / Terror of the Vervoids / The Ultimate Foe Season 24 Time and the Rani Paradise Towers Delta and the Bannermen Dragonfire Time and the Rani Paradise Towers Delta and the Bannermen Dragonfire Season 25 Remembrance of the Daleks The Happiness Patrol Silver Nemesis The Greatest Show in the Galaxy Remembrance of the Daleks The Happiness Patrol Silver Nemesis The Greatest Show in the Galaxy Season 26 Battlefield Ghost Light The Curse of Fenric Survival Battlefield Ghost Light The Curse of Fenric Survival Series 1 " Rose " " The End of the World " " The Unquiet Dead " " Aliens of London " / " World War Three " " Dalek " " The Long Game " " Father's Day " " The Empty Child " / " The Doctor Dances " " Boom Town " " Bad Wolf " / " The Parting of the Ways " " Rose " " The End of the World " " The Unquiet Dead " " Aliens of London " / " World War Three " " Dalek " " The Long Game " " Father's Day " " The Empty Child " / " The Doctor Dances " " Boom Town " " Bad Wolf " / " The Parting of the Ways " Series 2 Special " The Christmas Invasion " " New Earth " " Tooth and Claw " " School Reunion " " The Girl in the Fireplace " " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " " The Idiot's Lantern " " The Impossible Planet " / " The Satan Pit " " Love & Monsters " " Fear Her " " Army of Ghosts " / " Doomsday " Special " The Christmas Invasion " " New Earth " " Tooth and Claw " " School Reunion " " The Girl in the Fireplace " " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " " The Idiot's Lantern " " The Impossible Planet " / " The Satan Pit " " Love & Monsters " " Fear Her " " Army of Ghosts " / " Doomsday " " New Earth " " Tooth and Claw " " School Reunion " " The Girl in the Fireplace " " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " " The Idiot's Lantern " " The Impossible Planet " / " The Satan Pit " " Love & Monsters " " Fear Her " " Army of Ghosts " / " Doomsday " Series 3 Special " The Runaway Bride " " Smith and Jones " " The Shakespeare Code " " Gridlock " " Daleks in Manhattan " / " Evolution of the Daleks " " The Lazarus Experiment " " 42 " " Human Nature " / " The Family of Blood " " Blink " " Utopia " / " The Sound of Drums " / " Last of the Time Lords " Special " The Runaway Bride " " Smith and Jones " " The Shakespeare Code " " Gridlock " " Daleks in Manhattan " / " Evolution of the Daleks " " The Lazarus Experiment " " 42 " " Human Nature " / " The Family of Blood " " Blink " " Utopia " / " The Sound of Drums " / " Last of the Time Lords " " Smith and Jones " " The Shakespeare Code " " Gridlock " " Daleks in Manhattan " / " Evolution of the Daleks " " The Lazarus Experiment " " 42 " " Human Nature " / " The Family of Blood " " Blink " " Utopia " / " The Sound of Drums " / " Last of the Time Lords " Series 4 Special " Voyage of the Damned " " Partners in Crime " " The Fires of Pompeii " " Planet of the Ood " " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " " The Doctor's Daughter " " The Unicorn and the Wasp " " Silence in the Library " / " Forest of the Dead " " Midnight " " Turn Left " " The Stolen Earth " / " Journey's End " Special " Voyage of the Damned " " Partners in Crime " " The Fires of Pompeii " " Planet of the Ood " " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " " The Doctor's Daughter " " The Unicorn and the Wasp " " Silence in the Library " / " Forest of the Dead " " Midnight " " Turn Left " " The Stolen Earth " / " Journey's End " " Partners in Crime " " The Fires of Pompeii " " Planet of the Ood " " The Sontaran Stratagem " / " The Poison Sky " " The Doctor's Daughter " " The Unicorn and the Wasp " " Silence in the Library " / " Forest of the Dead " " Midnight " " Turn Left " " The Stolen Earth " / " Journey's End " 2008–2010 specials " The Next Doctor " " Planet of the Dead " " The Waters of Mars " " The End of Time " " The Next Doctor " " Planet of the Dead " " The Waters of Mars " " The End of Time " Series 5 " The Eleventh Hour " " The Beast Below " " Victory of the Daleks " " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " " The Vampires of Venice " " Amy's Choice " " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " " Vincent and the Doctor " " The Lodger " " The Pandorica Opens " / " The Big Bang " " The Eleventh Hour " " The Beast Below " " Victory of the Daleks " " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " " The Vampires of Venice " " Amy's Choice " " The Hungry Earth " / " Cold Blood " " Vincent and the Doctor " " The Lodger " " The Pandorica Opens " / " The Big Bang " Series 6 Special " A Christmas Carol " " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " " The Curse of the Black Spot " " The Doctor's Wife " " The Rebel Flesh " / " The Almost People " " A Good Man Goes to War " " Let's Kill Hitler " " Night Terrors " " The Girl Who Waited " " The God Complex " " Closing Time " " The Wedding of River Song " Special " A Christmas Carol " " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " " The Curse of the Black Spot " " The Doctor's Wife " " The Rebel Flesh " / " The Almost People " " A Good Man Goes to War " " Let's Kill Hitler " " Night Terrors " " The Girl Who Waited " " The God Complex " " Closing Time " " The Wedding of River Song " " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " " The Curse of the Black Spot " " The Doctor's Wife " " The Rebel Flesh " / " The Almost People " " A Good Man Goes to War " " Let's Kill Hitler " " Night Terrors " " The Girl Who Waited " " The God Complex " " Closing Time " " The Wedding of River Song " Series 7 Special " The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe " " Asylum of the Daleks " " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " " A Town Called Mercy " " The Power of Three " " The Angels Take Manhattan " Special " The Snowmen " " The Bells of Saint John " " The Rings of Akhaten " " Cold War " " Hide " " Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS " " The Crimson Horror " " Nightmare in Silver " " The Name of the Doctor " Special " The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe " " The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe " " Asylum of the Daleks " " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " " A Town Called Mercy " " The Power of Three " " The Angels Take Manhattan " " Asylum of the Daleks " " Dinosaurs on a Spaceship " " A Town Called Mercy " " The Power of Three " " The Angels Take Manhattan " Special " The Snowmen " " The Snowmen " " The Bells of Saint John " " The Rings of Akhaten " " Cold War " " Hide " " Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS " " The Crimson Horror " " Nightmare in Silver " " The Name of the Doctor " " The Bells of Saint John " " The Rings of Akhaten " " Cold War " " Hide " " Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS " " The Crimson Horror " " Nightmare in Silver " " The Name of the Doctor " 2013 specials " The Day of the Doctor " " The Time of the Doctor " " The Day of the Doctor " " The Time of the Doctor " Series 8 " Deep Breath " " Into the Dalek " " Robot of Sherwood " " Listen " " Time Heist " " The Caretaker " " Kill the Moon " " Mummy on the Orient Express " " Flatline " " In the Forest of the Night " " Dark Water " / " Death in Heaven " " Deep Breath " " Into the Dalek " " Robot of Sherwood " " Listen " " Time Heist " " The Caretaker " " Kill the Moon " " Mummy on the Orient Express " " Flatline " " In the Forest of the Night " " Dark Water " / " Death in Heaven " Series 9 Special " Last Christmas " " The Magician's Apprentice " / " The Witch's Familiar " " Under the Lake " / " Before the Flood " " The Girl Who Died " " The Woman Who Lived " " The Zygon Invasion " / " The Zygon Inversion " " Sleep No More " " Face the Raven " " Heaven Sent " " Hell Bent " Special " The Husbands of River Song " Special " Last Christmas " " Last Christmas " " The Magician's Apprentice " / " The Witch's Familiar " " Under the Lake " / " Before the Flood " " The Girl Who Died " " The Woman Who Lived " " The Zygon Invasion " / " The Zygon Inversion " " Sleep No More " " Face the Raven " " Heaven Sent " " Hell Bent " " The Magician's Apprentice " / " The Witch's Familiar " " Under the Lake " / " Before the Flood " " The Girl Who Died " " The Woman Who Lived " " The Zygon Invasion " / " The Zygon Inversion " " Sleep No More " " Face the Raven " " Heaven Sent " " Hell Bent " Special " The Husbands of River Song " " The Husbands of River Song " Series 10 Special " The Return of Doctor Mysterio " " The Pilot " " Smile " " Thin Ice " " Knock Knock " " Oxygen " " Extremis " " The Pyramid at the End of the World " " The Lie of the Land " " Empress of Mars " " The Eaters of Light " " World Enough and Time " / " The Doctor Falls " Special " Twice Upon a Time " Special " The Return of Doctor Mysterio " " The Return of Doctor Mysterio " " The Pilot " " Smile " " Thin Ice " " Knock Knock " " Oxygen " " Extremis " " The Pyramid at the End of the World " " The Lie of the Land " " Empress of Mars " " The Eaters of Light " " World Enough and Time " / " The Doctor Falls " " The Pilot " " Smile " " Thin Ice " " Knock Knock " " Oxygen " " Extremis " " The Pyramid at the End of the World " " The Lie of the Land " " Empress of Mars " " The Eaters of Light " " World Enough and Time " / " The Doctor Falls " Special " Twice Upon a Time " " Twice Upon a Time " Series 11 " The Woman Who Fell to Earth " " The Ghost Monument " " Rosa " " Arachnids in the UK " " The Tsuranga Conundrum " " Demons of the Punjab " " Kerblam! " " The Witchfinders " " It Takes You Away " " The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos " Special " Resolution " " The Woman Who Fell to Earth " " The Ghost Monument " " Rosa " " Arachnids in the UK " " The Tsuranga Conundrum " " Demons of the Punjab " " Kerblam! " " The Witchfinders " " It Takes You Away " " The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos " " The Woman Who Fell to Earth " " The Ghost Monument " " Rosa " " Arachnids in the UK " " The Tsuranga Conundrum " " Demons of the Punjab " " Kerblam! " " The Witchfinders " " It Takes You Away " " The Battle of Ranskoor Av Kolos " Special " Resolution " " Resolution " Series 12 " Spyfall " " Orphan 55 " " Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror " " Fugitive of the Judoon " " Praxeus " " Can You Hear Me? " " The Haunting of Villa Diodati " " Ascension of the Cybermen " / " The Timeless Children " Special " Revolution of the Daleks " " Spyfall " " Orphan 55 " " Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror " " Fugitive of the Judoon " " Praxeus " " Can You Hear Me? " " The Haunting of Villa Diodati " " Ascension of the Cybermen " / " The Timeless Children " " Spyfall " " Orphan 55 " " Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror " " Fugitive of the Judoon " " Praxeus " " Can You Hear Me? " " The Haunting of Villa Diodati " " Ascension of the Cybermen " / " The Timeless Children " Special " Revolution of the Daleks " " Revolution of the Daleks " Series 13 " The Halloween Apocalypse " / " War of the Sontarans " / " Once, Upon Time " / " Village of the Angels " / " Survivors of the Flux " / " The Vanquishers " " The Halloween Apocalypse " / " War of the Sontarans " / " Once, Upon Time " / " Village of the Angels " / " Survivors of the Flux " / " The Vanquishers " 2022 specials " Eve of the Daleks " " Legend of the Sea Devils " " The Power of the Doctor " " Eve of the Daleks " " Legend of the Sea Devils " " The Power of the Doctor " 2023 specials " The Star Beast " " Wild Blue Yonder " " The Giggle " " The Star Beast " " Wild Blue Yonder " " The Giggle " Series 14 Special " The Church on Ruby Road " " Space Babies " " The Devil's Chord " " Boom " " 73 Yards " " Dot and Bubble " " Rogue " " The Legend of Ruby Sunday " / " Empire of Death " Special " The Church on Ruby Road " " The Church on Ruby Road " " Space Babies " " The Devil's Chord " " Boom " " 73 Yards " " Dot and Bubble " " Rogue " " The Legend of Ruby Sunday " / " Empire of Death " " Space Babies " " The Devil's Chord " " Boom " " 73 Yards " " Dot and Bubble " " Rogue " " The Legend of Ruby Sunday " / " Empire of Death " Series 15 Special " Joy to the World " " The Robot Revolution " " Lux " " The Well " " Lucky Day " " The Story & the Engine " " The Interstellar Song Contest " " Wish World " / " The Reality War " Special " Joy to the World " " Joy to the World " " The Robot Revolution " " Lux " " The Well " " Lucky Day " " The Story & the Engine " " The Interstellar Song Contest " " Wish World " / " The Reality War " " The Robot Revolution " " Lux " " The Well " " Lucky Day " " The Story & the Engine " " The Interstellar Song Contest " " Wish World " / " The Reality War " Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Christmas and New Year's specials Supplementary episodes Missing episodes Lists of British science fiction television series episodes Doctor Who serials Doctor Who series Doctor Who lists Lists of Doctor Who universe television episodes Lists of stories Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2025 Use British English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 14:50 (UTC) . 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qazananların siyahısı • UEFA İntertoto Kubokunu qazanan məşqçilərin siyahısı • Premyer Liqa Qızıl Butsu • Şotlandiya Futbol Jurnalistləri Assosiasiyasının versiyasına görə ilin oyunçusu • Premyer Liqada ilin gənc futbolçusu • Bobbi Çarltonun milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Qurban Qurbanovun milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Qitələrarası kubok qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı • Premyer Liqada mövsümün oyunçusu • Super Liqa bombardirlərinin siyahısı • Zlatan İbrahimoviçin milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Türkiyə Superkubokunu qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı • Barselona FK prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Azərbaycan Premyer Liqasını qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı Digər: Masters turniri çempionlarının siyahısı Cəmiyyət və mədəniyyət Qanunvericilik: Azərbaycan Respublikası Milli Məclisinin V çağırış deputatlarının siyahısı • Azərbaycan Milli Məclisinin IV çağırış deputatları • Azərbaycan Milli Məclisinin VI çağırış deputatları • Azərbaycan Milli Məclisinin III çağırış deputatları • Azərbaycan Milli Məclisinin II çağırış deputatları Digər: Gürcüstan azərbaycanlılarının siyahısı • İran azərbaycanlılarının siyahısı Mədəniyyət: Azərbaycanın dövlət bayramları və xüsusi günləri • Afrikadakı Ümumdünya irsi obyektlərinin siyahısı • Azərbaycanda UNESCO-nun qeyri-maddi mədəni irs siyahısı • Azərbaycanda UNESCO-nun Ümumdünya irsi obyektlərinin siyahısı Cəmiyyət: Miss Dünya titulunu qazananların siyahısı • Saxarov mükafatı • Azərbaycan SSR Dövlət mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı Pul vahidləri: Macarıstan forintinin sikkələri Siyasət: İlham Əliyevin xarici ölkələrə etdiyi səfərlərin siyahısı Coğrafiya Ölkələr: Asiya ölkələrinin siyahısı • Avropa ölkələrinin siyahısı İnzibati vahidlər: Alabama qraflıqlarının siyahısı • Əhalisinə görə meqapolislərin siyahısı • Xorvatiyanın məskunlaşan adalarının siyahısı Mühafizə olunan ərazilər: ABŞ milli parkları • Polşa milli parkları Turizm: Bakının görməli yerlərinin siyahısı Elm Elmi mükafatlar: Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı • Fizika üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı • Nobel mükafatı laureatı olmuş qadınların siyahısı • İqtisadiyyat üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı • Kimya üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı • Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı İdman və əyləncə Futbol: Joan Kamper kuboku • FİFA Dünya Kubokunda qeydə alınmış het-triklərin siyahısı • İngiltərə milli futbol komandasının het-triklərinin siyahısı • UEFA Superkuboku oyunlarının siyahısı • UEFA Superkubokunu qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı • UEFA Kuboku və Avropa Liqasının finalları siyahısı • UEFA Kuboku və Avropa Liqasını qazanan məşqçilərin siyahısı • Premyer Liqa Qızıl Əlcək • UEFA İntertoto Kubokunu qazananların siyahısı • UEFA İntertoto Kubokunu qazanan məşqçilərin siyahısı • Premyer Liqa Qızıl Butsu • Şotlandiya Futbol Jurnalistləri Assosiasiyasının versiyasına görə ilin oyunçusu • Premyer Liqada ilin gənc futbolçusu • Bobbi Çarltonun milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Qurban Qurbanovun milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Qitələrarası kubok qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı • Premyer Liqada mövsümün oyunçusu • Super Liqa bombardirlərinin siyahısı • Zlatan İbrahimoviçin milli komandada vurduğu qolların siyahısı • Türkiyə Superkubokunu qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı • Barselona FK prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Azərbaycan Premyer Liqasını qazanan baş məşqçilərin siyahısı Digər: Masters turniri çempionlarının siyahısı İncəsənət Ədəbiyyat: Anime və manqa: Fullmetal Alchemist fəsillərinin siyahısı • Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion seriyalarının siyahısı • Fate/Zero seriyalarının siyahısı • Sword Art Online seriyalarının siyahısı Kinematoqraf: Cizgi filmləri: Süngər Bob Kvadrat Şalvar cizgi serialının seriyalarının siyahısı Filmoqrafiyalar: Çarli Çaplinin filmoqrafiyası • Merilin Monronun filmoqrafiyası • Kventin Tarantinonun filmoqrafiyası • Odri Hepbern ekranda və səhnədə • Ancelina Colinin filmoqrafiyası • Dueyn Consonun filmoqrafiyası • Tom Kruzun filmoqrafiyası • Ronald Reyqanın filmoqrafiyası Kino və televiziya mükafatları: Ən yaxşı kişi roluna görə "Oskar" mükafatı • O filminin qazandığı mükafatların siyahısı • Ən yaxşı xarici filmlərə verilən Qızıl Qartal mükafatı (Rusiya) Televiziya: Azərbaycandilli radio kanalların siyahısı • Azərbaycandilli televiziya kanallarının siyahısı Memarlıq: Hyustonun ən yüksək binalarının siyahısı • Texasın ən yüksək binalarının siyahısı • Azərbaycanda qeydiyyata alınmış dünya əhəmiyyətli memarlıq abidələrinin siyahısı • Zaha Hadidin əsərlərinin siyahısı • Şəki Xan qəbiristanlığındakı epiqrafik abidələr • Azərbaycanda qeydiyyata alınmış dünya əhəmiyyətli arxeoloji abidələrin siyahısı • Türkiyədəki saat qüllələrinin siyahısı • İstanbuldakı sinaqoqların siyahısı Təsviri incəsənət: Azərbaycan rəssamlarının siyahısı Fəlsəfə və din Digər: On iki imam Tarix Müasir dövlət başçıları: Azərbaycan hökumət başçılarının siyahısı • ABŞ-nin birinci xanımlarının siyahısı • Portuqaliya prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Azərbaycan baş nazirlərinin siyahısı • Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Latviya Prezidenti • Böyük Britaniyanın baş nazirlərinin siyahısı • Türkiyənin qadın nazirlərinin siyahısı Tarixi dövlət başçıları: Böyük Moğol İmperiyası hökmdarlarının siyahısı • SSRİ hökumət başçılarının siyahısı • Ağqoyunlu hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Rusiya imperatorlarının siyahısı • Britaniya monarxlarının siyahısı • Cəlairi hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Müzəffəri hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Eldəniz hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Elxani hökmdarlarının siyahısı Hərbi tarix: Batmış atom sualtı qayıqlarının siyahısı • Nürnberq prosesində təqsirləndirilən şəxslərin siyahısı • İstanbulun mühasirələrinin siyahısı Mükafatlar və adlar: SSRİ medallarının siyahısı • Azərbaycanın Milli Qəhrəmanlarının siyahısı • Vətən Müharibəsi Qəhrəmanlarının siyahısı • "Heydər Əliyev" ordeni ilə təltif edilənlərin siyahısı • "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilənlərin siyahısı • Azərbaycan medallarının siyahısı İqtisadiyyat və maliyyə Şirkətlərin birləşdirilməsi, və ya satınalmaları: Apple tərəfindən birləşdirilən və satın alınanların siyahısı İncəsənət Ədəbiyyat: Anime və manqa: Fullmetal Alchemist fəsillərinin siyahısı • Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion seriyalarının siyahısı • Fate/Zero seriyalarının siyahısı • Sword Art Online seriyalarının siyahısı Kinematoqraf: Cizgi filmləri: Süngər Bob Kvadrat Şalvar cizgi serialının seriyalarının siyahısı Filmoqrafiyalar: Çarli Çaplinin filmoqrafiyası • Merilin Monronun filmoqrafiyası • Kventin Tarantinonun filmoqrafiyası • Odri Hepbern ekranda və səhnədə • Ancelina Colinin filmoqrafiyası • Dueyn Consonun filmoqrafiyası • Tom Kruzun filmoqrafiyası • Ronald Reyqanın filmoqrafiyası Kino və televiziya mükafatları: Ən yaxşı kişi roluna görə "Oskar" mükafatı • O filminin qazandığı mükafatların siyahısı • Ən yaxşı xarici filmlərə verilən Qızıl Qartal mükafatı (Rusiya) Televiziya: Azərbaycandilli radio kanalların siyahısı • Azərbaycandilli televiziya kanallarının siyahısı Memarlıq: Hyustonun ən yüksək binalarının siyahısı • Texasın ən yüksək binalarının siyahısı • Azərbaycanda qeydiyyata alınmış dünya əhəmiyyətli memarlıq abidələrinin siyahısı • Zaha Hadidin əsərlərinin siyahısı • Şəki Xan qəbiristanlığındakı epiqrafik abidələr • Azərbaycanda qeydiyyata alınmış dünya əhəmiyyətli arxeoloji abidələrin siyahısı • Türkiyədəki saat qüllələrinin siyahısı • İstanbuldakı sinaqoqların siyahısı Təsviri incəsənət: Azərbaycan rəssamlarının siyahısı Fəlsəfə və din Digər: On iki imam Tarix Müasir dövlət başçıları: Azərbaycan hökumət başçılarının siyahısı • ABŞ-nin birinci xanımlarının siyahısı • Portuqaliya prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Azərbaycan baş nazirlərinin siyahısı • Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları prezidentlərinin siyahısı • Latviya Prezidenti • Böyük Britaniyanın baş nazirlərinin siyahısı • Türkiyənin qadın nazirlərinin siyahısı Tarixi dövlət başçıları: Böyük Moğol İmperiyası hökmdarlarının siyahısı • SSRİ hökumət başçılarının siyahısı • Ağqoyunlu hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Rusiya imperatorlarının siyahısı • Britaniya monarxlarının siyahısı • Cəlairi hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Müzəffəri hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Eldəniz hökmdarlarının siyahısı • Elxani hökmdarlarının siyahısı Hərbi tarix: Batmış atom sualtı qayıqlarının siyahısı • Nürnberq prosesində təqsirləndirilən şəxslərin siyahısı • İstanbulun mühasirələrinin siyahısı Mükafatlar və adlar: SSRİ medallarının siyahısı • Azərbaycanın Milli Qəhrəmanlarının siyahısı • Vətən Müharibəsi Qəhrəmanlarının siyahısı • "Heydər Əliyev" ordeni ilə təltif edilənlərin siyahısı • "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilənlərin siyahısı • Azərbaycan medallarının siyahısı İqtisadiyyat və maliyyə Şirkətlərin birləşdirilməsi, və ya satınalmaları: Apple tərəfindən birləşdirilən və satın alınanların siyahısı Vikipediya:Seçilmiş siyahılar Bu səhifə sonuncu dəfə 08:57, 1 noyabr 2025 tarixində redaktə edilib. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Preceding events 2 Suicide 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 4 Legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Informational notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles Death of Adolf Hitler العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Front page of the US Armed Forces newspaper Stars and Stripes on 2 May 1945 Date 30 April 1945 ( 1945-04-30 ) Time c. 15:30–15:50 ( CEST , GMT+2 ) Location Führerbunker , Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′52″E / 52.5125°N 13.381°E / 52.5125; 13.381 Cause Suicide by gunshot This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler Personal Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Rise to power Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Führer of Germany Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament World War II Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Electoral campaigns 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Works Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Legacy Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Adolf Hitler , chancellor and dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, committed suicide by gunshot to the head [ a ] [ b ] on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would be defeated during the Battle of Berlin , which led to the end of World War II in Europe . His longtime companion and wife of one day, Eva Braun , committed suicide with him, by cyanide poisoning . [ c ] In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions , that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the Reich Chancellery garden, where they were doused in petrol and burned. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The news of Hitler's death was announced on German radio the next day, 1 May. [ 3 ] Eyewitnesses who saw Hitler's body immediately after his suicide testified that he died from a self-inflicted gunshot, presumably to the temple . [ d ] [ e ] [ f ] Otto Günsche , Hitler's personal adjutant, who handled both bodies, testified that while Braun's smelled strongly of burnt almonds – an indication of cyanide poisoning – there was no such odour about Hitler's body, which smelled of gunpowder. [ 4 ] Dental remains found in the Chancellery garden were matched with Hitler's dental records in May 1945 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ g ] and are the only portion of Hitler's body confirmed to have been found. The Soviet Union restricted the release of information and released many conflicting reports about Hitler's death. Historians have largely rejected these as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Joseph Stalin to sow confusion regarding Hitler's death, [ 7 ] [ h ] [ i ] [ b ] or have attempted to reconcile them. [ j ] Soviet records allege that the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun were recovered, [ k ] [ l ] despite eyewitness accounts that they were almost completely reduced to ashes. [ m ] In June 1945, the Soviets began promulgating two contradictory narratives: that Hitler died by cyanide [ n ] or that he had survived and fled to another country. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Following extensive review, West Germany issued a death certificate in 1956. [ 11 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death continue to attract interest. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Preceding events By early 1945, Nazi Germany was on the verge of total military collapse. Poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet Red Army , which was preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder with the objective of capturing Berlin 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the west. [ 12 ] German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive , with British and Canadian forces crossing the Rhine into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . [ 13 ] US forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz , Mannheim , and the Rhine. [ 13 ] German forces in Italy were withdrawing north, as they were pressed by United States and Commonwealth forces as part of the Spring Offensive to advance across the Po and into the foothills of the Alps . [ 14 ] Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945. It was clear to the Nazi leadership that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. [ 15 ] Some 325,000 soldiers of Germany's Army Group B were surrounded and captured in the Ruhr Pocket on 18 April, leaving the path open for US forces to reach Berlin. By 11 April, the Americans crossed the Elbe , 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the west of the city. [ 16 ] On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line protecting Berlin on that side. [ 17 ] By 19 April, the Germans were in full retreat from the Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, Hitler's birthday. By the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. [ 18 ] On 21 April, Hitler ordered a special detachment commanded by SS - Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner to counterattack the Soviets. At the next day's afternoon situation conference, Hitler suffered a nervous collapse when he was informed that these orders had not been obeyed. [ 19 ] He launched into a tirade against his generals, calling them treacherous and incompetent, culminating in a declaration – for the first time – that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 20 ] Later that day, he asked SS physician Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide. Haase suggested the "pistol-and-poison method" of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. [ 21 ] Luftwaffe chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring learned about Hitler's admission of defeat and declaration of his intended suicide and sent a telegram to Hitler , asking for permission to take over the leadership of the Reich in accordance with Hitler's 1941 decree naming him as his successor. [ 22 ] Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann convinced Hitler that the letter from Göring was an attempt to overthrow the dictator. [ 23 ] In response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices and ordered his arrest. [ 24 ] Hitler also ordered his chief aide and adjutant, Julius Schaub , to destroy safeguarded documents and his personal train . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] By 27 April, Berlin's communication had been all but cut off from the rest of Germany. Secure radio contact with defending units had been lost; the command staff in the Führerbunker had to depend on telephone lines for passing instructions and orders, and on public radio for news and information. [ 27 ] On 28 April, Hitler received a BBC report originating from Reuters : it stated that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had offered to surrender to the western Allies. The offer was declined. Himmler had implied to the Allies that he had the authority to negotiate a surrender, which Hitler considered to be treason. That afternoon, Hitler's anger and bitterness escalated into a rage against Himmler. [ 28 ] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had SS- Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters) shot for desertion. [ 29 ] By this time, the Red Army had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz , roughly a kilometre away from the bunker, and all indications were that they were preparing to storm the Reich Chancellery. This report and Himmler's betrayal prompted Hitler to make the last decisions of his life. [ 30 ] Shortly after midnight on 29 April, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] he married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker . The two then hosted a modest wedding breakfast, after which Hitler took his secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . It left instructions to be carried out immediately following his death, with Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels assuming Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor, respectively. [ 33 ] Hitler signed these documents at 04:00 and then went to bed. Some sources say that he dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all agree on the timing of the signing. [ o ] [ p ] On the afternoon of 29 April, Hitler learned that his ally, Benito Mussolini , had been summarily executed by Italian partisans. The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci , had been strung up by their heels. The corpses were later cut down and thrown into the gutter, where they were mocked by Italian dissidents. These events may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be made a "spectacle" of, as he had earlier recorded in his testament. [ 34 ] [ q ] Hitler had been given some capsules of prussic acid by Himmler through SS physician Ludwig Stumpfegger , and initially had intended to use them for his suicide. When he received the news that Himmler had contacted the Allies through a Swedish diplomat to arrange for an end to the war, Hitler was outraged. With this betrayal in his mind, Hitler began to doubt whether the ampoules would be effective. He ordered Haase to test one on his dog Blondi . The capsule worked – the dog died instantly. [ 35 ] Suicide Hitler and Braun lived together as husband and wife in the bunker for less than 40 hours. By 01:00 on 30 April, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel had reported that all of the forces on which Hitler had been depending to rescue Berlin had either been encircled or forced onto the defensive. [ 36 ] At around 02:30, Hitler appeared in the corridor where about twenty people, mostly women, were assembled to give their farewells. He went down the line, shaking hands and speaking with each of them, before retiring to his quarters. [ 37 ] Late in the morning, with the Soviets less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Führerbunker , Hitler had a meeting with General Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling told Hitler that the garrison would likely run out of ammunition that night, and that the fighting in Berlin would inevitably come to an end within the next 24 hours. [ 36 ] Weidling asked for permission for a breakout ; this was a request he had unsuccessfully made before. Hitler did not answer, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock . At about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout that night. [ 38 ] Hitler, two secretaries, and his personal cook then had lunch, after which Hitler and Braun said goodbye to members of the bunker staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Goebbels, the secretaries, and several military officers. At around 14:30 Adolf and Eva Hitler went into his personal study. [ 39 ] Hitler's adjutant SS- Sturmbannführer Otto Günsche stood guard outside the study door. [ 40 ] After some time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge , entered the antechamber to Hitler's quarters, where he discovered the door closed and allegedly smelled gunpowder smoke. [ 41 ] Linge went back out to the corridor where Bormann was standing, and the two then entered the study together. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Linge later stated that while in the room he immediately noted a scent of burnt almonds, which is a common observation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide . [ 42 ] Linge saw the bodies of Hitler and Braun sitting upright on the sofa, with Hitler to Braun's right. His head was canted to his right. [ 43 ] Günsche entered the study shortly afterwards, later stating that Hitler "sat... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol." According to Linge, the 7.65-mm weapon was a Walther PP or PPK , while Günsche specified it was the latter. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The gun lay at his feet. [ 42 ] Hitler's dripping blood had made a large stain on the right arm of the sofa and was pooling on the rug. [ 47 ] According to Linge, Braun's body had no visible wounds, and her face showed how she had died – from cyanide poisoning . [ r ] Günsche and SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke stated "unequivocally" that all outsiders and those performing duties and work in the bunker "did not have any access" to Hitler's private living quarters during the time of death (between 15:00 and 16:00). [ 48 ] Günsche left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Goebbels and Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf . [ 49 ] These three, in addition to others including Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , viewed the bodies. [ 50 ] Linge and another man rolled up Hitler's body in a blanket, [ 51 ] and then, in accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were to be burned with petrol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although Hitler's corpse was partially covered by the blanket, numerous witnesses testified to recognising him, as the top of his head was not covered, nor were his lower legs and feet. [ 52 ] The bunker telephone operator SS- Oberscharführer Rochus Misch reported Hitler's death to Führerbegleitkommando ( Führer Escort Command) chief Franz Schädle and returned to the switchboard, later recalling someone shouting that Hitler's body was being burned. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Bormann lit the papers and threw them onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a group including Bormann, Günsche, Linge, Goebbels, Erich Kempka , Peter Högl , Ewald Lindloff , and Hans Reisser raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS- Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS- Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. Schwiedel later stated that upon entering the study, he saw a pool of blood the size of a "large dinner plate" by the arm-rest of the sofa. Noticing a spent cartridge case, he bent down and picked it up from where it lay on the rug about 1 metre (3 ft) from a 7.65 pistol. [ 45 ] The two men removed the blood-stained rug and carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden, where it was placed on the ground and burned. [ 57 ] The Red Army shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery on and off during the afternoon. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses. Although the corpses were being burned in the open, where the distribution of heat varies (as opposed to in a crematorium ), according to eyewitnesses, the copious amount of fuel applied from about 16:00 to 18:30 reduced the remains to something between charred bones and piles of ashes which fell apart to the touch. [ 58 ] [ m ] At approximately 18:30, Lindloff (and perhaps Reisser) covered up the ashen remains in a shallow bomb crater. [ 59 ] The shelling and a fire from napalm incendiary bombs continued until 2 May. During this period it was difficult to spend any time in the garden because of the continuous shelling. [ 60 ] Aftermath Krebs met Soviet general Vasily Chuikov just prior to 04:00 on 1 May, giving him the news of Hitler's death, while attempting to negotiate a ceasefire and open "peace negotiations". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Joseph Stalin was informed of Hitler's suicide around 04:05 Berlin time, thirteen hours after the event. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] He demanded unconditional surrender , which Krebs lacked authorisation to give. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Stalin wanted confirmation that Hitler was dead and ordered the Red Army's counterespionage unit, SMERSH , to find his corpse. [ 67 ] The first inkling to the outside world that Hitler was dead came from the Germans themselves. On the night of 1 May, the Reichssender Hamburg radio station interrupted their normal program to announce that Hitler had died that afternoon, [ s ] and introduced his successor, Dönitz. [ 3 ] Dönitz called upon the German people to mourn their Führer , whom he stated had died a hero defending the capital of the Reich. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Hoping to save the army and the nation by negotiating a partial surrender to the British and Americans, Dönitz authorised a fighting withdrawal to the west. His tactic was somewhat successful: it enabled about 1.8 million German soldiers to avoid capture by the Soviets, but came at a high cost in bloodshed, as troops continued to fight until 8 May. [ 70 ] In the early morning hours of 2 May, the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 73 ] Inside the Führerbunker , Krebs and Burgdorf shot themselves in the head. [ 74 ] In early May, Hitler's and Braun's dental remains were extracted from the soil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 75 ] [ t ] Stalin was wary of believing Hitler was dead and restricted the release of information to the public. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] By 11 May, dental assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann, both of whom had worked for Hitler's dentist Hugo Blaschke , [ u ] identified the dental remains of Hitler and Braun. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ g ] Both would spend years in Soviet prisons. [ 80 ] An alleged Soviet autopsy of Hitler made public in 1968 was used by forensic odontologists Reidar F. Sognnaes and Ferdinand Strøm to confirm the authenticity of Hitler's dental remains in 1972. [ 81 ] In 2017, French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier also found the dental remains in the Soviet archives, including teeth on part of a jawbone, to be in "perfect agreement" with X-rays taken of Hitler in 1944. [ 82 ] Charlier used electron microscopy to examine the tartar , which contained only plant fibres, a detail consistent with Hitler's vegetarianism . [ 83 ] In May 2018, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a paper co-authored by Charlier and four other researchers, which concluded that these remains "cannot be a fake", citing their significant wear. [ 72 ] No gunpowder residue was detected, indicating that Hitler did not die by a gunshot wound through the mouth, [ 84 ] as Axmann contended. [ 85 ] [ f ] In early June 1945, SMERSH moved the remains of several individuals, including the Goebbels family (Joseph, Magda , and their children ), from Buch to Finow. Hitler and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or Braun – with the exception of the dental remains – were found by the Soviets. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The remains of the Goebbels family and others were buried in a forest in Brandenburg on 3 June 1945, then exhumed and moved to SMERSH's new facility in Magdeburg , where they were re-buried in February 1946. [ 78 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By 1970, the facility was under KGB control and scheduled to be relinquished to East Germany . Concerned that a known Nazi burial site might become a neo-Nazi shrine, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to exhume and destroy the decaying remains. On 4 April 1970, a KGB team thoroughly cremated them and cast the ashes into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. [ 91 ] [ v ] For politically motivated reasons, the Soviet Union presented various versions of Hitler's fate. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On 5 June 1945, the Soviets claimed that his body had been examined and that he had died by cyanide poisoning. [ 92 ] At a press conference on 9 June, the Soviets said they had not actually identified the body and that Hitler had likely escaped. [ 93 ] When asked in July how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was living "in Spain or Argentina". [ 94 ] In the years immediately after the war, the Soviets maintained that Hitler was not dead, but had escaped and was either being sheltered by the former western Allies or was in Francoist Spain or South America. [ 8 ] The contentious 1947 American book Who Killed Hitler? suggests that Soviet leadership "[kept] the ghost of Hitler alive" to motivate its Communist forces to continue fighting against fascism. [ 95 ] In November 1945, Dick White , the head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of Berlin, had their agent Hugh Trevor-Roper investigate. His report was expanded and published in 1947 as The Last Days of Hitler . [ 96 ] Until the mid-1950s, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency investigated many claims that Hitler might still be alive, while lending none of them credence. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The documents remained classified until the early 2010s, as authorised by the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] The secrecy in which the investigation was shrouded helped fuel fringe theories asserting Hitler's survival. [ 97 ] Presiding judge at the Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg Michael Musmanno considered all such claims contrary to the evidence. [ 101 ] Between 1948 and 1952, amid denazification proceedings in West Germany , legal disputes over Hitler's former property (including The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer ) were hindered by the lack of an official death declaration. Beginning in 1952, a federal court in Berchtesgaden interviewed 42 witnesses about Hitler's suicide – behind closed doors to avoid testimonies influencing one another. After four years of extensive review, Judge Heinrich Stephanus concluded: "There can no longer be the slightest doubt that on 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler put an end to his life in the Chancellery by his own hand, by means of a shot into his right temple." [ 102 ] A death certificate was issued on 25 February 1956, with an attached report of more than 1,500 pages. An 80-page expert criminological report was prepared in mid-1956, focusing on the "substantial discrepancies" between eyewitness testimonies and serving as a springboard for photographic reconstructions. Ballistic experiments were arranged to determine which interpretation of the fatal gunshot was most likely. [ 103 ] [ w ] The declaration became public and legally binding by the year's end. Hitler's demise was entered as an assumption of death on the basis that none of the witnesses had seen his body, which German historian Anton Joachimsthaler points out is incorrect. [ 102 ] The federal court went on to publish a summary of its findings of fact in a 1958 press release. [ 104 ] Further Soviet investigations and disinformation On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker complex grounds by the other Allied powers (Britain, France, and the US). Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil down to the concrete roof of the bunker; the excavation included the bomb crater where Hitler's burnt remains had been buried. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) barred further excavation on the accusation that the representatives had removed documents from the Reich Chancellery. [ 105 ] At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered the NKVD to form a second commission to investigate Hitler's death. [ 106 ] On 30 May 1946, agents of the NKVD's successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), found part of a skull in the crater where Hitler's remains had been exhumed. [ 107 ] The remnant consists of part of the occipital bone and part of both parietal bones . [ 72 ] The nearly complete left parietal bone has a bullet hole, apparently an exit wound. [ 72 ] [ 107 ] This remained uncatalogued until 1975, [ 108 ] and was rediscovered in the Russian State Archives in 1993. [ 109 ] In 2009, University of Connecticut archaeologist and bone specialist Nick Bellantoni examined the skull fragment, [ 110 ] which Soviet officials believed to be Hitler's. [ 111 ] According to Bellantoni, "The bone seemed very thin" for a male, [ 112 ] [ x ] [ y ] and "the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40". [ 110 ] A small piece detached from the skull was DNA-tested , as was blood from Hitler's sofa. The skull was determined to be that of a woman, while the blood sample contained male DNA. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ z ] In 2025, blood from the sofa was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to the DNA of a relative with shared paternal ancestry. [ 115 ] On 29 December 1949, a secret dossier on Hitler was presented to Stalin, which was based upon the interrogation of Nazis who had been present in the Führerbunker , including Günsche and Linge. [ 116 ] Western historians were allowed into the archives of the former Soviet Union beginning in 1991, but the dossier remained undiscovered for twelve years; in 2005, it was published as The Hitler Book . [ 116 ] In 1968, Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski published his book, The Death of Adolf Hitler , [ 81 ] which includes previously unreleased photographs of the dental remains. [ 117 ] The book transcribes a purported Soviet forensic examination led by Faust Shkaravsky , which concluded that Hitler committed cyanide poisoning. [ n ] Bezymenski further theorised that Hitler requested a coup de grâce to ensure his quick death, [ 118 ] but later admitted that his work included "deliberate lies", such as the manner of Hitler's death. [ 8 ] In 1978, American journalist James P. O'Donnell corrected the book's claim that cyanide acts instantaneously, saying Hitler could have taken poison and still had enough time to shoot himself. [ 119 ] The book and alleged autopsy have been widely derided by Western historians. Joachimsthaler, in his extensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding Hitler's death, quotes a German pathologist as saying about the purported autopsy: "Bezemensky's report is ridiculous... Any one of my assistants would have done better... the whole thing is a farce... it is intolerably bad work... the transcript of the post-mortem section of 8 [May] 1945 describes anything but Hitler." [ 120 ] Legacy After Hitler's death and the end of World War II in Europe , the occupying Allies divided Germany into four zones. [ 121 ] This led to the start of the Cold War between the Western Bloc , supported by the US, and the Eastern Bloc , supported by the Soviet Union. [ 122 ] From 1961 until 1989, the divide was physically manifested via the Berlin Wall , [ 123 ] followed by Germany's reunification in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Following Hitler's death, war veteran and future US president John F. Kennedy wrote in his diary that the dictator "had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him". [ 124 ] Historian Joachim Fest opines that the almost "traceless" death of Hitler allowed him to stay in the public eye, granting him a "bizarre afterlife"; conspiracy theories – rooted in Soviet disinformation alleging his survival – bolstered continued doubts and speculation, including outlandish tabloid and journalistic reports published into the late 20th century. [ 125 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death and about the Nazi era as a whole still attract interest, with books, TV shows, and films continuing to be produced on the topic. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Historian Luke Daly-Groves wrote that Hitler's death is not about the death of one man, but carries a greater significance as to the end of the regime and the ideological impact it left behind. [ 128 ] Gallery Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda, their six children, and Magda's earlier son, Harald Quandt (the only family member to survive the war) Hitler (right) visiting Berlin defenders in early April 1945 with Hermann Göring (centre) and Chief of the OKW Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (partially hidden) Heinz Linge , Hitler's valet, was one of the first people into Hitler's study after the suicides. Winston Churchill sitting on a damaged chair from the Führerbunker in July 1945 The demolished emergency exit of the Führerbunker in the Reich Chancellery garden (1947) Eyewitness Artur Axmann providing details of Hitler's death in Nuremberg in 1947 See also Führer Headquarters List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Popular culture representations of Hitler after his death Vorbunker The Bunker (1981 film) The Bunker (book) Downfall (2004 film) Hitler: The Last Ten Days – 1973 film Informational notes ^ "... 30 April ... During the afternoon Hitler shot himself..." ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ a b "... most Soviet accounts have held that Hitler also [in addition to Braun] ended his life by poison ... there are contradictions in the Soviet story ... these contradictions tend to indicate that the Soviet version of Hitler's suicide has a political colouration." ( Fest 1974 , p. 749). ^ "... her lips puckered from the poison." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 359). ^ "... Günsche stated he entered the study to inspect the bodies, and observed Hitler ... sat ... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol, a PPK 7.65." ( Fischer 2008 , p. 47). ^ "... blood dripped from a bullet hole in his right temple ..." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 955). ^ a b "... the version involving a 'shot in the mouth' with secondary injuries to the temples must be rejected ... the overwhelming majority of witnesses saw an entry wound in the temple ... according to all witnesses... there were allegedly no injuries to the back of Hitler's head." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 166). ^ a b "... the only thing to remain of Hitler was a gold bridge with porcelain facets from his upper jaw and the lower jawbone [fragment] with some teeth and two bridges." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 225). ^ "New versions of Hitler's fate were presented by the Soviet Union according to the political needs of the moment." ( Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288). ^ "The intentionally misleading account of Hitler's death by cyanide poisoning put about by Soviet historians ... can be dismissed." ( Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037). ^ "... we have a fair answer ... to the version of ... Russian author Lev Bezymenski ... Hitler did shoot himself and did bite into the cyanide capsule, just as Professor Haase had clearly and repeatedly instructed ... " ( O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323). ^ "... [the bodies] were deposited ... in an unmarked grave in a forest far to the west of Berlin, reburied in 1946 in a plot of land in Magdeburg." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 958). ^ "In 1970, the Kremlin finally decided to dispose of the body in absolute secrecy... the body, which had been concealed beneath a Soviet army parade-ground in Magdeburg, was exhumed at night and burned." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ a b According to some early historians, bones do not wholly disintegrate even during indoor cremation. ( Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. 182; Bullock 1962 , p. 800). This same conclusion was reached by certain scientific studies. ( Castillo et al. 2013 ; Benecke 2022 ). Moreover, Hitler's dental remains partially comprise intact bone. ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ a b This cannot be verified because no dissection of internal organs was recorded in the autopsy report. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , p. 81). ^ Using sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), MI5 records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 records the marriage as taking place before Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ^ It is unknown how much of this was communicated to Hitler. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1131). ^ "Cyanide poisoning. Its 'bite' was marked in her features." ( Linge 2009 , p. 199). ^ Hitler had actually died the previous day. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1137). ^ According to the Soviets, the discovery of the body of a look-alike of Hitler late on 3 May delayed the purported exhumation of the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun from 4 May to the following day. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 52–53). ^ Heusermann helped locate Hitler's X-rays and directed the Soviets to Echtmann, who had made Hitler's bridges. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 56–57). ^ Beevor states that "... the ashes were flushed into the town [Magdeburg] sewage system." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ German historian Anton Joachimsthaler , who cites some of the testimonies in his book on Hitler's death, mentions the ballistic experiments without detailing their results. ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 161). ^ Philippe Charlier later stated, "When doing [an examination] of the skull, you have a 55 per cent chance of getting the sex right." ( Lusher 2018 ). ^ According to a scientific article co-authored by Philippe Charlier, the sex is difficult to determine due to two factors: severe heating from burning, which could have reduced the skull's thickness, and the absence of the nuchal crest . ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ This prompted the vice president of the Russian state archive to say, "No one claimed that was Hitler's skull." ( ABC News 2009 ). Citations ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , pp. 954, 956. ^ a b Linge 2009 , pp. 199, 200. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 1137. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 163, 173. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 29, 231–234. ^ a b Lusher 2018 . ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ a b c d Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ a b Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 22, 23. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 11. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 51. ^ a b Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 53. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 43. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 139. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1105. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 209–217. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256, 262. ^ Erickson 1983 , pp. 585–586. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 230, 323. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1116. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 289. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1118. ^ Hamilton 1984 , p. 168. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 107, 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 946–947. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1194. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 821. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 278. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 951–952. ^ a b Erickson 1983 , pp. 603–604. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1132. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 358–359. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 955. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 260–261. ^ a b c d Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–155. ^ Fischer 2008 , p. 47. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 162. ^ Fest 2004 , p. 116. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 155, 162, 175–176. ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 47–48. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–156. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 156, 180–182. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 192–193. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 180–182. ^ Rosenberg 2009 . ^ Misch 2014 , p. 173. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 197, 198. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 162, 175. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 210–215. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 216–220. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 224–225. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 367–368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 280, 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 280. ^ Ryan 1994 , p. 364. ^ Misch 2014 , p. 175. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 959. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 961–963. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , p. 45. ^ a b c d Charlier et al. 2018 . ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Erickson 1983 , p. 435. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 1038, 1039. ^ Dolezal 2004 , pp. 185–186. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 958. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 282. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 99, 207, 299, 303. ^ a b Senn & Weems 2013 , p. 19. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 224, 273–274. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , p. 301. ^ Daley 2018 . ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 164. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 162–164. ^ Felton 2014 , pp. 162–163. ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 111–116. ^ Halpin & Boyes 2009 . ^ Tkachenko 2009 . ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 333, 335–336. ^ Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. liv. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 22. ^ Beschloss 2002 . ^ Moore & Barrett 1947 , p. 136. ^ MI5 staff 2011 . ^ a b Anderson 2015 . ^ CIA Chief of Station, Caracas 1955 . ^ CIA staff 2013 . ^ FBI Records 2011 . ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 231–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 242–43. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 11–12, 159–161. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 12. ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 233–234. ^ Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 81–82, 84–85. ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 287, 288. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 29, 30, 32. ^ Isachenkov 1993 . ^ a b c Goñi 2009 . ^ a b CNN staff 2009 . ^ a b ABC News 2009 . ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 18–22. ^ Associated Press 2009 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. xxvi. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , inside jacket. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , pp. 49, 75. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 252–253. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 969. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 26, 68. ^ CNN Editorial Research 2023 . ^ BBC News 2017 . ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 160, 162, 165. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 22–25. ^ Barber 2020 . ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , p. 26. Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ABC News (9 December 2009). "DNA Test Sparks Controversy Over Hitler's Remains" . Retrieved 20 December 2020 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Anderson, John (10 November 2015). "One Industry That Capitalizes on America's Hitler Fascination" . Fortune . Retrieved 19 September 2018 . Associated Press (30 September 2009). "Hitler's supposed skull really belongs to a woman" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 November 2025 . Barber, Tony (1 October 2020). "The Hitler Conspiracies – why are Nazi myths flourishing?" . The Financial Times . Retrieved 9 March 2021 . "JFK diary calls Hitler 'stuff of legends' " . BBC News . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin – The Downfall 1945 . New York: Viking-Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Benecke, Mark (12 December 2022) [2003]. "The Hunt for Hitler's Teeth" . Bizarre . Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Dr. Mark Benecke. Beschloss, Michael (December 2002). "Dividing the Spoils" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Bezymenski, Lev (1968). The Death of Adolf Hitler (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. OCLC 33389757 . Castillo, Rafael Fernández; Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Acosta, José Antonio Lorente; Cañadas de la Fuente, Guillermo A. (10 March 2013). "Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix" . Forensic Science International . 226 (1): 33– 37. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.012 . hdl : 10481/91826 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 23287528 . Charlier, Philippe ; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J.C. (1 May 2018). "The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification" . European Journal of Internal Medicine . 54 : e10 – e12 . doi : 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014 . 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ISBN 0-7621-0523-2 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Erickson, John (1983). The Road to Berlin: Stalin's War with Germany: Volume 2 . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978-0-297-77238-5 . Felton, Mark (2014). Guarding Hitler: The Secret World of the Führer . London: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78159-305-9 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974). Hitler . New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-141650-9 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Thomas (2008). Soldiers of the Leibstandarte . Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz . ISBN 978-0-921991-91-5 . Goñi, Uki (27 September 2009). "Tests on skull fragment cast doubt on Adolf Hitler suicide story" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Halpin, Tony and Boyes, Roger (9 December 2009). "Battle of Hitler's skull prompts Russia to reveal all" . The Times . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich: Their Biographies, Portraits, and Autographs . San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0 . Horrabin, J.F. (1946). Vol. X: May 1944 – August 1945 . An Atlas-History of the Second Great War. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. OCLC 464378076 . Isachenkov, Vladimir (20 February 1993). "Russians say they have bones from Hitler's skull" . Gadsen Times . The AP . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth . Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End . Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Lusher, Adam (20 May 2018). "Adolf Hitler really is dead: scientific study debunks conspiracy theories that he escaped to South America" . The Independent . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . MI5 staff (2011). "Hitler's last days" . London: The Security Service. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) Misch, Rochus (2014) [2008]. Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard . London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-848-32749-8 . Moore, Herbert; Barrett, James W., eds. (1947). Who Killed Hitler? . W. F. Heimlich (foreword). New York: The Booktab Press. Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Petrova, Ada and Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Rosenberg, Steven (3 September 2009). "I was in Hitler's suicide bunker" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Ryan, Cornelius (1994) [1966]. The Last Battle . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-439-12701-8 . Senn, David R. and Weems, Richard A. (2013). Manual of Forensic Odontology . Boca Raton: CRC Press . ISBN 978-1-439-85134-0 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Tkachenko, Maxim (11 December 2009). "Official: KGB chief ordered Hitler's remains destroyed" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3 . US Federal Bureau of Investigation (10 April 2011). "Adolf Hitler" . FBI Records: The Vault . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2019 . Vinogradov, V. K.; Pogonyi, J. F.; Teptzov, N. V. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Further reading Books Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices From the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Gardner, Dave (2001). The Last of the Hitlers: The story of Adolf Hitler's British Nephew and the Amazing Pact to Make Sure his Genes Die Out . Worcester, UK: BMM. ISBN 978-0-9541544-0-0 . Lehmann, Armin D. (2004). In Hitler's Bunker: A Boy Soldier's Eyewitness Account of the Führer's Last Days . Guilford, CT: Lyon's Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-578-5 . Rzhevskaya, Elena (1965). Берлин, май 1945. Записки военного переводчика [ Berlin 1945: Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter ] (in Russian). Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Articles "Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment' " . BBC News . 26 April 2000. Cosgrove, Ben (15 April 2014). "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life . Marchetti, Daniela; Boschi, Ilaria; Polacco, Matteo; Rainio, Juha (2005). "The Death of Adolf Hitler—Forensic Aspects" . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 (5): 1147– 1153. doi : 10.1520/JFS2004314 . PMID 16225223 . JFS2004314. Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). "The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives" . The Washington Post . Sognnaes, Reidar F. ; Ström, Ferdinand (1973). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler" . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica . 31 (1): 47. doi : 10.3109/00016357309004612 . PMID 4575430 . v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Death of Adolf Hitler 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Adolf Hitler April 1945 in Europe Battle of Berlin Deaths by person in Germany Male suicides People declared dead in absentia Suicides by firearm in Germany Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from August 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text CS1 maint: ref duplicates default CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 15:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . 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Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) Chairs of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview of page protection Toggle Overview of page protection subsection 1.1 Protection type 1.2 Protection level 1.3 Protection duration 1.1 Protection type 1.2 Protection level 1.3 Protection duration 2 Preemptive protection 3 Requesting protection 4 Summary table 5 Protection types Toggle Protection types subsection 5.1 Edit protection 5.2 Creation protection (salting) 5.3 Move protection 5.4 Upload protection 5.1 Edit protection 5.2 Creation protection (salting) 5.3 Move protection 5.4 Upload protection 6 Protection levels Toggle Protection levels subsection 6.1 Pending changes protection 6.1.1 When to apply pending changes protection 6.2 Semi-protection 6.2.1 Guidance for administrators 6.3 Extended confirmed protection 6.3.1 As escalation from semi-protection 6.3.2 Contentious topics 6.3.3 Extended confirmed restriction 6.3.4 Other cases 6.3.5 Logging and edit requests 6.4 Template protection 6.5 Full protection 6.5.1 Content disputes 6.5.2 "History only" review 6.5.3 Protected generic file names 6.5.4 High-risk pages and templates 6.6 Office protection 6.7 Cascading protection 6.7.1 Operational pages 6.8 Interface protection 6.1 Pending changes protection 6.1.1 When to apply pending changes protection 6.1.1 When to apply pending changes protection 6.2 Semi-protection 6.2.1 Guidance for administrators 6.2.1 Guidance for administrators 6.3 Extended confirmed protection 6.3.1 As escalation from semi-protection 6.3.2 Contentious topics 6.3.3 Extended confirmed restriction 6.3.4 Other cases 6.3.5 Logging and edit requests 6.3.1 As escalation from semi-protection 6.3.2 Contentious topics 6.3.3 Extended confirmed restriction 6.3.4 Other cases 6.3.5 Logging and edit requests 6.4 Template protection 6.5 Full protection 6.5.1 Content disputes 6.5.2 "History only" review 6.5.3 Protected generic file names 6.5.4 High-risk pages and templates 6.5.1 Content disputes 6.5.2 "History only" review 6.5.3 Protected generic file names 6.5.4 High-risk pages and templates 6.6 Office protection 6.7 Cascading protection 6.7.1 Operational pages 6.7.1 Operational pages 6.8 Interface protection 7 Protection by namespace Toggle Protection by namespace subsection 7.1 Article talk pages 7.2 User talk pages 7.2.1 Blocked users 7.3 User pages 7.3.1 Deceased users 7.4 Protection of templates 7.5 Sandboxes 7.1 Article talk pages 7.2 User talk pages 7.2.1 Blocked users 7.2.1 Blocked users 7.3 User pages 7.3.1 Deceased users 7.3.1 Deceased users 7.4 Protection of templates 7.5 Sandboxes 8 Available templates 9 Retired protections Toggle Retired protections subsection 9.1 Superprotect 9.2 Cascading semi-protection 9.3 Pending changes protection level 2 9.1 Superprotect 9.2 Cascading semi-protection 9.3 Pending changes protection level 2 10 See also 11 Notes Wikipedia : Protection policy Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული کٲشُر Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sängö Sardu Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Multilingual Wikisource Wikibooks Wikifunctions Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item This page documents an English Wikipedia policy . It describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should normally follow. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:PP WP:PP WP:PROTECT WP:PROTECT WP:PP WP:PP WP:PROTECT WP:PROTECT This page in a nutshell: While Wikipedia strives to be as open as possible, sometimes it is necessary to limit editing of certain pages to prevent vandalism , edit warring , or other disruptive edits . Are you in the right place? This page documents the protection policy on Wikipedia. If you are trying to... Then... make a request to protect or unprotect a page see Wikipedia:Requests for page protection make a request to edit a page see Wikipedia:Edit requests obtain user rights to edit protected pages request user rights report a user for persistent vandalism or spam file a vandalism report report a user for edit warring or violating revert restrictions open an edit warring report Enforcement policies Administrators Banning policy Blocking policy Protection policy Administrators Banning policy Blocking policy Protection policy .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e In some circumstances, pages may need to be protected from modification by certain groups of editors. Pages are protected when there is disruption that cannot be prevented through other means, such as blocks . Wikipedia is built on the principle that anyone can edit , and therefore aims to have as many pages open for public editing as possible so that anyone can add material and correct issues. This policy states in detail the protection types and procedures for page protection and unprotection, and when each protection should and should not be applied. Protection is a technical restriction applied only by administrators , although any user may request protection . Protection can be indefinite or expire after a specified time. The various levels of protection can be applied to the page edit, page move, page create, and file upload actions. Even when a page is protected from editing, the source wikitext of the page can still be viewed and copied by anyone. A protected page is marked at its top right by a padlock icon, usually added by the {{ pp-protected }} template. The {{ pp-protected }} template is automatically added by the {{ documentation }} template used in template space. Overview of page protection Icon Protection Pending changes protection Semi-protection Extended confirmed protection Template protection Full protection Interface protection Move protection Create protection Upload protection Cascade protection Office protection WP:PPLIST WP:PPLIST Any protection applied to a page involves setting a type, level, and duration as follows: Protection type Edit protection protects the page from being edited . Move protection protects the page from being moved or renamed . Creation protection [ 1 ] prevents a page from being created . Upload protection prevents new versions of a file from being uploaded , but it does not prevent editing of the file's description page (unless edit protection is applied). Protection level Pending changes protection requires edits made by unregistered users and users whose accounts are not confirmed to be approved by a pending changes reviewer before the changes become visible to most readers. Pending changes is only available for edit protection on articles and project pages. Semi-protection prevents the action by unregistered users and users whose accounts are not confirmed. Extended confirmed protection [ 2 ] prevents the action if the user's account is not extended confirmed (at least 30 days old with more than 500 edits). In most cases, it should not be a protection level of first resort, and should be used where semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Template protection prevents the action by everyone except template editors and administrators (who have this right as part of their toolset). Full protection prevents the action by everyone except administrators . Protection duration Protection can be applied for either a specified period or indefinitely. The duration is generally determined by the severity and persistence of the disruption, with some exceptions for specific cases. Preemptive protection WP:NO-PREEMPT WP:NO-PREEMPT WP:PREEMPTIVE WP:PREEMPTIVE Applying page protection solely as a preemptive measure is contrary to the open nature of Wikipedia and is generally not allowed. Instead, protection is used when vandalism, disruption, or abuse by multiple users is occurring at a frequency that warrants protection. The duration of protection should be as short as possible and at the lowest protection level sufficient to stop the disruption, allowing edits from as many productive users as possible. Exceptions include the Main Page, along with its templates and images, which are indefinitely fully protected. Additionally, Today's Featured Article is typically semi-protected from the day before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page until the day after it leaves. Finally, pages subject to Arbitration Committee remedies that permit or require preemptive protection may be protected accordingly. [ 3 ] Requesting protection Page protection can be requested at Wikipedia:Requests for page protection . Changes to a protected page should be proposed on the corresponding talk page , and then (if necessary) requested by adding an edit request . From there, if the requested changes are uncontroversial or if there is consensus for them, the changes can be carried out by a user who can edit the page. WP:UNPROTPOL WP:UNPROTPOL Except in the case of office actions (see below ), Arbitration Committee remedies, or pages in the MediaWiki namespace (see below ), administrators may unprotect a page if the reason for its protection no longer applies, a reasonable period has elapsed, and there is no consensus that continued protection is necessary. Users can request unprotection or a reduction in protection level by asking the administrator who applied the protection on the administrator's user talk page. If the administrator is inactive , no longer an administrator, or does not respond, then a request for reduction in protection level may be filed. Note that such requests will normally be declined if the protecting administrator is active and was not consulted first. A log of protections and unprotections is available at Special:Log/protect . Summary table v t e F Protection level New or unregistered editors Confirmed Extended confirmed Template editor [ β ] Admin Interface admin Appropriate for... @supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}} Editing None (default) Normal editing The vast majority of pages. Pending changes Can edit Changes are only visible to logged-in users until reviewed by a pending changes reviewer or administrator. [ γ ] Can edit Changes are visible to everyone if there aren't any unreviewed pending changes. Otherwise, they are only visible to logged-in users until reviewed by a pending changes reviewer or administrator. [ γ ] Can edit If there are any unreviewed pending changes, the administrators will be required to review them before they can edit the page. [ γ ] Infrequently edited pages with high levels of vandalism, BLP violations, edit-warring, or other disruption from unregistered and new users. Semi Cannot edit Normal editing Pages that have been persistently vandalized by anonymous and newly registered users. Some highly visible templates and modules. Extended confirmed Cannot edit Normal editing Contentious topics authorized by ArbCom , pages where semi-protection has failed, or high-risk templates where template protection would be too restrictive. Template Cannot edit Normal editing High-risk or very-frequently used templates and modules. Some high-risk pages outside of template space . Full Cannot edit Can edit [ δ ] Pages with persistent disruption from extended confirmed accounts. Office Can edit [ ε ] Pages that the Foundation has determined to be exceptionally sensitive. Cascade [ ζ ] Can edit Particularly visible pages, such as the Main Page , to prevent vandalism to pages that are transcluded onto them. Interface [ η ] Cannot edit Normal editing Scripts, stylesheets, and similar objects fundamental to operation of the site or that are in other editors' user spaces. Creating pages None (default) Cannot create [ θ ] Can create The vast majority of page titles. Create [ ι ] Cannot create [ κ ] Adjustable It may be applied to neither, either, or both groups. Can create Pages that have been repeatedly and problematically re-created. Moving pages None (default) Cannot move Can move The vast majority of pages. Move Cannot move Adjustable It may be applied to neither, either, or both groups. Can move Pages that have been the subject of move wars. Pages that are edit-protected are usually also move-protected at the same level. Uploading files None (default) Cannot upload [ λ ] Can upload The vast majority of file names. Upload Cannot upload [ λ ] Adjustable It may be applied to neither, either, or both groups Can upload Files that have been repeatedly uploaded after deletion Protection types Edit protection Edit protection restricts editing of a page, often due to vandalism or disputes, ensuring only experienced users can make changes (see above for more information). Creation protection (salting) WP:SALT WP:SALT WP:SKYBLUELOCK WP:SKYBLUELOCK Administrators can prevent the creation of pages. This type of protection is useful for pages that have been deleted but repeatedly recreated. Such protection is case-sensitive. There are several levels of creation protection that can be applied to pages, identical to the levels for edit protection. A list of protected titles can be found at Special:ProtectedTitles (see also historical lists ). Preemptive restrictions on new article titles are instituted through the title blacklist system, which allows for more flexible protection with support for substrings and regular expressions . Pages that have been creation-protected are sometimes referred to as " salted ". Editors wishing to re-create a salted title with appropriate content should either contact an administrator (preferably the protecting administrator), file a request for reduction in protection level , or use the deletion review process. To make a convincing case for re-creation, it is helpful to show a draft version of the intended article when filing a request. Create protection of any duration may be applied to pages being repeatedly recreated in violation of policy using the lowest protection level sufficient to stop the disruption (autoconfirmed, extended-confirmed, [ 4 ] or full). Due to the implementation of ACPERM , non-confirmed editors cannot create pages in mainspace ; thus, semi-creation protection should be used only for protection of pages outside of mainspace. While creation-protection is usually permanent, temporary creation protection can be applied if a page is repeatedly recreated by a single user (or sockpuppets of that user, if applicable). Move protection WP:MOVP WP:MOVP WP:GREENLOCK WP:GREENLOCK Move-protected pages, or more technically, fully move-protected pages, cannot be moved to a new title except by an administrator. Move protection is commonly applied to: Pages subject to persistent page-move vandalism . Pages subject to a page-name dispute. Highly visible pages that have no reason to be moved, such as the administrators' noticeboard and articles selected as " Today's featured article " on the main page. Move protection of any duration may be applied to pages being repeatedly moved in violation of policy using the lowest protection level sufficient to stop the disruption (extended-confirmed or full). Non-confirmed editors cannot move pages so semi-move protection has no effect. Fully edit-protected pages are also implicitly move-protected. As with full edit protection, protection because of edit warring should not be considered an endorsement of the current name . When move protection is applied during a requested move discussion, the page should be protected at the location it was at when the move request was started. All files and categories are implicitly move-protected, requiring file movers or administrators to rename files, and page movers or administrators to rename categories. Upload protection WP:UPLOAD-P WP:UPLOAD-P WP:PURPLELOCK WP:PURPLELOCK Upload-protected files, or more technically, fully upload-protected files, cannot be replaced with new versions except by an administrator. Upload protection does not protect file pages from editing. It can be applied by an administrator to: Files subject to persistent upload vandalism . Files subject to a dispute between editors. Files that should not be replaced, such as images used in the interface or transcluded to the main page. Files with common or generic names. (e.g., File:map.png ) Protection levels Pending changes protection WP:PCPP WP:PCPP WP:WHITELOCK WP:WHITELOCK Pending changes protection allows unregistered and new users to edit pages, while keeping their edits hidden from unregistered users (who make up the vast majority of visitors to Wikipedia articles) until those changes are accepted by a pending changes reviewer or an administrator . An alternative to semi-protection , it is used to suppress vandalism and certain other persistent problems, while allowing all users to continue to submit edits. Pending changes is technically implemented as a separate option, with its own duration, and it yields to other edit protection levels in cases of overlap. When a page under pending changes protection is edited by an unregistered editor or a new user, the edit is not directly visible to the majority of Wikipedia readers, until it is reviewed and accepted by an editor with the pending changes reviewer right. When a page under pending changes protection is edited by an autoconfirmed user , the edit will be immediately visible to Wikipedia readers, unless there are pending edits waiting to be reviewed. Pending changes are visible in the page history, where they are marked as "pending review". Readers who are not logged in (the vast majority of readers) are shown the latest accepted version of the page; logged-in users see the latest version of the page, with all changes (reviewed or not) applied. When editors who are not reviewers make changes to an article with unreviewed pending changes, their edits are also marked as pending and are not visible to most readers. A user who clicks "edit this page" is always, at that point, shown the latest version of the page for editing regardless of whether the user is logged in or not . If the editor is not logged in, their changes join any other changes to the article awaiting review – for the present they remain hidden from not-logged-in users. (This means that when the editor looks at the article after saving, the editor will not see the change made.) If the editor is logged in and a pending changes reviewer, and there are pending changes, the editor will be prompted to review the pending changes before editing – see Wikipedia:Pending changes . If the editor is logged in and not a pending changes reviewer: If there are no unreviewed pending edits, the editor's edits will be immediately visible to everyone. If there are unreviewed pending edits, the editor's edits will be immediately visible only to logged-in users (including themselves), but not to logged-out users. If there are no unreviewed pending edits, the editor's edits will be immediately visible to everyone. If there are unreviewed pending edits, the editor's edits will be immediately visible only to logged-in users (including themselves), but not to logged-out users. Pending changes are typically reviewed within several hours. When to apply pending changes protection Pending changes can be used to protect articles against: Persistent vandalism Violations of the biographies of living persons policy Copyright violations Pending changes protection should not be used as a preemptive measure against violations that have not yet occurred. Like semi-protection, pending changes protection should never be used in genuine content disputes, where there is a risk of placing a particular group of editors (unregistered users) at a disadvantage. Semi-protection is generally a better option for articles with a high edit rate as well as articles affected by issues difficult for pending changes reviewers to detect, such as non-obvious vandalism, plausible-sounding misinformation, and hard-to-detect copyright violations. In addition, administrators may apply temporary pending changes protection on pages that are subject to significant but temporary vandalism or disruption (for example, due to media attention) when blocking individual users is not a feasible option. As with other forms of protection, the time frame of the protection should be proportional to the problem. Indefinite PC protection should be used only in cases of severe long-term disruption. Removal of pending changes protection can be requested to any administrator, or at requests for unprotection . The reviewing process is described in detail at Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes . Semi-protection WP:SEMI WP:SEMI WP:SILVERLOCK WP:SILVERLOCK Semi-protected pages may be edited only by registered users who are confirmed or autoconfirmed (accounts that are at least 4 days old and with at least 10 edits on English Wikipedia). Semi-protection is useful when there is a significant amount of disruption or vandalism from new or unregistered users, or to prevent sockpuppets of blocked or banned users from editing, especially when it occurs on biographies of living persons who have had a recent high level of media interest. An alternative to semi-protection is pending changes , which is sometimes favored when an article is being vandalized regularly, but otherwise receives a low amount of editing. Such users can request edits to a semi-protected page by proposing them on its talk page, using the {{ Edit semi-protected }} template if necessary to gain attention. If the page in question and its talk page are both protected, the edit request should be made at Wikipedia:Requests for page protection instead. New users may also request the confirmed user right at Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Confirmed . Guidance for administrators Semi-protection should not be used as a preemptive measure against vandalism that has not yet occurred or to privilege registered users over unregistered users in (valid) content disputes. Administrators may apply temporary semi-protection on pages that are: Subject to significant but temporary vandalism or disruption (for example, due to media attention ) if blocking individual users is not a feasible option. Subject to edit warring if all parties involved are unregistered or new editors. This does not apply when autoconfirmed or confirmed users are involved. Subject to vandalism or edit warring where unregistered editors are engaging in IP hopping by using different computers, obtaining new addresses by using dynamic IP allocation, or other address-changing schemes. Article discussion pages, if they have been subject to persistent disruption. Such protection should be used sparingly because it prevents unregistered and newly registered users from participating in discussions. Protection should be used sparingly on the talk pages of blocked users, including IP addresses. Instead the user should be re-blocked with talk page editing disallowed. When required, or when re-blocking without talk page editing allowed is unsuccessful, protection should be implemented for only a brief period not exceeding the duration of the block. In addition, administrators may apply indefinite semi-protection to pages that are subject to heavy and persistent vandalism or violations of content policy (such as Wikipedia's biographies of living persons or neutral point of view policies). A page and its talk page should not normally be protected at the same time. In exceptional cases, if a page and its talk page are both protected, the talk page should direct affected editors to Wikipedia:Request for edit through the use of a non-iconified page protection template, to ensure that no editor is entirely prevented from contributing. Today's featured article is, since 2023, always semi-protected. However, this was historically not the case . Extended confirmed protection WP:ECP WP:ECP WP:30/500 WP:30/500 WP:BLUELOCK WP:BLUELOCK Extended confirmed protection, previously known as 30/500 protection, restricts editing to users with the extended confirmed user access level, administrators, and bots . Extended confirmed is automatically granted to users one edit after their account has existed for at least 30 days and has made at least 500 edits. [ 5 ] As escalation from semi-protection Where semi-protection has proven to be ineffective, administrators may use extended confirmed protection to combat disruption ( vandalism , abusive sockpuppetry , edit wars , etc.) on any topic. [ 6 ] Extended confirmed protection should not be used as a preemptive measure against disruption that has not yet occurred, nor should it be used to privilege extended confirmed users over unregistered/new users in valid content disputes (except as general sanction enforcement; see below). [ 4 ] Contentious topics When necessary to prevent disruption in designated contentious topic areas , administrators are authorized to make protections at any level. (This is distinct from the extended confirmed restriction below.) Community-designated contentious topics grant similar authorizations. Extended confirmed restriction Some topic areas are under Arbitration Committee extended confirmed restriction as a general sanction. [ 7 ] When such a restriction is in effect in a topic area, only extended-confirmed users may make edits related to the topic area. Enforcement of the restriction on articles primarily in the topic area is preferably done with extended confirmed protection, but it is not required (other enforcement methods are outlined in the policy). As always, review the policy before enforcing it. Community general sanctions, applying a similar extended confirmed restriction, have also been authorized by the community. General sanctions has a list of the active general sanctions that incorporate the extended confirmed restriction. Other cases High-risk templates can be extended confirmed–protected at administrator discretion when template protection would be too restrictive and semi-protection would be ineffective to stop widespread disruption. [ 8 ] Extended confirmed protection can be applied at the discretion of an administrator when creation-protecting a page. [ 4 ] Logging and edit requests A bot maintains a report of pages recently put under extended confirmed protection . [ 9 ] Any protection made as arbitration enforcement will be automatically logged at Wikipedia:Arbitration enforcement log/Protections . Community-authorized discretionary sanctions must be logged on a page specific to the topic area. A full list of the 14669 pages under extended confirmed protection can be found here . Users can request edits to an extended confirmed–protected page by proposing them on its talk page, using the {{ Edit extended-protected }} template if necessary to gain attention. Template protection WP:TPROT WP:TPROT WP:PINKLOCK WP:PINKLOCK A template-protected page can be edited only by administrators or users in the Template editors group. This protection level should be used almost exclusively on high-risk templates and modules . In cases where pages in other namespaces become transcluded to a very high degree, this protection level is also valid. This is a protection level [ 10 ] that replaces full protection on pages that are merely protected due to high transclusion rates, rather than content disputes. It should be used on templates whose risk factor would have otherwise warranted full protection. It should not be used on less risky templates on the grounds that the template editor user right exists—the existence of the right should not result in more templates becoming uneditable for the general editing community. In borderline cases, extended confirmed protection or lower can be applied to high risk templates that the general editing community still needs to edit regularly. A full list of the pages under template protection can be found here . Editors may request edits to a template-protected page by proposing them on its talk page, using the {{ Edit template-protected }} template if necessary to gain attention. Full protection WP:FULL WP:FULL WP:GOLDLOCK WP:GOLDLOCK A fully protected page cannot be edited or moved by anyone except administrators . Modifications to a fully protected page can be proposed on its talk page (or at another appropriate forum) for discussion. Administrators can make changes to the protected article reflecting consensus . Placing the {{ Edit fully-protected }} template on the talk page will draw the attention of administrators for implementing uncontroversial changes. Content disputes While content disputes and edit warring can be addressed with user blocks issued by uninvolved administrators, allowing normal page editing by other editors at the same time, the protection policy provides an alternative approach as administrators have the discretion to temporarily fully protect an article to end an ongoing edit war. This approach may better suit multi-party disputes and contentious content, as it makes talk page consensus a requirement for implementation of requested edits . WP:PREFER WP:PREFER When protecting a page because of a content dispute, administrators have a duty to avoid protecting a version that contains policy-violating content, such as vandalism , copyright violations , defamation , or poor-quality coverage of living people . Administrators are deemed to remain uninvolved when exercising discretion on whether to apply protection to the current version of an article, or to an older, stable , or pre-edit-war version. Fully protected pages may not be edited except to make changes that are uncontroversial or for which there is clear consensus. Editors convinced that the protected version of an article contains policy-violating content, or that protection has rewarded edit warring or disruption by establishing a contentious revision, may identify a stable version prior to the edit war and request reversion to that version. Before making such a request, editors should consider how independent editors might view the suggestion and recognize that continuing an edit war is grounds for being blocked. Administrators who have made substantive content changes to an article are considered involved and must not use their advanced permissions to further their own positions. When involved in a dispute, it is almost always wisest to respect the editing policies that bind all editors and call for input from an uninvolved administrator, rather than to invite controversy by acting unilaterally. "History only" review WP:PPDRV WP:PPDRV If a deleted page is going through deletion review , only administrators are normally capable of viewing the former content of the page. If they feel it would benefit the discussion to allow other users to view the page content, administrators may restore the page, replace the contents with the {{ Temporarily undeleted }} template or a similar notice, and fully protect the page to prevent further editing. The previous contents of the page are then accessible to everyone via the page history . Protected generic file names Generic file names such as File:Photo.jpg , File:Example.jpg , File:Map.jpg , and File:Sound.wav are fully protected to prevent new versions from being uploaded. Furthermore, File:Map.jpg and File:Sound.wav are salted . High-risk pages and templates The following pages and templates are usually fully protected for an indefinite period of time: The Main Page and highly visible pages related to the Main Page. Pages that should not be modified for legal reasons , such as the general disclaimer or the local copy of the site copyright license . Pages that are transcluded very frequently, such as {{ tl }} or {{ citation needed }} , to prevent vandalism or denial of service attacks. This includes images or templates used in other highly visible or frequently transcluded pages. See Wikipedia:High-risk templates for more information. As with full edit protection, administrators should avoid favoring one version over another, and protection should not be considered an endorsement of the current version. An exception to this rule is when they are protected due to upload vandalism. Office protection WP:WMF-PRO WP:WMF-PRO WP:BLACKLOCK WP:BLACKLOCK Pages can be protected by Wikimedia Foundation staff in response to issues such as copyright infringement or libel as outlined in Foundation:Policy:Office actions § Use of advanced rights by Foundation staff . Such actions override community consensus . Administrators should not edit or unprotect such pages without permission from Wikimedia Foundation staff. [ 11 ] Cascading protection WP:CASCADE WP:CASCADE WP:TURQUOISELOCK WP:TURQUOISELOCK Cascading protection fully protects a page, and extends that full protection automatically to any page that is transcluded onto the protected page, whether directly or indirectly. This includes templates, images and other media that are hosted on the English Wikipedia. Files stored on Commons are not protected by any other wiki's cascading protection and, if they are to be protected, must be either temporarily uploaded to the English Wikipedia or explicitly protected at Commons (whether manually or through cascading protection there). When operational, KrinkleBot cascade-protects Commons files transcluded at Wikipedia:Main Page/Tomorrow , Wikipedia:Main Page/Commons media protection and Main Page . As the bot's response time varies, media should not be transcluded on the main page (or its constituent templates) until after it has been protected. (This is particularly relevant to Template:In the news , for which upcoming images are not queued at Wikipedia:Main Page/Tomorrow .) Cascading protection: Should be used only to prevent vandalism when placed on particularly visible pages, such as the main page. Is available only for fully protected pages; it is disabled for lower levels of protection as it represents a workflow flaw. See below as well as this bug ticket for more information. Is not instantaneous; it can be several hours before it takes effect. See Phabricator:T20483 for more information. Should generally not be applied directly to templates or modules , as it will not protect transclusions inside <includeonly> tags or transclusions that depend on template parameters, but will protect the documentation subpage . .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See § Protection of templates below , for alternatives. The list of cascading-protected pages can be found at Wikipedia:Cascade-protected items . Requests to add or remove cascading protection on a page should be made at Wikipedia talk:Cascade-protected items as an edit request . Operational pages Operational pages principally used by software, including bots and user scripts, may be protected based on the type of use, content, and other considerations. This includes configuration pages, data pages, log pages, status pages, and other pages specific to the operation of software. However, personal CSS, personal JavaScript, and personal JSON are automatically protected and should not be protected for this reason. Interface protection WP:PPINDEF WP:PPINDEF WP:INTPROT WP:INTPROT WP:REDLOCK WP:REDLOCK Some pages on Wikipedia are subject to software-enforced protection that administrators cannot change or remove. This is called permanent or indefinite protection, and interface protection in the case of CSS and JavaScript pages. Specifically, this applies to: Creating, modifying, moving, deleting, or undeleting pages located within the MediaWiki namespace – which defines parts of the entire site's interface – is restricted to administrators and interface administrators . Creating, modifying, moving, deleting, or undeleting system-wide CSS and JavaScript pages – such as MediaWiki:common.js – is further restricted to interface administrators . Creating, modifying, moving, deleting, or undeleting system-wide CSS and JavaScript pages – such as MediaWiki:common.js – is further restricted to interface administrators . Creating, modifying, moving, or undeleting any personal CSS or JavaScript pages located within an account's user space – such as User:Example/monobook.css and User:Example/vector-2022.js – is restricted to the associated user and interface administrators . Interface administrators can modify these pages to remove a user script that has been added unintentionally or that causes major issues for the user after being added, cannot be removed by the associated user afterwards – (such as the WikiBreak Enforcer script), or has been added or used inappropriately. Administrators can delete these pages, but cannot create, modify, move, or undelete them. Interface administrators can modify these pages to remove a user script that has been added unintentionally or that causes major issues for the user after being added, cannot be removed by the associated user afterwards – (such as the WikiBreak Enforcer script), or has been added or used inappropriately. Administrators can delete these pages, but cannot create, modify, move, or undelete them. Creating, modifying, moving, deleting, or undeleting any JSON pages located within an account's user space – such as User:Example/data.json – is restricted to the associated user, administrators, and interface administrators. Protection by namespace WP:PROTNS WP:PROTNS Article talk pages WP:ATPROT WP:ATPROT Modifications to a protected page can be proposed on its talk page (or at another appropriate forum) for discussion. Administrators can make changes to the protected article reflecting consensus . Placing the {{ Edit protected }} template on the talk page will draw the attention of administrators for implementing uncontroversial changes. Talk pages are not usually protected, and are semi-protected only for a limited duration in the most severe cases of disruption. User talk pages WP:UTPROT WP:UTPROT User talk pages are rarely protected. However, protection can be applied if there is severe vandalism or abuse. Users whose talk pages are protected may wish to have an unprotected user talk subpage linked conspicuously from their main talk page to allow good-faith comments from users that the protection restricts editing from. A user's request to have their own talk page protected is not a sufficient rationale by itself to protect the page, although requests can be considered if a reason is provided. Blocked users Blocked users' user talk pages should not ordinarily be protected, as this interferes with the user's ability to contest their block through the normal process. It also prevents others from being able to use the talk page to communicate with the blocked editor. In extreme cases of abuse by the blocked user, such as abuse of the {{ unblock }} template, re-blocking the user with talk page access removed should be preferred over applying protection to the page. If the user has been blocked and with the ability to edit their user talk page disabled, they should be informed of this in a block notice, subsequent notice, or message, and it should include information and instructions for appealing their block off-wiki, such as through the UTRS tool interface or, as a last recourse, the Arbitration Committee . When required, protection should be implemented for only a brief period, not exceeding the duration of the block. Confirmed socks of registered users should be dealt with in accordance with Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry ; their pages are not normally protected. User pages WP:UPROT WP:UPROT WP:UPPROT WP:UPPROT Base user pages (for example, the page User:Example , and not User:Example/Lipsum or User talk:Example ) are automatically protected from creation or editing by unconfirmed accounts and anonymous temporary account users. An exception is that unconfirmed registered users are allowed to create or edit their own user page. Temporary account editors and unconfirmed accounts are also unable to create or edit user pages that do not belong to a currently registered account. This protection is enforced by an edit filter . [ 12 ] Users may opt-out of this protection by placing {{ unlocked userpage }} anywhere on their own user page. User pages and subpages within their own user space can be protected upon a request from the user, as long as a need exists. Pages within the user space should not be automatically or preemptively protected without good reason or cause. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Requests for protection specifically at uncommon levels (such as template protection) can be granted if the user has expressed a genuine and realistic need. When a filter is insufficient to stop user page vandalism, a user may choose to create a ".css" subpage (e.g., User:Example/monobook.css ), copy all the contents of their user page onto the subpage, transclude the subpage by putting {{User:Example/monobook.css}} on their user page, and then ask an administrator to fully protect their user page. Because user space pages that end in ".css" and ".js" are editable only by the user to which that user space belongs and interface administrators, this will protect one's user page from further vandalism. Deceased users In the event of the confirmed death of an editor, their user page (but not the user talk page) should be fully protected. Protection of templates WP:PTPROT WP:PTPROT Highly visible templates – those used on a large number of pages or frequently substituted – are often protected based on the degree of visibility, type of use, content, and other considerations. Protected templates should normally have the {{ documentation }} template. It loads the unprotected /doc page, so that non-admins and IP-users can edit the documentation, categories and interwiki links. It also automatically adds {{ pp-template }} to protected templates, which displays a small padlock in the top right corner and categorizes the template as protected. Only manually add {{pp-template}} to protected templates that do not use {{documentation}} (mostly the flag templates). Cascading protection should generally not be applied directly to templates, as it will not protect transclusions inside <includeonly> tags or transclusions that depend on template parameters, but will protect the template's documentation subpage . Instead, consider either of the following: If the set of subtemplates is static (even if large), protect them using normal protection mechanisms. If the set of subtemplates is unbounded, use MediaWiki:Titleblacklist to protect all subtemplates using a particular naming format (as is done for editnotice templates and subtemplates of Template:TFA title ). Note: All editnotice templates (except those in userspace) are already protected via MediaWiki:Titleblacklist . They can be edited by admins, template editors and page movers only. Sandboxes Sandboxes should not ordinarily be protected since their purpose is to let new users test and experiment with wiki syntax . Most sandboxes are automatically cleaned every 12 hours, although they are frequently overwritten by other testing users. The Wikipedia:Sandbox is cleaned every hour. Those who use sandboxes for malicious purposes, or to violate policies such as no personal attacks , civility , or copyrights , should instead be warned and/or blocked. Available templates The following templates can be added at the very top of a page to indicate that it is protected: Protection templates Edit Move Pending changes Upload Generic {{ pp }} {{ pp-move }} {{ pp-pc }} {{ pp-upload }} BLP {{ pp-blp }} – – – Blocked user's talk page {{ pp-usertalk }} – – – Dispute {{ pp-dispute }} {{ pp-move-dispute }} – – Extended confirmed protection {{ pp-extended }} – – – Indefinite {{ pp-semi-indef }} {{ pp-move-indef }} – – Main Page image {{ pp-main-page }} – – – Office {{ pp-office }} – – – Sockpuppetry {{ pp-sock }} – – – Templates and images {{ pp-template }} – – {{ pp-upload }} Vandalism {{ pp-vandalism }} {{ pp-move-vandalism }} – – Talk page {{ Permanently protected }} {{ Temporarily protected }} – – – Edit Move Pending changes Upload Generic {{ pp }} {{ pp-move }} {{ pp-pc }} {{ pp-upload }} BLP {{ pp-blp }} – – – Blocked user's talk page {{ pp-usertalk }} – – – Dispute {{ pp-dispute }} {{ pp-move-dispute }} – – Extended confirmed protection {{ pp-extended }} – – – Indefinite {{ pp-semi-indef }} {{ pp-move-indef }} – – Main Page image {{ pp-main-page }} – – – Office {{ pp-office }} – – – Sockpuppetry {{ pp-sock }} – – – Templates and images {{ pp-template }} – – {{ pp-upload }} Vandalism {{ pp-vandalism }} {{ pp-move-vandalism }} – – Talk page {{ Permanently protected }} {{ Temporarily protected }} – – – Module:Protection banner On redirect pages, use the {{ Redirect category shell }} template, which automatically categorizes by protection level, below the redirect line. A protection template may also be added below the redirect line, but it will serve only to categorize the page, as it will not be visible on the page, and it will have to be manually removed when protection is removed. Retired protections Superprotect WP:SUPERPROTECT WP:SUPERPROTECT Superprotect was a level of protection, [ 15 ] allowing editing only by Wikimedia Foundation employees who were in the Staff global group . It was implemented on August 10, 2014 and removed on November 5, 2015 . It was never used on the English Wikipedia. For several years, the Gadget namespace (which no longer exists) could only be edited by WMF staff, which has sometimes been referred to as superprotection even though it is unrelated to the above use. Cascading semi-protection Cascading semi-protection was formerly possible, but it was disabled in 2007 after users noticed that non-administrators could fully protect any page by transcluding it onto the page to which cascading semi-protection had been applied by an administrator. Pending changes protection level 2 WP:ORANGELOCK WP:ORANGELOCK Originally, two levels of pending changes protection existed, where level 2 required edits by all users who were not pending changes reviewers to be reviewed. Following a community discussion, level 2 was retired from the English Wikipedia in January 2017. [ 16 ] Since that change, "pending changes level 1" is generally referred to as just "pending changes". See also MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext Special:ProtectedPages Special:ProtectedTitles Wikipedia:Edit lock Wikipedia:List of indefinitely protected pages Wikipedia:Requests for page protection Wikipedia:Rough guide to semi-protection Wikipedia:Make protection requests sparingly , an essay Wikipedia:Salting is usually a bad idea , an essay metawiki:Protected pages considered harmful metawiki:The Wrong Version Wikipedia:Protection policy/Padlocks Notes ^ This is also known as "salting" . ^ Extended confirmed protection was previously known as 30/500 protection . ^ See Wikipedia:General sanctions § Decisions . ^ a b c Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Extended confirmed protection policy 2 . ^ For accounts meeting the 30-day requirement, the permission is added on the edit following the 500th (i.e., the 501st edit). For accounts meeting the edit count requirement before the 30-day requirement, the permission is granted on the edit following the account reaching 30 days in age. ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Extended confirmed protection policy . ^ The extended confirmed restriction was previously known as the "500/30 rule" which differed slightly. ^ Should we use ECP on templates? discussion at the village pump. ^ Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Archive365 § Revisiting § Pages recently put under extended-confirmed protection ^ Created October 2013 as a result of Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Template editor user right ^ Unlike with WP:SUPERPROTECT , admins technically can still edit or unprotect these pages, however, they should not do so without permission. ^ Please refer to Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Protect user pages by default and its talk page for community discussion related to a preventative measure for user pages. ^ Per discussion at Wikipedia talk:Protection policy/Archive 15 § Own userspace pages protection policy , June 2013 ^ Per discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Archive314 § Protecting an editor's user page or user space per their request , September 2019 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Superprotect" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . 2014-09-08 . Retrieved 2024-03-20 . ^ VPR RfC to remove PC2 ^ Historical protection levels and user groups no longer in use are available at Wikipedia:Protection policy § Retired protections . ^ This table assumes that template editors are also extended confirmed, which is almost always the case for non- bot accounts. ^ a b c However, if any unregistered or registered editor reverts all unreviewed pending changes back to the latest accepted version, that revision is automatically accepted and pending changes reviewers and administrators aren't prompted or notified. ^ Only noncontroversial changes or requested changes following an achieved consensus should be performed. ^ Only with the approval from the Wikimedia Foundation . ^ Cascade protection extends to all pages that are transcluded onto the protected page, unless the transcluded page is at the same protection level or higher. Cascade protection can only be applied to pages that are fully or office-protected because otherwise it creates a workflow flaw . ^ The interface protection level is automatically set by the MediaWiki software to a specific set of pages, such as pages in the MediaWiki namespace, system-wide CSS and JavaScript pages, and personal CSS and JavaScript pages of other users. It is not a protection level that an administrator can manually apply to any page, nor is it a protection level that can be modified on pages currently under interface protection. Because of this, administrators also cannot cascade-protect pages that are Interface-protected. ^ This has been in effect for unregistered users since 5 December 2005. The restriction was extended to newly registered users on a six month trial basis starting on 14 September 2017. The extension became permanent on 18 April 2018. The prohibition does not apply to the Draft namespace nor talk pages in any namespace. ^ This form of protection is often also called "salting". ^ Under the default no protection, unregistered and newly registered users can still create talk pages in all namespaces and draft articles in the Draft namespace . For these namespaces, it would therefore be possible for the create protection to only apply to unregistered and newly registered users. ^ a b Upload Protection applies to the English Wikipedia, not to Wikimedia Commons , which has different policies for uploading . v t e Administrators' guide v t e Articles Advice for new administrators Blocking Cleaning backlogs Dealing with disputes Dealing with spam Blacklisting Deleting Edit filters Granting and revoking user rights History merging Protecting Reading list Rollback Tools, scripts and gadgets Viewing deleted pages and contributions Advice for new administrators Blocking Cleaning backlogs Dealing with disputes Dealing with spam Blacklisting Blacklisting Deleting Edit filters Granting and revoking user rights History merging Protecting Reading list Rollback Tools, scripts and gadgets Viewing deleted pages and contributions Policies Administrator policy (WP:ADMIN) Banning policy (WP:BAN) Blocking policy (WP:BLOCK) Deletion policy (WP:DEL) Protection policy (WP:PROTECT) Revision deletion policy (WP:REVDEL) Administrator policy (WP:ADMIN) Banning policy (WP:BAN) Blocking policy (WP:BLOCK) Deletion policy (WP:DEL) Protection policy (WP:PROTECT) Revision deletion policy (WP:REVDEL) v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Text 2 Historical background Toggle Historical background subsection 2.1 Original text of the Constitution 2.2 Issues 2.1 Original text of the Constitution 2.2 Issues 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Effects Toggle Effects subsection 4.1 Effect on the terms of elected officials 4.1 Effect on the terms of elected officials 5 References 6 External links Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution Ænglisc العربية Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States Preamble and Articles Preamble I II III IV V VI VII Preamble I II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments : Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Bill of Rights Reconstruction Amendments Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Bill of Rights Reconstruction Amendments Full text Preamble and Articles I–VII Amendments I–X Amendments XI–XXVII Unratified Amendments Preamble and Articles I–VII Amendments I–X Amendments XI–XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal Law portal Politics portal United States portal Law portal Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Twentieth Amendment ( Amendment XX ) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect . The Twentieth Amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933. [ 1 ] The amendment reduced the presidential transition and the " lame duck " period, by which members of Congress and the president serve the remainder of their terms after an election. The amendment established congressional terms to begin before presidential terms and that the incoming Congress, rather than the outgoing one, would hold a contingent election if the Electoral College deadlocked regarding either the presidential or vice presidential elections. Text Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified. Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified. Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. Historical background Original text of the Constitution Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once a year. The default date specified is the first Monday in December, though Congress is empowered to set another date and the president can summon special sessions. The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials, but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end. In September 1788, after the necessary nine states had ratified the Constitution, the Congress of the Confederation set March 4, 1789, as the date "for commencing proceedings" of the newly reorganized government. Although the new Congress and presidential administration did not begin operating until April, March 4 was designated as the official start of the newly elected officials' terms, and thus the starting point for the terms of their successors. The Constitution did not specify a date for federal elections; however, by the second presidential election in 1792, Congress had enacted a law requiring presidential electors to be chosen in November or early December. [ 2 ] In 1845, the 28th Congress narrowed the appointment in each State of Electors (of President and Vice President) to a single day: The "Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November". [ 3 ] Congressional elections were generally held on the same day. Issues The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long, four-month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the new president. For Congress, the situation was perhaps even more awkward. Because Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December, after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired, a lame-duck session was required by the Constitution in even-numbered years; the next session was not required until the next December, meaning new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected. Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year, but this never became a regular practice, despite the Constitution allowing for it. In practice, Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd-numbered years, and in a short lame-duck session in December of even-numbered years. [ 4 ] The long lame-duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century, when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital, but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age. From the early 19th century, it also meant a lame-duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner. Each institution could do this on the theory that, at best, a lame-duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems, whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time and a fresh electoral mandate, to examine and address the problems the nation faced. These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just-completed election cycle. This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt , respectively, plus the newly elected senators and representatives. Under the Constitution at the time, these presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively. In 1916, during World War I , President Woodrow Wilson devised an unorthodox plan to avoid a lame-duck presidency and allow his Republican opponent Charles Evans Hughes to assume presidential powers immediately if Hughes had won the election. In that case, Wilson planned to appoint Hughes as Secretary of State , who under the Presidential Succession Act of 1886 was second in the presidential line of succession. President Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would have then both resigned, leaving Hughes to become acting president. The plan was never implemented because Wilson was narrowly re-elected . [ 5 ] Proposal and ratification The Twentieth Amendment, National Archives The 72nd Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2, 1932, and the amendment was ratified by the following states. [ 6 ] The Amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933, after 36 states, being three-fourths of the then-existing 48 states, ratified the Amendment. Virginia : March 4, 1932 New York : March 11, 1932 Mississippi : March 16, 1932 Arkansas : March 17, 1932 Kentucky : March 17, 1932 New Jersey : March 21, 1932 South Carolina : March 25, 1932 Michigan : March 31, 1932 Maine : April 1, 1932 Rhode Island : April 14, 1932 Illinois : April 21, 1932 Louisiana : June 22, 1932 West Virginia : July 30, 1932 Pennsylvania : August 11, 1932 Indiana : August 15, 1932 Texas : September 7, 1932 Alabama : September 13, 1932 California : January 4, 1933 North Carolina : January 5, 1933 North Dakota : January 9, 1933 Minnesota : January 12, 1933 Arizona : January 13, 1933 Montana : January 13, 1933 Nebraska : January 13, 1933 Oklahoma : January 13, 1933 Kansas : January 16, 1933 Oregon : January 16, 1933 Delaware : January 19, 1933 Washington : January 19, 1933 Wyoming : January 19, 1933 Iowa : January 20, 1933 South Dakota : January 20, 1933 Tennessee : January 20, 1933 Idaho : January 21, 1933 New Mexico : January 21, 1933 Missouri : January 23, 1933 This satisfied the requirement for three-fourths of the then-existing 48 states. [ 7 ] The amendment was subsequently ratified by: Georgia : January 23, 1933 Ohio : January 23, 1933 Utah : January 23, 1933 Massachusetts : January 24, 1933 Wisconsin : January 24, 1933 Colorado : January 24, 1933 Nevada : January 26, 1933 Connecticut : January 27, 1933 New Hampshire : January 31, 1933 Vermont : February 2, 1933 Maryland : March 24, 1933 Florida : April 26, 1933 Effects Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment prescribes that the start and end of the four-year term of both the president and vice president shall be at noon on January 20. The change superseded the Twelfth Amendment's reference to March 4 as the date by which the House of Representatives must—under circumstances where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes for president in the Electoral College —conduct a contingent presidential election . [ 8 ] The new date reduced the period between election day in November and Inauguration Day, the presidential transition , by about six weeks. [ 9 ] Section 1 also specifies noon January 3 as the start and end of the terms of members of the Senate and the House of Representatives; the previous date had also been March 4. [ 10 ] Section 2 moves the yearly start date of congressional sessions from the first Monday in December, as mandated by Article I, Section 4, Clause 2, to noon on January 3 of the same year, though Congress still can by law set another date and the president can summon special sessions. This change eliminated the extended lame duck congressional sessions. [ 11 ] As a result of this change, if the Electoral College vote has not resulted in the election of either a president or vice president, the incoming Congress, as opposed to the outgoing one, would conduct a contingent election, following the process set out in the Twelfth Amendment. [ 8 ] Section 3 further refines the Twelfth Amendment by declaring that if the president-elect dies before Inauguration Day , the vice president-elect will be sworn in as president on that day and serve for the full four-year term to which that person was elected. It further states that if, on Inauguration Day, a president-elect has not yet been chosen, or if the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect would become acting president on Inauguration Day until a president-elect is chosen or the president-elect qualifies; previously, the Constitution did not say what was to be done if the Electoral College attempted to elect a constitutionally unqualified person as president. Section 3 also authorizes Congress to determine who should be acting president if a new president and vice president have not been chosen by Inauguration Day. Acting on this authority, Congress added "failure to qualify" as a possible condition for presidential succession in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Constitution previously had been silent on this point, and this lack of guidance nearly caused constitutional crises on two occasions: when the House of Representatives seemed unable to break the deadlocked election of 1800 , and when Congress seemed unable to resolve the disputed election of 1876 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Section 4 permits Congress to statutorily clarify what should occur if either the House of Representatives must elect the president, and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies, or if the Senate must elect the vice president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies. Congress has never enacted such a statute. [ 13 ] [ 16 ] Effect on the terms of elected officials On February 15, 1933, 23 days after the amendment was adopted, President-elect Franklin Roosevelt was the target of an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara . While Roosevelt was not injured, had the attempt been successful, then vice president-elect John Nance Garner would have become president on March 4, 1933, pursuant to Section 3. [ 14 ] Section 5 delayed Sections 1 and 2 taking effect until the first October 15 following the amendment's ratification. As it was adopted on January 23, 1933, Section 1 shortened the terms of representatives elected to the 73rd Congress (1933–1935), as well as those of senators elected for terms ending in 1935, 1937, and 1939, by 60 days, by ending those terms on January 3 of each odd-numbered year rather than the March 4 date on which those terms originally were due to expire. Section 5 also resulted in the 73rd Congress not being required to meet until January 3, 1934. [ 17 ] The first Congress to open its first session and begin its members' terms on the new date was the 74th Congress in 1935. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on the date appointed by the Twentieth Amendment were the second terms of President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner, on January 20, 1937. As Section 1 had shortened the first term of both (1933–1937) by 43 days, Garner thus served as vice-president for two full terms, but he did not serve a full eight years: his vice presidency spanned from March 4, 1933, to January 20, 1941. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27" . Archives.gov . November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved November 22, 2020 . ^ The bill originally specified a thirty-day period for the states to choose their electors. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p. 278 Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine ^ Presidential Election Day Act as enacted ( 5 Stat. 721 ) in the US Statutes at Large ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 119 . ISBN 9780674018662 . ^ Jackson, Michael W. (October 22, 2013). "If Woodrow Wilson had lost the 1916 election" . Political theory and practice: Thinking and doing . The University of Sydney, Australia. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019 . Retrieved June 24, 2018 . ^ "Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation" (PDF) . 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"Five little-known men who almost became president" . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020 . Retrieved July 18, 2018 . ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 77ff. ISBN 9780674018662 . ^ Kalt, Brian C. (October 26, 2017). "Of Death and Deadlocks: Section 4 of the Twentieth Amendment". Michigan State University College of Law : 18– 19. SSRN 2635633 . ^ "Twentieth Amendment: Doctrine and Practice" . US Constitution (Annotated) . Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2020 – via constitution.congress.gov. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia 4 hours ago Share Save Tabby Wilson Share Save Reuters Photographs of brothers Alon, Oren, and Tal Alexander displayed at a news conference in New York The first woman to publicly accuse high-profile twins Oren and Alon Alexander of sexual assault was found dead in Australia late last year, according to new reports. Kate Whiteman sued the men in March 2024, alleging they sexually assaulted her in the state of New York in 2012. Months later they were arrested alongside their older brother and charged with sex trafficking offences. An investigation into the death of Whiteman, 45, by the New South Wales coroner's office has now concluded, finding her death was not suspicious. The Alexander brothers - who deny wrongdoing and have pleaded not guilty to the criminal charges - will face trial at the end of this month. The coroner's office said they could not provide any further information about Whiteman's death, out of consideration for bereaved family members. It is unclear what role, if any, Whiteman was due to play in the prosecution case. The BBC has contacted prosecutors for comment. A PR representative for the Alexander brothers said they were unaware of Whiteman's death. "The decision to release this information publicly on the eve of trial invites obvious questions," they said. Older brother, Tal, and Oren Alexander have worked for real estate giant Douglas Elliman, listing properties for celebrities including Liam Gallagher, Lindsay Lohan, Kim Kardashian and Kanye West. In 2022, they founded their own New York-based firm called Official. Alon worked at the family's private security firm, Kent Security. A day after Whiteman made her accusations, a second woman, Rebecca Mandel, also brought a lawsuit against Oren and Alon, alleging that the pair drugged and assaulted her at a party in 2010. In the following months, a series of other women came forward to news publications with accusations of sexual assault against all three brothers. Many also claimed they were drugged. As of February 2025, the New York Times said that at least 17 women had filed civil lawsuits against one or more of the brothers, with accusations of assault in Miami, Manhattan and even Moscow. All allegations have been denied by all three Alexander brothers. In December 2024, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) arrested and charged all three brothers, who now face more than 10 sex trafficking offences. In their initial indictment, prosecutors alleged that from at least 2010, the three brothers "worked together and with others to engage in sex trafficking, including by repeatedly drugging, sexually assaulting, and raping dozens of female victims". At their arraignment in February 2025, prosecutors told the judge they intended to update their case with additional alleged victims, saying they had interviewed more than 60 women who say at least one of the brothers raped them. An attorney for one of the brothers told BBC partner CBS the charges were an "overreach" by the government and "in no way" amounted to sex trafficking. "We have no doubt the evidence will prove that these are all false allegations and the Alexanders are innocent," they said. They have been held without bail in Brooklyn's Metropolitan Detention Centre for the past 13 months, with their trial is set to begin on 26 January. Sexual violence New York City Australia Woman who accused high-profile twins of sexual assault found dead in Australia The first woman to publicly accuse high-profile twins Oren and Alon Alexander of sexual assault was found dead in Australia late last year, according to new reports. Kate Whiteman sued the men in March 2024, alleging they sexually assaulted her in the state of New York in 2012. Months later they were arrested alongside their older brother and charged with sex trafficking offences. An investigation into the death of Whiteman, 45, by the New South Wales coroner's office has now concluded, finding her death was not suspicious. The Alexander brothers - who deny wrongdoing and have pleaded not guilty to the criminal charges - will face trial at the end of this month. The coroner's office said they could not provide any further information about Whiteman's death, out of consideration for bereaved family members. It is unclear what role, if any, Whiteman was due to play in the prosecution case. The BBC has contacted prosecutors for comment. A PR representative for the Alexander brothers said they were unaware of Whiteman's death. "The decision to release this information publicly on the eve of trial invites obvious questions," they said. Older brother, Tal, and Oren Alexander have worked for real estate giant Douglas Elliman, listing properties for celebrities including Liam Gallagher, Lindsay Lohan, Kim Kardashian and Kanye West. In 2022, they founded their own New York-based firm called Official. Alon worked at the family's private security firm, Kent Security. A day after Whiteman made her accusations, a second woman, Rebecca Mandel, also brought a lawsuit against Oren and Alon, alleging that the pair drugged and assaulted her at a party in 2010. In the following months, a series of other women came forward to news publications with accusations of sexual assault against all three brothers. Many also claimed they were drugged. As of February 2025, the New York Times said that at least 17 women had filed civil lawsuits against one or more of the brothers, with accusations of assault in Miami, Manhattan and even Moscow. All allegations have been denied by all three Alexander brothers. In December 2024, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) arrested and charged all three brothers, who now face more than 10 sex trafficking offences. In their initial indictment, prosecutors alleged that from at least 2010, the three brothers "worked together and with others to engage in sex trafficking, including by repeatedly drugging, sexually assaulting, and raping dozens of female victims". At their arraignment in February 2025, prosecutors told the judge they intended to update their case with additional alleged victims, saying they had interviewed more than 60 women who say at least one of the brothers raped them. An attorney for one of the brothers told BBC partner CBS the charges were an "overreach" by the government and "in no way" amounted to sex trafficking. "We have no doubt the evidence will prove that these are all false allegations and the Alexanders are innocent," they said. They have been held without bail in Brooklyn's Metropolitan Detention Centre for the past 13 months, with their trial is set to begin on 26 January. £240k lottery boost for abuse support service Ex-Spandau Ballet singer accused of rape Police to no longer have routine access to rape victims' counselling notes 'Baby, don't move': Australian woman wakes to find massive python on her chest Rachel Bloor had assumed the heavy weight on her chest was her dog. Watch: Aerial footage shows cars swept away by flash floods in Australia Australia's Great Ocean Road closed on Thursday after flash floods hit the state of Victoria. 2026 Men's T20 World Cup - squads Find out who is in each squad for the Men's T20 World Cup which begins on 7 February. Australia pull Dwarshuis out of Worcs T20 deal Australia left-arm seamer Ben Dwarshuis is pulled out of his T20 deal with Worcestershire by Cricket Australia to manage his workload. England set to reject future pink-ball Ashes Tests England plan to reject any proposals to play a day-night Test using a pink ball under lights in the next Ashes series in Australia. 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Thâu-ia̍h Bûn-chiuⁿ bo̍k-chhù Sûi-chāi kéng ia̍h Sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ Soat-bêng Siā-lí mn̂g-chhùi-kháu Thó-lūn Chòe-kīn ê kái-piàn Kià-hù Khui sin kháu-chō Teng-ji̍p Kià-hù Khui sin kháu-chō Teng-ji̍p Bo̍k-lo̍k Sū-giân 1 Tē-lí 2 Jîn-kháu 3 Chham-khó 4 Liân-kiat Narbonne አማርኛ Aragonés العربية مصرى Asturianu Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Нохчийн Cebuano Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gàidhlig Galego עברית Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ido Italiano 日本語 Қазақша 한국어 Kurdî Latina Lëtzebuergesch Ladin Lombard Lietuvių Latviešu Malagasy Bahasa Melayu مازِرونی Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan Ирон Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Kiswahili Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 粵語 Bûn-chiuⁿ Thó-lūn Tha̍k Siu-kái Kái goân-sí-bé khoàⁿ le̍k-sú Tha̍k Siu-kái Kái goân-sí-bé khoàⁿ le̍k-sú Tó-ūi liân kàu chia Siong-koan ê kái-piàn Kā tóng-àn chiūⁿ-bāng Éng-kiú liân-kiat Ia̍h ê chu-sìn Ín-iōng chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ Hōo-lâng té bāng-tsí Hōo-lâng hā-tsài QR bé Chò PDF hā-chài Ìn-soat pán-pún Wikimedia Commons Wikidata hāng-bo̍k Narbonne — Commune — Narbonne ê kéng-sek Kî-á Hui-kì Kî-á Hui-kì Narbonne só͘-chāi tē-tô͘ ê uī-tì Narbonne só͘-chāi tē-tô͘ Narbonne Narbonne tī Hoat-kok ê tāi-lio̍k ūi-tì Keng-hūi-tō͘ : 43°11′5″N 3°0′13″E / 43.18472°N 3.00361°E / 43.18472; 3.00361 Kok-ka Hoat-kok Toā-khu Languedoc-Roussillon Koān Aude Kūn Narbonne sī ūi-tī Hoat-kok Languedoc-Roussillon toā-khu Aude koān ê chi̍t ê commune . Tē-lí Tī Narbonne ê sì-ûi ū Armissan , Bages , Bizanet , Coursan , Cuxac-d'Aude , Fleury , Gruissan , Marcorignan , Montredon-des-Corbières , Moussan , Névian , Port-la-Nouvelle , Peyriac-de-Mer , Saint-André-de-Roquelongue , kap Vinassan téng siâⁿ-chhī he̍k-chiá chng-siā. Jîn-kháu Nî-tō͘ 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2012 Jîn-kháu 38,441 39,342 41,565 45,849 46,510 51,306 51,869 Bi̍t-tō͘ (jîn-kháu/km²) 222.3 227.5 240.3 265.1 268.9 296.6 299.9 Chham-khó "Commune de Narbonne (11262) - Dossier complet" . INSEE . 2016-06-14 khòaⁿ--ê . Liân-kiat Bāng-chām Aude ê commune Chit ia̍h siāng bóe tī 2017 nî 3 goe̍h 14 ji̍t (pài-jī), 15:00 ū pian-chi̍p--koè. Chiàu ē-kha--ê kui-tēng tō thong-iōng Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; kî-thaⁿ kū-thé--ê tiâu-bûn chhiáⁿ lí khoàⁿ Terms of Use . Ín-su chèng-chhek Koan-hē Wikipedia Bô-hū-chek seng-bêng 行為準則 Khai-hoat-chiá Thóng-kè Cookie seng-bêng Hêng-tōng bô͘-sek
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Winners and nominees 2 References 3 External links World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction Français Русский Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction Awarded for The best fantasy story of 10,000 words or less published in English in the prior calendar year Presented by World Fantasy Convention First award 1975 Most recent winner Maura McHugh ( Raptor ) Website worldfantasy.org/awards/ The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction published in English during the previous calendar year. The awards have been described by book critics such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", [ 1 ] and one of the three most prestigious speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction is given each year for fantasy short stories published in English. A work of fiction is defined by the organization as short fiction if it is 10,000 words or less in length; awards are also given out for longer pieces in the Novel and Novella categories. The Short Fiction category has been awarded annually since 1975, though before 1982—when the category was instated—it was named "Best Short Fiction" and covered works of up to 40,000 words. [ 4 ] It was then renamed "Best Short Story" until 2016, when it was renamed to the "Short Fiction" category. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors [ 8 ] and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. [ 4 ] The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. [ 7 ] Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree. [ 9 ] During the 51 nomination years, 189 authors have had works nominated; 52 of them have won, including ties and co-authors. Only five authors have won more than once: Ramsey Campbell and James Blaylock with two wins out of four nominations each, Stephen King won two out of three, and Tanith Lee and Fred Chappell won both times they were nominated. Of authors who have won at least once, Jeffrey Ford and Kelly Link have the most nominations at five, followed by Dennis Etchison and Avram Davidson , who along with Campbell and Blaylock received four nominations. Charles de Lint has the most nominations without winning at five; he is followed by Michael Swanwick , who has had four nominations without winning. Winners and nominees In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a yellow background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; the other entries are the other nominees on the shortlist. * Winners Year Author Work Publisher/publication Ref. 1975 Robert Aickman * " Pages from a Young Girl's Journal " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 10 ] T. E. D. Klein "The Events at Poroth Farm" The Year's Best Horror Stories: Series II ( DAW Books ) [ 10 ] Sterling E. Lanier "A Father's Tale" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 10 ] Karl Edward Wagner " Sticks " Whispers [ 10 ] 1976 Fritz Leiber * " Belsen Express " The Second Book of Fritz Leiber ( DAW Books ) [ 11 ] David Drake "The Barrow Troll" Whispers [ 11 ] Brian Lumley "Born of the Winds" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 11 ] Manly Wade Wellman "The Ghastly Priest Doth Reign" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 11 ] 1977 Russell Kirk * " There's a Long, Long Trail A-Winding " Frights ( St. Martin's Press ) [ 12 ] Ramsey Campbell "The Companion" Frights ( St. Martin's Press ) [ 12 ] Fritz Leiber "Dark Wings" Superhorror ( W. H. Allen ) [ 12 ] Dennis Etchison "It Only Comes Out at Night" Frights ( St. Martin's Press ) [ 12 ] Karl Edward Wagner "Two Suns Setting" Fantastic [ 12 ] Robert Sheckley "What Is Life?" Playboy [ 12 ] 1978 Ramsey Campbell * " The Chimney " Whispers ( Doubleday ) [ 13 ] Jack Vance "The Bagful of Dreams" Flashing Swords! 4: Barbarians and Black Magicians ( Doubleday ) [ 13 ] Harlan Ellison " Jeffty Is Five " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 13 ] Ramsey Campbell "Loveman's Comeback" More Devil's Kisses ( Corgi ) [ 13 ] Avram Davidson "Manatee Gal Ain't You Coming Out Tonight" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 13 ] Charles L. Grant "When All the Children Call My Name" The Year's Best Horror Stories: Series V ( DAW Books ) [ 13 ] 1979 Avram Davidson * " Naples " Shadows ( Doubleday ) [ 14 ] Avram Davidson "A Good Night's Sleep" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 14 ] Charles L. Grant "Hear Me Now, My Sweet Abbey Rose" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 14 ] Larry Niven The Magic Goes Away Ace Books [ 14 ] Michael Bishop "Within the Walls of Tyre" Weirdbook [ 14 ] 1980 Ramsey Campbell * " Mackintosh Willy " Shadows 2 ( Doubleday ) [ 15 ] Elizabeth A. Lynn * " The Woman Who Loved the Moon " Amazons! ( DAW Books ) [ 15 ] Fritz Leiber "The Button Molder" Whispers [ 15 ] T. E. D. Klein "Petey" Shadows 2 ( Doubleday ) [ 15 ] William F. Nolan "Saturday's Shadow" Shadows 2 ( Doubleday ) [ 15 ] 1981 Howard Waldrop * " The Ugly Chickens " Universe 10 ( Doubleday ) [ 16 ] Chelsea Quinn Yarbro "Cabin 33" Shadows 3 ( Doubleday ) [ 16 ] T. E. D. Klein "Children of the Kingdom" Dark Forces ( Viking Press ) [ 16 ] Suzy McKee Charnas " Unicorn Tapestry " New Dimensions 11 ( Pocket Books ) [ 16 ] 1982 Dennis Etchison * " The Dark Country " Fantasy Tales [ 17 ] Stephen King * " Do the Dead Sing? " Yankee [ 17 ] Charles L. Grant "Coin of the Realm" Tales from the Nightside ( Arkham House ) [ 17 ] Jack Dann "Fairy Tale" The Berkley Showcase Vol. 4 ( Berkley Books ) [ 17 ] 1983 Tanith Lee * " The Gorgon " Shadows 5 ( Doubleday ) [ 18 ] Dennis Etchison "Deathtracks" Death ( Playboy Paperbacks ) [ 18 ] Steve Rasnic Tem "Firestorm" Perpetual Light ( Warner Books ) [ 18 ] Michael Swanwick "The Man Who Met Picasso" Omni [ 18 ] Greg Bear "Petra" Omni [ 18 ] 1984 Tanith Lee * " Elle Est Trois, (La Mort) " Whispers IV ( Doubleday ) [ 19 ] David Morrell The Hundred-Year Christmas Donald M. Grant [ 19 ] Karl Edward Wagner "Into Whose Hands" Whispers IV ( Doubleday ) [ 19 ] Leigh Kennedy "The Silent Cradle" Shadows 6 ( Doubleday ) [ 19 ] Lucius Shepard "Solitario's Eyes" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 19 ] William F. Wu " Wong's Lost and Found Emporium " Amazing Stories [ 19 ] 1985 Alan Ryan * " The Bones Wizard " Whispers [ 20 ] Scott Baker * " Still Life with Scorpion " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Jack Dann "Bad Medicine" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Robert R. McCammon "Nightcrawlers" Masques (Maclay & Associates) [ 20 ] 1986 James Blaylock * " Paper Dragons " Imaginary Lands ( Ace Books ) [ 21 ] Lucius Shepard "The Jaguar Hunter" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 21 ] Sharon N. Farber "Return of the Dust Vampires" Whispers V ( Doubleday ) [ 21 ] Avram Davidson "The Slovo Stove" Universe 15 ( Doubleday ) [ 21 ] 1987 David Schow * " Red Light " The Twilight Zone Magazine [ 22 ] Nancy Springer "The Boy Who Plaited Manes" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Michael Blumlein "The Brains of Rats" Interzone [ 22 ] Stephen King " The End of the Whole Mess " Omni [ 22 ] Whitley Strieber "Pain" Cutting Edge ( Doubleday ) [ 22 ] Amyas Naegele "The Rise and Fall of Father Alex" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Les Daniels "They're Coming for You" Cutting Edge ( Doubleday ) [ 22 ] Joe R. Lansdale "Tight Little Stitches in a Dead Man's Back" Nukes: Four Horror Writers on the Ultimate Horror (Maclay & Associates) [ 22 ] 1988 Jonathan Carroll * " Friend's Best Man " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] Pat Cadigan "Angel" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 23 ] Garry Kilworth "Hogfoot Right and Bird-hands" Other Edens ( Allen & Unwin ) [ 23 ] Gene Wolfe "In the House of Gingerbread" The Architecture of Fear ( Arbor House ) [ 23 ] David Schow "Pamela's Get" The Twilight Zone Magazine [ 23 ] Douglas E. Winter "Splatter: A Cautionary Tale" Masques II (Maclay & Associates) [ 23 ] 1989 John M. Ford * " Winter Solstice, Camelot Station " Invitation to Camelot ( Ace Books ) [ 24 ] Lucius Shepard "Life of Buddha" Omni [ 24 ] Dan Simmons "Metastasis" Night Visions 5 ( Orion Publishing Group ) [ 24 ] Joe R. Lansdale "Night They Missed the Horror Show" Silver Scream (Dark Harvest) [ 24 ] 1990 Steven Millhauser * " The Illusionist " Esquire [ 25 ] Michael Swanwick "The Edge of the World" Full Spectrum 2 ( Doubleday ) [ 25 ] Jonathan Carroll "Mr. Fiddlehead" Omni [ 25 ] Edward Bryant "A Sad Last Love at the Diner of the Damned" Book of the Dead ( Bantam Books ) [ 25 ] Scott Baker "Varicose Worms" Blood Is Not Enough ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 25 ] Chet Williamson "Yore Skin's Jes's Soft 'n Purty...He Said." Razored Saddles (Dark Harvest) [ 25 ] 1991 Neil Gaiman * " A Midsummer Night's Dream " The Sandman #19 ( DC Comics ) [ 26 ] Charles Vess * Terry Bisson " Bears Discover Fire " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] Thomas Ligotti "The Last Feast of Harlequin" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 26 ] Elizabeth Massie "Stephen" Borderlands (Maclay & Associates) [ 26 ] 1992 Fred Chappell * " The Somewhere Doors " More Shapes Than One ( St. Martin's Press ) [ 27 ] James Blaylock "The Better Boy" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 27 ] Tim Powers Charles de Lint "The Conjure Man" After the King: Stories in Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Tor Books ) [ 27 ] Charles de Lint "Pity the Monsters" The Ultimate Frankenstein ( Dell Publishing ) [ 27 ] 1993 Joe Haldeman * " Graves " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 28 ] Dan Simmons * " This Year's Class Picture " Still Dead ( Mark V. Ziesing ) [ 28 ] Lisa Goldstein "Alfred" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 28 ] Martha Soukup "The Arbitrary Placement of Walls" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 28 ] Charles de Lint "Bridges" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 28 ] Poppy Z. Brite "Calcutta, Lord of Nerves" Still Dead ( Mark V. Ziesing ) [ 28 ] Nicholas A. DiChario "The Winterberry" Alternate Kennedys ( Tor Books ) [ 28 ] 1994 Fred Chappell * The Lodger Necronomicon Press [ 29 ] Dan Simmons "Death in Bangkok" Playboy [ 29 ] Terry Bisson "England Underway" Omni [ 29 ] Les Daniels "The Little Green Ones" After the Darkness (Maclay & Associates) [ 29 ] Charles de Lint "The Moon Is Drowning While I Sleep" Snow White, Blood Red ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 29 ] Ian McDonald "Some Strange Desire" Omni Best Science Fiction Three ( Omni Books ) [ 29 ] Terry Lamsley "Something Worse" Under the Crust (Wendigo) [ 29 ] Neil Gaiman "Troll Bridge" Snow White, Blood Red ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 29 ] 1995 Stephen King * " The Man in the Black Suit " The New Yorker [ 30 ] Michael Swanwick "The Changeling's Tale" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 30 ] Nicholas Royle "The Homecoming" Shadows Over Innsmouth ( Fedogan & Bremer ) [ 30 ] Steven Millhauser "The Sisterhood of Night" Harper's Magazine [ 30 ] Michael Marshall Smith "To Receive Is Better" The Mammoth Book of Frankenstein ( Carroll & Graf Publishers ) [ 30 ] 1996 Gwyneth Jones * " The Grass Princess " Seven Tales and a Fable (Edgewood Press) [ 31 ] Petrina Smith "Angel Thing" She's Fantastical (Sybylla Feminist Press) [ 31 ] S. P. Somtow "Dragon's Fin Soup" The Ultimate Dragon ( Dell Publishing ) [ 31 ] Douglas E. Winter "Loop" Dark Love ( Roc Books ) [ 31 ] Robert Charles Wilson "The Perseids" Northern Frights 3 (Mosaic Press) [ 31 ] Kit Reed "The Singing Marine" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 31 ] 1997 James Blaylock * " Thirteen Phantasms " Omni Online [ 32 ] Dennis Etchison "The Dead Cop" Dark Terrors 2 ( Victor Gollancz Ltd ) [ 32 ] Graham Masterton "Underbed" Dark Terrors 2 ( Victor Gollancz Ltd ) [ 32 ] 1998 P. D. Cacek * " Dust Motes " Gothic Ghosts ( Tor Books ) [ 33 ] Jack Womack "Audience" The Horns of Elfland ( Roc Books ) [ 33 ] Lisa Goldstein "Fortune and Misfortune" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 33 ] Paul Park "Get a Grip" Omni Online [ 33 ] Robert Charles Wilson "The Inner Inner City" Northern Frights 4 (Mosaic Press) [ 33 ] 1999 Kelly Link * " The Specialist's Hat " Event Horizon [ 34 ] Ellen Kushner "The Death of the Duke" Starlight 2 ( Tor Books ) [ 34 ] John Kessel "Every Angel is Terrifying" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 34 ] Neil Gaiman "Shoggoth's Old Peculiar" Smoke and Mirrors ( Avon Publications ) [ 34 ] Kelly Link "Travels with the Snow Queen" Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet [ 34 ] 2000 Ian R. MacLeod * " The Chop Girl " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 35 ] Kim Newman "Amerikanski Dead at the Moscow Morgue" 999: New Stories of Horror and Suspense ( Avon Books ) [ 35 ] Howard Waldrop "The Dynasters Vol. 1: On the Downs" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 35 ] Eleanor Arnason "The Grammarian's Five Daughters" Realms of Fantasy [ 35 ] Robert Reed "Human Bay" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 35 ] Paul J. McAuley "Naming the Dead" Interzone [ 35 ] Delia Sherman "The Parwat Ruby" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 35 ] 2001 Andy Duncan * " The Pottawatomie Giant " Sci Fiction [ 36 ] Tia V. Travis "Down Here in the Garden" Horror Garage [ 36 ] Kim Newman "Is There Anybody There?" The New English Library Book of Internet Stories ( New English Library ) [ 36 ] Andy Duncan "Lincoln in Frogmore" Beluthahatchie and Other Stories ( Golden Gryphon Press ) [ 36 ] Michael Swanwick "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy-O" Tales of Old Earth ( North Atlantic Books ) [ 36 ] Terry Dowling "The Saltimbanques" Blackwater Days ( Eidolon Publications ) [ 36 ] Kelly Link "Shoe and Marriage" 4 Stories ( Small Beer Press ) [ 36 ] 2002 Albert E. Cowdrey * " Queen for a Day " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] James Blaylock "His Own Back Yard" Sci Fiction [ 37 ] Jeffrey Ford "The Honeyed Knot" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] Jack O'Connell "Legerdemain" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] Nalo Hopkinson "Something to Hitch Meat To" Skin Folk ( Warner Aspect ) [ 37 ] 2003 Jeffrey Ford * " Creation " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 38 ] William Browning Spencer "The Essayist in the Wilderness" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 38 ] Stephen Gallagher "Little Dead Girl Singing" Weird Tales [ 38 ] Neil Gaiman "October in the Chair" Conjunctions 39: The New Wave Fabulists ( Bard College ) [ 38 ] Jeffrey Ford "The Weight of Words" Leviathan 3 (The Ministry of Whimsy Press) [ 38 ] 2004 Bruce Holland Rogers * " Don Ysidro " Polyphony: Volume 3 ( Wheatland Press ) [ 39 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Ancestor Money" Sci Fiction [ 39 ] Charles de Lint Circle of Cats Viking Press [ 39 ] Alexander C. Irvine "Gus Dreams of Biting the Mailman" Trampoline ( Small Beer Press ) [ 39 ] Chris Roberson "O One" Live Without a Net ( Roc Books ) [ 39 ] 2005 Margo Lanagan * " Singing My Sister Down " Black Juice ( Allen & Unwin ) [ 40 ] Kelly Link " The Faery Handbag " The Faery Reel: Tales from the Twilight Realm ( Viking Press ) [ 40 ] Barbara Roden "Northwest Passage" Acquainted with the Night ( Ash-Tree Press ) [ 40 ] China Miéville "Reports of Certain Events in London" McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories ( Vintage Books ) [ 40 ] Theodora Goss "The Wings of Meister Wilhelm" Polyphony: Volume 4 ( Wheatland Press ) [ 40 ] 2006 George Saunders * " CommComm " The New Yorker [ 41 ] Joe Hill "Best New Horror" Postscripts [ 41 ] Holly Phillips "The Other Grace" In the Palace of Repose ( Prime Books ) [ 41 ] Caitlín R. Kiernan "La Peau Verte" To Charles Fort, with Love ( Subterranean Press ) [ 41 ] Peter S. Beagle "Two Hearts" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 41 ] 2007 M. Rickert * " Journey Into the Kingdom " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 42 ] Christopher Rowe "Another Word for Map is Faith" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 42 ] Geoff Ryman "Pol Pot's Beautiful Daughter (Fantasy)" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 42 ] Benjamin Rosenbaum "A Siege of Cranes" Twenty Epics (All-Star Stories) [ 42 ] Jeffrey Ford "The Way He Does It" Electric Velocipede [ 42 ] 2008 Theodora Goss * " Singing of Mount Abora " Logorrhea: Good Words Make Good Stories ( Bantam Books ) [ 43 ] Daniel Abraham " The Cambist and Lord Iron: A Fairy Tale of Economics " Logorrhea: Good Words Make Good Stories ( Bantam Books ) [ 43 ] Simon Kurt Unsworth "The Church on the Island" At Ease with the Dead ( Ash-Tree Press ) [ 43 ] Robert Shearman "Damned If You Don't" Tiny Deaths ( Comma Press ) [ 43 ] Kij Johnson " The Evolution of Trickster Stories Among the Dogs of North Park After the Change " The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales ( Viking Press ) [ 43 ] 2009 Kij Johnson * " 26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 44 ] Catherynne M. Valente "A Buyer's Guide to Maps of Antarctica" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 44 ] Kage Baker "Caverns of Mystery" Subterranean: Tales of Dark Fantasy ( Subterranean Press ) [ 44 ] Sarah Pinborough "Our Man in the Sudan" The Second Humdrumming Book of Horror Stories (Humdrumming) [ 44 ] John Kessel "Pride and Prometheus" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 44 ] 2010 Karen Joy Fowler * " The Pelican Bar " Eclipse Three ( Night Shade Books ) [ 45 ] R. B. Russell "In Hiding" Putting the Pieces in Place (Ex Occidente Press) [ 45 ] Helen Keeble "A Journal of Certain Events of Scientific Interest from the First Survey Voyage of the Southern Waters by HMS Ocelot, As Observed by Professor Thaddeus Boswell, DPhil, MSc, or, A Lullaby" Strange Horizons [ 45 ] Genevieve Valentine "Light on the Water" Fantasy Magazine [ 45 ] Paul Park "The Persistence of Memory, or This Space for Sale" Postscripts [ 45 ] Ellen Klages "Singing on a Star" Firebirds Soaring ( Firebird Books ) [ 45 ] 2011 Joyce Carol Oates * " Fossil-Figures " Stories: All-New Tales ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 46 ] Christopher Fowler "Beautiful Men" Visitants: Stories of Fallen Angels and Heavenly Hosts (Ulysses Press) [ 46 ] Karen Joy Fowler "Booth's Ghost" What I Didn't See and Other Stories ( Small Beer Press ) [ 46 ] Kij Johnson " Ponies " Tor.com [ 46 ] Mercurio D. Rivera "Tu Sufrimiento Shall Protect Us" Black Static [ 46 ] 2012 Ken Liu * " The Paper Menagerie " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 47 ] Steve Duffy "X for Demetrious" Blood and Other Cravings ( Tor Books ) [ 47 ] Karen Joy Fowler "Younger Women" Subterranean Magazine [ 47 ] Tim Powers "A Journey of Only Two Paces" The Bible Repairman and Other Stories ( Tachyon Publications ) [ 47 ] E. Lily Yu "The Cartographer Wasps and the Anarchist Bees" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 47 ] 2013 Gregory Norman Bossert * " The Telling " Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 48 ] Jeffrey Ford "A Natural History of Autumn" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 48 ] Emily Gilman "The Castle That Jack Built" Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 48 ] Kat Howard "Breaking the Frame" Lightspeed [ 48 ] Meghan McCarron "Swift, Brutal Retaliation" Tor.com [ 48 ] 2014 Caitlín R. Kiernan * " The Prayer of Ninety Cats " Subterranean Magazine [ 49 ] Thomas Olde Heuvelt "The Ink Readers of Doi Saket" Tor.com [ 49 ] Yoon Ha Lee "Effigy Nights" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 49 ] Sofia Samatar " Selkie Stories Are for Losers " Strange Horizons [ 49 ] Rachel Swirsky " If You Were a Dinosaur, My Love " Apex Magazine [ 49 ] 2015 Scott Nicolay * Do You Like to Look at Monsters? Fedogan & Bremer [ 5 ] Kaaron Warren "Death's Door Café" Shadows & Tall Trees (Undertow Publications) [ 5 ] Alyssa Wong "The Fisher Queen" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 5 ] Kelly Link "I Can See Right Through You" Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern [ 5 ] Ursula Vernon " Jackalope Wives " Apex Magazine [ 5 ] 2016 Alyssa Wong * " Hungry Daughters of Starving Mothers " Nightmare [ 6 ] Tamsyn Muir " The Deepwater Bride " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 6 ] Sam J. Miller " The Heat of Us: Notes Toward an Oral History " Uncanny Magazine [ 6 ] Selena Chambers " The Neurastheniac " Cassilda's Song ( Chaosium ) [ 6 ] Amal El-Mohtar "Pockets" Uncanny Magazine [ 6 ] 2017 G. V. Anderson * " Das Steingeschöpf " Strange Horizons [ 50 ] Rachael K. Jones " The Fall Shall Further the Flight in Me " Clockwork Phoenix 5 (Mythic Delirium) [ 50 ] Maria Dahvana Headley "Little Widow" Nightmare [ 50 ] Brooke Bolander "Our Talons Can Crush Galaxies" Uncanny Magazine [ 50 ] Amal El-Mohtar " Seasons of Glass and Iron " The Starlit Wood ( Saga Press ) [ 50 ] 2018 Natalia Theodoridou * " The Birding: A Fairy Tale " Strange Horizons [ 51 ] Fonda Lee " Old Souls " Where the Stars Rise: Asian Science Fiction and Fantasy (Laksa Media Groups) [ 51 ] Rebecca Roanhorse "Welcome to Your Authentic Indian Experience™" Apex Magazine [ 51 ] Fran Wilde "Clearly Lettered in a Mostly Steady Hand" Uncanny Magazine [ 51 ] Caroline M. Yoachim "Carnival Nine" Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 51 ] 2019 Emma Törzs * " Like a River Loves the Sky " Uncanny Magazine [ 52 ] Mel Kassel * " Ten Deals with the Indigo Snake " Lightspeed [ 52 ] Sarah Pinsker " The Court Magician " Lightspeed [ 52 ] Adam-Troy Castro " The Ten Things She Said While Dying: An Annotation " Nightmare [ 52 ] Alix E. Harrow " A Witch's Guide to Escape: A Practical Compendium of Portal Fantasties " Apex Magazine [ 52 ] 2020 Maria Dahvana Headley * " Read After Burning " A People's Future of the United States ( One World ) [ 53 ] Rivers Solomon "Blood Is Another Word for Hunger" Tor.com [ 53 ] Sarah Pinsker " The Blur in the Corner of Your Eye " Uncanny Magazine [ 53 ] Genevieve Valentine "Everyone Knows That They're Dead. Do You?" The Outcast Hours ( Solaris Books ) [ 53 ] Siobhan Carroll " For He Can Creep " Tor.com [ 53 ] Jerome Stueart "Postlude to the Afternoon of a Faun" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 53 ] 2021 Celeste Rita Baker * " Glass Bottle Dancer " Lightspeed [ 54 ] Eugenia Triantafyllou "My Country Is a Ghost" Uncanny Magazine [ 54 ] Jordan Taylor "The Nine Scents of Sorrow" Uncanny Magazine [ 54 ] John Wiswell "Open House on Haunted Hill" Diabolical Plots [ 54 ] Kay Chronister "The Women Who Sing for Sklep" Thin Places (Undertow Publications) [ 54 ] 2022 Lauren Ring * " (emet) " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 55 ] Usman T. Malik "#Spring Love, #Pichal Pairi" Tor.com [ 55 ] Varsha Dinesh "The Demon Sage's Daughter" Strange Horizons [ 55 ] Eugen Bacon "The Failing Name" Fantasy Magazine [ 55 ] Seb Doubinsky P. Djèlí Clark " If the Martians Have Magic " Uncanny Magazine [ 55 ] Sarah Pinsker " Where Oaken Hearts Do Gather " Uncanny Magazine [ 55 ] 2023 Tananarive Due * "Incident at Bear Creek Lodge" Other Terrors: An Inclusive Anthology ( William Morrow Paperbacks ) [ 56 ] Eugen Bacon "The Devil Don't Come with Horns" Other Terrors: An Inclusive Anthology ( William Morrow Paperbacks ) [ 56 ] Suzan Palumbo "Douen" The Dark [ 56 ] Kate Heartfield "The Morning House" PodCastle [ 56 ] Kat Howard "Telling the Bees" Sunday Morning Transport [ 56 ] 2024 Nghi Vo * " Silk and Cotton and Linen and Blood " New Suns 2 ( Solaris Books ) [ 57 ] P. Djèlí Clark "How to Raise a Kraken in Your Bathtub" Uncanny Magazine [ 57 ] Amal El-Mohtar "John Hollowback and the Witch" The Book of Witches ( Harper Voyager ) [ 57 ] P. A. Cornell "Once Upon a Time at The Oakmont" Fantasy Magazine [ 57 ] Rachael K. Jones " The Sound of Children Screaming " Nightmare [ 57 ] A. T. Greenblatt "Waystation City" Uncanny Magazine [ 57 ] 2025 Maura McHugh * "Raptor" Heartwood: A Mythago Wood Anthology [ 58 ] Hiron Ennes "Our Best Selves" Weird Horror [ 58 ] CL Hellisen "Godskin" Strange Horizons [ 58 ] PH Lee " The V*mpire " Reactor [ 58 ] Hannah Yang "Everything in the Garden is Lovely" Apex Magazine [ 58 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Flood, Alison (2014-09-17). 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Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 1978" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 1979" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 1980" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d "World Fantasy Awards 1981" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d "World Fantasy Awards 1982" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-29 . 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Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d "World Fantasy Awards 1989" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 1990" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d "World Fantasy Awards 1991" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d "World Fantasy Awards 1992" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f g "World Fantasy Awards 1993" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f g h "World Fantasy Awards 1994" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 1995" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 1996" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c "World Fantasy Awards 1997" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 1998" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 1999" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f g "World Fantasy Awards 2000" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f g "World Fantasy Awards 2001" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2002" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2003" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2004" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2005" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2006" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2007" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2008" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2009" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2010" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-26 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2011" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2012" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-17 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2013" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2013-09-17 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2014" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2015-06-30 . Retrieved 2014-11-10 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2017" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-22 . Retrieved 2017-11-08 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2018" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-09-22 . Retrieved 2018-11-06 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2019" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-24 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2020" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-23 . Retrieved 2020-11-05 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2021" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-10-23 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2022" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2022-11-08 . Retrieved 2022-11-07 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2023" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2025-09-01 . Retrieved 2023-08-07 . ^ a b c d e f "World Fantasy Awards 2024" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Archived from the original on 2025-09-11 . Retrieved 2024-10-20 . ^ a b c d e "World Fantasy Awards 2025" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus Science Fiction Foundation . Retrieved 2024-10-20 . External links World Fantasy Convention official site .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e World Fantasy Award — Short Fiction v t e 1975–2000 " Pages from a Young Girl's Journal " by Robert Aickman (1975) " Belsen Express " by Fritz Leiber (1976) " There's a Long, Long Trail A-Winding " by Russell Kirk (1977) " The Chimney " by Ramsey Campbell (1978) " Naples " by Avram Davidson (1979) " Mackintosh Willy " by Ramsey Campbell (1980, tie) " The Woman Who Loved the Moon " by Elizabeth A. Lynn (1980, tie) " The Ugly Chickens " by Howard Waldrop (1981) " The Dark Country " by Dennis Etchison (1982, tie) " Do the Dead Sing? " by Stephen King (1982, tie) " The Gorgon " by Tanith Lee (1983) " Elle Est Trois, (La Mort) " by Tanith Lee (1984) " The Bones Wizard " by Alan Ryan / " Still Life with Scorpion " by Scott Baker (1985, tie) " Paper Dragons " by James Blaylock (1986) " Red Light " by David J. Schow (1987) " Friend's Best Man " by Jonathan Carroll (1988) " Winter Solstice, Camelot Station " by John M. Ford (1989) " The Illusionist " by Steven Millhauser (1990) " A Midsummer Night's Dream " by Neil Gaiman and Charles Vess (1991) " The Somewhere Doors " by Fred Chappell (1992) " Graves " by Joe Haldeman (1993, tie) " This Year's Class Picture " by Dan Simmons (1993, tie) " The Lodger " by Fred Chappell (1994) " The Man in the Black Suit " by Stephen King (1995) " The Grass Princess " by Gwyneth Jones (1996) " Thirteen Phantasms " by James Blaylock (1997) " Dust Motes " by P. D. Cacek (1998) " The Specialist's Hat " by Kelly Link (1999) " The Chop Girl " by Ian R. MacLeod (2000) " Pages from a Young Girl's Journal " by Robert Aickman (1975) " Belsen Express " by Fritz Leiber (1976) " There's a Long, Long Trail A-Winding " by Russell Kirk (1977) " The Chimney " by Ramsey Campbell (1978) " Naples " by Avram Davidson (1979) " Mackintosh Willy " by Ramsey Campbell (1980, tie) " The Woman Who Loved the Moon " by Elizabeth A. Lynn (1980, tie) " The Ugly Chickens " by Howard Waldrop (1981) " The Dark Country " by Dennis Etchison (1982, tie) " Do the Dead Sing? " by Stephen King (1982, tie) " The Gorgon " by Tanith Lee (1983) " Elle Est Trois, (La Mort) " by Tanith Lee (1984) " The Bones Wizard " by Alan Ryan / " Still Life with Scorpion " by Scott Baker (1985, tie) " Paper Dragons " by James Blaylock (1986) " Red Light " by David J. Schow (1987) " Friend's Best Man " by Jonathan Carroll (1988) " Winter Solstice, Camelot Station " by John M. Ford (1989) " The Illusionist " by Steven Millhauser (1990) " A Midsummer Night's Dream " by Neil Gaiman and Charles Vess (1991) " The Somewhere Doors " by Fred Chappell (1992) " Graves " by Joe Haldeman (1993, tie) " This Year's Class Picture " by Dan Simmons (1993, tie) " The Lodger " by Fred Chappell (1994) " The Man in the Black Suit " by Stephen King (1995) " The Grass Princess " by Gwyneth Jones (1996) " Thirteen Phantasms " by James Blaylock (1997) " Dust Motes " by P. D. Cacek (1998) " The Specialist's Hat " by Kelly Link (1999) " The Chop Girl " by Ian R. MacLeod (2000) 2001–present " The Pottawatomie Giant " by Andy Duncan (2001) " Queen for a Day " by Albert E. Cowdrey (2002) " Creation " by Jeffrey Ford (2003) " Don Ysidro " by Bruce Holland Rogers (2004) " Singing My Sister Down " by Margo Lanagan (2005) " CommComm " by George Saunders (2006) " Journey Into the Kingdom " by M. Rickert (2007) " Singing of Mount Abora " by Theodora Goss (2008) " 26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss " by Kij Johnson (2009) " The Pelican Bar " by Karen Joy Fowler (2010) " Fossil-Figures " by Joyce Carol Oates (2011) " The Paper Menagerie " by Ken Liu (2012) " The Telling " by Gregory Norman Bossert (2013) " The Prayer of Ninety Cats " by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2014) " Do You Like to Look at Monsters? " by Scott Nicolay (2015) " Hungry Daughters of Starving Mothers " by Alyssa Wong (2016) " Das Steingeschöpf " by G. V. Anderson (2017) " The Birding: A Fairy Tale " by Natalia Theodoridou (2018) " Like a River Loves the Sky " by Emma Törzs / " Ten Deals with the Indigo Snake " by Mel Kassel (2019) " Read After Burning " by Maria Dahvana Headley (2020) " Glass Bottle Dancer " by Celeste Rita Baker (2021) "(emet)" by Lauren Ring (2022) "Incident at Bear Creek Lodge" by Tananarive Due (2023) "Silk and Cotton and Linen and Blood" by Nghi Vo (2024) " The Pottawatomie Giant " by Andy Duncan (2001) " Queen for a Day " by Albert E. Cowdrey (2002) " Creation " by Jeffrey Ford (2003) " Don Ysidro " by Bruce Holland Rogers (2004) " Singing My Sister Down " by Margo Lanagan (2005) " CommComm " by George Saunders (2006) " Journey Into the Kingdom " by M. Rickert (2007) " Singing of Mount Abora " by Theodora Goss (2008) " 26 Monkeys, Also the Abyss " by Kij Johnson (2009) " The Pelican Bar " by Karen Joy Fowler (2010) " Fossil-Figures " by Joyce Carol Oates (2011) " The Paper Menagerie " by Ken Liu (2012) " The Telling " by Gregory Norman Bossert (2013) " The Prayer of Ninety Cats " by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2014) " Do You Like to Look at Monsters? " by Scott Nicolay (2015) " Hungry Daughters of Starving Mothers " by Alyssa Wong (2016) " Das Steingeschöpf " by G. V. Anderson (2017) " The Birding: A Fairy Tale " by Natalia Theodoridou (2018) " Like a River Loves the Sky " by Emma Törzs / " Ten Deals with the Indigo Snake " by Mel Kassel (2019) " Read After Burning " by Maria Dahvana Headley (2020) " Glass Bottle Dancer " by Celeste Rita Baker (2021) "(emet)" by Lauren Ring (2022) "Incident at Bear Creek Lodge" by Tananarive Due (2023) "Silk and Cotton and Linen and Blood" by Nghi Vo (2024) v t e World Fantasy Awards v t e Fiction Novel Novella Short fiction Anthology Collection Novel Novella Short fiction Anthology Collection Other Artist Life achievement Convention award Special award—Professional Special award—Non-professional Artist Life achievement Convention award Special award—Professional Special award—Non-professional Awards established in 1975 Short story awards World Fantasy Awards Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Articles with hCards This page was last edited on 18 December 2025, at 03:09 (UTC) . 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Fran�ais Contact us Help Search Canada site What's new Topics Publications Weather Environment Canada About us Fran�ais Contact us Help Search Canada site What's new Topics Publications Weather Environment Canada About us Quick Search - Species name (English, French or latin): Quick Search - Species name (English, French or latin): Home What's new Recovery Financial Support Legislation & Strategy Publications Search by species Search by map Glossary Related Sites Home What's new Home What's new Recovery Financial Support Legislation & Strategy Publications Recovery Financial Support Legislation & Strategy Publications Search by species Search by map Search by species Search by map Glossary Related Sites Glossary Related Sites You are here: Home / Search by Species / Ord's Kangaroo Rat Ord's Kangaroo Rat Scientific name: Dipodomys ordii Taxonomic group: Mammals (terrestrial) Range: AB SK Status under SARA*: Special Concern, on Schedule 3 Last COSEWIC** designation: Special Concern (April 1995) *SARA: The Species at Risk Act **COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Quick Links: | Photo | Description | Distribution and Population | Habitat | Biology | Threats | Protection | References | National Recovery Program | Top Description Ord's Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized nocturnal rodent. It has a white belly and a mostly orange-brown coloured back. Its tufted tail is often longer than the head and body combined. It is easily identified by its very large hind legs and feet. It is the only species of kangaroo rat found in Canada. Top Canadian Distribution of the Ord's Kangaroo Rat (shown in red) 1,2 Distribution is approximate and not intended for legal use. 1 Author: Canadian Wildlife Service, 2004 2 Data Sources: The main source of information and data is the COSEWIC Status Report. In many cases additional data sources were used; a complete list will be available in the future. Top Distribution and Population The species is found from central Mexico to central Oregon and Montana in the United States. The Canadian distribution constitutes the northern edge of its range; it is found only in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Canadian population was evidently geographically separated, thus reproductively isolated, from others of its kind some 5,000 years. Three Saskatchewan locations, Burstall Hills, Cramersburg Hills and Great Sand Hills, were surveyed in 1985. The survey resulted in estimates of 82, 55 and 1234 individuals, respectively. These estimates are probably low, since there was a drought that year. The rat is most productive after moisture has been abundant. Precipitation in the Prairies during 1992, 1993 and spring of 1994 was significantly higher compared with previous years. Top Habitat Ord's Kangaroo Rat requires a unique combination of sand hills and prairie flora and fauna. The habitat is largely restricted to semi-arid grassland and open scrubland. It prefers areas with smooth, sparsely vegetated surfaces and workable soils. When populations are large, the rats have been known to use nearby roadsides and intensely grazed pastures. Top Biology The female's reproductive activity is dependent upon precipitation (the amount of rainfall in the previous months), food availability and population density. Gestation is from 28 to 32 days. The rat is capable of reproducing 83 days after birth. A female can have up to five litters a year, each with up to six young. Females have an average of nine litters and 39 young in a lifetime. The species is extremely efficient in its use of water. This trait is important to the rat's survival, given the desert-like conditions of its habitat. Kangaroo rats choose seeds with high moisture content, and acquire most water metabolically. They avoid daytime heat and associated water loss by remaining in their burrows. They also have a slower metabolism during the long, cold prairie winters. They feed primarily on seeds, with green vegetation making up the rest of their diet. Cheek pouches are used to transport food to burrows. Predators include coyotes, foxes, owls, badgers, bobcats and prairie rattlesnakes. The rat's middle ear can detect acoustic frequencies of owl wing beats and striking snakes, enabling it to evade such predators. By foot-drumming, rats alert predatory snakes that they have been detected, causing snakes to leave rather than investigate. Top Threats Factors limiting moisture conditions and the availability of habitat are the main conservation concerns for this species. Annual changes in moisture levels cannot be managed, but destructive vegetative encroachment on open sand dunes can be controlled with fires. Shrub removal has increased population sizes in the United States. Top Protection Species that were designated at risk by COSEWIC prior to October 1999 must be reassessed against revised criteria before they can be considered for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). To find out when re-assessment of this species is anticipated, please consult the COSEWIC web site . The Saskatchewan Critical Wildlife Habitat Protection Act protects habitat of Ord's Kangaroo Rats by preventing the clearing and breaking of Crown lands. Saskatchewan owns 84 % of the Great Sand Hills area, 69 % of which is leased for cattle grazing. Most sand-hill environments inhabited by kangaroo rats are difficult to access, preventing intense development. Otherwise, there are no management plans to protect this species. Top References - Gummer, David L. 1995. Status Report on the ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 27 pp. Top Last update: 2004-11-10 Important Notices URL of this page: You are here: Home / Search by Species / Ord's Kangaroo Rat You are here: Home / Search by Species / Ord's Kangaroo Rat Ord's Kangaroo Rat Scientific name: Dipodomys ordii Taxonomic group: Mammals (terrestrial) Range: AB SK Status under SARA*: Special Concern, on Schedule 3 Last COSEWIC** designation: Special Concern (April 1995) *SARA: The Species at Risk Act **COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Quick Links: | Photo | Description | Distribution and Population | Habitat | Biology | Threats | Protection | References | National Recovery Program | Top Description Ord's Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized nocturnal rodent. It has a white belly and a mostly orange-brown coloured back. Its tufted tail is often longer than the head and body combined. It is easily identified by its very large hind legs and feet. It is the only species of kangaroo rat found in Canada. Top Canadian Distribution of the Ord's Kangaroo Rat (shown in red) 1,2 Distribution is approximate and not intended for legal use. 1 Author: Canadian Wildlife Service, 2004 2 Data Sources: The main source of information and data is the COSEWIC Status Report. In many cases additional data sources were used; a complete list will be available in the future. Top Distribution and Population The species is found from central Mexico to central Oregon and Montana in the United States. The Canadian distribution constitutes the northern edge of its range; it is found only in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Canadian population was evidently geographically separated, thus reproductively isolated, from others of its kind some 5,000 years. Three Saskatchewan locations, Burstall Hills, Cramersburg Hills and Great Sand Hills, were surveyed in 1985. The survey resulted in estimates of 82, 55 and 1234 individuals, respectively. These estimates are probably low, since there was a drought that year. The rat is most productive after moisture has been abundant. Precipitation in the Prairies during 1992, 1993 and spring of 1994 was significantly higher compared with previous years. Top Habitat Ord's Kangaroo Rat requires a unique combination of sand hills and prairie flora and fauna. The habitat is largely restricted to semi-arid grassland and open scrubland. It prefers areas with smooth, sparsely vegetated surfaces and workable soils. When populations are large, the rats have been known to use nearby roadsides and intensely grazed pastures. Top Biology The female's reproductive activity is dependent upon precipitation (the amount of rainfall in the previous months), food availability and population density. Gestation is from 28 to 32 days. The rat is capable of reproducing 83 days after birth. A female can have up to five litters a year, each with up to six young. Females have an average of nine litters and 39 young in a lifetime. The species is extremely efficient in its use of water. This trait is important to the rat's survival, given the desert-like conditions of its habitat. Kangaroo rats choose seeds with high moisture content, and acquire most water metabolically. They avoid daytime heat and associated water loss by remaining in their burrows. They also have a slower metabolism during the long, cold prairie winters. They feed primarily on seeds, with green vegetation making up the rest of their diet. Cheek pouches are used to transport food to burrows. Predators include coyotes, foxes, owls, badgers, bobcats and prairie rattlesnakes. The rat's middle ear can detect acoustic frequencies of owl wing beats and striking snakes, enabling it to evade such predators. By foot-drumming, rats alert predatory snakes that they have been detected, causing snakes to leave rather than investigate. Top Threats Factors limiting moisture conditions and the availability of habitat are the main conservation concerns for this species. Annual changes in moisture levels cannot be managed, but destructive vegetative encroachment on open sand dunes can be controlled with fires. Shrub removal has increased population sizes in the United States. Top Protection Species that were designated at risk by COSEWIC prior to October 1999 must be reassessed against revised criteria before they can be considered for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). To find out when re-assessment of this species is anticipated, please consult the COSEWIC web site . The Saskatchewan Critical Wildlife Habitat Protection Act protects habitat of Ord's Kangaroo Rats by preventing the clearing and breaking of Crown lands. Saskatchewan owns 84 % of the Great Sand Hills area, 69 % of which is leased for cattle grazing. Most sand-hill environments inhabited by kangaroo rats are difficult to access, preventing intense development. Otherwise, there are no management plans to protect this species. Top References - Gummer, David L. 1995. Status Report on the ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 27 pp. Top Last update: 2004-11-10 Important Notices URL of this page: Ord's Kangaroo Rat Scientific name: Dipodomys ordii Taxonomic group: Mammals (terrestrial) Range: AB SK Status under SARA*: Special Concern, on Schedule 3 Last COSEWIC** designation: Special Concern (April 1995) *SARA: The Species at Risk Act **COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Quick Links: | Photo | Description | Distribution and Population | Habitat | Biology | Threats | Protection | References | National Recovery Program | Top Description Ord's Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized nocturnal rodent. It has a white belly and a mostly orange-brown coloured back. Its tufted tail is often longer than the head and body combined. It is easily identified by its very large hind legs and feet. It is the only species of kangaroo rat found in Canada. Top Canadian Distribution of the Ord's Kangaroo Rat (shown in red) 1,2 Distribution is approximate and not intended for legal use. 1 Author: Canadian Wildlife Service, 2004 2 Data Sources: The main source of information and data is the COSEWIC Status Report. In many cases additional data sources were used; a complete list will be available in the future. Top Distribution and Population The species is found from central Mexico to central Oregon and Montana in the United States. The Canadian distribution constitutes the northern edge of its range; it is found only in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Canadian population was evidently geographically separated, thus reproductively isolated, from others of its kind some 5,000 years. Three Saskatchewan locations, Burstall Hills, Cramersburg Hills and Great Sand Hills, were surveyed in 1985. The survey resulted in estimates of 82, 55 and 1234 individuals, respectively. These estimates are probably low, since there was a drought that year. The rat is most productive after moisture has been abundant. Precipitation in the Prairies during 1992, 1993 and spring of 1994 was significantly higher compared with previous years. Top Habitat Ord's Kangaroo Rat requires a unique combination of sand hills and prairie flora and fauna. The habitat is largely restricted to semi-arid grassland and open scrubland. It prefers areas with smooth, sparsely vegetated surfaces and workable soils. When populations are large, the rats have been known to use nearby roadsides and intensely grazed pastures. Top Biology The female's reproductive activity is dependent upon precipitation (the amount of rainfall in the previous months), food availability and population density. Gestation is from 28 to 32 days. The rat is capable of reproducing 83 days after birth. A female can have up to five litters a year, each with up to six young. Females have an average of nine litters and 39 young in a lifetime. The species is extremely efficient in its use of water. This trait is important to the rat's survival, given the desert-like conditions of its habitat. Kangaroo rats choose seeds with high moisture content, and acquire most water metabolically. They avoid daytime heat and associated water loss by remaining in their burrows. They also have a slower metabolism during the long, cold prairie winters. They feed primarily on seeds, with green vegetation making up the rest of their diet. Cheek pouches are used to transport food to burrows. Predators include coyotes, foxes, owls, badgers, bobcats and prairie rattlesnakes. The rat's middle ear can detect acoustic frequencies of owl wing beats and striking snakes, enabling it to evade such predators. By foot-drumming, rats alert predatory snakes that they have been detected, causing snakes to leave rather than investigate. Top Threats Factors limiting moisture conditions and the availability of habitat are the main conservation concerns for this species. Annual changes in moisture levels cannot be managed, but destructive vegetative encroachment on open sand dunes can be controlled with fires. Shrub removal has increased population sizes in the United States. Top Protection Species that were designated at risk by COSEWIC prior to October 1999 must be reassessed against revised criteria before they can be considered for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). To find out when re-assessment of this species is anticipated, please consult the COSEWIC web site . The Saskatchewan Critical Wildlife Habitat Protection Act protects habitat of Ord's Kangaroo Rats by preventing the clearing and breaking of Crown lands. Saskatchewan owns 84 % of the Great Sand Hills area, 69 % of which is leased for cattle grazing. Most sand-hill environments inhabited by kangaroo rats are difficult to access, preventing intense development. Otherwise, there are no management plans to protect this species. Top References - Gummer, David L. 1995. Status Report on the ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 27 pp. Top Ord's Kangaroo Rat Ord's Kangaroo Rat Scientific name: Dipodomys ordii Taxonomic group: Mammals (terrestrial) Range: AB SK Status under SARA*: Special Concern, on Schedule 3 Last COSEWIC** designation: Special Concern (April 1995) *SARA: The Species at Risk Act **COSEWIC: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Quick Links: | Photo | Description | Distribution and Population | Habitat | Biology | Threats | Protection | References | National Recovery Program | Top Description Ord's Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized nocturnal rodent. It has a white belly and a mostly orange-brown coloured back. Its tufted tail is often longer than the head and body combined. It is easily identified by its very large hind legs and feet. It is the only species of kangaroo rat found in Canada. Top Description Ord's Kangaroo Rat is a medium-sized nocturnal rodent. It has a white belly and a mostly orange-brown coloured back. Its tufted tail is often longer than the head and body combined. It is easily identified by its very large hind legs and feet. It is the only species of kangaroo rat found in Canada. Top Canadian Distribution of the Ord's Kangaroo Rat (shown in red) 1,2 Distribution is approximate and not intended for legal use. 1 Author: Canadian Wildlife Service, 2004 2 Data Sources: The main source of information and data is the COSEWIC Status Report. In many cases additional data sources were used; a complete list will be available in the future. Top Distribution and Population The species is found from central Mexico to central Oregon and Montana in the United States. The Canadian distribution constitutes the northern edge of its range; it is found only in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Canadian population was evidently geographically separated, thus reproductively isolated, from others of its kind some 5,000 years. Three Saskatchewan locations, Burstall Hills, Cramersburg Hills and Great Sand Hills, were surveyed in 1985. The survey resulted in estimates of 82, 55 and 1234 individuals, respectively. These estimates are probably low, since there was a drought that year. The rat is most productive after moisture has been abundant. Precipitation in the Prairies during 1992, 1993 and spring of 1994 was significantly higher compared with previous years. Top Canadian Distribution of the Ord's Kangaroo Rat (shown in red) 1,2 Distribution is approximate and not intended for legal use. 1 Author: Canadian Wildlife Service, 2004 2 Data Sources: The main source of information and data is the COSEWIC Status Report. In many cases additional data sources were used; a complete list will be available in the future. Top Distribution and Population The species is found from central Mexico to central Oregon and Montana in the United States. The Canadian distribution constitutes the northern edge of its range; it is found only in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Canadian population was evidently geographically separated, thus reproductively isolated, from others of its kind some 5,000 years. Three Saskatchewan locations, Burstall Hills, Cramersburg Hills and Great Sand Hills, were surveyed in 1985. The survey resulted in estimates of 82, 55 and 1234 individuals, respectively. These estimates are probably low, since there was a drought that year. The rat is most productive after moisture has been abundant. Precipitation in the Prairies during 1992, 1993 and spring of 1994 was significantly higher compared with previous years. Top Habitat Ord's Kangaroo Rat requires a unique combination of sand hills and prairie flora and fauna. The habitat is largely restricted to semi-arid grassland and open scrubland. It prefers areas with smooth, sparsely vegetated surfaces and workable soils. When populations are large, the rats have been known to use nearby roadsides and intensely grazed pastures. Top Habitat Ord's Kangaroo Rat requires a unique combination of sand hills and prairie flora and fauna. The habitat is largely restricted to semi-arid grassland and open scrubland. It prefers areas with smooth, sparsely vegetated surfaces and workable soils. When populations are large, the rats have been known to use nearby roadsides and intensely grazed pastures. Top Biology The female's reproductive activity is dependent upon precipitation (the amount of rainfall in the previous months), food availability and population density. Gestation is from 28 to 32 days. The rat is capable of reproducing 83 days after birth. A female can have up to five litters a year, each with up to six young. Females have an average of nine litters and 39 young in a lifetime. The species is extremely efficient in its use of water. This trait is important to the rat's survival, given the desert-like conditions of its habitat. Kangaroo rats choose seeds with high moisture content, and acquire most water metabolically. They avoid daytime heat and associated water loss by remaining in their burrows. They also have a slower metabolism during the long, cold prairie winters. They feed primarily on seeds, with green vegetation making up the rest of their diet. Cheek pouches are used to transport food to burrows. Predators include coyotes, foxes, owls, badgers, bobcats and prairie rattlesnakes. The rat's middle ear can detect acoustic frequencies of owl wing beats and striking snakes, enabling it to evade such predators. By foot-drumming, rats alert predatory snakes that they have been detected, causing snakes to leave rather than investigate. Top Biology The female's reproductive activity is dependent upon precipitation (the amount of rainfall in the previous months), food availability and population density. Gestation is from 28 to 32 days. The rat is capable of reproducing 83 days after birth. A female can have up to five litters a year, each with up to six young. Females have an average of nine litters and 39 young in a lifetime. The species is extremely efficient in its use of water. This trait is important to the rat's survival, given the desert-like conditions of its habitat. Kangaroo rats choose seeds with high moisture content, and acquire most water metabolically. They avoid daytime heat and associated water loss by remaining in their burrows. They also have a slower metabolism during the long, cold prairie winters. They feed primarily on seeds, with green vegetation making up the rest of their diet. Cheek pouches are used to transport food to burrows. Predators include coyotes, foxes, owls, badgers, bobcats and prairie rattlesnakes. The rat's middle ear can detect acoustic frequencies of owl wing beats and striking snakes, enabling it to evade such predators. By foot-drumming, rats alert predatory snakes that they have been detected, causing snakes to leave rather than investigate. Top Threats Factors limiting moisture conditions and the availability of habitat are the main conservation concerns for this species. Annual changes in moisture levels cannot be managed, but destructive vegetative encroachment on open sand dunes can be controlled with fires. Shrub removal has increased population sizes in the United States. Top Threats Factors limiting moisture conditions and the availability of habitat are the main conservation concerns for this species. Annual changes in moisture levels cannot be managed, but destructive vegetative encroachment on open sand dunes can be controlled with fires. Shrub removal has increased population sizes in the United States. Top Protection Species that were designated at risk by COSEWIC prior to October 1999 must be reassessed against revised criteria before they can be considered for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). To find out when re-assessment of this species is anticipated, please consult the COSEWIC web site . The Saskatchewan Critical Wildlife Habitat Protection Act protects habitat of Ord's Kangaroo Rats by preventing the clearing and breaking of Crown lands. Saskatchewan owns 84 % of the Great Sand Hills area, 69 % of which is leased for cattle grazing. Most sand-hill environments inhabited by kangaroo rats are difficult to access, preventing intense development. Otherwise, there are no management plans to protect this species. Top Protection Species that were designated at risk by COSEWIC prior to October 1999 must be reassessed against revised criteria before they can be considered for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). To find out when re-assessment of this species is anticipated, please consult the COSEWIC web site . The Saskatchewan Critical Wildlife Habitat Protection Act protects habitat of Ord's Kangaroo Rats by preventing the clearing and breaking of Crown lands. Saskatchewan owns 84 % of the Great Sand Hills area, 69 % of which is leased for cattle grazing. Most sand-hill environments inhabited by kangaroo rats are difficult to access, preventing intense development. Otherwise, there are no management plans to protect this species. Top References - Gummer, David L. 1995. Status Report on the ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 27 pp. Top References - Gummer, David L. 1995. Status Report on the ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 27 pp. Top Last update: 2004-11-10 Important Notices URL of this page: Last update: 2004-11-10 Important Notices URL of this page:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050503044441/http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?SpeciesID=164
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Club career Toggle Club career subsection 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 2 International career 3 Managerial career 4 Personal life and death 5 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 6 References 7 Works cited 8 Further reading 9 External links Terry Yorath العربية Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Yorath in 1988 Personal information Full name Terence Charles Yorath Date of birth ( 1950-03-27 ) 27 March 1950 Place of birth Cardiff , Wales Date of death 7 January 2026 (2026-01-07) (aged 75) Place of death Leeds , England Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) [ 1 ] Position Midfielder Youth career Leeds United Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1967–1976 Leeds United 141 (10) 1976–1979 Coventry City 99 (3) 1979–1981 Tottenham Hotspur 46 (1) 1981–1982 Vancouver Whitecaps 29 (2) 1982–1985 Bradford City 27 (0) 1986 Swansea City 1 (0) Total 343 (16) International career 1969–1981 Wales 59 (2) Managerial career 1986–1989 Swansea City 1988–1993 Wales 1989–1990 Bradford City 1990–1991 Swansea City 1994–1995 Cardiff City 1995–1997 Lebanon 2001–2002 Sheffield Wednesday 2008–2009 Margate * Club domestic league appearances and goals Terence Charles Yorath (27 March 1950 – 7 January 2026) was a Welsh professional football player and manager at both club and international level. Yorath represented Leeds United , Coventry City , Tottenham Hotspur , Vancouver Whitecaps , Bradford City , Swansea City and the Welsh national team . He later became a football manager for Bradford City , Swansea City , Cardiff City and Sheffield Wednesday , as well as assistant at Huddersfield Town . Yorath also managed the Wales and Lebanon national teams. [ 2 ] Club career Early career Yorath was an apprentice at Leeds United , signing professional forms in 1967 at the age of 17; he made his debut against Burnley at Turf Moor on 11 May 1968. [ 3 ] Alongside other Leeds midfield players of the time, such as Mick Bates and Terry Hibbitt , he found it difficult to establish himself ahead of Don Revie 's preferred pairing of Billy Bremner and Johnny Giles . [ 4 ] Leeds United In the 1972–73 season, injuries and suspensions allowed Yorath to establish himself as a first team regular; his first season ended with two cup final runners-up medals. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] he was a substitute in the 1973 FA Cup Final , which Leeds lost 1–0 to Sunderland , and also appeared in the 1973 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final , which Leeds lost in controversial circumstances to AC Milan . [ 6 ] [ 5 ] Yorath finally won some silverware the following 1973–74 season, where he was a key member of the Leeds championship winning side. [ 4 ] Yorath became the first Welshman to play in a European Cup final when Leeds reached the final of the UEFA European Cup , [ 7 ] but again he ended up with a runners up medal as Leeds lost 2–0 to Bayern Munich in controversial circumstances. [ 4 ] Don Revie had left Leeds to manage England, and his eventual replacement Jimmy Armfield decided to dispense with Yorath's services in 1976, selling him to Coventry City for £125,000. [ 5 ] During his time with Leeds, Yorath made 199 appearances and scored eleven goals. [ 3 ] Coventry City and later career Yorath remained at Coventry for three years, playing 99 games and scoring three goals. [ 8 ] He moved to Tottenham Hotspur in August 1979 for the sum of £300,000. [ 9 ] Yorath's debut occurred on 18 August 1979 which was a Football League game against Middlesbrough in which Tottenham lost 3–1. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In February 1981 he transferred to Vancouver Whitecaps in the North American Soccer League . [ 12 ] He served as the captain of the Whitecaps for two seasons, [ 13 ] before returning to the UK in 1982. International career Yorath picked up the first of 59 Welsh caps in 1970 against Italy , [ 6 ] [ 5 ] and he maintained a regular presence in the international side until 1981. Yorath also captained his country on 42 occasions. [ 7 ] Managerial career In 1982, Yorath joined Bradford City as player/coach and made 34 appearances as a player; he was injured during the Bradford City stadium fire disaster in 1985 when he was forced to jump out of a window after evacuating supporters from a bar. [ 14 ] He subsequently took up the manager's position at Swansea City in 1986 (making a single and final league appearance), and led the club to promotion from the Division Four to the Division Three at the end of the 1987–88 season. [ 15 ] In 1988, he was appointed part-time manager of Wales , [ 16 ] [ 4 ] eventually taking up the post on a full-time basis while still managing Swansea. [ 15 ] However, he later left Swansea to return to Bradford, this time as assistant manager to Paul Jewell , [ 14 ] whilst still taking on Wales duties. [ 7 ] He was dismissed by Bradford after just one year in charge, and returned to manage Swansea again. [ 15 ] In 1991, after a run of nine consecutive defeats, he left Swansea for a second time to concentrate on managing Wales. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] Under Yorath, Wales attained what was then their highest ever FIFA World Ranking of 27th in August 1993 and came close to qualifying for the 1994 World Cup tournament. [ 4 ] Following the failure to qualify, Yorath's contract as manager was not renewed, angering many Welsh fans. [ 7 ] Yorath joined Cardiff City as general manager in 1994, after speculation that he would become manager of Middlesbrough in May that year, [ 17 ] and assumed control of team affairs in November of that year when manager Eddie May left the club. However, his time in the hotseat with the Bluebirds was brief, and he was sacked in March 1995. [ 18 ] In April of the same year, [ 19 ] Yorath took over as coach of the Lebanon national team , and helped them rise 60 places in the FIFA rankings before leaving in 1997. [ 20 ] [ 7 ] Between 1997 and 2000, he worked as a coach at Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, before joining Sheffield Wednesday . He resigned from this position in 2002. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] In June 2008, Yorath returned to football when he was appointed the director of football at Isthmian League Premier Division side Margate , [ 21 ] where his brother Dai and nephew Dean had both played. [ 22 ] On 21 November 2008, he was appointed manager of the club after Barry Ashby was sacked; he resigned as Margate manager on 24 September 2009. [ 23 ] Personal life and death Yorath was the father of the television presenter Gabby Logan . [ 6 ] His eldest son, Daniel, died aged 15 from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after playing football with Yorath in their back garden in 1992. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] His autobiography, published in 2004, is titled Hard Man, Hard Knocks . [ 26 ] Yorath died on 7 January 2026, aged 75, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] following a short illness. [ 6 ] His daughter, Gabby, had been presenting Match of the Day live during the evening but was replaced mid broadcast by Mark Chapman , who noted Logan had to attend a "family emergency". [ 6 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Honours Player Leeds United FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 31 ] European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 5 ] Football League First Division : 1973–74 [ 32 ] European Cup runner-up: 1974–75 [ 5 ] Manager Swansea City Football League Fourth Division play-offs : 1988 [ 33 ] Lebanon Arab Games third place: 1997 [ 34 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rollin, Jack, ed. (1981). Rothmans Football Yearbook : 1981–82 . London: Queen Anne Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-362-02046-9 . OCLC 868301130 . ^ "Members News: CCFC's Welsh '70s Sky Blue Skipper Is 73 Today. 'Happy Birthday', Terry" . 2023. ^ a b c "Terry Yorath turns 70" . Leeds United FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "A warrior touched by tragedy - Terry Yorath obituary" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "Terry Yorath: A Wales great on and off the football field" . Nation Cymru. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e "Leeds and Wales legend Yorath dies aged 75" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Louise (8 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, former Wales and Leeds midfielder, dies aged 75" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ McCartney, Aidan (10 March 2015). "Coventry City players who have also turned out for Bradford City" . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath: Former Leeds and Wales midfielder dies at the age of 75" . Sky Sports. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Goodwin 1992 , pp. 391–392. ^ Soar 1995 , p. 275. ^ "Terry Yorath obituary" . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "All-time Captains" . Whitecaps FC . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b "Terry Yorath 1950-2026" . Bradford City AFC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c "TERRY YORATH 1950-2026" . Swansea City FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Phillips, Robert (9 April 1988). "Wales Go For Yorath" . South Wales Echo . p. 44. ^ Shaw, Phil (3 May 1994). "Football: Lawrence leaves Middlesbrough" . The Independent . London. ^ Abbandonato, Paul (23 February 2017). "Cardiff City managers ranked" . Wales Online . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ FIFA.com. "Terry Yorath leads the Lebanon revival" . Fifa.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 10 July 2020 . ^ Mason, Lewis (8 January 2026). "Former Leeds, Tottenham, Coventry and Wales midfielder Terry Yorath has died at the age of 75 with tributes pouring in" . TNT Sports . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yorath lands Margate supremo role" . BBC Sport. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . ^ "Dai Yorath" . Margate Football Club . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Margate FC pays tribute to Yorath" . Isle of Thanet News. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's heart screening call for brother Daniel" . BBC . 2 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ Honeyball, Lee (6 March 2005). "Triumph and despair: Terry Yorath" . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ "LUFCTALK | Leeds United Fans Forum" . Lufctalk.com . Retrieved 21 March 2021 . ^ McLoughlin, Lisa (8 January 2026). "Gabby Logan's father Terry Yorath dies as she is forced to leave Match Of The Day mid-show" . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ Sutcliffe, Richard (9 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, a life marked by tragedy, heroism, and the 'twinkle in his eye' " . The Athletic . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath, footballer and Wales manager who was a stalwart of Leeds United's great 1970s side" . The Daily Telegraph . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's dad and Welsh football legend, Terry Yorath, dies aged 75" . North Wales Chronicle . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78 . London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354090186 . ^ "Leeds United: Season 1973–1974: Division One" . Leeds-fans.org.uk . Retrieved 6 December 2020 . ^ "Swansea City's play-off classics" . Swansea City AFC . Retrieved 27 August 2025 . ^ "Arab Games 1997" . rsssf.com . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . Works cited Soar, Phil (1995). Tottenham Hotspur: The Official Illustrated History 1882–1995 . Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-58706-1 . Goodwin, Bob (1992). The Spurs Alphabet . ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) Ltd. ISBN 0-9514862-8-4 . Further reading Brown, Jim (2000). Coventry: An Illustrated History . Desert Island Books Ltd. ISBN 1-874287-36-8 . Yorath, Terry (2004). Hard Man, Hard Knocks . Celluloid. ISBN 0954596110 . External links Terry Yorath at Soccerbase Terry Yorath management career statistics at Soccerbase Profile on NASL Jerseys Terry Yorath at IMDb Managerial positions .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager v t e Wales national football team – managers Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Lebanon national football team – managers Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Margate F.C. – managers Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers v t e Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) v t e Wales national football team – managers v t e Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers v t e Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers v t e McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) v t e Lebanon national football team – managers v t e Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers v t e Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) v t e Margate F.C. – managers v t e Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National United States United States 1950 births 2026 deaths People from Grangetown, Cardiff Footballers from Cardiff Welsh men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Leeds United F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Vancouver Whitecaps (1974–1984) players Bradford City A.F.C. players Swansea City A.F.C. players English Football League players North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players Wales men's under-23 international footballers Wales men's international footballers Welsh expatriate men's footballers Welsh expatriate sportspeople in Canada Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada Welsh football managers Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff Swansea City A.F.C. managers Wales national football team managers Bradford City A.F.C. managers Cardiff City F.C. managers Lebanon national football team managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers English Football League managers Isthmian League managers Welsh expatriate football managers Welsh expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon Expatriate football managers in Lebanon Welsh football coaches Yorath–Logan family Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from October 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:23 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . 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"Microhabitat associations of small mammals in southeastern Colorado, with special emphasis on Peromyscus (Rodentia)". Southwestern Naturalist . 32 (3): 291– 303. Bibcode : 1987SWNat..32..291R . doi : 10.2307/3671446 . JSTOR 3671446 . ^ a b Schmidly, David J. 1977. The mammals of Trans-Pecos Texas: including Big Bend National Park and Guadalupe Mountains National Park. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University ^ a b c Schroder, Gene D.; Rosenzweig, Michael L. (1975). "Perturbation analysis of competition and overlap in habitat utilization between Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys merriami" . Oecologia . 19 (1): 9– 28. Bibcode : 1975Oecol..19....9S . doi : 10.1007/BF00377586 . JSTOR 4215091 . PMID 28308827 . S2CID 6735185 . ^ Whitford, Walter G.; Dick-Peddie, Scott; Walters, David; Ludwig, John A. (1978). "Effects of shrub defoliation on grass cover and rodent species in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem". Journal of Arid Environments . 1 (3): 237– 242. 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Desert rodents in disturbed shrub communities and their effects on plant recruitment. In: Roundy, Bruce A.; McArthur, E. Durant; Haley, Jennifer S.; Mann, David K., compilers. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19–21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 209–215 ^ Mares, Michael A. (1983). "Desert rodent adaptation and community structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs". 7 : 30– 43. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ West, N. E. 1983. Western Intermountain sagebrush steppe. In: Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. 352–374. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ Ogden, Verland T.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (1977). "Nesting density and success of prairie falcons in southwestern Idaho". Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early years 2 Vietnamese National Army/battles against Bình Xuyên and Hòa Hảo 3 Overthrow of Diệm Toggle Overthrow of Diệm subsection 3.1 Culpability regarding killings of Diệm and Nhu 3.1 Culpability regarding killings of Diệm and Nhu 4 Rule 5 Overthrow by Nguyễn Khánh 6 August and September power struggle with Khánh Toggle August and September power struggle with Khánh subsection 6.1 Khánh prevails 6.1 Khánh prevails 7 Exile 8 Second presidency 9 Life in exile 10 Death 11 References Toggle References subsection 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 External links Dương Văn Minh Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Jawa Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Dương Văn Minh Minh in 1964 4th President of South Vietnam In office 28 April 1975 – 30 April 1975 Prime Minister Vũ Văn Mẫu Vice President Nguyễn Văn Huyền Preceded by Trần Văn Hương Succeeded by Nguyễn Hữu Thọ (as President of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam ) 1st Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council In office 29 August 1964 – 26 October 1964 Prime Minister Nguyễn Khánh Preceded by Nguyễn Khánh Succeeded by Phan Khắc Sửu (as Chief of State ) In office 8 February 1964 – 16 August 1964 Prime Minister Nguyễn Khánh Preceded by Nguyễn Khánh Succeeded by Nguyễn Khánh In office 2 November 1963 – 30 January 1964 Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Preceded by Ngô Đình Diệm (as President of South Vietnam ) Succeeded by Nguyễn Khánh Personal details Born ( 1916-02-16 ) 16 February 1916 Mỹ Tho Province, Cochinchina Died 6 August 2001 (2001-08-06) (aged 85) Pasadena, California , US Resting place Rose Hills Memorial Park Party Independent Other political affiliations Military Children 3 Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Dương Văn Mâu (father) Nguyễn Thị Kỷ (mother) Dương Văn Mâu (father) Nguyễn Thị Kỷ (mother) Relatives Dương Văn Nhựt (brother) Dương Thanh Sơn (brother) Dương Văn Nhựt (brother) Dương Thanh Sơn (brother) Education Collège Chasseloup-Laubat Nickname Big Minh Military service Allegiance South Vietnam Branch/service Vietnamese National Army Army of the Republic of Vietnam Vietnamese National Army Army of the Republic of Vietnam Years of service 1940–1964 Rank General (Đại Tướng) Commands Head of the Military Revolutionary Council (1963–1964) Battles/wars Battle for Saigon Operation Rung Sat 1963 South Vietnamese coup Fall of Saigon Battle for Saigon Operation Rung Sat 1963 South Vietnamese coup Dương Văn Minh ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Vietnamese: [jɨəŋ van miŋ̟] ⓘ or [zɨəŋ van miŋ̟] ; 16 February 1916 – 6 August 2001), popularly known as Big Minh , was a South Vietnamese politician and a senior general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and a politician during the presidency of Ngô Đình Diệm . In 1963, he became chief of a military junta after leading a coup in which Diệm was assassinated . Minh lasted only three months before being toppled by Nguyễn Khánh , but assumed power again as the fourth and last President of South Vietnam in April 1975, two days before surrendering to North Vietnamese forces . He earned his nickname "Big Minh", because he was approximately 1.83 m (6 ft) tall and weighed 90 kg (198 lb). [ 1 ] Born in Tiền Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam , Minh joined the French Army at the start of World War II , and was captured and tortured by the Imperial Japanese , who invaded and seized French Indochina . After his release, he joined the French-backed Vietnamese National Army (VNA) and was imprisoned by the communist -dominated Viet Minh before breaking out. [ citation needed ] In 1955, after Vietnam was partitioned and the State of Vietnam controlled the southern half under Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm, Minh led the VNA in decisively defeating the Bình Xuyên paramilitary crime syndicate in street combat and dismantling the Hòa Hảo religious tradition's private army. This made him popular with the people and Diệm, but the latter later put him in a powerless position, regarding him as a threat. In 1963, the authoritarian Diệm became increasingly unpopular due to the Buddhist crisis and the ARVN generals decided to launch a coup, which Minh eventually led. Diệm was assassinated on 2 November 1963 shortly after being deposed. Minh was accused of ordering an aide, Nguyễn Văn Nhung , to kill Diệm. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Minh then led a junta for three months, but he was an unsuccessful leader and was heavily criticized for being lethargic and uninterested. During his three months of rule, many civilian problems intensified and the communist Viet Cong made significant gains. Angered at not receiving his desired post, General Nguyễn Khánh led a group of similarly motivated officers in a January 1964 coup. Khánh allowed Minh to stay on as a token head of state in order to capitalize on Minh's public standing, but retained real power. After a power struggle, Khanh had Minh exiled. Minh stayed away before deciding to return and challenge General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in the presidential election of 1971. When it became obvious that Thieu would rig the poll, Minh withdrew and did not return until 1972, keeping a low profile. Minh then advocated a "third force", maintaining that Vietnam could be reunified without a military victory to a hardline communist or anti-communist government. However, this was not something that Thiệu agreed with. In April 1975, as South Vietnam was on the verge of being overrun, Thieu resigned. A week later, Minh was forcibly chosen by the legislature and became president on 28 April. Saigon fell two days later on 30 April, and Minh ordered a surrender to prevent bloody urban street fighting. Minh was spared the lengthy incarceration meted out to South Vietnamese military personnel and civil servants, and lived quietly until being allowed to emigrate to France in 1983. He later moved to California, in the US, where he died. Early years Minh was born on 16 February 1916 in Mỹ Tho Province in the Mekong Delta , to a wealthy landowner who served in a prominent position in the Finance Ministry of the French colonial administration . [ 4 ] He went to Saigon where he attended a top French colonial school, now Le Quy Don High School, [ 5 ] where King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia also studied. [ 6 ] Unlike many of his classmates, Minh declined French citizenship and joined the Corps Indigène , the local component of the French colonial army. [ 5 ] He began his military career in 1940, [ 4 ] and was one of only 50 Vietnamese officers to be commissioned when he graduated from the École Militaire in France. [ 7 ] During the 1940s, Imperial Japan invaded Indochina and seized control from France. Minh was captured and later had only a single tooth that remained from the torture he had suffered at the hands of the Kempeitai (Japanese military police). He always smiled displaying the single tooth, which he regarded as a symbol of his toughness. [ 7 ] Vietnamese National Army/battles against Bình Xuyên and Hòa Hảo Minh then transferred to the French-backed State of Vietnam 's Vietnamese National Army in 1952. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 1954, Minh was captured by the Việt Minh. He escaped after strangling a communist guard and fighting off a few others. [ 8 ] In May 1955, he led VNA forces in the Battle of Saigon , when they dismantled the private army of the Bình Xuyên crime syndicate in urban warfare in the district of Chợ Lớn . With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between Minh's VNA troops and Ba Cụt's men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; Ba Cụt and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered in the face of Minh's onslaught, but Ba Cụt's men fought to the end. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Understanding that they could not defeat Minh's men in open conventional warfare, Ba Cụt's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle. [ 11 ] Ba Cụt's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading the 20,000 VNA troops commanded by Minh. [ 11 ] Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and later executed, [ 9 ] [ 12 ] and his remaining forces were defeated by Minh. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The victories over the Hòa Hảo and the Bình Xuyên were the zenith of Minh's battlefield career. When Minh arrived at a military parade in his jeep before the reviewing stand after the victories, Diệm embraced him and kissed both cheeks. [ 7 ] He was particularly popular among the population of Saigon, having purged their city of the Bình Xuyên. [ 5 ] This earned him the respect of US officials and he was sent to the United States to study, despite his poor English, at the US Command and General Staff College at Leavenworth, Kansas . [ 6 ] In November 1960, a coup attempt was made against Diệm . Minh, by this time disillusioned, did not come to Diệm's defense during the siege and instead stayed at his Saigon home. Diệm responded by appointing Minh to the post of Presidential Military Advisor, where he had no influence or troops to command in case the thought of coup ever crossed his mind. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] According to historian Howard Jones, Minh was "in charge of three telephones", and remained in the post until Diệm's overthrow. [ 7 ] Overthrow of Diệm Minh and Trần Văn Đôn , the ARVN Chief of Staff who had no troops due to Diệm's suspicion of him, [ 16 ] went to observe the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)'s military exercises in Thailand , [ 17 ] where they were informed about the regional disquiet over Diệm's policies toward Buddhists. [ 18 ] Minh frequently railed against Diệm in his September meeting with Lodge, decrying the police state that was being created by the Cần Lao Party of the Ngô family. [ 19 ] Harkins reported that Minh "has done nothing but complain to me about the government and the way it is handled since I have been here". Harkins was skeptical about Minh's claims of widespread public disenchantment. [ 20 ] During late-September, President Kennedy dispatched the McNamara Taylor mission to investigate the political and military situation in South Vietnam. This included investigating an ARVN coup. Minh expressed an interest in meeting McNamara and Taylor, so a game of doubles tennis was organized. McNamara watched on as Taylor played with Minh, giving "broad hints of our interest in other subjects which we gave him during breaks in the game". [ 21 ] Minh revealed nothing of his thoughts about a possible coup, leaving his guests bewildered. Minh later messaged Taylor with a complaint about a perceived lack of support from Washington for a coup. [ 21 ] Diệm became very unpopular during the Buddhist crisis of 1963; the US informed the Vietnamese generals (through the CIA) that it would not object if Diệm were to be overthrown. Minh was the second highest ranking general at the time, and he led the coup to overthrow Diệm on 1 November 1963. [ 22 ] In the afternoon, Minh ordered his bodyguard, Nguyễn Văn Nhung , to arrest, and later execute, Colonel Lê Quang Tung , one of Diệm's closest and most faithful associates. The generals hated Tung, because, at Ngô Đình Nhu 's instructions, he had disguised his men in regular army uniforms and framed the army for the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids several months earlier, in August. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] At nightfall, Nhung took Tung and Major Lê Quảng Trịeu, his brother and deputy [ 25 ] and drove them to the edge of Tan Son Nhut Air Base . Forced to kneel over two freshly dug holes, the brothers were shot into their graves and buried. [ 23 ] In the early morning of 2 November, Diệm agreed to surrender. The ARVN officers had reportedly originally intended merely to exile Diệm and Nhu, having promised them safe passage". [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Minh and Đôn asked Colonel Lucien Conein to secure an American aircraft to take the brothers out of the country. Assistant Secretary of State Roger Hilsman recommended that if the generals decide to exile Diệm, he should also be sent outside Southeast Asia. [ 28 ] He went on to anticipate what he termed a " Götterdämmerung in the palace". [ 29 ] Minh then went to Gia Long Palace, and Minh sent an armored personnel carrier to transport Diệm and Nhu, while the others prepared for the ceremonial and televised handover of power to the junta. [ 27 ] Minh arrived in full military ceremonial uniform to supervise the arrest of the Ngô brothers, only to find that they had escaped and humiliated him, having talked to him from a safe house. Minh was reported to be mortified when he realised that Diệm and Nhu had escaped in the middle of the night leaving the rebels to fight for an empty building. [ 7 ] However, Diệm's hideout was found and surrounded, and Minh sent General Mai Hữu Xuân , his deputy Colonel Nguyễn Văn Quan , his bodyguard Nguyễn Văn Nhung and Dương Hiếu Nghĩa to arrest both brothers. [ 30 ] Nhung and Nghĩa sat with the brothers in the APC as the convoy headed off after the arrest. Before the convoy had departed for the church, Minh was reported to have gestured to Nhung, who was a contract killer and Minh's bodyguard, [ 4 ] with two right-hand fingers. [ 4 ] This was taken to be an order to kill both brothers. During the journey, the brothers were killed in the APC, with Nhung riddling their bodies with many bullets. [ 4 ] An investigation by Đôn later determined that Nghĩa and Nhung sprayed them with bullets before repeatedly stabbing them. [ 31 ] When the corpses arrived at military headquarters, the generals were shocked. [ 32 ] Đôn ordered another general to tell reporters that the brothers had died in an accident and went to confront Minh in his office. [ 32 ] Đôn: Why are they dead? Minh: And what does it matter that they are dead? [ 32 ] Đôn: Why are they dead? Minh: And what does it matter that they are dead? [ 32 ] Đôn later reported that Minh had answered his question in a "haughty" tone. [ 32 ] At this time, Xuân walked into Minh's office through the open door, unaware of Đôn's presence. Xuân snapped to attention and stated " Mission accomplie ". [ 32 ] Minh had his subordinates report that the Ngô brothers had committed suicide. Unclear and contradictory stories abounded on the exact method used by the brothers. Minh said "Due to an inadvertence, there was a gun inside the vehicle. It was with this gun that they committed suicide." [ 33 ] Conein soon realized that the generals' story was false. [ 34 ] Soon after, photos of the bloodied corpses of the brothers appeared in the media, discrediting the generals' lies. [ 35 ] Đôn's assertion that the assassinations were unplanned proved sufficient for Lodge, who told the State Department that "I am sure assassination was not at their direction." [ 36 ] Minh and Đôn reiterated their position in a meeting with Conein and Lodge a few days after the coup. [ 36 ] Culpability regarding killings of Diệm and Nhu The assassinations caused a split within the junta and repulsed world opinion. The killings damaged the public belief that the new regime would be an improvement over Diệm, throwing the generals into discord. Criticism over the killings caused the officers to battle one another for positions in the new government. [ 36 ] The responsibility for the assassinations has generally been laid at the doorstep of Minh. Conein asserted that "I have it on very good authority of very many people, that Big Minh gave the order" , [ 37 ] as did William Colby , the director of the CIA's Far Eastern division. Đôn, however, was equally emphatic, saying "I can state without equivocation that this was done by General Dương Văn Minh and by him alone." [ 37 ] Lodge believed Xuân was at least partly culpable, asserting: "Diệm and Nhu had been assassinated, if not by Xuan personally, at least at his direction." [ 36 ] Some months after the event, Minh was reported to have privately told an American official that "We had no alternative. They had to be killed. Diệm could not be allowed to live because he was too much respected among simple, gullible people in the countryside, especially the Catholics and the refugees. We had to kill Nhu because he was so widely feared – and he had created organizations that were arms of his personal power." [ 37 ] When Nguyễn Văn Thiệu became president, Minh blamed him for the assassinations. In 1971, Minh claimed that Thiệu had caused the deaths by hesitating and delaying the attack by his 5th Division on Gia Long Palace. Đôn was reported to have pressured Thiệu during the night of the siege, asking him on the phone "Why are you so slow in doing it? Do you need more troops? If you do, ask Đính to send more troops – and do it quickly because after taking the palace you will be made a general." [ 38 ] Thiệu denied responsibility and issued a statement: "Dương Văn Minh has to assume entire responsibility for the death of Ngô Đình Diệm." [ 37 ] Trần Văn Hương , an opposition politician who was jailed by Diệm, and a future prime minister and president, gave a scathing analysis of the generals' action. He said "The top generals who decided to murder Diệm and his brother were scared to death. The generals knew very well that having no talent, no moral virtues, no political support whatsoever, they could not prevent a spectacular comeback of the president and Mr. Nhu if they were alive." [ 39 ] Conein asserted that Minh's humiliation by Diệm and Nhu was a major motivation for ordering their executions. Conein reasoned that the brothers were doomed to death once they escaped from the palace, instead of surrendering and accepting the offer of safe exile. Having successfully stormed the palace, Minh had arrived at the presidential residence in full ceremonial military uniform "with a sedan and everything else". Conein described Minh as a "very proud man" who had lost face by turning up at the palace, ready to claim victory, only to find an empty building. He claimed that Diệm and Nhu would not have been killed if they were in the palace, because there were too many people present. [ 37 ] American policy makers later came to believe that the coup and the murders of Diệm and his brother more deeply entrenched the United States in the war, by increasing its responsibility for what had occurred after the deposing of Diệm's administration. [ 4 ] In the view of Stanley Karnow , a former journalist in Saigon for The Saturday Evening Post, ''Minh was not the main mover. But as the senior general, he was the man who crystallized the various factions who were all plotting against Diệm. Everybody and his brother had a plot.'' [ 4 ] Rule Minh took over the government under a military junta on 6 November, which consisted of 12 generals. To give the regime a civilian veneer, Diệm's figurehead Vice President, Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , was appointed Prime Minister of a provisional civilian government overseen by the Military Revolutionary Council (MRC). [ 40 ] Despite his nominally being the second most important person in the Diệm regime, Thơ was a figurehead with little influence, which lay with Diệm's brothers. [ 41 ] Diệm held Thơ in contempt and did not allow him to take part in policy decisions. [ 42 ] Tho entered into intensive bargaining with Minh on 2 November on the composition of the interim government. Thơ knew that the generals wanted to have him head a new government to provide continuity, and he used this as leverage in bargaining with them about the makeup of the cabinet. The Americans recognized Minh and immediately restored the aid programs and that had been cut to punish Diệm in the last days of his rule. [ 43 ] With the fall of Diệm, various American sanctions that were imposed in response to the repression of the Buddhist crisis and Nhu's Special Forces' attacks on the Xá Lợi Pagoda were lifted. The freeze on US economic aid, the suspension of the Commercial Import Program and various capital works initiatives were lifted, and Thơ and Minh were recognised. [ 43 ] The first order of the new regime was Provisional Constitutional Act No. 1, signed by Minh, formally suspending the 1956 constitution created by Diệm. [ 43 ] Minh was said to have preferred playing mah-jongg , playing tennis at the elite Cercle Sportif, [ 4 ] tending to his garden and giving tea parties to fighting the Viet Cong (VC) or running the country. [ 6 ] He was criticised for being lethargic and uninterested. [ 44 ] Stanley Karnow said " He was a model of lethargy, lacking both the skill and the inclination to govern ". According to Karnow, Minh lamented to him that because of his role as the junta head, he " didn't have enough time to grow his orchids or play tennis ". [ 4 ] Saigon newspapers, which Minh had allowed to re-open following the end of Diệm's censorship, reported that the junta was paralysed because all twelve generals in the MRC had equal power. Each member had the power of veto, enabling them to stonewall policy decisions. [ 45 ] Thơ's civilian government was plagued by infighting. According to Thơ's assistant, Nguyễn Ngọc Huy, the presence of Generals Đôn and Đính in both the civilian cabinet and the MRC paralysed the governance process. Đính and Đôn were subordinate to Tho in the civilian government, but as members of the MRC they were superior to him. Whenever Thơ gave an order in the civilian hierarchy with which the generals disagreed, they would go to the MRC and make a counter-order. [ 46 ] The press strongly attacked Thơ, accusing his civilian government of being "tools" of the MRC. [ 47 ] Thơ's acquiescence to and corruption under Diệm's presidency was also called into question, and he was accused of helping to repress the Buddhists by Diệm and Nhu. Tho claimed that he had countenanced the pagoda raids, claiming that he would have resigned were it not for Minh's pleas to stay. Minh defended Thơ's anti-Diệm credentials by declaring that Tho had taken part in the planning of the coup "from the very outset" and that he enjoyed the "full confidence" of the junta. [ 47 ] On 1 January 1964, a 'Council of Notables' comprising sixty leading citizens met for the first time, having been selected by Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo for Minh's junta. Its job was to advise the military and civilian wings of the government with a view towards reforming human rights, the constitution and the legal system. [ 48 ] The council consisted almost entirely of professionals and academic leaders, with no representatives from the agricultural or labour movement. It soon became engaged in endless debate and never achieved its initial task of drafting a new constitution. [ 48 ] Minh and Thơ halted Nhu's Strategic Hamlet Program . Nhu had trumpeted the program as the solution to South Vietnam's difficulties with VC insurgents, believing that the mass relocation of peasants into fortified villages would isolate the VC from their peasant support base. According to the junta, only 20% of the 8,600 existing strategic hamlets were under Saigon's control, with the rest having been taken over by the VC, contradicting Nhu's claims of widespread success. Those hamlets that were deemed to be tenable were consolidated, while the remainder were dismantled and their inhabitants returned to their ancestral land. [ 49 ] Under Minh's rule, there was a large turnover of officials aligned with Diệm. Many were indiscriminately arrested without charge, most of whom were later released. Đính and the new national police chief General Mai Hữu Xuân were given control of the interior ministry and were accused of arresting people en masse, before releasing them in return for bribes and pledges of loyalty. The government was criticised for firing large numbers of district and provincial chiefs directly appointed by Diệm, causing a breakdown in law and order during the abrupt transition of power. [ 45 ] The provisional government lacked direction in policy and planning, resulting in its quick collapse. [ 50 ] The number of rural attacks instigated by the VC surged in the wake of Diệm's deposal, due to the displacement of troops into urban areas for the coup. The increasingly free discussion generated from the surfacing of new and accurate data following the coup revealed that the military situation was far worse than what was reported by Diệm. The incidence of VC attacks continued to increase as it had done during the summer of 1963, the weapons loss ratio worsened and the rate of VC defections fell. The units that participated in the coup were returned to the field to guard against a possible major VC offensive in the countryside. The falsification of military statistics by Diệm's officials had led to miscalculations, which manifested themselves in military setbacks after Diệm's death. [ 43 ] Overthrow by Nguyễn Khánh General Nguyễn Khánh began to plot against the MRC after it was created. Khánh expected a large reward for his part in the coup, but the other generals regarded him as untrustworthy and excluded him from the MRC. [ 51 ] They further moved him to the command of the I Corps in the far north to keep him far away from Saigon. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Khánh later claimed that he had built up intelligence infrastructure to weed out the VC under Diệm, but that Minh's MRC had disbanded it and released VC prisoners. [ 54 ] Khánh was assisted by Generals Trần Thiện Khiêm , who controlled the forces around Saigon, Đỗ Mậu and Nguyễn Chánh Thi . [ 55 ] Khánh and his colleagues spread rumours to American officials that Minh and his colleagues were about to declare South Vietnam's neutrality and sign a peace deal to end the war with the North. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Khánh overthrew Minh and his colleagues on 30 January 1964, in a bloodless coup, completely catching the MRC off guard. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Minh, Đôn and Lê Văn Kim woke up to find hostile forces surrounding their houses and thought it to be a quixotic stunt by some disgruntled young officers. [ 60 ] Khánh used the coup to enact retribution against Minh, Đôn, Kim, Đính and Xuân. He had them arrested, claiming that they were part of a neutralist plot with the French. Khánh cited their service in the Vietnamese National Army in the early 1950s, under the French colonial administration as evidence, although he did as well. [ 61 ] Khánh also had Major Nhung, the bodyguard of Minh, shot, causing riots among parts of the population who feared that Khánh would wind back the clock to the Diệm era. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Khánh later persuaded Minh to remain as a figurehead head of state. This was partly due to pressure from American officials, who felt that the popular Minh would be a unifying and stabilising factor in the new regime. However, Khánh soon sidelined Minh. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Minh reportedly resented the fact that he had been deposed by a younger officer whom he viewed as an unscrupulous upstart. He was also upset with the detention of his fellow generals and around 30 of his junior officers. The junior officers were set free when Minh demanded that Khánh release them in return for his service. In the meantime, Khánh could not substantiate his claims against the generals. [ 66 ] Khánh presided over the trial, [ 61 ] which took place in May. Minh was perfunctorily accused of misusing a small amount of money, before being allowed to serve as an advisor on the trial panel. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] The other generals were eventually asked by Khánh to "once you begin to serve again in the army, you do not take revenge on anybody". [ 61 ] The tribunal then "congratulated" the generals, but found that they were of "lax morality", unqualified to command due to a "lack of a clear political concept" and confined to desk jobs. [ 61 ] Khánh's actions left divisions among the officers of the ARVN. When Khánh was himself deposed in 1965, he handed over dossiers proving that Minh and the other generals were innocent. [ 67 ] Robert Shaplen said that "the case … continued to be one of Khánh's biggest embarrassments". [ 66 ] August and September power struggle with Khánh In August, Khánh drafted a new constitution, which would have augmented his personal power and hamstrung Minh of what authority he had left as well as ousting him from power. However, this only served to weaken Khánh as large urban demonstrations broke out, led by Buddhists, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the new constitution. [ 68 ] In response to claims that he was harking back to the Diệm era of Roman Catholic domination, Khánh made concessions to the Buddhists, sparking opposition from Khiêm and Thiệu, both Catholics. They then tried to remove him in favour of Minh, and they recruited many officers. [ 69 ] Khiêm and Thiệu sought out Taylor and sought a private endorsement to install Minh by staging a coup against Khánh, but the US ambassador did not want any more changes in leadership, fearing a corrosive effect on the government. This deterred Khiêm's group from staging a coup. [ 70 ] The division among the generals came to a head at a meeting of the MRC on 26–27 August. Khánh and Khiêm blamed one another for the increasing unrest across the nation. [ 71 ] Thiệu and another Catholic, General Nguyễn Hữu Có , called for the replacement of Khánh with Minh, but the latter refused. Minh reportedly claimed that Khánh was the only one who would get financial assistance from Washington, so they supported him, prompting Khiêm to angrily say, "Obviously, Khánh is a puppet of the U.S. government, and we are tired of being told by the Americans how we should run our internal affairs". [ 71 ] Khánh said that he would resign, but no agreement over the leadership could be found, [ 71 ] and after more arguing between the senior officers, on 27 August they agreed that Khánh, Minh, and Khiêm would rule as a triumvirate for two months, until a new civilian government could be formed. [ 70 ] The trio then brought paratroopers into Saigon to end the rioting. However, the triumvirate did little due to their disunity. Khánh dominated the decision-making and sidelined Khiêm and Minh. [ 70 ] On 13 September, Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Dương Văn Đức , both Roman Catholics demoted by Khánh after Buddhist pressure, launched a coup attempt with the support of Catholic elements. After a one-day stand-off the putsch failed. [ 72 ] During the coup, Minh had remained aloof from the proceedings, angering Khánh and keeping their long-running rivalry going. By the end of October, the Johnson administration became more supportive of Taylor's negative opinion of Minh and concluded that US interests would be optimized if Khánh prevailed in the power struggle. As a result, the Americans eventually paid for Minh to go on a "good will tour" so that he could be pushed off the political scene without embarrassment, while Khiêm was exiled to Washington as an ambassador after being implicated in the coup. [ 73 ] A short while earlier in September, before Minh was sent overseas, the junta decided to create a semblance of civilian rule by creating the High National Council (HNC), an appointed advisory body that was to begin the transitional to constitutional rule. Khánh put Minh in charge of picking the 17 members of the group, and he filled it with figures sympathetic to him. They then made a resolution to recommend a model with a powerful head of state, which would likely be Minh. Khánh did not want his rival taking power, so he and the Americans convinced the HNC to dilute the power inherent in the position to make it unappealing to Minh. [ 74 ] The HNC then selected Phan Khắc Sửu as chief of state, and Sửu selected Trần Văn Hương as prime minister, although the junta remained the real power. [ 75 ] By the end of the year, Minh was back in Vietnam after his tour. [ 76 ] Khánh prevails Khánh and a group of younger officers decided to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, such as Minh and the other generals deposed in Khánh's January coup; nominally this was because they thought them to be lethargic and ineffective, but tacitly, and far more importantly, because they were potential rivals for power. [ 77 ] According to Khánh and the Young Turks, this older group was led by Minh and had been crafting plots with the Buddhists to regain power. [ 76 ] [ 78 ] Sửu's signature was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the HNC, [ 78 ] which turned down the request. [ 79 ] On 19 December, the generals dissolved the HNC; several of its members, other politicians and student leaders were arrested, [ 78 ] [ 80 ] while Minh and the other older generals were arrested and flown to Pleiku , and later removed from the military. [ 76 ] Exile Minh went into exile in Bangkok , where he occupied himself with hobbies such as gardening and playing tennis. [ 5 ] He still had many American friends, especially among the CIA, who gave him support during this period and paid for his dental bills. The US ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker , was openly contemptuous of him and referred to him in public with obscenities. In return, he wrote a pro-war article for the respected Foreign Affairs quarterly in 1968, condemning the communists and rejecting a power-sharing agreement. This helped to end his exile, with the support of the United States. [ 6 ] Minh opposed Thiệu, who as part of the so-called "Young Turks" had meanwhile put a stop to the seemingly endless power struggles and coups alongside Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Chung Tấn Cang , by finally outmaneuvering Khánh in 1965, had been governing as constitutional president since 1967 and was permanently supported by the United States. Minh was going to run against Thiệu in the 1971 election but he withdrew because it became obvious to him (and most other observers) that the election would be rigged, due to a series of restrictions against would-be opponents. [ 6 ] Thiệu was then the only candidate and retained power. Minh kept a low profile after this and was relatively politically inert. [ 5 ] Minh was regarded as a potential leader of a "third force" which could come to a compromise with North Vietnam that would allow eventual reunification without a military takeover by one of the parties. The North Vietnamese government carefully avoided either endorsing or condemning Minh, whose brother, Dương Văn Nhut , was a one-star general in the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). In 1973, Minh proposed his own political program for Vietnam, which was a middle way between the proposals of Thiệu and the communists. Thiệu, however, reportedly opposed any compromise. [ 6 ] Second presidency On 21 April 1975, Thiệu handed over power to Vice President Trần Văn Hương and fled to Taiwan . Hương prepared for peace talks with North Vietnam. However, after his overtures were rejected, he resigned. [ 81 ] As the main attack on Saigon developed on 27 April 1975, in a joint sitting of the bicameral National Assembly, the presidency was unanimously handed over to Minh, who was sworn in the following day. The French government thought that Minh could broker a cease-fire and had advocated his ascension to power. [ 5 ] There was also an assumption that, as Minh had a reputation for indecision, the various groups thought that they could manipulate him for their own ends relatively easily. [ 6 ] It was widely known that Minh [ 82 ] had long-standing contacts with the communists, [ 6 ] and it was assumed that he would be able to establish a cease-fire and re-open negotiations. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] This expectation was totally unrealistic, as the North Vietnamese were in an overwhelmingly dominant position on the battlefield and final victory was within reach, so they saw no need for power-sharing, regardless of any political changes in Saigon. [ 86 ] On 28 April 1975, PAVN forces fought their way into the outskirts of the capital. [ 87 ] Later that afternoon, as Minh finished his acceptance speech, in which he called for an immediate cease-fire and peace talks, [ 6 ] a formation of five A-37s , captured from the Republic of Vietnam Air Force , bombed Tan Son Nhut Air Base. [ 88 ] As Biên Hòa fell, General Nguyễn Văn Toàn , the III Corps commander, fled to Saigon, saying that most of the top ARVN leadership had virtually resigned themselves to defeat. [ 89 ] The inauguration of Minh had served as a signal to South Vietnamese officers who would not compromise with the communists. They began to pack up and leave, or commit suicide to avoid capture. [ 90 ] PAVN columns advanced into the city center encountering very little resistance. [ 91 ] Except in the Mekong Delta, where South Vietnamese military forces were still intact and aggressive, [ 92 ] the South Vietnamese military had virtually ceased to exist. Just before 05:00 on 30 April, [ 91 ] US Ambassador Graham Martin boarded a helicopter and departed and at 07:53 the last Marines were evacuated from the US Embassy's rooftop. [ 93 ] At 10:24, [ 91 ] being advised by General Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh , Minh went on Saigon Radio and ordered all South Vietnamese forces to cease fighting and later declared an unconditional surrender. He announced, "The Republic of Vietnam policy is the policy of peace and reconciliation, aimed at saving the blood of our people. We are here waiting for the Provisional Revolutionary Government to hand over the authority in order to stop useless bloodshed." [ 6 ] According to General Nguyen Huu Hanh's interview from BBC, Minh did not want to evacuate the Saigon government to the Mekong Delta to continue military resistance. Hanh also stated Minh planned a peace to end the war. [ 94 ] Around noon, a PAVN tank crashed through the gates of the Independence Palace . [ 91 ] [ 95 ] When the PAVN troops entered the Independence Palace they found Minh and his cabinet sitting around the big oval table in the cabinet room, waiting for them. As they entered, Minh said "The revolution is here. You are here." [ 6 ] He added, "We have been waiting for you so that we could turn over the government." The ranking North Vietnamese officer, Colonel Bùi Văn Tùng replied, "There is no question of your transferring power. Your power has crumbled. You cannot give up what you do not have." [ 4 ] Later in the afternoon, he went on radio again and said, "I declare the Saigon government is completely dissolved at all levels." [ 6 ] After his official surrender, he was summoned to report back. After a few days he was permitted to return to his villa, unlike almost all remaining military personnel and public servants, [ 5 ] who were sent to re-education camps , often for over a decade in the case of senior officers. [ 96 ] He lived there in seclusion for eight years, where he continued to raise birds and grow exotic orchids . [ 6 ] It was assumed that Hanoi had resolved that as Minh had not actively opposed them in the final years of the war, he would be allowed to live in peace as long as he remained quiet and did not engage in political activities. [ 5 ] Life in exile Minh was allowed to emigrate to France in 1983 and settled near Paris, and it was again assumed that the communists had permitted him to leave on the basis that he remain aloof from politics and history. In the late 1980s, there was speculation he would be allowed to return to Vietnam to live out his last years, but this did not happen. [ 5 ] In 1988, he emigrated to the United States, and he lived in Pasadena, California , with his daughter, Mai Duong. He later needed a wheelchair for mobility. [ 4 ] In exile, Minh kept his silence, did not talk about the events in Vietnam, and did not produce a memoir. [ 6 ] Death On 5 August 2001, Minh fell at his home in Pasadena, California. He was taken to Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, where he died the following night at the age of 85. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] He was buried in Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California . [ 5 ] Minh's death was largely unmourned by overseas Vietnamese , who were still angry at him for ordering South Vietnamese soldiers to put their weapons down, and who saw him as the officer responsible for South Vietnam's fall. [ 6 ] References Citations ^ Dương Văn Minh profile ^ Robert Trando Letters of a Vietnamese Émigré − 2010, p. 87 "We learned soon that President Diệm and his brother Nhu had been savagely butchered on the floor of the M-113 by Major Nhung, the aide of General Dương-Văn Minh. This man had the reputation of being a bloodthirsty monster, that every ..." ^ Phan Rang Chronicles: A British Surgeon in Vietnam Henry Hamilton – 2007, p. 38 "General Dương Văn Minh, who had assumed power, had the major shot." ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Butterfield, Fox (8 August 2001). "Duong Van Minh, 85, Saigon Plotter, Dies" . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stowe, Judy (9 August 2001). "General Duong Van Minh" . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Oliver, Myrna (8 August 2001). "Duong Van Minh; Last President of S. Vietnam" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . ^ a b c d e Jones, p. 418 ^ Jones, p. 417 ^ a b c Jacobs, pp. 99–100. ^ a b Lansdale, p. 300 ^ a b Moyar (2006), pp. 53–54 ^ a b Doyle, p. 131 ^ Moyar (2006), p. 65 ^ Moyar, p. 114 ^ Hammer, p. 126 ^ Hammer, p. 147 ^ Jones, p. 286 ^ Jones, p. 247 ^ Jones, p. 370. ^ Jones, p. 371 ^ a b Jones, p. 373 ^ Tucker, pp. 288–292 ^ a b Jones, p. 414 ^ Hammer, p. 290. ^ Karnow, p. 321. ^ Hammer, p. 297 ^ a b Jones, pp. 416–417 ^ Hammer, p. 294 ^ Hammer, p. 295 ^ Hammer, pp. 297–298 ^ Karnow, p. 326 ^ a b c d e Jones, p. 429. ^ Jones, p. 425 ^ Jones, p. 430 ^ Jones, pp. 430–431 ^ a b c d Jones, p. 436 ^ a b c d e Jones, p. 435 ^ Hammer, p. 299 ^ Jones, pp. 435–436 ^ Hammer, pp. 300–301. ^ Jones, pp. 99–100. ^ Buttinger, p. 954 ^ a b c d "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963" . Pentagon Papers . pp. 266– 76. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2007 . ^ Shaplen, pp. 221–224 ^ a b Shaplen, p. 221 ^ Jones, p. 437 ^ a b Shaplen, p. 223 ^ a b Shaplen, p. 225 ^ Shaplen, p. 220 ^ Shaplen, p. 213 ^ Logevall, p. 161 ^ Karnow, pp. 354–355 ^ Shaplen, p. 230 ^ Moyar (2006), p. 294 ^ Shaplen, p. 321 ^ Shaplen, p. 232 ^ Logevall, p. 162 ^ Karnow, pp. 352–354 ^ Shaplen, pp. 332–333 ^ Langguth, p. 278 ^ a b c d Langguth, pp. 289–291. ^ Karnow, p. 354 ^ Langguth, p. 279 ^ Shaplen, pp. 236–237 ^ a b Karnow, p. 355 ^ a b c Shaplen, pp. 244–245 ^ Langguth, p. 347 ^ Karnow, pp. 394–395 ^ Moyar, p. 762 ^ a b c Moyar (2006), p. 763 ^ a b c Moyar (2006), p. 318 ^ Kahin, pp. 229–232 ^ Kahin, p. 232 ^ Moyar, p. 328 ^ Moyar, pp. 765–766 ^ a b c Karnow, p. 398 ^ Moyar (2004), p. 769 ^ a b c "South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals". Time . 1 January 1965. ^ Moyar (2006), p. 344 ^ Shaplen, p. 294 ^ Willbanks, pp. 264–270 ^ Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 154–155 ^ Isaacs, pp. 439, 432–433 ^ Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 102–103 ^ Willbanks, pp. 273–274 ^ Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 142–143 ^ Willbanks, p. 273 ^ Willbanks, p. 274 ^ Willbanks, p. 275. ^ Vien, p. 146 ^ a b c d Willbanks, p. 276 ^ Escape with Honor: My Last Hours in Vietnam by Francis Terry McNamara and Adrian Hill, p. 133 ^ Dunham, George R (1990). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series) . Marine Corps Association. p. 200. ISBN 9780160264559 . ^ "The day the Vietnam War ended" . 28 April 2005 . Retrieved 26 January 2020 . ^ Dougan and Fulghum, p. 175 ^ Crossette, Barbara (18 December 1987). "Ho Chi Minh City Journal; 'Re-educated' 12 Years, An Ex-General Reflects" . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Sources Buttinger, Joseph (1967). Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled . New York: Praeger Publishers. Cao Văn Viên (1983). The Final Collapse . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. Dougan, Clark; Fulghum, David; et al. (1985). The Fall of the South . Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939526-16-6 . Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1981). Passing the Torch . Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939526-01-8 . Hammer, Ellen J. (1987). A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 . New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24210-4 . Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983). Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3060-5 . Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963 . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8 . Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505286-2 . Kahin, George McT. (1986). Intervention: how America became involved in Vietnam . New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54367-X . Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A history . New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4 . Langguth, A. J. (2000). Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 . New York: Simon & SchusterF0-684-81202-9. Lansdale, Edward Geary (1991). In the Midst of Wars: An American's Mission to Southeast Asia . New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1314-5 . Logevall, Fredrik (2006). "The French recognition of China and its implications for the Vietnam War". In Roberts, Priscilla (ed.). Behind the bamboo curtain: China, Vietnam, and the world beyond Asia . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5502-7 . Moyar, Mark (2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". Modern Asian Studies . 38 (4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 749– 784. doi : 10.1017/s0026749x04001295 . S2CID 145723264 . Moyar, Mark (2006). Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86911-0 . Penniman, Howard R. (1972). Elections in South Vietnam . Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Shaplen, Robert (1966). The lost revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965 . London: André Deutsch. Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-040-9 . Willbanks, James H. (2004). Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War . Lawrence, Kentucky: University of Kansas Press. ISBN 0-7006-1331-5 . External links Vietnam portal Biography portal Politics portal "General Duong Van Minh Dies at 86" , Asian Week , 17–23 August 2001 "Gen. Duong Van Minh Buried at Rose Hills" , Los Angeles Times , 19 August 2001 "Duong Van Minh, 85, Saigon Plotter, Dies" , The New York Times , 8 August 2001 Political offices Preceded by Ngô Đình Diệm Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 1963–1964 Succeeded by Nguyễn Khánh Preceded by Trần Văn Hương President of the Republic of Vietnam 28 April 1975 – 30 April 1975 Succeeded by Huỳnh Tấn Phát as Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Buddhist crisis v t e Events Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings Hue chemical attacks Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức Double Seven Day scuffle Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état ( reaction ) Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings Hue chemical attacks Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức Double Seven Day scuffle Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état ( reaction ) Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem Policy Joint Communiqué Cable 243 Krulak–Mendenhall mission McNamara–Taylor mission Joint Communiqué Cable 243 Krulak–Mendenhall mission McNamara–Taylor mission Political or religious figures Bui Van Luong Bửu Hội Thích Quảng Đức Michael Forrestal W. Averell Harriman Roger Hilsman Thich Thien Hoa John F. Kennedy Thich Tinh Khiet Victor H. Krulak Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Robert McNamara Joseph Mendenhall Ngô Đình Cẩn Ngô Đình Diệm Ngô Đình Nhu Ngô Đình Thục Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Nguyễn Đình Thuận Madame Nhu Frederick Nolting Thích Trí Quang Maxwell D. Taylor Trần Văn Chương William Trueheart Vũ Văn Mẫu Bui Van Luong Bửu Hội Thích Quảng Đức Michael Forrestal W. Averell Harriman Roger Hilsman Thich Thien Hoa John F. Kennedy Thich Tinh Khiet Victor H. Krulak Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Robert McNamara Joseph Mendenhall Ngô Đình Cẩn Ngô Đình Diệm Ngô Đình Nhu Ngô Đình Thục Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Nguyễn Đình Thuận Madame Nhu Frederick Nolting Thích Trí Quang Maxwell D. Taylor Trần Văn Chương William Trueheart Vũ Văn Mẫu Military figures Lucien Conein Đỗ Cao Trí Đỗ Mậu Dương Văn Minh Huỳnh Văn Cao Lê Quang Tung Lê Văn Kim Nguyễn Hữu Có Nguyễn Khánh Nguyễn Văn Nhung Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Phạm Ngọc Thảo Tôn Thất Đính Trần Kim Tuyến Trần Thiện Khiêm Trần Văn Đôn Lucien Conein Đỗ Cao Trí Đỗ Mậu Dương Văn Minh Huỳnh Văn Cao Lê Quang Tung Lê Văn Kim Nguyễn Hữu Có Nguyễn Khánh Nguyễn Văn Nhung Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Phạm Ngọc Thảo Tôn Thất Đính Trần Kim Tuyến Trần Thiện Khiêm Trần Văn Đôn Journalists Peter Arnett Malcolm Browne David Halberstam Marguerite Higgins Neil Sheehan Peter Arnett Malcolm Browne David Halberstam Marguerite Higgins Neil Sheehan Related Persecution of Buddhists Persecution of Buddhists v t e Heads of state of Vietnam since 1945 v t e Empire of Vietnam (1945) Empire of Vietnam Bảo Đại Bảo Đại Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam; 1945–1976) North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 1 Tôn Đức Thắng North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 1 Tôn Đức Thắng State / Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam; 1949–1975) South Vietnam Bảo Đại Ngô Đình Diệm Dương Văn Minh 2 Nguyễn Khánh 2 Provisional Leadership Committee Dương Văn Minh 2 Phan Khắc Sửu 2 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 2 Trần Văn Hương Dương Văn Minh Bảo Đại Ngô Đình Diệm Dương Văn Minh 2 Nguyễn Khánh 2 Provisional Leadership Committee Dương Văn Minh 2 Phan Khắc Sửu 2 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 2 Trần Văn Hương Dương Văn Minh Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present) Vietnam Tôn Đức Thắng Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 1 Trường Chinh 3 Võ Chí Công 3 Lê Đức Anh Trần Đức Lương Nguyễn Minh Triết Trương Tấn Sang Trần Đại Quang Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 1 Nguyễn Phú Trọng Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 1 Võ Văn Thưởng Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 1 Tô Lâm Lương Cường Tôn Đức Thắng Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 1 Trường Chinh 3 Võ Chí Công 3 Lê Đức Anh Trần Đức Lương Nguyễn Minh Triết Trương Tấn Sang Trần Đại Quang Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 1 Nguyễn Phú Trọng Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 1 Võ Văn Thưởng Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 1 Tô Lâm Lương Cường 1 acting 2 military 3 Chairman of the Council of State 1 acting 2 military 3 Chairman of the Council of State v t e Military of South Vietnam v t e Corps I II III CMD IV I II III CMD CMD IV Divisions 1 2 3 5 7 9 18 21 22 23 25 Marines Airborne 1 2 3 5 7 9 18 21 22 23 25 Marines Airborne Branches Air Force Army Civilian Irregular Defense Group program Navy Popular Forces Regional Forces Junk Force Presidential Guard Combined Action Program Air Force Army Civilian Irregular Defense Group program Navy Popular Forces Regional Forces Junk Force Presidential Guard Combined Action Program ARVN sub-branches Special Forces Rangers Special Forces Rangers Air bases Bien Hoa Binh Thuy Cam Ranh Da Nang Nha Trang Phan Rang Phù Cát Pleiku Tan Son Nhut Tuy Hoa Bien Hoa Binh Thuy Cam Ranh Da Nang Nha Trang Phan Rang Phù Cát Pleiku Tan Son Nhut Tuy Hoa Coup attempts and mutinies 1960 1962 1963 January 1964 September 1964 December 1964 1965 1966 1960 1962 1963 January 1964 September 1964 December 1964 1965 1966 Notable officers Bùi Đình Đạm Cao Văn Viên Chung Tấn Cang Đặng Văn Quang Đỗ Cao Trí Đỗ Mậu Dư Quốc Đống Dương Văn Đức Dương Văn Minh Hoàng Cơ Minh Hoàng Xuân Lãm Huỳnh Văn Cao Lâm Quang Thi Lâm Quang Thơ Lâm Văn Phát Lê Minh Đảo Lê Nguyên Khang Lê Nguyên Vỹ Lê Văn Hưng Lê Văn Kim Lữ Mộng Lan Lý Tòng Bá Mai Hữu Xuân Ngô Du Ngô Quang Trưởng Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Nguyễn Chánh Thi Nguyễn Đức Thắng Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn Nguyễn Hữu Có Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh Nguyễn Khánh Nguyễn Khoa Nam Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc Nguyễn Trọng Luật Nguyễn Văn Chuân Nguyễn Văn Hiếu Nguyễn Văn Mạnh Nguyễn Văn Minh Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Văn Toàn Nguyễn Văn Vy Nguyễn Viết Thanh Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi Phạm Ngọc Thảo Phạm Phú Quốc Phạm Quốc Thuần Phạm Văn Phú Phan Trọng Chinh Phan Xuân Nhuận Tôn Thất Đính Trần Thanh Phong Trần Thiện Khiêm Trần Văn Đôn Trần Văn Hai Trần Quang Khôi Vũ Văn Giai Bùi Đình Đạm Cao Văn Viên Chung Tấn Cang Đặng Văn Quang Đỗ Cao Trí Đỗ Mậu Dư Quốc Đống Dương Văn Đức Dương Văn Minh Hoàng Cơ Minh Hoàng Xuân Lãm Huỳnh Văn Cao Lâm Quang Thi Lâm Quang Thơ Lâm Văn Phát Lê Minh Đảo Lê Nguyên Khang Lê Nguyên Vỹ Lê Văn Hưng Lê Văn Kim Lữ Mộng Lan Lý Tòng Bá Mai Hữu Xuân Ngô Du Ngô Quang Trưởng Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Nguyễn Chánh Thi Nguyễn Đức Thắng Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn Nguyễn Hữu Có Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh Nguyễn Khánh Nguyễn Khoa Nam Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc Nguyễn Trọng Luật Nguyễn Văn Chuân Nguyễn Văn Hiếu Nguyễn Văn Mạnh Nguyễn Văn Minh Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Văn Toàn Nguyễn Văn Vy Nguyễn Viết Thanh Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi Phạm Ngọc Thảo Phạm Phú Quốc Phạm Quốc Thuần Phạm Văn Phú Phan Trọng Chinh Phan Xuân Nhuận Tôn Thất Đính Trần Thanh Phong Trần Thiện Khiêm Trần Văn Đôn Trần Văn Hai Trần Quang Khôi Vũ Văn Giai Ranks and insignia South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National United States United States 1916 births 2001 deaths Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park French military personnel of World War II French prisoners of war in World War II Heads of state of South Vietnam Independent politicians Leaders who took power by coup Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College People from Mỹ Tho People of the First Indochina War South Vietnamese politicians Vietnamese anti-communists Vietnamese Buddhists Vietnamese expatriates in the United States World War II prisoners of war held by Japan Pages using the Phonos extension Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2023 Pages with Vietnamese IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2025 This page was last edited on 16 November 2025, at 18:07 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata 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Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel Spezialseiten Artikel verbessern Neuen Artikel anlegen Autorenportal Hilfe Letzte Änderungen Kontakt Jetzt spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Jetzt spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Inhaltsverzeichnis (Anfang) 1 Geschichte Unterabschnitt Geschichte umschalten 1.1 Vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1.2 Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg 1.1 Vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1.2 Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg 2 Bauweise Unterabschnitt Bauweise umschalten 2.1 Vorbunker 2.2 Hauptbunker 2.1 Vorbunker 2.2 Hauptbunker 3 Bekannte Bewohner 4 Filme 5 Siehe auch 6 Literatur 7 Filmografie 8 Weblinks 9 Einzelnachweise Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català کوردی Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 한국어 Latviešu Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Artikel Diskussion Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Links auf diese Seite Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten Permanenter Link Seiteninformationen Artikel zitieren Kurzlink QR-Code herunterladen Als PDF herunterladen Druckversion Commons Wikidata-Datenobjekt Als Führerbunker bezeichnete man zwei der unterirdischen Luftschutzräume in Berlin , die Adolf Hitler in den letzten Wochen des NS-Staates als Führerhauptquartier dienten. Hitler beging im Führerbunker Suizid . An der Stelle des ehemaligen Bunkers nahe dem heutigen Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas befindet sich nun ein Parkplatz. Geschichte Vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs Von August 1935 bis Januar 1936 wurde im Garten der (alten) Reichskanzlei ein Festsaal mit angeschlossenem Wintergarten errichtet. Der darunter befindliche Luftschutzkeller sollte Hitler als privater Bunker dienen. [ 1.1 ] Am 18. Januar 1943 befahl Hitler den Bau eines an den Luftschutzkeller angeschlossenen weiteren Bunkers in einer wesentlich stärkeren Bauart. Der Luftschutzkeller wurde damit zum Vorgänger des neuen Hauptbunkers, mit dessen Arbeiten im April 1944 begonnen wurde. [ 2 ] Am 16. Januar 1945 kehrte Hitler nach Berlin zurück und bezog seine Wohnräume in der Reichskanzlei. [ 3.1 ] Diese wurden bei dem schweren US-amerikanischen Luftangriff am 3. Februar 1945 zerstört. Hitler zog daraufhin in den Führerbunker, den er bis dahin nur zum Schlafen und während der alliierten Luftangriffe genutzt hatte. [ 3.2 ] Im Laufe der nächsten Wochen verlegte Hitler all seine Aktivitäten in den Bunker, worauf auch sein engerer Stab, seine Adjutanten , das Führerbegleitkommando und Martin Bormann sich im Wesentlichen dort aufhielten. [ 3.3 ] Ab dem 7. März 1945 wohnte auch Eva Braun dauerhaft im Bunker und bezog neben Hitlers Zimmer einen Raum mit einem Ankleidezimmer. [ 1.2 ] Eine Woche nach Beginn der Schlacht um Berlin folgte am 22. April Propagandaminister Joseph Goebbels mit seiner Familie. Der Minister erhielt ein eigenes Zimmer im Hauptbunker, seine Frau Magda wohnte mit ihren sechs Kindern im Vorbunker. [ 4.1 ] Am 29. April 1945 verfasste Hitler im Bunker sein politisches und sein privates Testament . Im Anschluss heiratete er Eva Braun. [ 3.4 ] Tags darauf nahmen beide sich in Hitlers Wohn- und Arbeitsraum im Bunker das Leben. Ihre Leichen wurden vor dem Notausgang des Bunkers im Garten der Neuen Reichskanzlei mit Benzin übergossen und verbrannt. [ 3.5 ] Am 1. Mai nahmen sich auch Joseph und Magda Goebbels am Notausgang des Bunkers das Leben. Zuvor waren die sechs Goebbels-Kinder in deren Schlafraum im Vorbunker, vermutlich von der eigenen Mutter, zunächst betäubt und dann mit Blausäure getötet worden. [ 4.2 ] Der Generalstabschef des Heeres Hans Krebs und der Chefadjutant des OKW Wilhelm Burgdorf vergifteten sich im Kartenraum des Bunkers. Auch der Chef des Führerbegleitkommandos Franz Schädle brachte sich im Bunker um. [ 1.3 ] In der Nacht vom 1. auf den 2. Mai verließen die restlichen Insassen den Bunker, darunter auch Martin Bormann. In den Morgenstunden des 2. Mai gab der in Tempelhof im Haus Schulenburgring 2 stationierte Kampfkommandant der Wehrmacht für Berlin, General Helmuth Weidling , den Befehl zur Einstellung aller Kampfhandlungen. Daraufhin besetzten Einheiten der Roten Armee den verlassenen Bunker. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg versuchte die Rote Armee, den Bunker zu sprengen. Dabei wurden die oberirdischen Aufbauten (Entlüftungstürme und Notausgang) und die Innenwände des Bunkers stark beschädigt. [ 1.4 ] Im Juni 1959 veranlasste die DDR -Regierung einen weiteren Sprengversuch, der erfolglos blieb, woraufhin die oberirdischen Ruinen durch einen Erdhügel verdeckt wurden. [ 1.5 ] Im Zuge der Neuerrichtung von Großplattenwohnblocks an der Westseite der damaligen Otto-Grotewohl-Straße (heute: Wilhelmstraße ) in den Jahren 1988 und 1989 wurde die Stahlbetondecke des Hauptbunkers mitsamt etwa der Hälfte seiner Außenwände bei der Tiefenenttrümmerung des Geländes entfernt und die noch bestehenden Hohlräume verfüllt. Der Vorbunker wurde komplett beseitigt. Wegen der hohen Rückbaukosten blieben Bodenplatte und Teile der Außenwände in der Erde. [ 1.6 ] Der Grafiker Erhard Schreier konnte während dieser Arbeiten Skizzen und Fotoaufnahmen anfertigen. Der Ort, wo sich heute die Reste des Bunkers im Boden befinden, ist mit einer Informationstafel an der Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße Ecke In den Ministergärten gekennzeichnet, die vom Verein Berliner Unterwelten kurz vor der Fußballweltmeisterschaft am 8. Juni 2006 aufgestellt wurde, um der Mythenbildung vorzubeugen. An die Reichskanzlei und den Bunker erinnert an der Wilhelm- Ecke Voßstraße eine Tafel der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors . Im Bereich des Bunkers befindet sich heute ein Parkplatz. [ 1.7 ] Bauweise Die Böden der Räume der bis zu acht Meter unter der Erde liegenden Bunker waren mit weißen Steingutfliesen ausgelegt, wie sie für Badezimmer üblich sind. Vorbunker Der Vorbunker hatte eine Sohltiefe von 6,40 m, eine Raumhöhe von 3,05 m und Innenmaße von 15,50 m × 18,50 m. Die Bodenplatte hatte eine Stärke von 2,50 m, die Deckenplatte war zunächst 1,60 m stark und wurde 1944 im Zuge des Baus des Hauptbunkers auf 2,60 m verstärkt, wozu man den Fußboden des Festsaals öffnete. Der Bunker war weitestgehend autark. Er besaß 23 Räume, darunter Schleusenräume mit gasdichten Stahltüren, ein Dieselgenerator-Aggregat von 40 kW sowie Luftfilter. Des Weiteren hatte er Sanitäreinrichtungen und eine Küche. [ 5 ] Hauptbunker Der Hauptbunker lag tiefer als sein Vorgänger und wurde von diesem aus betreten, sowie durch den Notausgang, der in den Garten der Neuen Reichskanzlei führte. Seine Sohltiefe lag bei 8,50 m. Die Raumhöhe betrug laut unterschiedlicher Angaben zwischen 2,85 und 3,05 m, die Innenmaße waren 15,50 m × 18,50 m. Die Bodenplatte hatte eine Stärke von 2,5 m, die Deckenplatte war laut unterschiedlichen Angaben um die 4 Meter stark. Sie war durch Stahlträger an der Deckenunterseite zusätzlich verstärkt. Der Hauptbunker war weitestgehend autark. Er besaß ebenfalls 23 Räume, darunter Luftschleusen mit gasdichten Stahltüren, ein Stromerzeugungsaggregat mit Dieselmotor sowie eine Be- und Entlüftungsanlage mit drei Luftfiltern. [ 5 ] Im Hauptbunker befanden sich die Räume von Joseph Goebbels, Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler sowie Rochus Misch , der die Fernsprech- und Fernschreibanlagen im Bunker bediente. Außerdem waren hier auch die Telefonzentrale und der Kartenraum, in dem täglich um 17 Uhr eine Lagebesprechung stattfand. Bekannte Bewohner Adolf Hitler , 16. Januar – 30. April 1945 Eva Braun , 7. März – 30. April 1945 Joseph Goebbels , 22. April – 1. Mai 1945 Magda Goebbels , 22. April – 1. Mai 1945 Traudl Junge , bis 1. Mai 1945 Robert von Greim , 26.–29. April 1945 Hanna Reitsch , 26.–29. April 1945 Hermann Göring , bis 20. April 1945 Heinrich Himmler , bis 20. April 1945 Martin Bormann , bis 1. Mai 1945 Werner Naumann , bis 1. Mai 1945 Filme Die Ereignisse am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs bis zu den Suiziden Hitlers, Eva Brauns sowie von Joseph und Magda Goebbels zeichnen die Spielfilme Der letzte Akt (1955), Hitler – Die letzten zehn Tage (1973), Der Bunker (1981) und Der Untergang (2004) nach. Siehe auch Stalinbunker – ein mit dem Führerbunker vergleichbares Bauwerk in Samara , Russland . Literatur Dietmar Arnold , Reiner Janick: Neue Reichskanzlei und „Führerbunker“. Legenden und Wirklichkeit , Links, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86153-353-7 . Joachim Fest : Der Führerbunker . In: Deutsche Erinnerungsorte , Band I. Beck, München 2001, S. 122–137. Mario Frank : Der Tod im Führerbunker: Hitlers letzte Tage . Siedler, München 2005, ISBN 3-88680-815-7 . Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven : Mit Hitler im Bunker. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Führerhauptquartier Juli 1944 – April 1945 . wjs, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-937989-14-5 . Anton Joachimsthaler: Hitlers Ende. Legenden und Dokumente , Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 3-8289-0285-5 . Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Mythos Führerbunker: Hitlers letzter Unterschlupf . Berlin Story Verlag , Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-929829-43-6 . Filmografie Hitlers Hauptquartiere. Kommandozentralen des Bösen , ZDF 2025, aus der Reihe Terra X History [ 6 ] Weblinks Führerbunker . Bei: berliner-unterwelten.de , umfangreiche Informationen über den Führerbunker. Hitlers letzter Unterschlupf: Der Mythos ist entzaubert . In: Der Tagesspiegel , 9. Juni 2006. Verbotene Schnappschüsse – Heimlich im Hitlerbunker. In der Spiegel -Rubrik einestages . Florian Müller-Klug: Der „Führerbunker“ – Daten & Fakten. In: Clio Berlin Blog , 7. Februar 2016. (Fortlaufend weitergeführte Sammlung aller in der Fachliteratur aufgeführten Daten & Fakten zum Bunker mit Belegangaben) Einzelnachweise ↑ Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Mythos Führerbunker. Hitlers letzter Unterschlupf . 3. Auflage. Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-929829-43-3 . ↑ 46–49 ↑ 47 ↑ 95 ↑ 106 ↑ 107 ↑ 120–125 ↑ 39 ↑ 46–49 ↑ 47 ↑ 95 ↑ 106 ↑ 107 ↑ 120–125 ↑ 39 ↑ Anton Joachimsthaler: Hitlers Ende. Legenden und Dokumente . Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 3-8289-0285-5 , S. 72 . ↑ Ian Kershaw : Hitler. 1936–1945 . 2. Auflage. Stuttgarter Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-421-05132-1 . ↑ 994 ↑ 1002–1003 ↑ 1004 ↑ 1055–1060 ↑ 1063–1065 ↑ 994 ↑ 1002–1003 ↑ 1004 ↑ 1055–1060 ↑ 1063–1065 ↑ Ralf Georg Reuth: Goebbels. Eine Biographie . Piper, München 2012, ISBN 978-3-492-05557-4 . ↑ 648 ↑ 663–664 ↑ 648 ↑ 663–664 ↑ a b Florian Müller-Klug: Der „Führerbunker“ – Daten & Fakten. In: Clio Berlin Blog. 7. Februar 2016, abgerufen am 7. Februar 2016 . ↑ Hitlers Hauptquartiere. Kommandozentralen des Bösen , auf zdf.de 52.512466666667 13.381080555556 Koordinaten: 52° 30′ 44,9″ N , 13° 22′ 51,9″ O Schlacht um Berlin Bunker in Berlin Führerhauptquartier Erbaut 1944 Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Berlin Sterbehaus einer berühmten Person Sprengung Wilhelmstraße (Berlin) Keller in Deutschland Wikipedia:Seite mit ref-Parameter details Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 15. Dezember 2025 um 05:41 Uhr bearbeitet. Abrufstatistik · Autoren Der Text ist unter der Lizenz „Creative-Commons Namensnennung – Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen“ verfügbar; Informationen zu den Urhebern und zum Lizenzstatus eingebundener Mediendateien (etwa Bilder oder Videos) können im Regelfall durch Anklicken dieser abgerufen werden. Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den Nutzungsbedingungen und der Datenschutzrichtlinie einverstanden. Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot summary 2 Development and themes Toggle Development and themes subsection 2.1 Composition and literary influences 2.2 Feminism and matriarchy 2.3 Northern landscapes 2.1 Composition and literary influences 2.2 Feminism and matriarchy 2.3 Northern landscapes 3 Publication and reception Toggle Publication and reception subsection 3.1 Accolades 3.1 Accolades 4 Notes 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Citations 5.2 Book and journal sources 5.3 Magazine and online sources 5.1 Citations 5.2 Book and journal sources 5.3 Magazine and online sources 6 External links The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Author Eileen Kernaghan Language English Publisher Thistledown Press Publication date May 2000 Media type .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} E-book paperback E-book paperback Pages 158 ISBN .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} 978-1-894345-14-9 OCLC 1162809041 The Snow Queen is a 2000 young-adult fantasy novel by the Canadian writer Eileen Kernaghan . It follows Gerda, a young Danish woman who sets out to rescue her childhood friend Kai from Madame Aurore, a magician known as the Snow Queen. She is joined on her journey by Ritva, a young Sámi woman born to a shamaness and a robber. The novel is based on Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale " The Snow Queen " (1844), but incorporates elements of Scandinavian shamanism and influences from the Kalevala (1835), a compilation of Finnish mythology and epic poetry . It also explores feminist themes, reinterpreting several plot elements from Andersen's original with contemporary shifts. The Snow Queen was published by Thistledown Press and received positive reviews. It received the Aurora Award for Best Novel in 2001 and was considered for two other accolades. Plot summary In nineteenth-century Denmark, Gerda quarrels with her childhood friend Kai after he criticizes her poetry. Having become more interested in scientific pursuits, Kai becomes acquainted with Baroness Aurore – a visiting academic – and decides to take an apprenticeship at her estate in Sweden. After he fails to write back for several months, Gerda sets out to find him. Pretending to leave on a vacation, she travels to Aurore's estate, but discovers the two have gone north for the summer. Meanwhile, Ritva, a young Sámi woman born to a shamaness and a robber, begins to have spiritual visions and nightmares. Having inherited powers of prophecy from her mother, Ritva is beginning to grow into a shamaness as well. However, she despises her parents and how her mother behaves when possessed by spirits. She dreads eventually having to take her mother's place in their clan. Gerda continues journeying north, meeting two women who arrange a carriage for her, but is kidnapped by Ritva and her clan. Gerda is imprisoned in an abandoned castle through the winter and the following summer, growing increasingly depressed. After conversing with spirits, Ritva eventually decides to escape her clan and join Gerda in finding Kai. They set out in the fall with Ritva's reindeer, meeting a woman along the way who writes a message on a fish and directs them to an old wisewoman. They learn that Aurore is the Snow Queen – a magician with dominion over the northern lands – and plan to journey to her palace. The two join the crew of a northbound ship, but it is struck by pack ice at sea and capsized. The crew reaches a small island with supplies to wait out the winter, but the women continue walking over the frozen sea, coming to Aurore's palace at the North Pole. Aurore has enchanted Kai to futilely labour in the pursuit of all knowledge, driving him nearly to madness. She offers to release him if Gerda and Ritva perform three impossible tasks, which they complete through trickery and magic. Aurore then refuses to return Kai unless Ritva sacrifices her reindeer in exchange. Determined not to abide by her terms, Ritva enchants the palace's inhabitants to sleep. Pursued by Aurore, the two escape with Kai to the southward seas, and are rescued by a vessel heading to the mainland. Gerda discovers that Kai, who she had intended to marry, is no longer as she remembers, as he remains solely interested in science. Ritva convinces Gerda that returning to domestic life is impossible after their experiences; the two embrace, and Ritva tells her to return soon. Development and themes Composition and literary influences The novel is based on Hans Christian Andersen 's " The Snow Queen " (1844), [ 1 ] which Eileen Kernaghan chose for a young-adult rendition as it was her favourite fairy tale. She considered her novel a " retelling " of the tale, a compositional approach she had not taken for any other work. [ 2 ] Kernaghan had previously written a poem and a short story based on the tale; the latter was published in 1995. [ 3 ] [ a ] As the idea continued to hold her interest, she decided to expand them into the novel. [ 4 ] The novel is a fantasy , but the scholars Anna E. Altmann and Gail de Vos wrote that its magic "runs side-by-side with historical realism ", [ 5 ] and Kernaghan used various non-fiction sources to develop the setting. [ 6 ] She felt that there was a contrast between her novel's "older, darker" features and Andersen's fiction, which is based in Christianity . [ 2 ] The novel includes elements of northern Scandinavian shamanism, [ 7 ] in which she became interested while conducting research for her previous work Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995). [ 8 ] She also drew influence from the Kalevala (1835), a compilation of Finnish mythology and epic poetry , which she felt paralleled the narrative of the original tale. [ 9 ] The ending in particular derives several events from the myths, and consequently follows a different narrative, which she considered a significant divergence from Andersen. [ 6 ] The characters are also markedly older in Kernaghan's version, adolescents rather than children, and the scholar Mary-Ann Stouck wrote that Kernaghan reverses the original's "meaning" by depicting them transitioning into adulthood rather than returning to an innocent, nescient state at the tale's end. [ 10 ] Kernaghan stated that she disliked the more "conventional mid-Victorian ending" of the original, in which Gerda and Kay [ b ] end up together. [ 2 ] Andersen's story depicts the triumph of faith and love over scientific reason through these characters. [ 11 ] By contrast, the novel calls their relationship into question when Kai reveals no emotional warmth towards her and continues to pursue knowledge, [ 12 ] which Stouck felt transforms the opposing philosophies into "an explicit gender issue". [ 11 ] The literary scholar Naomi Wood wrote that the novel, like other adaptations of the tale, renders Gerda's reunion with Kai "anticlimactic, even pointless"; [ 13 ] Kernaghan's version instead focuses on the relationship between Gerda and Ritva, and implies that neither choose to settle into domesticity, maintaining their relationship after the novel's end. [ 14 ] Feminism and matriarchy Kernaghan stated in an interview with Strange Horizons that her rendition is a feminist interpretation of the tale, [ 15 ] although she acknowledged that Andersen himself overturns the gendered convention of the fairy tale genre by having his heroine save the boy. [ 16 ] The Little Robber Maiden, a minor character in Andersen's version, [ 17 ] was her favourite in the tale, and she intended to build on it to create "uniquely independent female characters". [ 16 ] The character appears in the novel as Ritva, a young woman of a Sámi clan. [ 18 ] Being wild and illiterate, the writer Clélie Rich said that Ritva begins as Gerda's "antithesis", but the two grow into allies and companions as they slowly recognize each other's strengths. [ 19 ] In contrast with the original character, Ritva takes an active role in the plot, accompanying Gerda on her journey, [ 20 ] a choice shared among several other adaptations of Andersen's tale. [ 13 ] The literary scholar Peter Bramwell found that the Lapland woman and Finnmark woman – who, in the original story, respectively write a message on a fish and bind the winds – are essentially integrated into Ritva's character. [ 21 ] Rich found that Ritva, being aware of "worlds beyond the physical", acts as a mentor to Gerda. [ 22 ] However, Kernaghan also wanted to portray Gerda as "in many ways [...] the stronger of the two" through her unwavering resolve for her quest. [ 8 ] The communications scholar Sanna Lehtonen viewed the matrilineal structure of the novel's shamanistic tradition as part of a broader trend in contemporary fiction, rooted in radical feminism , to replace the negative stereotypes associated with witchcraft, supplanting "wicked crones and evil enchantresses" with wise or sympathetic figures. [ 23 ] She also wrote that the women's "way of life offers an alternative" to the depiction of uncleanliness and debauchery that define the men of Ritva's clan. [ 24 ] While Ritva is initially repulsed by Sámi shamanism, she finds "self-realization and empowerment" through it, according to Bramwell. [ 21 ] However, she rejects her cultural role as a healer for her community, disowning her matriarchal heritage in an assertion of individualism as she views her mother as an irritable "hag", which Lehtonen found to be a discouraging conclusion. [ 17 ] The literary scholar Joanne Findon felt that the novel "blurs the conventional boundaries between masculine and feminine" by portraying women as holders of powerful positions, including those related to roles in the home. [ 25 ] Gerda, for example, embroiders a cloth as part of a task to rescue Kai. [ 26 ] Her initiative to pursue her love interest and employment of deception to achieve her objectives are both typically reserved for male characters in traditional tales. [ 27 ] Ritva also communes with the heroes of the Kalevala and assumes their responsibilities when setting out against the Snow Queen. Findon saw this moment as a crossing of traditional gender boundaries, as the legendary heroes are all male. [ 20 ] The three impossible tasks that Aurore sets the two women are rooted in the epic, [ 28 ] and Ritva identifies herself with its legendary male shaman Väinö . [ 29 ] Although these tasks have the trappings of a fairy tale confrontation, Findon wrote that Kernaghan's version "violates gender expectations" by featuring women in all roles of the conflict. [ 30 ] Northern landscapes Findon analyzed The Snow Queen as a depiction of the "idea of north", in reference to Glenn Gould 's radio documentary The Idea of North (1967), which she considered an important aspect of Canadian identity. [ 18 ] She also examined its imaginative geography of Arctic landscapes, based on Edward Said 's concept of the human perception of environments. [ 32 ] According to Lehtonen, Kernaghan's prospective readers would view northern Europe as a "distant fairytale country" holding the potential for supernatural events to transpire. [ 7 ] Findon wrote that Madame Aurore – her name itself a reference to the northern lights – is not simply evil, but a representative of nature as "an implacable force that is hostile to humans." [ 33 ] Aurore's character also differs from Andersen's Snow Queen, and Findon found a closer similarity with the Kalevala 's Hag of the North . [ 18 ] Findon also examined the north as a metaphor for adolescent rebellion and metamorphosis. [ 18 ] The landscapes that Gerda encounters grow increasingly supernatural as she approaches the Pole, and Findon wrote that her rising unfamiliarity with her surroundings "[mirrors] her emotional journey" and search for identity as a young adult. [ 34 ] She also felt that the huts of the Lapland and Finnmark women highlight Gerda and Ritva's growth in power on their journey. [ 35 ] Both huts are integrated into the surrounding landscapes, which Findon found reflective of Ritva's connection to the "primal power of the land", and both old women comment on Gerda's hidden strength and determination. [ 36 ] Publication and reception The 158-page trade paperback was published by Thistledown Press in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan, in May 2000, [ 39 ] and received praise from reviewers in fantasy and science fiction magazines . [ 22 ] Reviewers commended the depiction of Gerda and Ritva's relationship. [ 40 ] The Locus reviewer Carolyn Cushman appreciated the "strong foil " she felt Ritva created for the milder, city-dwelling Gerda, [ 39 ] a view echoed by the critic and writer Don D'Ammassa in a review for Science Fiction Chronicle , who said that their dynamic was the highlight of the novel. [ 41 ] The writer and critic Russell Blackford , in an article for The New York Review of Science Fiction , wrote that the novel was an "engaging fantasy" that portrays the female protagonists supporting each other and having access to the same opportunities as men, presenting an appealing moral for an audience of teenage girls. However, he disliked the characterization of the antagonist as a woman of scientific accomplishment, which he felt was an attempt to cater to a potential anti-intellectual stance among her younger readers that he found "almost completely gratuitous". [ 38 ] Multiple reviewers praised Kernaghan's prose, [ 42 ] including Krista V. Johansen , who found the novel's fantasy to be convincing and immersive. [ 43 ] Stouck felt that the descriptive writing towards the end of the novel effectively heightened the suspense. [ 44 ] In Realms of Fantasy , Paul Di Filippo found Kernaghan's style to be "quiet, economical, but carefully considered". [ 45 ] Denise Dumars, in a review for Cinescape , compared the novel favourably to the original tale, particularly praising the setting and depiction of Sámi culture, which she found intriguing. [ 46 ] Cushman also felt that the novel surpasses the merits of Andersen's original in several aspects, including the ending, which she found "bittersweet". [ 39 ] Lehtonen, however, wrote that the Finnish elements derived from the Kalevala are not clearly delineated from the details drawn from Sámi traditions, such as the presence of natural spirits and the shaman ritual of singing while beating a drum. [ 24 ] Accolades Award ceremony / organization Year Category Result Ref. Aurora Awards 2001 Best Long-form Work in English Won [ 47 ] Canadian Library Association 2002 Book of the Year for Children Award Shortlisted [ 48 ] Endeavour Award 2001 Distinguished Novel or Collection Longlisted [ 49 ] Notes ^ Kernaghan stated that she expanded her poem, titled "The Robber Maiden's Story", into a short story with the same title years prior to her novel. [ 4 ] Kernaghan wrote the story for an adult audience, and it therefore differs from the equivalent chapters in the novel: Gerda and Ritva develop a sexual relationship, and Gerda continues her journey to the Snow Queen's palace alone. [ 50 ] The short story was published in a 1995 issue of the Canadian magazine TransVersions , [ 3 ] and in a 2015 issue of Pulp Literature . [ 51 ] ^ a b Kay is the spelling of the character's name used by Hans Christian Andersen . References Citations ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 102; Findon 2018 , p. 198. ^ a b c Schellenberg & Switzer 2006 . ^ a b Brown & Contento . ^ a b Schellenberg & Switzer 2006 ; Wolf , cited in Findon 2018 , p. 212, note 3. ^ Altmann & de Vos 2001 , p. 159. ^ a b Wolf . ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 332. ^ a b Wolf , cited in Contemporary Authors 2004 , p. 250. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 102; Wolf . ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ a b Stouck 2002 , p. 90. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 210. ^ a b Wood 2006 , p. 199. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 211; Wood 2006 , p. 199. ^ Wolf 2005 . ^ a b Wolf , cited in Bramwell 2009 , p. 102. ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 336. ^ a b c d Findon 2018 , p. 198. ^ Rich 2002 , p. 156; Stouck 2002 , pp. 90–91. ^ a b Findon 2018 , p. 201. ^ a b Bramwell 2009 , p. 102. ^ a b Rich 2002 , p. 156. ^ Lehtonen 2019 , p. 333. ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 335. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 198, 200–201. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 206–207. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 199–200. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 104. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 104; Findon 2018 , p. 206. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 206. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Lehtonen 2019 , p. 332. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–4. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 204. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 198–199. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 202. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 202–203. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 205. ^ a b Blackford 2001 , p. 22. ^ a b c Cushman 2000 , p. 33. ^ Blackford 2001 , p. 22; Cushman 2000 , p. 33; D'Ammassa 2000 , p. 44. ^ D'Ammassa 2000 , p. 44. ^ Blackford 2001 , p. 22; Di Filippo 2000 , p. 92; Mackey 2000 , pp. 25, 28; Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ Johansen 2007 , pp. 71–72. ^ Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ Di Filippo 2000 , p. 92. ^ Dumars 2000 . ^ Science Fiction Awards Database . ^ Mitchoff 2002 , p. 56; Rich 2002 , p. 156. ^ Science Fiction Chronicle 2001 , p. 6. ^ Pulp Literature 2015 , pp. 29–30. ^ Stephensen-Payne . Book and journal sources Altmann, Anna E.; de Vos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 978-1-5630-8831-5 . Bramwell, Peter (2009). Pagan Themes in Modern Children's Fiction: Green Man, Shamanism, Earth Mysteries . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978-0-230-23689-9 . "Kernaghan, Eileen 1939–". Contemporary Authors . Vol. 221. Gale . 2004. pp. 248– 254. ISBN 978-0-7876-9334-3 . ISSN 0010-7468 . Hudson, Aïda, ed. (2018). Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . ISBN 978-1-7711-2325-9 . Hudson, Aïda. Introduction. In Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–22. Findon, Joanne. "The imaginary north in Eileen Kernaghan's The Snow Queen ". In Hudson 2018 , pp. 197–214. Hudson, Aïda. Introduction. In Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–22. Findon, Joanne. "The imaginary north in Eileen Kernaghan's The Snow Queen ". In Hudson 2018 , pp. 197–214. Johansen, Krista V. (2007). Beyond Window-Dressing?: Canadian Children's Fantasy at the Millenium . Sybertooth . ISBN 978-0-9688-0245-8 . Lehtonen, Sanna (2019). "Touring the magical North – borealism and the indigenous Sámi in contemporary English-language children's fantasy literature" . European Journal of Cultural Studies . 22 (3): 327– 344. doi : 10.1177/1367549417722091 . ISSN 1460-3551 . Rich, Clélie (2002). "Eileen Kernaghan". In Ivison, Douglas (ed.). Canadian Fantasy and Science-Fiction Writers . Dictionary of Literary Biography . Vol. 251. Gale . pp. 149– 156. ISBN 978-0-7876-4668-4 . Wood, Naomi (2006). "The ugly duckling's legacy: adulteration, contemporary fantasy, and the dark". Marvels & Tales . 20 (2): 193– 207. doi : 10.1353/mat.2007.0019 . ISSN 1536-1802 . Magazine and online sources Blackford, Russell (March 2001). " The Snow Queen by Eileen Kernaghan". The New York Review of Science Fiction . Vol. 13, no. 7. p. 22. ISSN 1052-9438 . Brown, Charles N. ; Contento, William G. (eds.). "Contests lists" . The Locus Index to Science Fiction . Archived from the original on September 7, 2025. Cushman, Carolyn (July 2000). "Short reviews by Carolyn Cushman". Locus . Vol. 45, no. 1. p. 33. ISSN 0047-4959 . D'Ammassa, Don (August 2000). " The Snow Queen ". Science Fiction Chronicle . Vol. 21, no. 4. p. 44. ISSN 1930-3858 . ProQuest 205499161 . Di Filippo, Paul (October 2000). "Books". Realms of Fantasy . p. 92. ISSN 1078-1951 . Dumars, Denise (August 18, 2000). "Fiction review: The Snow Queen and Dance of the Snow Dragon " . Cinescape . Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Mackey, Margaret (October 2000). " The Snow Queen ". Resource Links . Vol. 6, no. 1. pp. 25, 28. ISSN 1201-7647 . ProQuest 215236990 . Mitchoff, Kate Houston (June 2002). "Furthermore". Teacher Librarian . Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. 56– 60. ISSN 1481-1782 . ProQuest 224879189 . "Interview: Eileen Kernaghan". Pulp Literature . No. 5. Winter 2015. pp. 29– 32. ISSN 2292-2164 . "Aurora Awards 2001" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. "Endeavour Award nominations". Science Fiction Chronicle . Vol. 22, no. 9. September 2001. p. 6. ISSN 1930-3858 . ProQuest 205519921 . Schellenberg, James; Switzer, David M. (March 10, 2006). "Interview with Eileen Kernaghan" . Challenging Destiny . Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Stephensen-Payne, Phil (ed.). "Magazine contents lists: page 924" . The General Fiction Magazine Index . Archived from the original on May 20, 2025. Stouck, Mary-Ann (Winter 2002). "Twice-told tales" . Canadian Children's Literature . No. 108. pp. 90– 91. ISSN 0319-0080 . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2024. Wolf, Casey June (March 28, 2005). "Interview: Eileen Kernaghan, poet and novelist" . Strange Horizons . Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Wolf, Casey June. "Revisiting The Snow Queen " . The Online Lonely Cry . Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. External links The Snow Queen title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database " Wild women, robber-maids and travelling ladies " at Eileen Kernaghan's blog .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Eileen Kernaghan v t e Novels Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995) The Snow Queen (2000) The Alchemist's Daughter (2004) Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995) The Snow Queen (2000) The Alchemist's Daughter (2004) Novels by Eileen Kernaghan Novels by Eileen Kernaghan v t e Hans Christian Andersen 's " The Snow Queen " (1844) v t e Films The Snow Queen (1957) The Snow Queen (1967) The Snow Queen (1986) The Snow Queen (1995) The Snow Queen's Revenge (1996) Snow Queen (2002) The Snow Queen (2005) The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016) Wizart film series The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) The Snow Queen (1957) The Snow Queen (1967) The Snow Queen (1986) The Snow Queen (1995) The Snow Queen's Revenge (1996) Snow Queen (2002) The Snow Queen (2005) The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016) Wizart film series The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) Literature The Snow Queen (1980) The Snow Queen (2000) The Wizard of London (2005) The Snow Queen (2008) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy (2014) The Snow Queen (1980) The Snow Queen (2000) The Wizard of London (2005) The Snow Queen (2008) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy (2014) Operas The Snow Queen (King) Die Schneekönigin (Albrecht) The Snow Queen (Abrahamsen) The Snow Queen (King) Die Schneekönigin (Albrecht) The Snow Queen (Abrahamsen) Other The Snow Queen (1985 video game) The Snow Queen (2005 anime series) The Fairytaler ("The Snow Queen" Parts 1 and 2) Disney's Frozen Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) The Snow Queen (1985 video game) The Snow Queen (2005 anime series) The Fairytaler ("The Snow Queen" Parts 1 and 2) Disney's Frozen Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) v t e The Kalevala v t e Gods Ahti Ilmatar Loviatar Päivätär and Kuutar Surma Tapio Kuippana Tuonetar Tuoni Ukko Jumala Rauni Untamo [ fi ] Vammatar Vellamo Ahti Ilmatar Loviatar Päivätär and Kuutar Surma Tapio Kuippana Kuippana Tuonetar Tuoni Ukko Jumala Jumala Rauni Untamo [ fi ] Vammatar Vellamo Heroes Ilmarinen Kullervo Lemminkäinen Väinämöinen Ilmarinen Kullervo Lemminkäinen Väinämöinen Villains Lempo Hiisi Joukahainen Louhi Lempo Hiisi Joukahainen Louhi Others Aino Antero Vipunen Iku-Turso Mielikki Tellervo Nyyrikki Otso Sampsa Pellervoinen Syöjätär Aino Antero Vipunen Iku-Turso Mielikki Tellervo Tellervo Nyyrikki Otso Sampsa Pellervoinen Syöjätär Places Ahtola [ fi ] Metsola Pohjola Tuonela Väinölä [ fi ] Ahtola [ fi ] Metsola Pohjola Tuonela Väinölä [ fi ] Things Kantele Sampo Sima Turja Ukonvasara Vuoksi Kantele Sampo Sima Turja Ukonvasara Vuoksi Works inspired by the Kalevala The Children of Húrin The Children of Mon and Man Kalevipoeg The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion The Snow Queen (2000 novel) The Song of Hiawatha The Tomten in Åbo Castle The Wall of Serpents The Children of Húrin The Children of Mon and Man Kalevipoeg The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion The Snow Queen (2000 novel) The Song of Hiawatha The Tomten in Åbo Castle The Wall of Serpents Other related Sampo (1959 film) Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes Elric of Melniboné Finnish mythology Finnish paganism Finnish neopaganism Influences on Tolkien Iron Danger Jade Warrior Die Kalewainen in Pochjola Kalevala: The New Era Kalevala: The Story of Kullervo Kalevala Day Kalevala House Kalevala Society Kalevala translations Kanteletar Mythologia Fennica Noita The Princess of Cyprus The Quest for Kalevala J. R. R. Tolkien's The Story of Kullervo Uhtua Sampo (1959 film) Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes Elric of Melniboné Finnish mythology Finnish paganism Finnish neopaganism Finnish neopaganism Influences on Tolkien Iron Danger Jade Warrior Die Kalewainen in Pochjola Kalevala: The New Era Kalevala: The Story of Kullervo Kalevala Day Kalevala House Kalevala Society Kalevala translations Kanteletar Mythologia Fennica Noita The Princess of Cyprus The Quest for Kalevala J. R. R. Tolkien's The Story of Kullervo Uhtua Authority control databases Open Library Open Library 2000 Canadian novels 2000 fantasy novels Books about indigenous peoples Canadian fantasy novels Feminist fantasy novels Novels about magic Novels based on fairy tales Novels based on poems Novels based on works by Hans Christian Andersen Novels by Eileen Kernaghan Novels set in Denmark Novels set in Norway Novels set in Sweden Novels set in the 19th century Religion in fantasy fiction Shamanism in popular culture Works based on the Kalevala Works based on The Snow Queen Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use Canadian English from August 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from June 2024 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . 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Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Jewish Caucus Native American members Gender and sexual identity LGBTQ members Equality Caucus Women Senate House Issues Caucus current House Occupation Physicians Religion Buddhist members Hindu members Jewish members Mormon (LDS) members Muslim members Quaker members Sikh members Congressional caucus Caucuses of the United States Congress Caucuses of the United States Congress Ethnic and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Jewish Caucus Native American members African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle 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service historically Current members by wealth From multiple states Died in office 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present Killed or wounded in office Party switchers Slave owners Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex on Capitol Hill and other headquarters offices Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. 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Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. 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Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Congressional Research Service reports reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. 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Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 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Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy President of the United States powers Executive Office powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office House of Representatives current members Speaker current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Bill of Rights civil liberties civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed 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governor list list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Supreme courts Chief justices Chief justices District attorney list list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Skip to content Accessibility Help Your account Home News Sport Earth Reel Worklife Travel Culture Future Music TV Weather Sounds More menu Home News Sport Earth Reel Worklife Travel Culture Future Music TV Weather Sounds Home Israel-Gaza war War in Ukraine Climate Video World US & Canada UK Business Tech Science Entertainment & Arts Health In Pictures BBC Verify World News TV Newsbeat Asia China India Singapore's founding father Lee Kuan Yew dies at 91 Published 23 March 2015 Share close panel Share page Copy link About sharing Image source, AFP Lee Kuan Yew, the statesman who transformed Singapore from a small port city into a wealthy global hub, has died at the age of 91. The city-state's prime minister for 31 years, he was widely respected as the architect of Singapore's prosperity. But he was criticised for his iron grip on power. Under him freedom of speech was tightly restricted and political opponents were targeted by the courts. A state funeral will be held on 29 March, after a week of mourning. In an emotional televised address, his son Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong paid tribute to him. "He fought for our independence, built a nation where there was none, and made us proud to be Singaporeans. We won't see another man like him." Mr Lee oversaw Singapore's independence from Britain and separation from Malaysia. His death was announced early on Monday. He had been in hospital for several weeks with pneumonia and was on life support. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said he was "deeply saddened" by Mr Lee's death , external . US President Barack Obama described him as a "giant of history". The Chinese foreign ministry called him "a uniquely influential statesman in Asia". <div class="ssrcss-m8enp4-ErrorMessage eitf6465"><div class="ssrcss-1fumd7q-StyledInnerContainer eitf6464"><div class="ssrcss-bssw4z-TextContent eitf6461"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This video can not be played</p></div></div></div> Media caption, The first prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, who led the country for 31 years, has died at the age of 91. 'Lifetime of building' In Singapore, a steady stream of people arrived at the hospital and the Istana, the prime minister's office, to offer their condolences. A charismatic figure, Mr Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which has governed Singapore since 1959, and was its first prime minister. The Cambridge-educated lawyer led Singapore through merger with, and then separation from, Malaysia. Speaking after the split in 1965, he pledged to build a meritocratic, multi-racial nation. But tiny Singapore - with no natural resources - needed a new economic model. "We knew that if we were just like our neighbours, we would die," Mr Lee told the New York Times in 2007. "We had to produce something which is different and better than what they have." Image source, Reuters Image caption, As the news broke, people began arriving at the hospital to pay their respects At the scene: Jonathan Head, BBC News, Singapore As the long wait for the inevitable continued, the floral tributes piled up right outside the city-state's main hospital, often laid by tearful, older Singaporeans who truly see this sharp-tongued, tough-minded man as a father figure. And while there were many affectionate comments from well-wishers, there was still some fear of this extraordinary leader, who has dominated Singapore for the whole of its independent existence, and once threatened to rise from the grave if he saw things happening that he did not like. For all of its impressive successes, this is still a country with Lee Kuan Yew's imprint visible everywhere. He was unapologetic about the repressive measures he used to impose order, and unapologetic about believing his prescriptions alone were the right ones. No-one is quite sure what direction Singapore will now take without him. Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew Reaction in pictures and tweets Lee Kuan Yew: Singaporeans mourn 'charging lion' Image source, Reuters Image caption, As the morning went on, mourners arrived at the Istana, the prime minister's office, with flowers and cards Image source, AFP/STR/NEW NATION Image caption, Mr Lee, seen here on 15 August 1955, was determined that Singapore would succeed Mr Lee set about creating a highly educated work force fluent in English, and reached out to foreign investors to turn Singapore into a manufacturing hub. The city-state grew wealthy and later developed into a major financial centre. But building a nation came with tight controls - and one of Mr Lee's legacies was a clampdown on the press, tight restrictions that remain in place today. Dissent - and political opponents - were ruthlessly quashed. Today, Mr Lee's PAP remains firmly in control. There are currently six opposition lawmakers in parliament. Other measures, such as corporal punishment, a ban on chewing gum and the government's foray into matchmaking for Singapore's brightest - to create smarter babies - led to perceptions of excessive state interference. But Mr Lee remained unmoved. "Whoever governs Singapore must have that iron in him. Or give it up," he told a rally in 1980. "I've spent a whole lifetime building this and as long as I'm in charge, nobody is going to knock it down." More on this story Singaporeans mourn 'charging lion' Published 23 March 2015 Reaction in pictures and tweets Published 23 March 2015 Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Life in pictures Published 22 March 2015 In quotes: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Asia media Published 23 March 2015 Singapore's founding father Lee Kuan Yew dies at 91 Published 23 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew, the statesman who transformed Singapore from a small port city into a wealthy global hub, has died at the age of 91. The city-state's prime minister for 31 years, he was widely respected as the architect of Singapore's prosperity. But he was criticised for his iron grip on power. Under him freedom of speech was tightly restricted and political opponents were targeted by the courts. A state funeral will be held on 29 March, after a week of mourning. In an emotional televised address, his son Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong paid tribute to him. "He fought for our independence, built a nation where there was none, and made us proud to be Singaporeans. We won't see another man like him." Mr Lee oversaw Singapore's independence from Britain and separation from Malaysia. His death was announced early on Monday. He had been in hospital for several weeks with pneumonia and was on life support. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said he was "deeply saddened" by Mr Lee's death , external . US President Barack Obama described him as a "giant of history". The Chinese foreign ministry called him "a uniquely influential statesman in Asia". The first prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, who led the country for 31 years, has died at the age of 91. 'Lifetime of building' In Singapore, a steady stream of people arrived at the hospital and the Istana, the prime minister's office, to offer their condolences. A charismatic figure, Mr Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which has governed Singapore since 1959, and was its first prime minister. The Cambridge-educated lawyer led Singapore through merger with, and then separation from, Malaysia. Speaking after the split in 1965, he pledged to build a meritocratic, multi-racial nation. But tiny Singapore - with no natural resources - needed a new economic model. "We knew that if we were just like our neighbours, we would die," Mr Lee told the New York Times in 2007. "We had to produce something which is different and better than what they have." As the news broke, people began arriving at the hospital to pay their respects At the scene: Jonathan Head, BBC News, Singapore As the long wait for the inevitable continued, the floral tributes piled up right outside the city-state's main hospital, often laid by tearful, older Singaporeans who truly see this sharp-tongued, tough-minded man as a father figure. And while there were many affectionate comments from well-wishers, there was still some fear of this extraordinary leader, who has dominated Singapore for the whole of its independent existence, and once threatened to rise from the grave if he saw things happening that he did not like. For all of its impressive successes, this is still a country with Lee Kuan Yew's imprint visible everywhere. He was unapologetic about the repressive measures he used to impose order, and unapologetic about believing his prescriptions alone were the right ones. No-one is quite sure what direction Singapore will now take without him. Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew Reaction in pictures and tweets Lee Kuan Yew: Singaporeans mourn 'charging lion' As the morning went on, mourners arrived at the Istana, the prime minister's office, with flowers and cards Mr Lee, seen here on 15 August 1955, was determined that Singapore would succeed Mr Lee set about creating a highly educated work force fluent in English, and reached out to foreign investors to turn Singapore into a manufacturing hub. The city-state grew wealthy and later developed into a major financial centre. But building a nation came with tight controls - and one of Mr Lee's legacies was a clampdown on the press, tight restrictions that remain in place today. Dissent - and political opponents - were ruthlessly quashed. Today, Mr Lee's PAP remains firmly in control. There are currently six opposition lawmakers in parliament. Other measures, such as corporal punishment, a ban on chewing gum and the government's foray into matchmaking for Singapore's brightest - to create smarter babies - led to perceptions of excessive state interference. But Mr Lee remained unmoved. "Whoever governs Singapore must have that iron in him. Or give it up," he told a rally in 1980. "I've spent a whole lifetime building this and as long as I'm in charge, nobody is going to knock it down." More on this story Singaporeans mourn 'charging lion' Published 23 March 2015 Singaporeans mourn 'charging lion' Published 23 March 2015 Reaction in pictures and tweets Published 23 March 2015 Reaction in pictures and tweets Published 23 March 2015 Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 Obituary: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Life in pictures Published 22 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Life in pictures Published 22 March 2015 In quotes: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 In quotes: Lee Kuan Yew Published 22 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Asia media Published 23 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew: Asia media Published 23 March 2015 Top stories Live . NHS trust 'violated dignity' of nurses by allowing trans woman to use female changing room, tribunal rules 16013 viewing 16k viewing NHS trust 'violated dignity' of nurses by allowing trans woman to use female changing room, tribunal rules 16013 viewing 16k viewing Live . 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.multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top, left to right: View of Juba, John Garang Mausoleum Square, aerial view, United Nations (UTair) Boeing 737, White Nile river in Juba .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Seal .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Juba Location of Juba in South Sudan Show map of South Sudan Juba Location in Africa Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 4°51′14″N 31°34′57″E / 4.85389°N 31.58250°E / 4.85389; 31.58250 Country South Sudan State Central Equatoria County Juba Payam Juba Founded 1922 Government • Type Mayor-council government • Mayor Flora Gabriel Modi (2023–present) [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 52 km 2 (20 sq mi) • Metro 336 km 2 (130 sq mi) Elevation 550 m (1,800 ft) Population (2017 estimate) • Capital city 525,953 • Density 10,000/km 2 (26,000/sq mi) Time zone UTC+02:00 ( CAT ) Climate Aw Juba [ a ] is the capital and largest city of South Sudan . The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria State . It is the most recently declared national capital and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of 52 km 2 (20 sq mi), with the metropolitan area covering 336 km 2 (130 sq mi). Juba was established in 1920–21 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in a small Bari village, also called Juba. The city was made the capital of Mongalla Province in the late 1920s. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, [ 3 ] which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan . Juba became the capital of South Sudan in 2011 after its independence, but influential parties wanted Ramciel to be the capital. The government announced the move of the capital to Ramciel, but it has not yet occurred. History Under the Khedivate of Egypt , Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the Egyptian army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the malaria , meningitis and blackwater fever that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners Samuel Baker and Florence Baker used the nearby island of Gondokoro as a base during their expeditions to what is now South Sudan and northern Uganda from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873. [ 4 ] The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small Bari village, also called Juba, [ 5 ] where the Church Missionary Society (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In the late 1920s, Anglo-Egyptian officials ordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital of Mongalla Province . [ 9 ] The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on the Nile . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927. [ 9 ] Traders from Rejaf relocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s. [ 14 ] Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporary British soldiers called the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings, such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank, were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s. [ 15 ] From the establishment of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899 the British administered southern Sudan separately from the north. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration began instead to implement a policy of uniting the north and the south. To facilitate the new policy, the Juba Conference was convened as a gesture to southerners, [ 16 ] the hidden aim being the appeasement of northern Sudanese nationalists and the Egyptian government . [ 17 ] Until 1956, Juba was in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt . In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in Torit sparked the First Sudanese Civil War , which did not end until 1972. During the Second Sudanese Civil War , Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting. [ citation needed ] In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (before the agreement, Rumbek had been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations in Southern Sudan from its previous location in Kenya . Under the leadership of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations . [ citation needed ] From 2006 to 2011, Juba grew in a fast pace, with its population rising from 250,000 to a million. The city became an amalgamation of villages, with many refugees and returnees mimicking their old way of living. In this period, the local Bari ethnic communities kept distance from newcomers, due to ethno-regional stereotyping. This ethnic tension was crucial for the land distribution in Juba. [ 18 ] Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the Republic of the Sudan . However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a new planned city be built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely Ramciel in Lakes . [ 19 ] On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba to Ramciel , which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60 km East of Yirol West County , Lakes State . As of January 2026, the move has yet to occur. In December 2013, with the beginning of the South Sudanese Civil War , the clashes between President Salva Kiir and former vice president Riek Machar 's forces spread mass violence on the city's suburbs, leaving 300 dead. The clashes began again in July 2016, when Kiir and Machar agreed to share power, bringing the SPLM/A-IO back to the city. In November 2017, the former chief of general staff Paul Malong Awan was removed from the city, and since then has become a fortified stronghold for President Kiir. [ 18 ] In September 2015, nearly 200 people were killed in a tanker explosion in Juba . [ 20 ] Since the beginning of the 2023 Sudan Conflict , approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city. [ 21 ] Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid. Government Juba is led by a city council , formed in March 2011. The council was established by Governor Clement Wani Konga who appointed by Mohammed El Haj Baballa mayor of the council and former Yei County Commissioner David Lokonga Moses was appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time. [ 22 ] Juba concentrated many of the public services from South Sudan, but they were already under stress since its independence. [ clarification needed ] There were also "neighborhood authorities", citizens that manage a small part of the town appointed by the ethnic groups. By the end of 2017, many of those offices were defunct, and the informal system of governance strengthened. Another important governmental force are the many armed groups scattered through the city. [ 18 ] In Michael Lado Allah-Jabu was appointed mayor of the city council following the removal of Kalisto Lado by Governor of Central Equatoria Emmanuel Adil Anthony . [ 23 ] Allah-Jabu was himself removed by Adil Anthony on 27 June 2023. Following his removal, Emmanuel Khamis was appointed caretaker mayor. [ 24 ] Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki payams . It is now a standalone subdivision of Juba County , [ 22 ] of which it is the county seat. [ 25 ] Transportation The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the Nile (specifically along the Bahr-al-Ghazal portion of the White Nile ). [ 26 ] Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to Kenya , Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Since the end of the war, Juba has been unable to recover to its pre-war state and is no longer a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are no longer in use due to being in disrepair. The United Nations and the South Sudanese government are working on repairing the roads, but a full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, the Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008. [ needs update ] The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly unpaved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. As of 2009 [update] , there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s. [ citation needed ] Between 2008 and 2011, the Ugandan government and the Southern Sudanese government undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the Northern Ugandan city of Gulu and Juba, with an extension to Wau . A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008. [ 27 ] The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda. [ 28 ] Juba International Airport ( IATA : JUB , ICAO : HJJJ ) is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and non-governmental organization (NGO) aid into South Sudan , as well as passengers and general air freight. The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then – with the oil prices going back down – the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014. [ citation needed ] As of November 2025, there are daily flights to Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi , Kenya, Entebbe International Airport in Entebbe , Uganda, and Wau Airport in Wau, South Sudan . [ 29 ] The United Nations Mission in South Sudan has a large compound near the Juba Airport. Demography In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of Juba County to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the county ), but the results were rejected by the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan . [ 30 ] Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development. [ citation needed ] In 2011, the population of the city of Juba is estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be more. [ 31 ] As of 2013 [update] , the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%. [ 32 ] The Juba City Council's CEO, Martin Simon Wani, has claimed the population exceeds one million with up to a million more living in surrounding suburbs. [ 33 ] Suburbs adjacent to Juba have become increasingly dense as people from the countryside move into the city for economic opportunities. [ 21 ] [ 34 ] Year Population Ref. 1973 (census) 56,740 1983 (census) 83,790 1993 (census) 114,980 2005 (estimate) 163,440 2006 (estimate) 250,000 [ 35 ] 2008 (estimate) 250,000 [ 32 ] 2011 (estimate) 372,410 2014 (estimate) 492,970 Economy Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence. [ citation needed ] The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and from East Africa. As of October 2010 [update] , several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the Kenyan banking conglomerate Kenya Commercial Bank has its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven branches throughout South Sudan. [ 36 ] The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely; Buffalo Commercial Bank , Ivory Bank and Nile Commercial Bank , all maintain their headquarters in Juba. Equity Bank , another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba. National Insurance Corporation (NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city. [ 37 ] Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the 15 December 2013 civil war , Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming. This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations. Research from the Overseas Development Institute found that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders only come to make a quick profit and so do not invest in storage facilities or shops. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Roads Juba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road [ 40 ] and the Aggrey Jaden Road . [ 41 ] as others are seen in the table below; Number Name of road Distance Designated Completed 1 Juba–Nimule Road 192 km (119 mi) 2007 2012 [ 42 ] 2 Gulu–Nimule Road 105 km (65 mi) 2012 2015 tbd Kangi-Bar-Urud Road 28 km (17 mi) 2017? 2017 [ 43 ] (Expected) tbd Aggrey Jaden Road (Juba-Yei- Kaya Road) 243 km (151 mi) 2022 2025 (Expected) tbd Juba-Torit-Nadapal Highway 353 kilometers (219miles) ? ? tbd Juba-Bor-Malakal Highway 500 km (311 mi) 2020 2025 (Expected) tbd Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek Road 392 km (244 mi) 2019 2025 (Expected) [ 44 ] [ 45 ] tbd Kajo- keji - Juba Road 156 kilometers (97miles) Food A variety of foods are eaten in Juba including: Kisra: A staple food in South Sudan , kisra is a type of flatbread made from sorghum flour or maize flour. It is typically served with soup or stew and is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with water to form a thick batter, which is then left to ferment for a few days before being cooked on a hot griddle. [ 46 ] Bamia: A popular dish in Juba, bamia is a stew made with okra , tomatoes, onions, and meat (usually beef or goat). The okra is sliced and cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a thick and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or kisra. [ 47 ] Ful Medames: A traditional breakfast dish in Juba, Ful medames is made from cooked fava beans that are smashed and seasoned with garlic, lemon juice, and olive oil . It is typically served with flatbread or pita . [ 47 ] [ 46 ] Asida: A type of porridge made from sorghum flour, Asida is popular dish in Juba that is often served with meat or vegetable stew. The sorghum flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is then cooked until it reaches a smooth and creamy consistency. [ 47 ] [ 46 ] Malakwang: A traditional dish in South Sudan, Malakwang is a stew made from leafy greens, peanuts, butter, and meat (usually goat or beef). The greens are cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a rich and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or Ugali. Ugali : A staple food in many African countries, Ugali is a type of maize porridge that is often served with stews or soups. The maize flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is often cooked until it reaches a smooth and firm consistency. It is typically eaten by hand, using it to scoop up stew or soup. [ 47 ] Education The University of Juba was founded in 1975. [ 48 ] Upper Nile University in Juba The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It was the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Kampala International University [ 52 ] Catholic University of South Sudan Episcopal University of South Sudan Starford International University Ayii University Health services Juba Teaching Hospital [ 53 ] Juba Military Referral Hospital Al Sabah Children's Hospital Nyakurun PHCC [ 54 ] Munuki PHCC Gurei PHCC Places of worship Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba ( Catholic Church ), Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan ( Anglican Communion ), Baptist Convention of South Sudan ( Baptist World Alliance ), Presbyterian Church in Sudan ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ). [ 55 ] Climate Juba has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw), [ 56 ] and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching 38 °C (100 °F) in February. From April to October, more than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly 1,000 mm (39 in). Climate data for Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 42.2 (108.0) 43.0 (109.4) 43.6 (110.5) 42.4 (108.3) 43.7 (110.7) 38.5 (101.3) 37.0 (98.6) 38.5 (101.3) 39.0 (102.2) 39.6 (103.3) 40.4 (104.7) 42.8 (109.0) 43.7 (110.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 36.8 (98.2) 37.9 (100.2) 37.7 (99.9) 35.4 (95.7) 33.5 (92.3) 32.4 (90.3) 31.1 (88.0) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 34.0 (93.2) 34.7 (94.5) 35.9 (96.6) 34.5 (94.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 28.2 (82.8) 29.3 (84.7) 29.9 (85.8) 28.7 (83.7) 27.6 (81.7) 26.5 (79.7) 25.6 (78.1) 25.5 (77.9) 26.4 (79.5) 26.9 (80.4) 27.4 (81.3) 27.5 (81.5) 27.5 (81.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.1 (68.2) 21.7 (71.1) 23.6 (74.5) 23.4 (74.1) 22.6 (72.7) 21.9 (71.4) 21.1 (70.0) 21.0 (69.8) 21.1 (70.0) 21.3 (70.3) 20.9 (69.6) 20.0 (68.0) 21.6 (70.9) Record low °C (°F) 11.4 (52.5) 12.2 (54.0) 16.3 (61.3) 16.5 (61.7) 16.8 (62.2) 14.0 (57.2) 13.3 (55.9) 16.0 (60.8) 15.5 (59.9) 14.0 (57.2) 13.2 (55.8) 13.9 (57.0) 11.4 (52.5) Average rainfall mm (inches) 5.1 (0.20) 11.0 (0.43) 36.7 (1.44) 111.5 (4.39) 129.9 (5.11) 117.8 (4.64) 144.7 (5.70) 127.5 (5.02) 103.7 (4.08) 114.5 (4.51) 43.1 (1.70) 8.2 (0.32) 953.7 (37.55) Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.4 2.0 6.6 11.6 12.4 10.3 13.0 11.5 8.6 10.4 6.5 1.9 96.2 Average relative humidity (%) 44 42 51 64 73 76 81 80 77 73 69 53 65 Mean monthly sunshine hours 279.0 235.2 210.8 198.0 207.7 207.0 182.9 204.6 228.0 241.8 237.0 260.4 2,692.4 Percentage possible sunshine 76 67 57 54 62 58 50 57 63 64 68 68 62 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 57 ] Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1961–1990), [ 58 ] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, mean temperatures) [ 59 ] Notable people Aheu Deng , beauty queen and fashion model Bangs , rapper and YouTube personality Mangok Mathiang (born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League Emmanuel Jambo , photographer Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in South Sudan after its independence. [ 60 ] Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday. [ 61 ] See also Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Central Equatoria Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Central Equatoria Western Equatoria Gulu-Nimule Road Juba Stadium Lainya County Railway stations in South Sudan Anataban Campaign Notes ^ / ˈ dʒ uː b ə / [ 2 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Radio Tamazuj, Radio Tamazuj (6 October 2023). 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L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021 . Retrieved 19 July 2021 . ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies . 31 : 139– 160. ^ Greek Community of Juba Archives ^ "Juba conf" . madingaweil.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . ^ Okeny, Kenneth (1991). "The 1947 Juba Conference" . Northeast African Studies . 13 (1): 39– 58. JSTOR 43660336 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2023 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ a b c Kindersley, Nicki (2019). "Rule of whose law? The geography of authority in Juba, South Sudan". The Journal of Modern African Studies . 57 (1). Cambridge University Press : 61– 83. doi : 10.1017/S0022278X18000629 . ^ "New capital city for South Sudan?" . Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . ^ Rubin, Jonathan M. (2006), "Liquefied Natural Gas Tanker Truck Explosion" , Disaster Medicine , Elsevier, pp. 784– 785, doi : 10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6 , ISBN 9780323032537 , retrieved 9 November 2021 ^ a b Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023). "From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 October 2023 . ^ a b Stephen, Juma John (3 April 2011). "CES Governor Appoints Mayor For Juba City Council" . Gurtong. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ "Adil appoints new Juba mayor after Kalisto's dismissal" . The City Review . 20 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 . Retrieved 10 January 2023 . ^ Ninrew, Chany (27 June 2023). "Gov. Adil relieves Mayor Allah-Juba" . Eye Radio . Archived from the original on 28 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 June 2023 . ^ "Central Equatoria State" . NileBuffalo Gazette . 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ Parsons, Ellen C. (1905). Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa . Macmillan Company. p. 7 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ "Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing" . Pachodo.org. 20 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Thome, Wolfgang H. (14 September 2010). "Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya" . Eturbonews.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ "Direct (non-stop) flights from Juba (JUB) - FlightsFrom.com" . www.flightsfrom.com . Retrieved 23 November 2025 . ^ Isaac Vuni (8 July 2009). "South Sudan parliament throw outs census results" . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . ^ "Estimated Population in 2011" . Wolframalpha.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ a b "The World Factbook: South Sudan" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 12 January 2021 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . ^ Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023). "From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2023 . Retrieved 8 September 2023 . ^ "Middle Juba Population, 1995-2013 - knoema.com" . Knoema . Archived from the original on 1 June 2024 . Retrieved 1 June 2024 . ^ "Estimated Population in 2006" . Tripwiser.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ "About KCB Southern Sudan" . Kcbbankgroup.com. 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ NIC Expands Into Sudan Archived 16 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Irina Mosel and Emily Henderson (2015) Markets in crises: South Sudan case study Archived 30 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine London: Overseas Development Institute ^ umajulius (5 March 2024). "South Sudan economic cluster unveil plans to curb inflation" . Sudan Tribune . Retrieved 1 June 2024 . ^ "JUBA-NIMULE ROAD | GULSAN HOLDİNG" . Gulsan . Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ Ngong, Akol Madut (31 October 2021). "Juba-Yei-Kaya road to be named after Aggrey Jaden" . One Citizen Daily . Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 . Retrieved 11 November 2023 . ^ "Road Distance Between Juba, South Sudan And Nimule, South Sudan" (Map). Google Maps . Retrieved 23 October 2022 . ^ "Kangi-Bar-Urud Feeder Road in Wau to be Completed Next Month > Gurtong Trust > Editorial" . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2024 . ^ Xinhua (3 September 2022). "South Sudan approves over 700 mln USD on road project" . China.org.cn . Beijing, China. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022 . Retrieved 25 October 2022 . ^ Peter Wanjala (8 September 2022). "US$ 713.53M approved for Juba-Terekeka-Rumbek road construction" . Construction Review Online . Nairobi, Kenya. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022 . Retrieved 25 October 2021 . ^ a b c "South Sudanese Food: 10 Must-Try Traditional Dishes of South Sudan | Travel Food Atlas" . 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024 . Retrieved 3 June 2024 . ^ a b c d "#1 Food From South Sudan: Savor The Best Of South Sudanese Cuisine" . 2 February 2024 . Retrieved 3 June 2024 . ^ "Juba" . Britannica Online . 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 June 2023 . ^ "First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace" . The Christian Times . South Sudan. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019 . Retrieved 11 November 2019 . ^ a b "Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library" . Audioboom . 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019 . Retrieved 11 November 2019 . ^ "MBA student establishes NGO to improve literacy in South Sudan" . The University of Sydney . 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020 . Retrieved 11 November 2019 . ^ "S. Sudanese students lose court case against Kampala University" . Eye Radio . 21 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . ^ "Juba Teaching Hospital | EA Health" . eahealth.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . ^ "NYAKURON PHCC – Juba County" . southsudanpharma.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . ^ Britannica, South Sudan , britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019 ^ "Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table" . Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ "World Weather Information Service – Juba" . World Meteorological Organization (UN). Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ "Juba Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( FTP ) . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ "Klimatafel von Juba / Sudan" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2021 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ "The First South Sudanese baby named Independent" . CBC News . 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ Wynne-Jones, Ros (7 July 2012). "Happy Birthday South Sudan?" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea. External links Fisher, J. 2005, 'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town' , BBC News, 20 April 2005. Holt, K. 2007, 'In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle' , BBC News, 4 January 2007. Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway' World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch – article & video by McClatchy .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Central Equatoria v t e State capital: Juba Counties Juba Kajo Keji Lainya Morobo Terekeka Yei Juba Kajo Keji Lainya Morobo Terekeka Yei Populated places Dimo Gemaiza Gondokoro Juba Kajo Keji Kaya Lado Liria Mongalla Muni Rejaf Rejong Rokon Tali Terekeka Tindilo Tombek Yei Dimo Gemaiza Gondokoro Juba Kajo Keji Kaya Lado Liria Mongalla Muni Rejaf Rejong Rokon Tali Terekeka Tindilo Tombek Yei Universities Catholic University of South Sudan St. Mary's University in Juba The Bridge University University of Juba Catholic University of South Sudan St. Mary's University in Juba The Bridge University University of Juba Airports Juba Airport Kajo Keji Airstrip Yei Airport Juba Airport Kajo Keji Airstrip Yei Airport Other Bandingilo National Park Juba Stadium Bandingilo National Park Juba Stadium v t e State capitals in South Sudan v t e Aweil ( Northern Bahr el Ghazal ) Bentiu ( Unity ) Bor ( Jonglei ) Juba ( Central Equatoria ) Kuajok ( Warrap ) Malakal ( Upper Nile ) Rumbek ( Lakes ) Torit ( Eastern Equatoria ) Wau ( Western Bahr el Ghazal ) Yambio ( Western Equatoria ) Aweil ( Northern Bahr el Ghazal ) Bentiu ( Unity ) Bor ( Jonglei ) Juba ( Central Equatoria ) Kuajok ( Warrap ) Malakal ( Upper Nile ) Rumbek ( Lakes ) Torit ( Eastern Equatoria ) Wau ( Western Bahr el Ghazal ) Yambio ( Western Equatoria ) Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Juba Juba County State capitals in South Sudan Capitals in Africa Populated places in Central Equatoria Populated places on the Nile Populated places established in 1922 1922 establishments in Africa Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2023 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2025 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 08:18 (UTC) . 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Abstract: Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10681 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10681v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Commanders and units Toggle Commanders and units subsection 2.1 United States 2.1.1 Ground forces 2.1.2 Naval and air forces 2.2 Japan 2.1 United States 2.1.1 Ground forces 2.1.2 Naval and air forces 2.1.1 Ground forces 2.1.2 Naval and air forces 2.2 Japan 3 Battle Toggle Battle subsection 3.1 Landings 3.2 Campaign in the Leyte Valley 3.3 Japanese counterattacks 3.4 Advance towards the Ormoc Valley 3.5 Battles of Breakneck and Kilay Ridges 3.6 Battle of Shoestring Ridge 3.7 Battle of the Ridges 3.8 Battle of the Airfields 3.9 Fall of Ormoc 3.10 Westward march to the coast 3.1 Landings 3.2 Campaign in the Leyte Valley 3.3 Japanese counterattacks 3.4 Advance towards the Ormoc Valley 3.5 Battles of Breakneck and Kilay Ridges 3.6 Battle of Shoestring Ridge 3.7 Battle of the Ridges 3.8 Battle of the Airfields 3.9 Fall of Ormoc 3.10 Westward march to the coast 4 Aftermath 5 1998 claims of Japanese intelligence 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Battle of Leyte تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Battle of Leyte Part of the Philippines campaign (1944–1945) of the Pacific Theater of World War II General Douglas MacArthur and staff, accompanied by Philippine president Sergio Osmeña (left), land at Red Beach, Leyte, 20 October 1944. Date 17 October – 26 December 1944 (initial phase involving Sixth Army) Guerrilla phase under Eighth Army continued until March 1945 [ 1 ] Location Leyte Island , Philippines .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.17222°N 125.01222°E / 11.17222; 125.01222 Result Allied victory Date 17 October – 26 December 1944 (initial phase involving Sixth Army) Guerrilla phase under Eighth Army continued until March 1945 [ 1 ] Location Leyte Island , Philippines .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.17222°N 125.01222°E / 11.17222; 125.01222 Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Australia [ a ] United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Japan Republic of the Philippines Japan Republic of the Philippines Commanders and leaders Army: Douglas MacArthur Walter Krueger Franklin C. Sibert John R. Hodge Navy: Thomas C. Kinkaid Army Air Force: George C. Kenney Civilian Government : Sergio Osmeña Guerrillas: Ruperto Kangleón IJA: Hisaichi Terauchi Tomoyuki Yamashita Sōsaku Suzuki Shiro Makino † [ 2 ] Tsunehiro Shirai † [ 3 ] Yoshimi Adachi † [ 4 ] Kyoji Tominaga [ 5 ] Units involved Ground elements : Sixth Army (Final phase) X Corps XXIV Corps Eighth Army (Final phase) Aerial elements : Fifth Air Force Naval elements : Seventh Fleet UDT 8, UDT 9 Ground elements : X Corps XXIV Corps Aerial elements : Naval elements : UDT 8, UDT 9 Fourteenth Area Army 35th Army 35th Army Strength Sixth Army: ≈200,000 Air and naval forces: ≈120,000 [ 1 ] 3,000 guerrillas 70,100 (including reinforcements) 246 artillery pieces 33 mortars 37 [ 6 ] –41 tanks [ 7 ] Casualties and losses Battle casualties: 3,504 killed 11,991 wounded 183 missing Non-battle casualties (after 25 Oct.): 119 dead 6 missing 36,791 sick/other [ b ] 65,000 dead [ 11 ] [ c ] 714–828 captured [ 13 ] [ d ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Philippines campaign (1944–45) v t e Visayas Leyte Panay Simara Negros Cebu City Luzon Mindoro Lingayen Gulf Kirang Pass Cabanatuan Bataan Manila Corregidor Baguio Villa Verde Trail Los Baños Palawan Wawa Dam Bacsil Ridge Bessang Pass Mayoyao Ridge Mindanao Bukidnon Cotabato and Maguindanao Davao Naval operations Convoy Hi-71 Shin'yō Maru incident Formosa Leyte Gulf Ormoc Bay Convoy Hi-81 South China Sea raid Penghu air raids Raid on Taihoku Action of 24 July 1945 Leyte Panay Simara Negros Cebu City Luzon Mindoro Lingayen Gulf Kirang Pass Cabanatuan Bataan Manila Corregidor Baguio Villa Verde Trail Los Baños Palawan Wawa Dam Bacsil Ridge Bessang Pass Mayoyao Ridge Mindanao Bukidnon Cotabato and Maguindanao Davao Naval operations Convoy Hi-71 Shin'yō Maru incident Formosa Leyte Gulf Ormoc Bay Convoy Hi-81 South China Sea raid Penghu air raids Raid on Taihoku Action of 24 July 1945 v t e South West Pacific theatre of World War II v t e Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Lamon Bay 1st Bataan 1st Corregidor Dutch East Indies campaign 1st Borneo 1st Tarakan 1st Balikpapan Manado Ambon Sumatra Badung Strait Timor Java Sea Java 2nd Borneo 2nd Tarakan North Borneo 2nd Balikpapan Solomon Islands campaign Guadalcanal New Georgia Treasury Islands Bougainville New Guinea campaign Coral Sea Kokoda Track Buna–Gona Bismarck Sea Nassau Bay Landing Salamaua-Lae Huon Peninsula Admiralty Islands Aitape-Wewak Reckless Persecution Biak Noemfoor Morotai New Britain campaign Operation Cartwheel Arawe Cape Gloucester Neutralisation of Rabaul Talasea Jacquinot Bay Wide Bay–Open Bay Philippines campaign (1944–1945) Leyte Leyte Gulf Lingayen Gulf Luzon 2nd Corregidor Visayas Mindanao Borneo campaign Agas Semut Tarakan North Borneo Labuan Beaufort Balikpapan Lamon Bay 1st Bataan 1st Corregidor 1st Borneo 1st Tarakan 1st Balikpapan 1st Tarakan 1st Balikpapan Manado Ambon Sumatra Badung Strait Timor Java Sea Java 2nd Borneo 2nd Tarakan North Borneo 2nd Balikpapan 2nd Tarakan North Borneo 2nd Balikpapan Guadalcanal New Georgia Treasury Islands Bougainville Coral Sea Kokoda Track Buna–Gona Bismarck Sea Nassau Bay Landing Salamaua-Lae Huon Peninsula Admiralty Islands Aitape-Wewak Reckless Persecution Biak Noemfoor Morotai Operation Cartwheel Arawe Cape Gloucester Neutralisation of Rabaul Talasea Jacquinot Bay Wide Bay–Open Bay Leyte Leyte Gulf Lingayen Gulf Luzon 2nd Corregidor Visayas Mindanao Agas Semut Tarakan North Borneo Labuan Beaufort Balikpapan The Battle of Leyte ( Filipino : Labanan sa Leyte ; Waray : Gubat ha Leyte ; Japanese : レイテの戦い ) in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur , who fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita . The operation, codenamed King Two , [ 14 ] launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation . Background Japan had conquered the Philippines in 1942. Controlling it was vital for Japan's survival in World War II because it secured sea routes to Borneo and Sumatra in which rubber and petroleum were shipped to Japan. [ 15 ] For the U.S., capturing the Philippines was a key strategic step in isolating Imperial Japan's military holdings in China and the Pacific theater. It was also a personal matter of pride for MacArthur. [ 16 ] In 1942, just a month before Japan forced the surrender of all USAFFE forces in the Philippines, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had ordered MacArthur to leave the Philippines and organize the U.S. forces gathering in Australia, [ 17 ] which were meant to relieve the USAFFE. Those relief forces were non-existent; [ 17 ] Roosevelt's true intentions in ordering MacArthur to flee the Philippines had been to prevent his capture by the Japanese. Still, MacArthur had vowed that he would return to the Philippines. He repeatedly stated that it was a moral obligation of the U.S. to liberate the Philippines as soon as possible. In March 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered MacArthur to plan an attack on the southern Philippines by the end of the year, and Luzon in early 1945. [ 18 ] In July 1944, Roosevelt met with MacArthur and Chester Nimitz in Hawaii, where the decision was made to invade the Philippines, from which land air bases could be used for the Pacific Theater of Operations . [ 19 ] Over the summer of 1944, planes from the aircraft carriers of the U.S. 3rd Fleet under Admiral William F. Halsey carried out several successful missions over the Philippines and found weak Japanese resistance. [ 20 ] Halsey then recommended a direct strike on Leyte, canceling other planned operations, and the Leyte invasion date moved forward to October. [ 21 ] Leyte, facing the Pacific Ocean, has numerous deep-water approaches and sandy beaches which offered opportunities for amphibious assaults and fast resupply. The roads extend inland with Highway 1, that runs for 40 mi (64 km) along the east coast between Abuyog town to the north and the San Juanico Strait between Leyte and Samar Islands, providing avenues for tank-infantry operations, as well as suitable ground for airfield construction. American air forces based on Leyte could strike at enemy bases and airfields anywhere in the Philippines. [ 21 ] A heavily forested mountain range dominates the interior and separates two plains. The larger Leyte Valley extends from the northern coast to the long eastern shore and contains most of the towns and roadways on the island. [ 22 ] The other, Ormoc Valley, situated on the west side, was connected to Leyte Valley by Highway 2 running from Palo town on the east coast, then west and then south through Leyte Valley to Ormoc bay, then along the western shore to Baybay . The road then turned east to cross the mountainous interior and connected it with Highway 1 on the east coast at Abuyog. South of these towns, the mountainous southern third of Leyte was mostly undeveloped. [ 21 ] High mountain peaks over 4,400 ft (1,300 m), as well as the jagged karst formations of the island offered formidable defensive opportunities. [ 23 ] The timing late in the year forced combat troops and supporting pilots, as well as logistical units, to contend with monsoon rains. Leyte's population of over 900,000 people—mostly farmers and fishermen [ 23 ] —could be expected to assist an American invasion, since many residents already supported the guerrilla struggle against the Japanese. [ 24 ] Japanese troop strength on Leyte was estimated by U.S. intelligence at 20,000; mostly of the 16th Division [ 25 ] under Lieutenant General Shiro Makino . [ 26 ] Commanders and units United States Southwest Pacific Area [ 27 ] General Douglas MacArthur in light cruiser Nashville Ground forces US Sixth Army Lieutenant General Walter Krueger Approx. 202,500 total officers and enlisted Naval and air forces US Seventh Fleet Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid in amphibious command ship Wasatch Allied Air Forces Lieutenant General George C. Kenney , USAAF Japan Southern Army (Southeast Asia) [ 28 ] Field Marshal Count Hisaichi Terauchi [ e ] at Manila Battle Landings Preliminary operations for the Leyte invasion began at dawn on 17 October 1944, with minesweeping tasks and the movement of the 6th Rangers toward three small islands in Leyte Gulf. [ 29 ] Although delayed by a storm, the Rangers were on Suluan and Dinagat islands by 08:05 am. [ 30 ] On Suluan, they dispersed a small group of Japanese defenders and destroyed a radio station, while they found Dinagat unoccupied. [ 31 ] The third island, Homonhon , was taken without any opposition the next day. [ 31 ] On Dinagat and Homonhon, the Rangers proceeded to erect navigation lights for the amphibious transports to follow. [ 32 ] Meanwhile, reconnaissance by underwater demolition teams revealed clear landing beaches for assault troops on Leyte. [ 33 ] Independently, the 21st Infantry Regiment on 20 October landed on Panaon Strait to control the entrance to Sogod Bay . [ 34 ] Following four hours of heavy naval gunfire on A-day, 20 October, Sixth Army forces landed on assigned beaches at 10:00. [ 5 ] X Corps pushed across a 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch of beach between Tacloban airfield and the Palo River. 15 mi (24 km) to the south, XXIV Corps units came ashore across a 3 mi (4.8 km) strand between San José and the Daguitan River. Troops found as much resistance from swampy terrain as from Japanese fire. [ 35 ] Within an hour of landing, units in most sectors had secured beachheads deep enough to receive heavy vehicles and large amounts of supplies. [ 36 ] Only in the 24th Division sector did enemy fire force a diversion of follow-up landing craft. But even then the sector was secure enough by 13:30 to allow Gen. MacArthur to make his dramatic entrance [ 37 ] through the shore onto Red Beach [ 38 ] and announce to the populace the beginning of their liberation: " People of the Philippines, I have returned! By the grace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine soil. " By the end of A-day, the Sixth Army had moved 1 mi (1.6 km) inland and five miles wide. [ 39 ] In the X Corps sector, the 1st Cavalry Division held Tacloban airfield, [ 36 ] and the 24th Infantry Division had taken the high ground on Hill 522 commanding its beachheads. [ 39 ] In the XXIV Corps sector, the 96th Infantry Division held the approaches to Catmon Hill, [ 40 ] and the 7th Infantry Division held Dulag and its airfield. [ 41 ] General Makino spent the day moving his command post from Tacloban, 10 mi (16 km) inland to the town of Dagami . [ 42 ] The initial fighting was won at a cost of 49 killed, 192 wounded, and six missing. [ 43 ] The Japanese counterattacked the 24th Infantry Division on Red Beach through the night, unsuccessfully. [ 44 ] Campaign in the Leyte Valley The Sixth Army made steady progress inland against sporadic and uncoordinated enemy resistance on Leyte in the next few days. The 1st Cavalry Division of Maj. Gen. Verne D. Mudge secured the provincial capital, Tacloban, on 21 October, and Hill 215 the next. [ 45 ] On 23 October, Gen. MacArthur presided over a ceremony to restore civil government to Leyte. 1st and 2nd Cavalry Brigades initiated a holding action to prevent a Japanese counterattack from the mountainous interior, after which the 1st Cavalry was allowed to move on. The 8th Cavalry established itself on Samar by 24 Oct, securing the San Juanico Strait . [ 45 ] On the X Corps left, the 24th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Frederick A. Irving , drove inland into heavy enemy resistance. After days and nights of hard fighting and killing some 800 Japanese, the 19th and 34th Infantry Regiments expanded their beachhead and took control of the high ground commanding the entrance to the northern Leyte Valley. By 1 November, after a seven-day tank-infantry advance supported by artillery fire, both regiments had pushed through Leyte Valley and were within sight of the north coast and the port of Carigara , which the 2nd Cavalry Brigade occupied the next day after Suzuki ordered a withdrawal. [ 46 ] In its drive through Leyte Valley, the 24th Division inflicted nearly 3,000 enemy casualties . [ 47 ] These advances left only one major port on Leyte—Ormoc City on the west coast—under Japanese control. From the XXIV Corps beachhead Gen. Hodge had sent his two divisions into the southern Leyte Valley, which already contained four airfields and a large supply center. Maj. Gen. James L. Bradley 's 96th Infantry Division was to clear Catmon Hill, a 1,400 ft (430 m) promontory, the highest point in both corps beachheads, and used by the Japanese as an observation and firing post to fire on landing craft approaching the beach on A-day. Under cover of incessant artillery and naval gunfire, Bradley's troops made their way through the swamps south and west of the high ground at Labiranan Head. After a three-day fight, the 382nd Infantry Regiment took a key Japanese supply base at Tabontabon , 5 mi (8.0 km) inland, and killed some 350 Japanese on 28 October. Simultaneously two battalions each from the 381st Infantry Regiment and 383rd Infantry Regiments slowly advanced up opposite sides of Catmon Hill and battled the fierce Japanese resistance. When the mop-up of Catmon Hill was completed on 31 October, the Americans had cleared 53 pillboxes , 17 caves, and several heavy artillery positions. [ 48 ] On the left of XXIV Corps, the 7th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Archibald V. Arnold moved inland against the Japanese airfields of San Pablo 1 and 2, Bayug, and Buri, using "flying wedges" of American tanks, the 767th Tank Battalion, which cleared the way for the infantrymen. [ 49 ] Between Burauen and Julita, the 17th Infantry overcame fanatical but futile resistance from Japanese soldiers concealed in spider holes , who placed satchel charges on the hulls of the American tanks. [ 50 ] A mile north, 32nd Infantry soldiers killed more than 400 Japanese at Buri airfield. While two battalions of the 184th Infantry patrolled the corps' left flank, the 17th Infantry, with the 184th's 2nd Battalion attached, turned north toward Dagami , 6 mi (9.7 km) above Burauen. Using flamethrowers to root the enemy out of pillboxes and a cemetery, US troops captured Dagami on 30 October, which forced Gen. Makino to evacuate his command post further westward. [ 51 ] Meanwhile, on 29 October, the 32nd Infantry's 2nd Battalion, preceded by the 7th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, moved 15 mi (24 km) south along the east coast to Abuyog for a probe of the area, and then over the next four days patrolled west through the mountains to Baybay , all without opposition. [ 52 ] Japanese counterattacks With 432,000 Japanese soldiers in the Philippines, General Yamashita decided to make Leyte the main effort of the Japanese defense, and on 21 October, ordered the 35th Army to coordinate a decisive battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy. [ 53 ] The 16th Division was to be reinforced by the 30th Infantry Division from Mindanao, landing on Ormoc Bay. [ 54 ] The 102nd Infantry Division would occupy Jaro, where the 1st and 26th Infantry Divisions were concentrating. [ 54 ] Battalions from the 55th and 57th Independent Mixed Brigades were on Leyte by 25 Oct. [ 55 ] As the Sixth Army pushed deeper into Leyte, the Japanese struck back in the air and at sea. On 24 October, some 200 enemy aircraft approached American beachheads and shipping from the north. [ 56 ] Fifty American land-based aircraft rose to intercept them, and claimed to have shot down between 66 [ 56 ] and 84 of the attackers. Day and night air raids continued over the next four days, [ 57 ] damaging supply dumps ashore and threatening American shipping. But by 28 October, counterattacks by US aircraft on Japanese airfields and shipping on other islands so reduced enemy air strength that conventional air raids ceased to be a major threat. As their air strength diminished, the Japanese resorted to the deadly kamikazes , [ 57 ] a corps of suicide pilots who crashed their bomb-laden planes directly into US ships. They chose the large American transport and escort fleet that had gathered in Leyte Gulf on A-day as their first target and sank one escort carrier , the USS St. Lo , on 25 October 1944 and badly damaged many other vessels. This was the first instance of a major warship to be sunk by kamikaze attack. A more serious danger to the US forces developed at sea. The Imperial Japanese Navy's high command decided to destroy US Navy forces supporting the Sixth Army by committing its entire remaining surface fleet to a decisive battle with the Americans. The Imperial Navy's plan was to attack in three major task groups. One, which included four aircraft carriers with few aircraft aboard, was to act as a decoy, luring the US 3rd Fleet north away from Leyte Gulf. On 23 October, the approach of the enemy surface vessels was detected. US naval units moved out to intercept, and the air and naval Battle of Leyte Gulf —the largest naval battle in the Pacific [ 56 ] and also one of the largest naval battles in history [ 58 ] —was fought from 23 to 26 October—the Japanese suffered a decisive defeat. Nonetheless, by 11 December, the Japanese had succeeded in moving more than 34,000 troops to Leyte and over 10,000 short tons (9,100 t ) of material, most through the port of Ormoc on the west coast, despite heavy losses to reinforcement convoys, including engagements at Ormoc Bay , because of relentless air interdiction missions by US aircraft. Advance towards the Ormoc Valley The Japanese reinforcement presented severe problems for both Krueger and MacArthur. [ 59 ] Instead of projected mopping up operations after clearing the east side of Leyte, the Sixth Army had to prepare for extended combat in the mountains on its western side. [ 60 ] Gen. Krueger planned a giant pincer operation to clear Ormoc Vally, with X Corps forces moving south, and XXIV Corps units pushing north from Baybay. [ 61 ] To overcome the expected increased resistance, especially in the mountain barrier to the north, Krueger mobilized his reserve forces, the 32nd and 77th Infantry Divisions, while MacArthur activated the 11th Airborne Division . The 21st RCT pulled out from the Panaon area to rejoin the 24th Division and were replaced by a battalion of the 32nd Infantry. On 3 November, the 34th Infantry Regiment moved out from west of Carigara to sweep the rest of the northern coast before turning south into the mountains. The 1st Battalion soon came under attack from a ridge along the highway. Supported by the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion, the unit cleared the ridge, and the 34th Infantry continued unopposed that night through the town of Pinamopoan, recovering numerous heavy weapons abandoned by the enemy, then halted at the point where Highway 2 turns south into the mountains. [ 62 ] Battles of Breakneck and Kilay Ridges On the 7th of November the 21 Infantry went into its first sustained combat on Leyte when it moved into the mountains along Highway 2, near Carigara Bay. [ 63 ] The fresh regiment, with the 19th Infantry's 3rd Battalion attached, immediately ran into strong defenses of the newly arrived Japanese 1st Division , aligned from east to west across the road and anchored on a network of fighting positions built of heavy logs and interconnecting trench lines and countless spider holes, which became known as "Breakneck Ridge" to the Americans, or the "Yamashita Line" to the Japanese. [ 64 ] General Krueger ordered the 1st Cavalry to join the 24th Infantry Division in the attack south, and the X and XXIV Corps (96th Infantry Division) to block routes through the central mountain range, anticipating General Suzuki's renewed attack with the arrival of his 26th Infantry Division. [ 65 ] Additionally the XXIV Corps had the 7th Infantry Division in Baybay. [ 66 ] Plus, Krueger had access to the 32nd and 77th Infantry Divisions , and the 11th Airborne Division , which MacArthur was staging in Leyte in preparation of the Luzon invasion. [ 67 ] A typhoon began on 8 November, and the heavy rain that followed for several days further impeded American progress. [ 64 ] Despite the storm and high winds, which added falling trees and mud slides to enemy defenses and delayed supply trains, the 21st Infantry continued its slow and halting attack, with companies often having to withdraw and recapture hills that had been taken earlier. The Americans seized the approaches to Hill 1525 2 mi (3.2 km) to the east, enabling Irving to stretch out the enemy defenses further across a 4 mi (6.4 km) front along Highway 2. On the east, the 19th Infantry's 2nd Battalion, under Lt. Col. Robert B. Spragins, swung east around Hill 1525 behind the enemy right flank, cutting back to Highway 2, 3 mi (4.8 km) south of 'Breakneck Ridge', blocking the Japanese supply line. [ 68 ] On the west, Irving sent the 34th Infantry's 1st Battalion under Lt. Col. Thomas E. Clifford, over water from the Carigara area to a point 2 mi (3.2 km) west of the southward turn of Highway 2, and moved it inland. This amphibious maneuver was made in eighteen LVTs of the 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion. [ 69 ] After crossing a ridge line and the Leyte River, they approached the enemy left flank at 900 ft (270 m) on Kilay Ridge, the highest terrain behind the main battle area. [ 70 ] Both battalions reached positions only about 1,000 yd (910 m) apart on opposite sides of the highway by 13 November despite strong opposition and heavy rains. The Americans were aided by the 1st Battalion, 96th Philippine Infantry, a local guide who "owned" Kilay Ridge, and Filipinos carrying supplies. [ 71 ] It took Clifford's men two weeks of struggle through mud and rain—often dangerously close to friendly mortar and artillery fire—to root the Japanese out of fighting positions on the way up Kilay Ridge. On 2 December Clifford's battalion finally cleared the heights overlooking the road, and 32nd Division units quickly took over. Clifford's outfit suffered 26 killed, 101 wounded and two missing, in contrast to 900 Japanese dead. [ 72 ] For their arduous efforts against Kilay Ridge and adjacent areas, both flanking battalions received Presidential Unit Citations . [ 73 ] Clifford and Spragins both received the Distinguished Service Cross for their actions. [ 74 ] It was not until 14 December that the 32nd Division finally cleared the Breakneck–Kilay Ridge area, and linked up with the 1st Cavalry Division on 19 Dec, placing the most heavily defended portions of Highway 2 between Carigara Bay and the Ormoc Valley under X Corps control. [ 75 ] Throughout this phase, American efforts had become increasingly hampered by logistical problems. Mountainous terrain and impassable roads forced Sixth Army transportation units to improvise resupply trains of Navy landing craft, tracked landing vehicles, airdrops, artillery tractors, trucks, even carabaos and hundreds of barefoot Filipino bearers. The 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion made daily, often multiple, trips with ammunition and rations between Capoocan and Calubian . From Calubian, the 727th tractors would navigate the Naga River to Consuegra and then traverse overland to Agahang. On their return trip, they would evacuate the casualties. Battle of Shoestring Ridge In mid-November XXIV Corps had the 32nd Infantry Regiment , under the command of Lt. Col. John M. Finn in western Leyte, and 7th Division remnants securing Burauen, but the arrival of the 11th Airborne Division on 22 November allowed Gen. Hodge to move the rest of the 7th Division to the west. [ 76 ] On the night of 23 November the 32nd Infantry suddenly came under attack by the Japanese 26th Division along the Palanas River. [ 77 ] The regiment's 2nd Battalion was pushed back off Hill 918 to a defensive position along the highway together with their artillery base, which consisted of Batteries A and B of the 49th Field Artillery Battalion and Battery B of the USMC 11th 155mm Gun Battalion. [ 78 ] Gen. Arnold earlier had placed the 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry, as a reserve for just such a counterattack. [ 78 ] Also, a platoon of tanks from the 767th Tank Battalion was stationed at Damulaan. [ 78 ] Battery C, 57th Field Artillery Battalion, arrived the next day. [ 79 ] That night, the night of 24 November, Japanese attacks put four 105 mm (4.1 in) pieces of Battery B out of action. [ 80 ] The 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry was then released by Gen. Arnold to Col. Finn. [ 80 ] The defensive battle for 'Shoestring Ridge', so named to reflect the supply situation, continued until 29 November, when US troops were able to take the offensive. [ 81 ] During their failed attacks of the previous days, the Japanese under the command of Col. Saito had committed six infantry battalions. [ 81 ] Battle of the Ridges Gen. Arnold finally began his advance toward Ormoc with a novel tactic. On the night of 4 December, vehicles of the 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion put to sea and leapfrogged south along the Leyte coast and positioned themselves west of Balogo. [ 82 ] On 5 Dec, the tanks moved to within 200 yd (180 m) of the shore and fired into the hills in front of the advancing 17th and 184th Infantry. [ 83 ] This tactic proved effective, greatly disorganizing the defenders, except where ground troops encountered enemy pockets on reverse slopes inland, shielded from the offshore tank fire. The 7th Division pushed north with two regiments which encountered heavy enemy fire coming from Hill 918, from which the entire coast to Ormoc City could be observed. By 8 Dec, the American forces had taken Hills 918, 380 and 606, plus the surrounding ridges. [ 84 ] By 12 December, Gen. Arnold's lead battalion was less than 10 mi (16 km) south of Ormoc City. Battle of the Airfields While Gen. Arnold moved closer to Ormoc, on 6 December, the Japanese made a surprise attack on the Buri Airfield with the 16th , combined with 250 paratroopers of the 2nd Raiding Brigade , the Takachiho Paratroopers . [ 85 ] At the time, the 11th Airborne Division, commanded by General Joseph May Swing defended the Burauen area. [ 86 ] The Japanese aimed to recapture eastern Leyte airstrips and use them for their own planes. Descending Japanese paratroopers were "cut to shreds by the antiaircraft and field artillery units," according to one American artillery officer. [ 87 ] Although poorly coordinated—only one battalion of the Japanese 26th Infantry Division reached the battlefield—the enemy attack yielded the seizure of some abandoned weapons which they managed to use against the Americans over the next four days. [ 88 ] The 11th Airborne Division, supported by the 149th Infantry, 38th Infantry Division , and the 382nd Infantry, 96th Infantry Division, plus hastily mustered groups of support and service troops, eventually contained the attack, and turned the tide by 9 Dec. [ 89 ] With a few American supply dumps and aircraft on the ground destroyed and construction projects delayed, the enemy attacks on the airfields failed to have any effect on the overall Leyte Campaign. [ 90 ] Gen. Suzuki ordered a retreat so he could deal with the American landing at Ormoc, but with only 200 men returning, the 16th Division ceased to exist. [ 91 ] Fall of Ormoc Meanwhile, on the western side of Leyte, the US XXIV Corps received reinforcements on 7 December with the landing of the 77th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Andrew D. Bruce south of Ormoc City. [ 90 ] The 77th Division's 305th and 307th Infantry Regiments came ashore at 0700 unopposed, supported by a company from the 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion. [ 92 ] However, Admiral Arthur D. Storable 's naval convoy was subjected to kamikaze air attacks, fifty-five aircraft making sixteen raids. [ 93 ] Yet, the arrival of the 77th Division proved decisive. This enabled the 7th Division to resume its march north, and Japanese defenders were quickly squeezed between them. [ 94 ] Moving north, the 77th Division faced strong opposition at Camp Downes, a prewar Philippine constabulary post. [ 95 ] Supported by the newly arrived 306th Infantry Regiment, plus the 902nd and 305th Field Artillery Battalions, Gen. Bruce's troops pushed through and beyond Camp Downes on 9 Dec, and entered Ormoc City on 10 December. [ 96 ] The 7th and 77th Infantry Divisions linked up the next day. [ 97 ] In its final drive, US troops killed some 1,506 Japanese troops and took seven prisoners while sustaining 123 killed, 329 wounded and 13 missing. [ 97 ] With Ormoc City captured, the XXIV Corps and X Corps were only 16 mi (26 km) apart. In between at Cogan, the last Japanese salient with its defenses anchored on a concrete blockhouse, north of Ormoc, and held by the 12th Independent Infantry Regiment, resisted the Americans for two days. [ 98 ] On 14 December, the 305th Infantry closed on the stronghold, aided by heavy artillery barrages and employing flamethrowers and armored bulldozers. Hand-to-hand combat and the inspiring leadership of Medal of Honor awardee Captain Robert B. Nett cleared the Japanese from the blockhouse area, while the leading Company, E, of the 2nd Battalion, 305th Infantry moved forward through intense fire and killed several Japanese soldiers. [ 99 ] Westward march to the coast After breaking out of Ormoc, the 77th Division took Valencia airfield, 7 mi (11 km) north, on 18 December, and continued north to establish contact with X Corps units. [ 100 ] That same day, Gen. Sibert ordered the 1st Cavalry Division to complete the drive south. The 12th Cavalry Regiment pushed out of the mountains on a southwest track to Highway 2, then followed fire from the 271st Field Artillery Battalion to clear a 3 mi (4.8 km) stretch of the road. North of Ormoc Valley, the 32nd Division had met determined opposition from the defending Japanese 1st Division along Highway 2, after moving south past Kilay Ridge and entering a heavy rain forest, which limited visibility and concealed the enemy. Using flamethrowers, hand grenades , rifles, and bayonets, troops scratched out daily advances measured in yards, and in five days of hard fighting, the 126th and 127th Infantry Regiments advanced less than 1 mi (1.6 km). Contact between patrols of the 12th Cavalry and the 77th Division's 306th Infantry on 21 December marked the juncture of the US X and XXIV Corps and the closing of the Sixth Army's pincer maneuver against Ormoc Valley. [ 101 ] While the 77th and 32nd Divisions converged on the valley, Maj. Gen. Joseph M. Swing 's 11th Airborne Division had moved into the central mountain passes from the east. With blocking positions established south of Leyte Valley on 22–24 November, the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment pushed farther west into the mountains on the 25 November. After an arduous advance, the 511th reached Mahonag, 10 mi (16 km) west of Burauen, on 6 December, the same day Japanese paratroops landed at the Buri and San Pablo airfields. On 16 December, the 2nd Battalion, 32nd Infantry, made slow but steady progress into the mountains from the Ormoc Bay area to meet the airborne regiment and assist its passage westward. On 23 December, after battling scattered Japanese defenders on ridges and in caves, the 7th Division infantrymen met troops from the 2nd Battalion, 187th Glider Infantry Regiment , which had passed through the 511th, to complete the cross-island move, and basically destroying the Japanese 26th Infantry Division in the process. [ 102 ] Gen. Bruce opened the drive on Palompon by sending the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 305th Infantry, with armor support, west along the road on the morning of 22 December. [ 103 ] The 302nd Engineer Battalion followed, repairing and strengthening bridges for armor, artillery and supply vehicles. Assault units progressed rapidly through sporadic enemy fire until they hit strong positions about 8 mi (13 km) short of Palompon. To restore momentum, Gen. Bruce put the 1st Battalion, 305th Infantry, on Navy landing craft and dispatched it from the port of Ormoc to Palompon. Supported by fire from mortar boats of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade and from the 155 mm (6.1 in) guns of the 531st Field Artillery Battalion, the infantrymen landed at 07:20 on 25 December and secured the small coastal town within four hours. [ 104 ] Learning of the seizure of the last port open to the Japanese, Gen. MacArthur announced the end of organized resistance on Leyte. [ 104 ] As these sweeps continued, he transferred control of operations on Leyte and Samar to the Eighth Army on 26 December. Farther north, other US forces made faster progress against more disorganized and dispirited enemy troops. 1st Cavalry Division troops reached the coast on 28 December [ 105 ] as 24th Division units cleared the last enemy positions from the northwest corner of Leyte on the same day and two days later met patrols of the 32nd Division. Aftermath The campaign for Leyte was the first operation in the American reconquest of the Philippines, and proved the most decisive. Japanese losses in the campaign were heavy; the army lost four divisions and several combat units, while the navy lost 26 major warships, 46 large transports and hundreds of merchant ships. The campaign also reduced Japanese land-based air capability in the Philippines by more than 50%. Some 250,000 troops still remained on Luzon , but the air and naval support lost during the battle for Leyte narrowed Gen. Yamashita's options that he now had to fight a passive defense of Luzon, [ 106 ] the largest and most important island in the Philippines. In effect, once the battle of Leyte was lost, the Japanese gave up on retaining the Philippines for much longer, conceding to the Allies a strategic region from which Japan could be easily cut off from outside resources, and from which assaults on the Japanese home islands could be launched. [ 107 ] 1998 claims of Japanese intelligence In 1998 it was claimed in Australia (see Royal Commission on Espionage ) that Allied estimates of Japanese troop strengths including those on Leyte were given to Tokyo via the Soviet consulate in Harbin , Manchuria as Stalin wanted to delay an American victory over Japan until the Soviet Union could participate. MacArthur's G-2 Willoughby had underestimated the numbers, and the troops were reinforced. The secret " Ultra " estimates were not available to the Soviets, but were given to them by members of Australian Foreign Minister Evatt 's staff. [ 108 ] See also Bataan death march George Benjamin, Jr. Richard Ira Bong Leonard C. Brostrom Elmer E. Fryar Leroy Johnson (Medal of Honor) Ova A. Kelley Thomas McGuire William A. McWhorter Military history of the Philippines during World War II Military history of the United States during World War II Harold H. Moon, Jr. Charles E. Mower Iliff David Richardson John F. Thorson Dirk J. Vlug Francis B. Wai Notes ^ Royal Australian Navy vessels, and Royal Australian Air Force flying and ground units attached to US commands. ^ M. Hamlin Cannon lists the following battle casualties: 3,504 killed, 11,991 wounded, and 89 missing. Cannon's source material, the Sixth and Eighth Army after-action reports, provide slightly higher numbers for soldiers missing in action. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] ^ Most Japanese died from starvation and disease rather than from combat causes; up to 80% of total deaths during the Philippines campaign. [ 12 ] ^ Sixth Army reported capturing 389 Japanese while Eighth Army captured 439. Eighth Army's After Action lists 275 captured by the Sixth Army. ^ Died before he could be tried for war crimes ^ A Japanese area army was equivalent to a Euro-American army. ^ Hanged for atrocities committed by men under his command ^ A Japanese army was equivalent to a Euro-American corps. ^ KIA on Cebu 19 April 1945 ^ Committed suicide 10 August 1945 References ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 324. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Biography of Lieutenant-General Shiro Makino" . www.generals.dk . ^ "Japanese Paratroop Operations in WW II" . www.j-aircraft.com . ^ "Biography of Major-General Yoshimi Adachi – (安達由巳) – (あだち よしみ) – (Adachi Yoshiki) – (安達由己) – (あだち よしき) (1883–1944), Japan" . www.generals.dk . ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 39. ^ JM-6, " Record of Philippine Operation " p. 151. Retrieved 5 May 2023 ^ Taki, The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks . ^ Cannon, " Leyte: Return to the Philippines " p. 368. Retrieved 5 May 2023 ^ " Report of the Commanding General, Eighth US Army, on the Leyte-Samar Operation " Inclosures 1–3. Retrieved 4 May 2023 ^ " Report of the Leyte Operation, Sixth Army " p. 155, Annexes 3 and 4. Retrieved 4 May 2023 ^ Toland, "The Rising Sun" p. 607 ^ American Historical Association: Lessons from Iwo Jima Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ Cannon pp. 367–368. ^ Cutler, Thomas J., The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944, Naval Institute Press, 2001, p. 52 ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 7. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 5. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 22. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 7–8. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 8–9. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 9. ^ a b c Prefer 2012 , p. 10. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 11. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 12. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 16–17. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 1. ^ All information from Morison 1958 or Chun 2015 unless otherwise noted. ^ Chun, p. 23 ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 26, 37. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 34–35, 39. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 35. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 26, 35. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 38. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 27. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 41. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 40. ^ Video: Third Army blasts Nazi Strongholds, 1944/11/02 (1944) . Universal Newsreel . 1944 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 47–48. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 47. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 50. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 54. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 46. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 343. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 60–63. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 75. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 99–106. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 106. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 65–69. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 80–81. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 80. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 95–96. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 96. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 64, 73. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 64. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 73. ^ a b c Prefer 2012 , p. 70. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 71. ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1947). The Battle for Leyte Gulf . New York: Macmillan. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 107. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 110. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 111. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 111–113. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 115. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 116. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 120–121. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 121. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 133. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 133–140. ^ Journal, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 6 November 1944 to 10 November 1944 ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 147. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 148–149. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 162. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 147, 162. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 142, 152. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 266, 269. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 182. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 187–188. ^ a b c Prefer 2012 , p. 186. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 189. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 192. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 199. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 201. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 200. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 200–205. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 226–228. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 221, 229. ^ Miller, Donald (2001). The Story of World War II . New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 422 . ISBN 978-0743227186 . ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 232. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 230–231. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 233. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 232, 251. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 233–234. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 234–236. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 234. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 239, 360. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 239–240. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 242. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 257. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 258. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 274. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 284. ^ Prefer 2012 , pp. 258–264. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 289. ^ a b Prefer 2012 , p. 290. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 295. ^ Prefer 2012 , p. 325. ^ army.mil . p. 29. Retrieved 12 September 2021 ^ Dufty, David (2017). The Secret Code-Breakers of Central Bureau . Melbourne, London: Scribe. p. 318. ISBN 9781925322187 . Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from The Leyte Campaign . United States Army Center of Military History . Chun, Clayton (2015). Leyte 1944: Return to the Philippines . Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978 1-4728-0690-1 . Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Leyte: Unanswered Questions". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army . Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0 . Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945: Volume XII of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-7858-1313-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). Leyte, 1944: The Soldiers' Battle . Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9781612001555 . Vego, Milan N. (2006). Battle for Leyte, 1944: Allied And Japanese Plans, Preparations, And Execution . Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-885-2 . Sandler, S. (2000). World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia (Military History of the United States) . Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-1883-9 . Toll, Ian W. (2020). Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945 . New York: W. W. Norton. Van Ells, Mark D. (2024) Red Arrow across the Pacific: The Thirty-Second Infantry Division during World War II . Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-1-9766-0033-3. External links Ibiblio.Org: U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, Leyte Battleship.Org: Battle of Leyte Soldiers of the 184th Infantry, 7th ID in the Pacific, 1943–1945 U.S. Intelligence Report on Japanese Use of Mines on Leyte MacArthur Landing Memorial Park (Red Beach, Palo, Leyte, Philippines) Conflicts in 1944 1944 in the Philippines Philippines campaign (1944–1945) Battles and operations of World War II involving the Philippines History of Leyte (province) History of Southern Leyte Battles of World War II involving Japan Battles of World War II involving the United States October 1944 in Asia November 1944 in Asia December 1944 in Asia Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use Philippine English from March 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English Use dmy dates from June 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Filipino-language text Articles containing Waray (Philippines)-language text Articles containing Japanese-language text Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 10 December 2025, at 04:51 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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(1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 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Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone 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Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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Christopher Nolan: the Iconic Filmmaker and His Work . Quarto Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7112-7713-7 . Proctor, William (2023). Reboot Culture: Comics, Film, Transmedia . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783031409127 . Brown, Jeffrey (2016). The Modern Superhero in Film and Television: Popular Genre and American Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781317484516 . Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 9781556525919 . Solomon, Brian (2023). Superheroes!: The History of a Pop-Culture Phenomenon from Ant-Man to Zorro . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781493064526 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Powers Toggle Powers subsection 1.1 Complements and compensations 1.1 Complements and compensations 2 History 3 Requirements 4 Term limits 5 Recall 6 Office-holders 7 See also 8 References 9 External links President of Venezuela العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Română Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Presidential seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Delcy Rodríguez Acting since 5 January 2026 Style Mr./Madam President ( Señor/a Presidente/a ) His/Her Excellency ( Su Excelencia ) Member of Cabinet Residence La Casona Seat Miraflores Palace , Caracas Appointer Popular vote election Term length 6 years, no term limits Constituting instrument Constitution of Venezuela (1999) Inaugural holder Cristóbal Mendoza ( First Republic ) José Antonio Páez ( State of Venezuela ) Formation January 13, 1830 (196 years ago) ( 1830-01-13 ) Deputy Vice President Salary US$ 4,068 monthly [ 1 ] Website presidencia.gob.ve Politics of Venezuela Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Executive President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet Legislature National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 Judiciary Supreme Tribunal of Justice Supreme Tribunal of Justice Federal divisions Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Elections Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Venezuela portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de Venezuela ), officially known as the president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ), is the executive head of state and head of government of Venezuela . The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces . Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela , and presidential term limits were removed in 2009. [ 2 ] The office of president in Venezuela has existed since the 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence from the Spanish Crown ; the first president was Cristóbal Mendoza . From 1821 to 1830, Venezuela was a member state of Gran Colombia , and the Venezuelan executive was absorbed by the Colombian government in Bogotá . When the State of Venezuela became independent from Gran Colombia, the office of the president was restored under José Antonio Páez . Every head of state of Venezuela since then has held the title of president. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic civilian governments until the 2010s, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. The Venezuelan presidential crisis was a political crisis concerning the leadership and who holds the office remained disputed until 5 January 2023. It began when the opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro 's 2018 re-election was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó , to be acting president of the country. [ 3 ] However, support for Guaidó declined following a failed uprising attempt in April 2019 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Efforts led by Guaidó to create a transitional government were unsuccessful, with Maduro continuing to control Venezuela's state institutions. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The European Union still does not recognize Maduro as the legitimate president, threatening his government with further sanctions . [ 9 ] The interim government was dissolved in December 2022, when three of the four main political parties approved its dissolution to create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as the deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential election of July 2024 . [ 6 ] On 3 January 2026, the United States captured then-president Nicolás Maduro , as well as his wife Cilia Flores , and extracted them from the country . As a result, Delcy Rodríguez became the acting president. Rodríguez is the current acting president. Powers As a self described republic with a presidential executive, Venezuela grants significant powers to the president. The president effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the cabinet and, with the approval of the National Assembly , the judges for the Supreme Tribunal of Justice . The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces (FANB). The powers and obligations of the president of Venezuela are established, limited and numbered by articles 236 and 237 of the constitution : To comply with and enforce the Constitution and the law. To direct the activity of the Government. To appoint and remove the Executive Vice-president and the Cabinet Ministers . To direct the international relations of the Republic and sign and ratify international treaties, agreements or conventions. To direct the National Armed Forces in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief. To exercise supreme command over the National Armed Forces, promote their officers at the rank of colonel or naval captain and above, and appoint them to the positions exclusively reserved to them. To declare states of exception and order the restriction of guarantees in the cases provided for under the Constitution. To issue executive orders having the force of law, subject to authorization in advance by an enabling act. To call special sessions of the National Assembly. To issue regulations for the application of laws, in whole or in part, without altering the spirit, purpose and reason for being of the laws. To administer the National Public Treasury. To negotiate national loans. To order extraordinary budget item in addition to the budget, subject to authorization in advance from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee. To enter into contracts in the national interest, subject to this Constitution and applicable laws. To designate, subject to prior authorization from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee, the Attorney-General of the Republic and the heads of the permanent diplomatic missions. To designate and remove those officials whose appointment is made subject to his discretion by the Constitution or the applicable law. To address reports or special messages to the National Assembly, either in person or through the executive vice-president. To formulate the National Development Plan and, subject to approval in advance from the National Assembly, direct the implementation of the same. To grant pardons. To determine the number, organization and competence of the Ministries and other organs comprising the National Public Administrative Branch, as well as the organization and functions of the Cabinet Ministers, within the principles and guidelines set forth in the pertinent organic law. To dissolve the National Assembly in the case contemplated by the Constitution. To call reference in the cases provided for under the present Constitution. To call and preside over meetings of the National Defense Council. Any others vested in the president under the Constitution and law. Complements and compensations The president's salary directly derives from the National Treasury, as stated in the Organic Law of Salaries, Pensions and Retirements of High Officials of the Public Power. During his or her tenure, the president may not be employed by anyone else, nor receive any other salary from the state. The president's salary is not to be superior to twelve monthly minimum wages , [ 10 ] that is to say, 67,469.76 VEF (as of February 2015). [ 11 ] The Presidential Honor Guard Brigade [ es ] of Venezuela is in charge of the president's protection, as well as the presidential family and their political peers. The Presidential Guard of Honor is made up of members from the four service branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces and other institutions of public security, and is headed by a general or flag officer. Since 1900, the official workplace of the president is the Palace of Miraflores in Caracas . The presidential residence has been the palace of La Casona since 1964, instituted by president Raúl Leoni . La Casona is not used by incumbent president Maduro , who has decided not to inhabit it. [ 12 ] Presidential Palaces Miraflores Palace La Casona History The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule , which took effect on 5 July 1811. The first president, taking office on 5 July 1811, was actually the president of a triumvirate of the first established Republic of Venezuela that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of 5 July was one of the three signatories of the Declaration of Independence: Cristóbal Mendoza . Mendoza shared the triumvirate with Juan Escalona and Baltasar Padrón. A second triumvirate followed on 3 April 1812, whose members were Francisco Espejo, Fernando Toro and Francisco Javier Ustariz. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Owing to the profound confusion of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the period of Gran Colombia over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) and the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) as Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830. In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on 13 January 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind Cristóbal Mendoza in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the dissolution of Gran Colombia. From that point on, five constitutions were adopted, all slightly changing the extent of the president's powers and responsibilities. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Nicolás Maduro [ 15 ] of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) entered the office as interim president on 5 March 2013 after the death of Hugo Chávez , and was elected in the 2013 presidential election . He was reelected in the 2018 presidential election , which was disputed amid charges of irregularities including: the elections were held four months before the prescribed date, [ 16 ] multiple major opposition parties were banned from participating or imprisoned, [ 17 ] and there were charges of vote-buying. [ 15 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] On 5 January 2019, the National Assembly declared that—following the expiration of the mandate granted through the 2013 presidential election —Maduro would have no constitutional mandate to govern Venezuela if he was sworn in on 10 January . [ 20 ] Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution establishes that in the event of a presidential vacuum, the president of the National Assembly takes charge of the presidency until a new election is called within 30 days. Noting that the 2018 presidential election failed to adhere to constitutional requirements, the National Assembly contend that Maduro's second term never began, and the seat is vacant. [ 21 ] On 11 January, Juan Guaidó of the Popular Will party and president of the legislature stated that he was prepared to take on the role of acting president. [ 22 ] With the National Assembly recognizing a vacuum in the office of the president, [ 23 ] and citing Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, [ 21 ] Guaidó was declared acting president of Venezuela by that body on 16 January. [ 21 ] The legislature approved the Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to Re-establish the Validity of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : Estatuto que Rige la Transición a la Democracia para Restablecer la Vigencia de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana De Venezuela ) on 5 February, defining the timing of the transition. [ 24 ] Maduro's controversial win and Guaidó's subsequent claim triggered the Venezuelan presidential crisis . The international community is divided on the issue of the Venezuelan presidency; [ 25 ] AP News reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed, with allies Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó. [ 26 ] Moreover, the United Nations has continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela as of December 2019. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] In December 2022, three of the four main political parties ( Justice First , Democratic Action and A New Era ) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential elections scheduled for 2024, [ 6 ] [ 29 ] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set. [ 30 ] In January 2026, the United States launched airstrikes across the coastline of Venezuela as part of Operation Southern Spear . Nicolás Maduro was captured and flown out of the country. [ 31 ] Maduro asserted he remained President. [ 32 ] Requirements According to articles 227 and 229 of the Constitution of Venezuela , adopted in 1999, the following requirements must be met in order to become President of Venezuela: [ 33 ] Being a Venezuelan citizen from birth and possessing no other nationality. Being at least 30 years old at the time of the election. Not being a subject to any conviction by final judgment. Not being a Minister, governor, mayor, or the vice president of the Republic from the day the candidacy is announced to the day of the election. Term limits The current presidential term is for six years with the constitutionally guaranteed recourse of holding a popular recall referendum any time within the last three years of a presidential term. A 2009 referendum removed the previous restrictions which limited the president to 2 terms. [ 2 ] From 1958 to 1999, the presidential term was set at five years. A sitting president was not only barred from immediate reelection, but could not run again for 10 years (equivalent to two full terms) after leaving office. Recall This section needs expansion . You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( July 2016 ) The president may be recalled after a specific time in office. 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2016 Venezuelan recall referendum (not approved) Office-holders Presidents of Venezuela who served under the 1864 constitution (starting with Juan Crisóstomo Falcón ) bore the title of "President of the Union", instead of the usual "President of the Republic" still used today. Aside from that, all heads of state of the country since 1811 have held the title of "President of Venezuela", with minor variations regarding the official name of the country (which has changed four times since the restoration of the independence in 1830). See also Venezuela portal Politics portal List of presidents of Venezuela List of vice presidents of Venezuela History of Venezuela Politics of Venezuela References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Shocking Gap Between Latin America's Presidential Salaries And Workers Minimum Wage" . Latin Post. 22 June 2017. ^ a b "Chavez wins chance of fresh term" . BBC News Online (in Spanish). Caracas. 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . ^ "El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente" . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ * Rodríguez, Jesús A (8 May 2019). "We are going to take over the premises" . Politico . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . In Venezuela, though the number of people who say they recognize Guaidó as the legitimate president has dwindled to about 50 percent since January, his approval remains much stronger than Maduro's abysmal 4 percent. Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... ^ "Trump Weighs More-Muscular Venezuela Moves on Doubts Over Guaido" . Bloomberg News. 6 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 December 2019 . ^ a b c Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido" . Reuters . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ Rodriguez Montilla, Camille; Rueda, Manuel (30 December 2022). "Venezuelan opposition strips Guaidó of 'presidential' role" . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Herrera, Isayen; Turkewitz, Julie (22 December 2022). "Guaidó, the Face of Opposition in Venezuela, May Be on His Way Out" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Emmott, Robin (6 January 2021). "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2021 . ^ "Ley Orgánica de Emolumentos, Pensiones y Jubilaciones de los Altos Funcionarios del Poder Público" (PDF) . Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Oficializan aumento de 15% del salario mínimo" . El Universal (in Spanish). Caracas. 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Presidente Maduro aclaró rumores sobre presencia de familia Chávez en La Casona" . Noticias Candela (in Spanish). 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ (in Spanish) "Presidentes de Venezuela" . Consulado General de Bucaramanga. Archived from the original on 5 August 2002. ^ Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela , Vol. 3. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. ISBN 978-980-6397-37-8 . ^ a b Oner, Imdat (2 February 2021). "Nicolas Maduro: A populist without popularity - ECPS" . Retrieved 19 August 2024 . ^ "Venezuela opposition weighs election run" . BBC News . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ "ANC aprobó un decreto para la validación de los partidos políticos" . El Nacional . 20 December 2017. * Olmo, Guillermo D. (10 January 2019). "Por qué es polémico que Maduro jure como presidente de Venezuela y por qué lo hace ahora si las elecciones fueron en mayo" . BBC News Mundo . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales – Efecto Cocuyo" . efectococuyo.com . 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Venezuela opposition banned from running in 2018 election" . BBC News . 11 December 2017. ^ "Maduro eyes re-election as Venezuela fires starting gun for presidential vote" . The Guardian . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's Maduro re-elected amid outcry over vote" . Reuters . 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's parliament rejects legitimacy of Maduro second term" . The Straits Times . 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ a b c Bello, Camille (27 January 2019). "Is it legal for Juan Guaidó to be proclaimed Venezuela's interim president?" . Euronews . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ Smith, Scott (12 January 2019). "Maduro foe says he's ready to replace the president" . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Armas, Mayela; Pons, Corina (15 January 2019). "Update 3-Venezuela Congress declares President Maduro 'usurper' of democracy" . CNBC . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Brito, Estefani (8 February 2019). "El estatuto que rige la transición entró en vigencia el martes" [The statute governing the transition took effect on Tuesday]. El Nacional (in Spanish) . Retrieved 9 March 2019 . ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?" . Reuters . 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019 . Retrieved 5 February 2019 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape" . AP News . Retrieved 25 February 2019 . ^ "UN backs credentials of Maduro officials" . EFE (in Spanish). 19 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 December 2019 . ^ "Report of the Credentials Committee" . United Nations General Assembly . Retrieved 29 January 2020 . ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish) . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino" . Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022 . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino. ^ "Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes" . Reuters . ^ Betts, Anna; Popat, Shrai; Lowe, Yohannes; Graham, Vicky; Fulton, Adam; Popat, Anna Betts (now); Shrai; Fulton (earlier), Adam (5 January 2026). "Nicolás Maduro pleads not guilty to US narco-terrorism charges and claims he is 'still president' of Venezuela – live" . the Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chapter 11 – National Executive Power External links Official website of the Presidency of Venezuela Archived 21 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Official website of the Venezuelan Government (in Spanish) v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Venezuela articles v t e History New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état Geography Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Politics Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President President List Vice President Cabinet List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Economy Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag anthem coat of arms flag Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Presidents of Venezuela 1830 establishments in Venezuela Government of Venezuela CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from September 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from November 2023 Articles containing Spanish-language 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . 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Desert rodents in disturbed shrub communities and their effects on plant recruitment. In: Roundy, Bruce A.; McArthur, E. Durant; Haley, Jennifer S.; Mann, David K., compilers. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19–21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 209–215 ^ Mares, Michael A. (1983). "Desert rodent adaptation and community structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs". 7 : 30– 43. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ West, N. E. 1983. Western Intermountain sagebrush steppe. In: Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Amsterdam; Oxford; New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. 352–374. (Goodall, David W., ed. in chief; Ecosystems of the world; vol. 5) ^ Ogden, Verland T.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (1977). "Nesting density and success of prairie falcons in southwestern Idaho". Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Yemeni civil war 3 See also 4 References United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations العربية עברית Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic . (June 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at [[:ar:العلاقات اليمنية الإماراتية]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ar|العلاقات اليمنية الإماراتية}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at [[:ar:العلاقات اليمنية الإماراتية]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ar|العلاقات اليمنية الإماراتية}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . United Arab Emirates Yemen The United Arab Emirates and Yemen have a complex and strained relationship, as the UAE has played a significant role in regional politics in Yemen, and has at various points been an adversary of the country, as the UAE's involvement in Yemen, for example the United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra , and its support for the Southern Transitional Council , a secessionist organization in Southern Yemen, [ 1 ] has been a source of tension between the two countries, and has contributed to the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis in the country. Furthermore, the UAE has been involved in other efforts in Yemen that have been controversial. The country has been accused of backing local militias and separatist groups that have sought to gain more autonomy or independence from the central government. Some critics have accused the UAE of using these groups to further its own interests in the region, rather than working towards a broader peace and stability in Yemen. [ 2 ] History The diplomatic relations between the UAE and Yemen started in 1971, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan have made four official visits to Yemen, first on November 21, 1972, fourth on December 21, 1986, when the Ma'rib Dam , which was rebuilt at the expense of the UAE, was opened. [ 3 ] Alongside the Federal Republic of Germany , the UAE chairs the Task Force on Economics and Good Governance in the Friends of Yemen International Group that was formed during the London 2010 conference to support development in Yemen. The Emirates Red Crescent Authority opened an office in the capital, Sanaa , in 1996 . The two countries agreed to form the UAE-Yemeni Joint Ministerial Committee in 1995 under the chairmanship of the two foreign ministers. The committee held the session of its first meeting in the Yemeni capital, Sana'a, on February 12, 2001, and the committee held its second meeting in Abu Dhabi during the period December 14–16, 2009. Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen with the help of the UAE, Bahrain and Qatar. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Yemen then started to fire rockets and drones at Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, Jordan and Egypt. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Yemeni civil war The United Arab Emirates joined the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war in support for the Hadi Government of Yemen. On April 30, 2018, UAE invaded Socotra island from Yemen. Two weeks later on 14 May, Saudi troops were also deployed to the archipelago and a deal was brokered between the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces and Yemen's forces for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of Socotra's airport and seaport to Yemen. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The relations were strained for a while after the United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra . Sheikh Моhamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan sought Mattis's assistance as a military advisor during the Yemen war. However, Mattis's consultations with the UАЕ were not disclosed in public records during his tenure as Secretary of Defense under President Trump. Despite this lack of transparency, Mattis maintained a strong relationship with the UАЕ, highlighted by a speech he delivered in Аbu Dhаbi. [ 11 ] See also Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates Foreign relations of Yemen References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Why are Saudi and the UAE competing in southern Yemen?" . Why are Saudi and the UAE competing in southern Yemen? . Retrieved 2022-12-23 . ^ "The UAE's Three Strategic Interests in Yemen" . Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington . 2022-02-24 . Retrieved 2022-12-23 . ^ WAM (2013-07-29). "Key aid projects during Zayed's time" . Khaleej Times . Archived from the original on 2019-04-16 . Retrieved 2018-04-09 . ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Kirkpatrick, David D. (2015-03-25). "Saudi Arabia Leads Air Assault in Yemen" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-11-17 . ^ "War in Yemen" . Global Conflict Tracker . Retrieved 2023-11-17 . ^ Ben-Ari, Lior (2023-11-01). "Not content with harming Israel, the Houthis lock horns with the UAE and the Saudis" . Ynetnews . Retrieved 2023-11-17 . ^ "Why Yemeni Houthis' attack on Israel has many worried" . The Indian Express . 2023-11-01 . Retrieved 2023-11-17 . ^ "Yemen PM: Crisis over UAE deployment to Socotra over" . Aljazeera.com . ^ "Yemen, UAE Agree on Deal Over Socotra" . Al Bawaba . 14 May 2018. ^ "As Saudi Arabia and the UAE struggle for control of Socotra, Yemen's island paradise may just swap one occupation for another" . The Independent . 21 May 2018. ^ Whitlock, Craig; Jones, Nate (2024-02-06). "Mattis secretly advised Arab monarch on Yemen war, records show" . The Washington Post . 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates v t e Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya Libya Somalia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Tanzania Americas Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Peru United States Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Turkey Vietnam Yemen Europe Cyprus Denmark France Germany Greece Holy See Kosovo North Macedonia Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain United Kingdom Oceania Australia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya Libya Somalia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Tanzania Americas Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Peru United States 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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Charity status Wikimedia Foundation profile at Charity Navigator , charitynavigator.org Community Wikimedia mailing list archives Global community site for the Wikimedia Foundation's projects (meta.wikimedia.org) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Tutorials 2 Attributes 3 Elements Toggle Elements subsection 3.1 Basic 3.1.1 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 3.1.2 p 3.1.3 br 3.1.4 hr 3.1.5 Comments 3.2 Formatting 3.2.1 abbr 3.2.2 b 3.2.3 bdi 3.2.4 bdo 3.2.5 blockquote 3.2.6 cite 3.2.7 code 3.2.8 data 3.2.9 del 3.2.10 dfn 3.2.11 em 3.2.12 i 3.2.13 ins 3.2.14 kbd 3.2.15 mark 3.2.16 pre 3.2.16.1 HTML entities 3.2.17 q 3.2.18 rp, rt, rtc, ruby 3.2.19 s 3.2.20 samp 3.2.21 small 3.2.22 strong 3.2.23 sub 3.2.24 sup 3.2.25 time 3.2.26 u 3.2.27 var 3.2.28 wbr 3.3 Lists 3.3.1 dl, dt, dd 3.3.2 ol, ul, li 3.4 Containers 3.4.1 div 3.4.2 span 3.5 Tables 3.5.1 table, td, tr 3.5.2 th 3.5.3 caption 3.5.4 thead, tfoot, tbody 3.1 Basic 3.1.1 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 3.1.2 p 3.1.3 br 3.1.4 hr 3.1.5 Comments 3.1.1 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 3.1.2 p 3.1.3 br 3.1.4 hr 3.1.5 Comments 3.2 Formatting 3.2.1 abbr 3.2.2 b 3.2.3 bdi 3.2.4 bdo 3.2.5 blockquote 3.2.6 cite 3.2.7 code 3.2.8 data 3.2.9 del 3.2.10 dfn 3.2.11 em 3.2.12 i 3.2.13 ins 3.2.14 kbd 3.2.15 mark 3.2.16 pre 3.2.16.1 HTML entities 3.2.17 q 3.2.18 rp, rt, rtc, ruby 3.2.19 s 3.2.20 samp 3.2.21 small 3.2.22 strong 3.2.23 sub 3.2.24 sup 3.2.25 time 3.2.26 u 3.2.27 var 3.2.28 wbr 3.2.1 abbr 3.2.2 b 3.2.3 bdi 3.2.4 bdo 3.2.5 blockquote 3.2.6 cite 3.2.7 code 3.2.8 data 3.2.9 del 3.2.10 dfn 3.2.11 em 3.2.12 i 3.2.13 ins 3.2.14 kbd 3.2.15 mark 3.2.16 pre 3.2.16.1 HTML entities 3.2.16.1 HTML entities 3.2.17 q 3.2.18 rp, rt, rtc, ruby 3.2.19 s 3.2.20 samp 3.2.21 small 3.2.22 strong 3.2.23 sub 3.2.24 sup 3.2.25 time 3.2.26 u 3.2.27 var 3.2.28 wbr 3.3 Lists 3.3.1 dl, dt, dd 3.3.2 ol, ul, li 3.3.1 dl, dt, dd 3.3.2 ol, ul, li 3.4 Containers 3.4.1 div 3.4.2 span 3.4.1 div 3.4.2 span 3.5 Tables 3.5.1 table, td, tr 3.5.2 th 3.5.3 caption 3.5.4 thead, tfoot, tbody 3.5.1 table, td, tr 3.5.2 th 3.5.3 caption 3.5.4 thead, tfoot, tbody 4 Obsolete/deprecated elements Toggle Obsolete/deprecated elements subsection 4.1 big 4.2 center 4.3 font 4.4 rb 4.5 strike 4.6 tt 4.1 big 4.2 center 4.3 font 4.4 rb 4.5 strike 4.6 tt 5 Unsupported elements Toggle Unsupported elements subsection 5.1 a 5.2 input 5.1 a 5.2 input 6 HTML Tidy 7 Exceptions 8 Validation 9 Parser and extension tags 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Help : HTML in wikitext العربية تۆرکجه भोजपुरी Català Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Latina Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Svenska ไทย 中文 Help page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version MediaWiki Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory This help page is a how-to guide . It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines , and may reflect varying levels of consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} H:HTML H:HTML WP:HTML WP:HTML H:HTML H:HTML WP:HTML WP:HTML Wikitext Cheatsheet All wikitext Sound files Visual files Tables Templates ( quick guide ) HTML within wikitext Pipe trick Cheatsheet All wikitext Sound files Visual files Tables Templates ( quick guide ) HTML within wikitext Pipe trick .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The MediaWiki software, which drives Wikipedia, allows the use of a subset of HTML5 elements , or tags and their attributes , for presentation formatting. [ 1 ] However, most HTML functionality can be replicated using equivalent wiki markup or templates . These alternatives are generally preferred within articles because they are often simpler for most editors to use and less intrusive in the editing interface. Wikipedia's Manual of Style recommends when and where these alternatives should be used. (See Help:Wikitext for wikitext equivalents to HTML tags not otherwise discussed below.) HTML can also be useful outside articles, such as for formatting within templates. For assistance with using Cascading Style Sheets on Wikipedia, see Help:Cascading Style Sheets . Some tags that resemble HTML are actually MediaWiki parser and extension tags , and so are actually wiki markup. HTML included in pages can be validated for HTML5 compliance by using validation . Note that some elements and attributes supported by MediaWiki and browsers have been deprecated by HTML5 and should no longer be used. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Tutorials This help page gives only an overview of allowed markup. For further assistance and detailed specifications: HTML5 Introduction at developer.mozilla.org HTML5 Introduction at w3schools.com Attributes HTML attributes provide additional information about an element and are always specified in the start tag. They are formatted as a name/value pair like name="value" . Global attributes apply to all tags. Attributes not listed here are not allowed by MediaWiki [ 1 ] : class : one or more classifications to which the element belongs. See Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes . dir : text direction— "ltr" (left-to-right), "rtl" (right-to-left) or "auto" . id : unique identifier for the element. lang : primary language for the contents of the element per BCP 47 . style : applies CSS styling to the contents of the element. title : advisory information associated with the element. HTML5 microdata attributes apply to all tags: [ 2 ] Any attribute beginning with data- itemid itemprop itemref itemscope itemtype Other tags such as <table> support specific attributes – these are listed in the appropriate section. Markup Renders as This is < span style = "color:red;" > red </ span > text. This is red text. This is red text. The MediaWiki Sanitizer.php does some cleanup on attributes. A best practice is to use the proper syntax. Discards attributes not on a whitelist for the given element. Turns broken or invalid entities into plaintext. Double-quotes all attribute values. Attributes without values are given the name as value. Double attributes are discarded. Unsafe style attributes are discarded. Prepends space if there are attributes. Elements These HTML elements are supported by the MediaWiki software. This section gives a brief overview of the HTML element, an example, relevant wikimarkup and templates. Basic h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 The <h1>...</h1> through <h6>...</h6> tags are headings for the sections with which they are associated. <h1> is used for the article title. Headings are styled through CSS and added to the page's table of contents . Markup Renders as <h1>Heading 1</h1> <h2>Heading 2</h2> <h3>Heading 3</h3> <h4>Heading 4</h4> <h5>Heading 5</h5> <h6>Heading 6</h6> .mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%} Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 Wikimarkup: surround the text with the appropriate number of equal signs. Headers formatted with wikimarkup add an [edit] link. Markup Renders as = Heading 1 = == Heading 2 == === Heading 3 === ==== Heading 4 ==== ===== Heading 5 ===== ====== Heading 6 ====== Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 Templates: {{ fake heading }} for use in documentation p <p>...</p> tag places content into a separate paragraph. Markup Renders as <p>HyperText Markup Language</p><p>HyperText Markup Language</p> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Separate paragraphs by a single blank line. Markup Renders as HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language <p>...</p> is especially useful in lists, for list items with multiple paragraphs: Markup Renders as * <p> This is a paragraph. </p><p> This is another paragraph in the same item. </p> * This is a different item. This is a paragraph. This is another paragraph in the same item. This is a different item. This is a paragraph. This is another paragraph in the same item. This is a paragraph. This is another paragraph in the same item. This is a different item. Note that the closing tag </p> is not strictly necessary for MediaWiki installations that output HTML 5 (such as Wikipedia). br <br> inserts a line break. See H:BR for the other 4 versions that the MediaWiki software converts to <br /> in the HTML that browsers read. Markup Renders as HyperText<br>Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ break }} adds multiple line breaks. {{ crlf2 }} adds a true carriage return and line feed. {{ clear }} adds a break with styling to clear floating elements. {{ plainlist }} creates an unbulleted list. hr <hr> or <hr /> represents a paragraph-level thematic break and presents as a horizontal rule. Markup Renders as <hr /> Wikimarkup: use ---- Markup Renders as ---- Templates: {{ hr }} Comments <!--...--> formats the enclosed text as a hidden comment. Markup Renders as HyperText<!--Markup Language--> HyperText HyperText Be careful with spacing around comments. Surrounding a comment with blank lines will result in a blank paragraph, perceived as an extra two blank lines: Markup Renders as Content line 1 <!-- Comment --> Content line 2 Content line 1 Content line 2 Content line 1 Content line 2 Formatting abbr <abbr>...</abbr> creates a tooltip to define an abbreviation or acronym that is displayed on mouse-over. Markup Renders as <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr> HTML HTML Templates: {{ abbr }} b <b>...</b> formats text stylistically offset from other text (bold) without conveying extra importance. Markup Renders as <b>HyperText Markup Language</b> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Use ''' to open and close bold text. Markup Renders as '''HyperText Markup Language''' HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language bdi <bdi>...</bdi> isolates the content from the surrounding text-direction settings. Markup Renders as اليمين إلى اليسارleft to right اليمين إلى اليسارleft to right اليمين إلى اليسارleft to right اليمين إلى اليسار<bdi>left to right</bdi> اليمين إلى اليسار left to right اليمين إلى اليسار left to right Support: Firefox, Chrome bdo <bdo>...</bdo> specifies the text direction. Attributes and values: dir – Specifies the text direction. ltr rtl ltr rtl Markup Renders as <bdo dir="rtl">HyperText Markup Language</bdo> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language blockquote <blockquote>...</blockquote> presents text in an offset block. Markup Renders as <blockquote>HyperText Markup Language</blockquote> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ quote }} ; supports pre-formatted attribution and source parameters. For other specialized quotation templates, see Category:Quotation templates . cite <cite>...</cite> contains the title of a work. This is a new definition in HTML5— in the previous XML implementation <cite> was used to contain a citation or a reference to other sources. No formatting is applied when this tag is used. Markup Renders as <cite>HyperText Markup Language</cite> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language <cite>...</cite> is generally not used directly in Wikipedia articles, and is often misused; see Wikipedia:HTML 5#cite for replacement instructions. code <code>...</code> formats a section of computer code. Styled with CSS through mediawiki.skinning/elements.less as a black monospaced typeface with a grey background (#F8F9FA) and border (#EAECF0). Markup Renders as [ 3 ] <code>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</code> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet <code>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</code> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet <code><nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</nowiki></code> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Templates: {{ code }} uses < syntaxhighlight > . See the "See also" section at the template page for additional code-markup templates. See § samp and § kbd on this page for semantic markup of output and input, respectively. data <data>...</data> formats a machine-readable version of contents. Markup Renders as <data value="978-0764502149">HTML for Dummies</data> HTML for Dummies HTML for Dummies Attributes: value del <del>...</del> formats deleted text. Markup Renders as <del>HyperText Markup Language</del> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language dfn <dfn>...</dfn> is used for indicating the defining instance of a term. Markup Renders as <dfn>Definition</dfn> Definition Definition Templates: {{ dfn }} em <em>...</em> represents a span of text with emphatic stress (i.e. semantic emphasis). In most browsers, it renders as italic. Markup Renders as <em>HyperText Markup Language</em> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ em }} i <i>...</i> represents a span of text offset from its surrounding content without conveying any extra emphasis or importance, and for which the conventional typographic presentation is italic text. Markup Renders as <i>HyperText Markup Language</i> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Use '' to open and close italic text. Markup Renders as ''HyperText Markup Language'' HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language ins <ins>...</ins> indicates a range of text that has been added. Styled as underlined text. Used on talk pages to indicate refactored text; see WP:REDACT . Markup Renders as <ins>HyperText Markup Language</ins> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language kbd <kbd>...</kbd> indicates user input such as keyboard input or voice commands (but no .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#EEE;color:var(--color-base)}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#171a1d}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#171a1d}} gray background as with the template {{ kbd }} ). Markup Renders as Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> Press Enter Press Enter Templates: {{ kbd }} applies monospace styling, and a light-grey background to distinguish from code ( <code> ) and output ( <samp> or {{ samp }} ). {{ key press }} renders illustrated keys and keystrokes. mark <mark>...</mark> represents a run of text in one document marked or highlighted for reference purposes, due to its relevance in another context. Marked text is formatted with a yellow background by default. Markup Renders as <mark>HyperText Markup Language</mark> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language <mark style="background:lightblue;">HyperText Markup Language</mark> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Support: Not supported by Internet Explorer 8 and below. pre <pre>...</pre> element represents a block of preformatted text. In MediaWiki, < pre > is actually a parser tag and not HTML, but the function is the same. It also prevents the parsing of templates. Markup Renders as [ 3 ] <pre>HyperText Markup Language</pre> HyperText Markup Language HTML entities <pre> parses HTML entities . If you want to escape this, replace & with , or use < syntaxhighlight lang="text"> instead. Markup Renders as [ 3 ] <pre> </pre> & <pre> </pre> < <pre> amp;</pre> <pre> lt;</pre> Templates: {{ pre }} wraps text that overflows the page. q <q>...</q> is used to mark a short quotation. There has been very little implementation of this element in Wikipedia yet. Markup Renders as <q>HyperText Markup Language</q> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language MOS:QUOTATIONS says Wikipedia should instead use "", {{ quote }} , or <blockquote>. rp, rt, rtc, ruby <ruby>...</ruby> marks spans of phrasing content with ruby annotations. <rtc>...</rtc> marks a ruby text container for ruby text components in a ruby annotation <rt>...</rt> marks the ruby text component of a ruby annotation; the ruby text shows in a reduced size over top of the normal characters. <rp>...</rp> is used to provide parentheses around a ruby text component of a ruby annotation, to be shown by user agents that don't support ruby annotations. Browsers that do not support ruby characters will show the ruby text in normal size, enclosed in parentheses and after the normal content. Markup Renders as < ruby > 東 < rtc >< rp > ( </ rp >< rt > とう </ rt >< rp > ) </ rp ></ rtc > 京 < rtc >< rp > ( </ rp >< rt > きょう </ rt >< rp > ) </ rp ></ rtc > </ ruby > 東 ( とう ) 京 ( きょう ) 東 ( とう ) 京 ( きょう ) Templates: {{ ruby }} {{ ruby-ja }} for Japanese {{ Ruby-zh-p }} for Chinese pinyin {{ Ruby-zh-b }} for Chinese bopomofo s <s>...</s> is used to indicate inline content that is no longer accurate or relevant and that has been struck from the page. It is not appropriate when indicating document edits; to mark a span of text as having been removed from a document, use <del> . Markup Renders as <s>HyperText Markup Language</s> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ strikethrough }} (for inline content), {{ strikethroughdiv }} (for block content) samp <samp>...</samp> indicates sample output from a program or computing system. Examples include: output of a program, script, or Wikipedia template; status displays or audio announcements made by an app or device; file system directory listings and samples from them, such as paths and file names. Markup Renders as sample output: <samp>HTML</samp> sample output: HTML sample output: HTML Templates: {{ samp }} applies monospace styling, and gives the text in dark grey to distinguish from code ( <code> ) and input ( <kbd> or {{ kbd }} ). small <small>...</small> format small text. Markup Renders as <small>HyperText Markup Language</small> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ small }} uses <span style="font-size:85%;"> . {{ small }} is recommended over <small> since <small>...</small> has a semantic meaning that is for fine print , whereas {{ small }} is purely stylistic. strong <strong>...</strong> formats a span of text with strong importance or unusual emphasis; in most browsers it renders as boldface. This should generally not be used in Wikipedia articles, per WP:Neutral point of view policy. See MOS:BOLD on use of this element and other boldfacing. Most semantic emphasis, including in quoted material, should be rendered with the <em> element. Markup Renders as <strong>HyperText Markup Language</strong> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ strong }} sub <sub>...</sub> formats a span of text as a subscript. Markup Renders as HyperText <sub>Markup Language</sub> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ sub }} ( subscript text) {{ subsub }} ( subscript subscript text) {{ sup }} ( superscript text) {{ su }} ( superscript subscript text) {{ sup sub }} (text sup sub ) {{ e }} (1.23 × 10 4 ) sup <sup>...</sup> formats a span of text as a superscript. Markup Renders as HyperText <sup>Markup Language</sup> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ sub }} ( subscript text) {{ subsub }} ( subscript subscript text) {{ sup }} ( superscript text) {{ su }} ( superscript subscript text) {{ sup sub }} (text sup sub ) {{ e }} (1.23 × 10 4 ) time <time>...</time> defines either a time (24 hour clock), or a date in the Gregorian calendar, optionally with a time and a time-zone offset. Markup Renders as <time>10:00</time> 10:00 10:00 Attributes: datetime Support: Not supported by Internet Explorer 8 and below. u <u>...</u> represents a span of text offset from its surrounding content without conveying any extra emphasis or importance, and for which the conventional typographic presentation is underlining; for example, a span of text in Chinese that is a proper name (a Chinese proper name mark), or span of text that is known to be misspelled. <u> was presentational element of HTML that was originally used to underline text; this usage was deprecated in HTML4 in favor of the CSS style {text-decoration: underline} . [ 4 ] In HTML5, the tag reappeared but its meaning was changed significantly: it now "represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation". [ 4 ] This facility is intended for example to provide a red wavy line underline to flag spelling errors at input time but which are not to be embedded in any stored file (unlike an emphasis mark, which would be). Markup Renders as <u>HyperText Markup Language</u> HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{ underline }} (which supplies the recommended CSS style) var <var>...</var> formats text in italics to indicate a variable in a mathematical expression or programming context, or placeholder text that the reader is meant to mentally replace with some other literal value. Markup Renders as * < var > E </ var > = < var > m </ var > c < sup > 2 </ sup > (c is a constant not a variable) * < code >< nowiki > {{ </ nowiki >< var > TemplateName </ var > | < var > parameter </ var > = < var > value </ var >< nowiki > }} </ nowiki ></ code > * If < var > A </ var > then < var > B </ var > E = m c 2 (c is a constant not a variable) {{ TemplateName | parameter = value }} If A then B E = m c 2 (c is a constant not a variable) {{ TemplateName | parameter = value }} If A then B Templates: {{ var }} {{ varserif }} formatted in italic serif to differentiate characters wbr <wbr> is a word break opportunity; that is, it specifies where it would be OK to add a line-break where a word is too long, or it is perceived that the browser will break a line at the wrong place. Markup Renders as Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning HyperText Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning HyperText Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning HyperText Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning Hyper<wbr>Text Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning Hyper Text Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning Hyper Text Markup Language As the browser window is adjusted narrower, the second example wraps between Hyper and Text . Lists Do not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list. dl, dt, dd <dl>...</dl> , <dt>...</dt> and <dd>...</dd> are used to create a description list (formerly definition list) with terms and descriptions. Terms are displayed in bold and descriptions are indented. Each term must include one or more descriptions. Markup Renders as < dl > < dt > Term </ dt > < dd > Definition 1 </ dd > < dd > Definition 2 </ dd > </ dl > Term Definition 1 Definition 2 Wikimarkup: <dt> is created using ; while automatically enclosed in <dl>...</dl> . <dd> is created using : for each value. For a single or first value the : can be placed on the same line after ; where subsequent values must be placed on separate lines. Markup Renders as ; Term : Definition 1 : Definition 2 Term Definition 1 Definition 2 Templates: {{ defn }} ol, ul, li <ol>...</ol> represents an ordered list; <ul>...</ul> represents an unordered list; <li>...</li> represents a list item within either type of list. Markup Renders as < ol > < li > Item 1 </ li > < li > Item 2 </ li > </ ol > Item 1 Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 < ul > < li > Item 1 </ li > < li > Item 2 </ li > </ ul > Item 1 Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 Wikimarkup: use * for items in an unordered list and # for ordered lists. Markup Renders as # Item 1 # Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 * Item 1 * Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 Item 1 Item 2 Templates: for a variety of specialized uses, see Category:List formatting and function templates . Containers div <div>...</div> is a generic container for flow content that displays as a block element. Markup Renders as HyperText <div>Markup</div> Language HyperText Markup Language span <span>...</span> is a container for flow content that displays as an inline element. Markup Renders as HyperText <span>Markup</span> Language HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Tables table, td, tr <table>...</table> defines a table. <tr>...</tr> defines a table row. <td>...</td> defines a data cell with contents that may include text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc. Markup Renders as < table border = 1 > < tr > < td > data </ td > < td > data </ td > </ tr > </ table > data data data data Attributes: <table> : Allowed but not recommended: border="" and border="1" Allowed but obsolete: border (with a non-empty value different from "1"), align , bgcolor , cellpadding , cellspacing , frame , rules , summary , width [ 5 ] <td> : colspan , headers , rowspan Allowed but obsolete: abbr , align , axis , bgcolor , scope , height , nowrap , valign , width [ 5 ] th <th>...</th> defines a table header; styled as centered and bold. Markup Renders as < table border = "1" > < tr > < th > Header </ th > < th > Header </ th > </ tr > < tr > < td > data </ td > < td > data </ td > </ tr > </ table > Header Header data data Header Header data data Attributes: <th> : colspan , headers , rowspan , scope Allowed but obsolete: abbr , align , axis , bgcolor , height , nowrap , valign , width [ 5 ] caption <caption>...</caption> adds a caption to a table. Markup Renders as < table border = 1 > < caption > Caption </ caption > < tr > < td > data </ td > < td > data </ td > </ tr > </ table > Caption data data data data Attributes: <caption> : Allowed but obsolete: align [ 5 ] thead, tfoot, tbody <thead> , <tfoot> and <tbody> are not supported, but are automatically generated when the page is rendered. Obsolete/deprecated elements These elements are now obsolete and either deprecated or removed in HTML5, although they are still supported by browsers. [ 5 ] Their use should be avoided on Wikipedia. These tags either have an alternate tag or a template that replaces their function with CSS; except for <big>...</big> , the tags are being replaced by editors on pages throughout Wikipedia (see Wikipedia:Linter for more details). See Wikipedia:HTML5 § Obsolete elements and attributes for more details on obsolete HTML parts and their replacements. big <big>...</big> (obsolete) was used to render text in a "large" font. Templates: {{ big }} uses CSS. center <center>...</center> (obsolete) was used to center text elements. Templates: {{ center }} uses CSS. font <font>...</font> (obsolete) was used to set the font size, font face and color of text. Templates: {{ font }} uses CSS. rb <rb>...</rb> (obsolete) was used to mark base text in a ruby annotation. For replacements, see: Help:HTML in wikitext#rp, rt, rtc, ruby strike <strike>...</strike> (obsolete) formatted strike-through characters; use <s>...</s> or <del>...</del> instead, depending on the context. tt <tt>...</tt> (obsolete) formatted text in a fixed-width font. Use <code> , <kbd> , <var> , or <samp> instead, depending on the context. Templates: {{ mono }} uses CSS. Unsupported elements These elements are not supported, but have equivalent wiki markup. Attempting to use any element not whitelisted by Sanitizer.php will result in the markup showing as plain text. a <a> is used to create links. Use the [[ ]] wikimarkup for internal/intrawiki links and interwiki links , and [ ] for external links. input <input> is used to create forms . The < inputbox > extension tag is used to create a text box with a button. HTML Tidy This section is retained only for historical reference. HTML Tidy is an outdated HTML4 library [ vague ] that is slated for removal . Tidy parses the MediaWiki output and cleans it up to increase the likelihood that valid HTML4 is rendered. For example, with Tidy enabled, <br> , </br> , <br/> , <br.> all rendered as <br /> . Tidy is not enabled for MediaWiki interface pages . Tidy was never perfect and has been known to introduce errors. Exceptions In some pages in the MediaWiki namespace , typically the short messages like button labels, HTML is not parsed, and tags will be exposed. User and sitewide CSS and JavaScript pages are interpreted as if inside a <pre> block. See Help:User style . Validation The MediaWiki software attempts to fix HTML errors, but it does not catch all of them. Where HTML is used, it is helpful to verify it with the W3C Markup Validation Service . Parser and extension tags Help:Extension tag Help:Extension tag Help:Parser tag Help:Parser tag For a machine-generated list, see Special:Version#mw-version-parser-extensiontags . It may include tags not documented here. See also Help:Wikitext Wikipedia:HTML5 References ^ a b Allowable elements and attributes are defined in the Sanitizer.php module. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The microdata model" . HTML Living Standard . ^ a b c For the table cell a white background color was chosen here for a better display of the light gray background. ^ a b "<u>: The Unarticulated Annotation (Underline) element" . mozilla.org . 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 9 October 2020 . ^ a b c d e "HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML: Obsolete Features" . W3C . 31 July 2014. 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P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy 2 Distribution 3 Plant communities 4 Cover requirements 5 Lifecycle 6 Food habits 7 Predators 8 References 9 External links Ord's kangaroo rat العربية Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara Français 한국어 Kotava مصرى Nederlands پنجابی Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Ord's kangaroo rat Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Genus: Dipodomys Species: D. ordii Binomial name Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse , 1853 Ord's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) is a kangaroo rat native to western North America , specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin , with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hip feet, which distinguishes it from Dipodomys elator . It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from D. elator (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States , the population in Canada is considered endangered. [ 4 ] Taxonomy The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall [ 5 ] listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the taxon is considerable. [ 6 ] Distribution Ord's kangaroo rat ranges from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southern Hidalgo , Mexico , and from central Oregon and eastern California east to central Kansas and Oklahoma . [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats occur mainly in semiarid, open habitats. In Nevada, they were trapped in desert scrub and gravelly soil, flat pebble desert, and washes. [ 8 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for open shrublands and grasslands on sandy soils. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho, big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum ) range, most Ord's kangaroo rat captures occurred on disturbed sites or areas of sparse cover: Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ), cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), and green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), followed by disturbed areas seeded to crested wheatgrass, then undisturbed big sagebrush. [ 9 ] In western South Dakota, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) towns. [ 10 ] In Wyoming, Ord's kangaroo rats are abundant in sand dune communities where vegetation is greater than 10 inches (25 cm) tall and bare soil exceeds 40%. [ 7 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats were primarily captured in open areas with firm soil. Firm or lightly compacted soils are needed for burrow construction; highly compacted soils are too hard for them to dig. [ 11 ] In areas of desert pavement or tough clay soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats are confined to pockets of windblown sand and alluvial soils along arroyos. [ 12 ] Strong intraspecific competition and little interspecific competition occurs among Dipodomys species. [ 13 ] In New Mexico, where Ord's kangaroo rats are sympatric with Merriam's kangaroo rats ( D. merriamii ), Ord's kangaroo rats were mostly captured in grassy microhabitats, and Merriam's kangaroo rats were captured more often around creosotebush. [ 13 ] Herbicide defoliation of shrubs (for rangeland improvement) reduced live canopy cover of creosotebush and resulted in an increase in bush muhly ( Muhlenbergia porteri ). After treatment, Ord's kangaroo rats replaced Merriam's kangaroo rats as the dominant rodent. This was suggested to be due to the change in habitat structure to open grass. [ 14 ] Removal experiments to establish single species populations of kangaroo rats were unsuccessful, since many kangaroo rats are transient and quickly occupy vacated habitats. [ 13 ] Only one adult occupies a given burrow system, except for a brief period during breeding activity. Little territoriality occurs above ground except near burrow entrances, which are defended. [ 8 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rat annual home ranges in mesquite averaged 3.35 acres (1.36 hectares). [ 7 ] In Nevada sagebrush/grassland, Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges were estimated as 1.53 acres (0.62 hectares) by the circular method and 1.06 acres (0.43 hectares) by the principal component method. Home range movements increased through spring and again in late fall and early winter. No significant difference was found between male and female Ord's kangaroo rat home ranges; however, female home ranges decreased during reproductive periods. [ 15 ] Recapture data for Ord's kangaroo rats in Arizona indicated they do not travel far from the home range; most Ord's kangaroo rats were recaptured within 165 ft (50 m) of the original capture site. Data on the lifetime movements of individuals indicated most were recaptured within 330 feet (100 m) of the original capture site. [ 16 ] In sagebrush in the Great Basin, Ord's kangaroo rats reach an average density of 113 rats per 10 ha. [ 17 ] In intermountain salt-desert shrublands, the population density averaged 28 individuals per 10 ha in shadscale communities and 135 individuals per 10 ha in black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) communities. [ 18 ] Plant communities Ord's kangaroo rats occur in communities on sandy soils, including semiarid grasslands, mixed-grass prairie, shrub- and scrublands, and pinyon ( Pinus spp.)-juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands. [ 7 ] In Canada, They are confined to open, sandy areas with sparse covers of sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), snowberry ( Symphoricarpos spp.), rose ( Rosa spp.), creeping juniper ( J. horizontalis ) and buffaloberry ( Shepherdia spp.); the distribution of Ord's kangaroo rats appears to be closely associated with that of lanceleaved breadroot ( Psoralea lanceolata ). [ 19 ] In Oregon, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in big sagebrush ( A. tridentata ), western juniper ( J. occidentalis ), and greasewood ( Sarcobatus spp.) communities. In Idaho, they are most abundant in juniper woodlands with rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp.) and winterfat ( Krascheninnikovia lanata ) in the understory, [ 7 ] but also occur on shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) range. [ 20 ] In Utah, Ord's kangaroo rats have an affinity for sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and saltbush ( Atriplex spp.) communities. [ 7 ] In Nevada, Ord's kangaroo rats are associated with big sagebrush communities. [ 21 ] In Colorado, Ord's kangaroo rats comprised 19% of small mammal captures in pinyon-juniper forest, scattered pinyon-juniper, and pinyon-juniper in canyon habitats. [ 11 ] In New Mexico, Ord's kangaroo rats are found in yucca ( Yucca spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), mesquite ( Prosopis spp.), saltbush, and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) communities. [ 7 ] [ 22 ] They are particularly abundant in mesquite sand dunes. [ 23 ] In Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats occur in honey mesquite ( P. glandulosa ), sand sagebrush ( Artemisia filifolia ), yucca, sand shinnery oak ( Q. havardii ), and broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) communities. [ 7 ] In southwestern Kansas, Ord's kangaroo rats are characteristic residents of sand sagebrush prairie. [ 24 ] Cover requirements Even in shrub-dominated communities, heteromyids including Ord's kangaroo rat tend to concentrate their activity in open areas between shrubs. [ 25 ] Ord's kangaroo rats dig shallow burrows in loose sand in the sides of natural sand dunes, riverbanks, or road cuts. The one central burrow is surrounded by trails to feeding areas. [ 19 ] The burrows have 3-in-diameter (7.6-cm-dia) openings. Small mounds are usually formed outside the entrance to the burrow. [ 26 ] The burrow opening is usually plugged with soil during the day to maintain temperature and humidity within tolerable levels. [ 7 ] [ 27 ] They scoop out small, shallow depressions to be used as dusting spots. [ 26 ] Lifecycle Ord's kangaroo rats are nocturnal, and spend their days in deep burrows. [ 26 ] Males are usually more abundant and active than females. Activity increases under cloud cover, particularly in winter. [ 7 ] Ord's kangaroo rats are active year-round in Texas, but further north, they are seldom seen above ground in cold weather. [ 26 ] Ord's kangaroo rat breeding season varies with subspecies and area. Usually, one or two peak breeding seasons occur per year, and in many areas, some breeding activity occurs year-round. [ 7 ] [ 28 ] The size of ovaries is significantly positively correlated with temperature. [ 7 ] The average length of the breeding period is 6.8 months. In Texas, males are fertile all year, with peak reproductive activity occurring between August and March. Higher reproductive rates are associated with increased precipitation and food supply and decreased population density. In a favorable growing season, most females breed at least twice a year, but when population density increased, females did not breed until November though growing conditions and food supplies were favorable. [ 29 ] In Arizona, the lowest proportion of males in breeding condition (about 60% of the male population) occurred in January and September–October. The lowest number of females in breeding condition occurred in November, but at least a few females were breeding at that time. [ 30 ] In Oklahoma, the two peaks in breeding activity are August–September and December through March. [ 31 ] In many areas, the onset of breeding activity follows a period of rainfall the previous month. [ 7 ] Gestation lasts 28 to 32 days; one to six embryos are usually found. In captivity, the maximum litter size was six young. [ 7 ] The maximum number of litters produced per year by a captive female was five, the maximum number of litters per lifetime was 9, and the maximum number of young per female's lifetime was 38. The longest-lived Ord's kangaroo rat in captivity is a wild caught female who lived until 9 yr 1 months. Brown and Zeng calculated an annual death rate of 0.35 for all age classes. [ 16 ] Food habits Ord's kangaroo rats are primarily granivorous and herbivorous . They consume a variety of foods, but most commonly eat the seeds of grasses and forbs, green vegetation, and dry vegetation. They occasionally consume animal material, mostly arthropods . In Colorado, seeds comprised 74% of their diets, forbs 13%, grasses and sedges 5%, arthropods 4%, and fungi and mosses 2%. [ 7 ] In southeastern Idaho big sagebrush/crested wheatgrass range, Ord's kangaroo rats consumed (in order of proportion) pollen, arthropods, plant parts (Asteraceae) and crested wheatgrass seeds. [ 9 ] A study of Ord's kangaroo rat foods in Texas found the primary foods consumed included seeds of sand paspalum ( Paspalum stramineum ), honey mesquite, sand bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus ), common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), and rose-ring gaillardia ( Gaillardia pulchella ). [ 32 ] In Texas, seeds of creosotebush, gramas ( Bouteloua spp.) and dropseeds ( Sporobolus spp.) formed the major portion of Ord's kangaroo rat diets. [ 12 ] Seeds of mesquite, Russian-thistle, sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.), and sandbur ( Cenchrus spp.) are also major dietary items. [ 26 ] Harvested seeds are transported in cheek pouches to burrows and consumed or cached there. Ord's kangaroo rats also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. [ 33 ] Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. [ 19 ] [ 34 ] Predators In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), kit fox ( Vulpes velox ), bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), badgers ( Taxidea taxus ), long-eared owls ( Asio otus ), short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp.), and gopher snakes ( Pituophis melanoleucus ). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 35 ] In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ( Falco mexicanus ) nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. [ 36 ] References This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dipodomys ordii . 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Journal of Wildlife Management . 41 (1): 1– 11. doi : 10.2307/3800084 . JSTOR 3800084 . External links View the kangaroo rat genome in Ensembl . View the dipOrd1 genome assembly in the UCSC Genome Browser .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category Taxon identifiers Dipodomys ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Wikidata : Q302232 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ordii ADW : Dipodomys_ordii BOLD : 153826 CoL : 36PN2 EoL : 328115 EPPO : DPDMOR FEIS: dior GBIF : 2439541 iNaturalist : 44124 IRMNG : 11131896 ITIS : 180244 IUCN : 6691 MDD : 1001901 MSW : 12700071 NatureServe : 2.103588 NCBI : 10020 Open Tree of Life : 917328 Paleobiology Database : 45830 Xeno-canto : Dipodomys-ordii Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX IUCN Red List least concern species Dipodomys Fauna of the Great Basin Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) Fauna of the Western United States Rodents of the United States Rodents of Mexico Mammals described in 1853 Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:35 (UTC) . 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We zoudn geirn zien da die tabelln volledig angevuld geroakn. Dus o je ziet dat joun gemêente nog nie angevuld es, keun je toun een klêen efforke doen? bewerkn Nieuws Wikipedia:Café : vo te discuteern en vo de passant die een vroagske of ipmerkiengske wil placeern. bewerkn Wikipedia:Café : vo te discuteern en vo de passant die een vroagske of ipmerkiengske wil placeern. bewerkn Doel en ofsproakn Zie uus gebrukersportoal bewerkn bewerkn En andje toesteekn ? Oe sprik je gy die woordn uut: Reeks V , Reeks IV , Reeks III , Reeks II , Reeks I Typische West-Vlamsche woordn — Klik ier en vul moa gerust an. Typische West-Vlamsche uutdrukkiengn — Ken je gy nog andere? De West-Vlamsche streekvariantn - We zyn tôpe en hêle studie an't doen over de regionoale verschilln in 't West-Vlams . We zoudn geirn zien da die tabelln volledig angevuld geroakn. Dus o je ziet dat joun gemêente nog nie angevuld es, keun je toun een klêen efforke doen? bewerkn Oe sprik je gy die woordn uut: Reeks V , Reeks IV , Reeks III , Reeks II , Reeks I Typische West-Vlamsche woordn — Klik ier en vul moa gerust an. Typische West-Vlamsche uutdrukkiengn — Ken je gy nog andere? De West-Vlamsche streekvariantn - We zyn tôpe en hêle studie an't doen over de regionoale verschilln in 't West-Vlams . We zoudn geirn zien da die tabelln volledig angevuld geroakn. Dus o je ziet dat joun gemêente nog nie angevuld es, keun je toun een klêen efforke doen? bewerkn Nieuwe artikels Kykt hier bewerkn Wuk da me geirn zoun ein Kyk noa de rôoie links in de Lyste van bekende West-Vloamiengn En kykt vodder ôok ne kêe noa: de begunnekes die driengend en duwke nôdig enne lyste van ounbestoande artikels woa dat er dikkers noa gerefereerd es artikels die uuzn Wikipedia zoe moetn ein volgens den Nederlandstoaligen wiki en volgens den Iengelschn wiki bewerkn Nieuwe artikels Kykt hier bewerkn Kykt hier bewerkn Wuk da me geirn zoun ein Kyk noa de rôoie links in de Lyste van bekende West-Vloamiengn En kykt vodder ôok ne kêe noa: de begunnekes die driengend en duwke nôdig enne lyste van ounbestoande artikels woa dat er dikkers noa gerefereerd es artikels die uuzn Wikipedia zoe moetn ein volgens den Nederlandstoaligen wiki en volgens den Iengelschn wiki bewerkn En kykt vodder ôok ne kêe noa: de begunnekes die driengend en duwke nôdig enne lyste van ounbestoande artikels woa dat er dikkers noa gerefereerd es artikels die uuzn Wikipedia zoe moetn ein volgens den Nederlandstoaligen wiki en volgens den Iengelschn wiki bewerkn Andere Wikipedia's Toalverwante Wikipedia's Afrikaans (Afrikoans) • Deutsch (Duuts) • Frysk (Fries) • Lëtzebuergesch (Luxemburgs) • Limburgs • Neadersassisk (Nedersaksisch) • Nederlands • Nuurdfresk (Nôord-Fries) • Plattdüütsch (Platduuts) • Ripoarisch (Ripuarisch) • Seeltersk (Saterfries) • Zeêuws (Zêeuws) Wikipedia's mè mêer of 1.000.000 artikels Deutsch (Duuts) • English (Iengels) • Español (Spoans) • Fran ç ais (Frans) • Italiano (Italioans) • Nederlands • Polski (Pools) • Português (Portugees) • Svenska (Zweeds) • enz. Olle toaln Andere Wikipedia's Toalverwante Wikipedia's Afrikaans (Afrikoans) • Deutsch (Duuts) • Frysk (Fries) • Lëtzebuergesch (Luxemburgs) • Limburgs • Neadersassisk (Nedersaksisch) • Nederlands • Nuurdfresk (Nôord-Fries) • Plattdüütsch (Platduuts) • Ripoarisch (Ripuarisch) • Seeltersk (Saterfries) • Zeêuws (Zêeuws) Wikipedia's mè mêer of 1.000.000 artikels Deutsch (Duuts) • English (Iengels) • Español (Spoans) • Fran ç ais (Frans) • Italiano (Italioans) • Nederlands • Polski (Pools) • Português (Portugees) • Svenska (Zweeds) • enz. Olle toaln Afrikaans (Afrikoans) • Deutsch (Duuts) • Frysk (Fries) • Lëtzebuergesch (Luxemburgs) • Limburgs • Neadersassisk (Nedersaksisch) • Nederlands • Nuurdfresk (Nôord-Fries) • Plattdüütsch (Platduuts) • Ripoarisch (Ripuarisch) • Seeltersk (Saterfries) • Zeêuws (Zêeuws) Wikipedia's mè mêer of 1.000.000 artikels Deutsch (Duuts) • English (Iengels) • Español (Spoans) • Fran ç ais (Frans) • Italiano (Italioans) • Nederlands • Polski (Pools) • Português (Portugees) • Svenska (Zweeds) • enz. Olle toaln Olle artikels van Wikipedia volln ounder de GNU Oopn Dokumentoasje Licensje . Wikipedia:Patrôon Wikipedia Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Suggestions for success 2 Responding to requests 3 List Toggle List subsection 3.1 Incidents for administrator attention 3.2 Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration 3.3 Other administrator assistance 3.4 Mergers, splits, and moves 3.5 Content dispute resolution 3.6 Copyright and spam 3.7 User and article sanctions 3.8 Other editor assistance and debates 3.9 Other support 3.1 Incidents for administrator attention 3.2 Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration 3.3 Other administrator assistance 3.4 Mergers, splits, and moves 3.5 Content dispute resolution 3.6 Copyright and spam 3.7 User and article sanctions 3.8 Other editor assistance and debates 3.9 Other support 4 See also Wikipedia : Noticeboards العربية تۆرکجه भोजपुरी Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu Português සිංහල 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This is an information page . It is neither an encyclopedia article nor one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines ; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:PNB WP:PNB WP:PNB WP:PNB Noticeboards on Wikipedia are places where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board. They are to be used for specific problems that editors encounter in writing and maintaining Wikipedia articles. Posting a message to a noticeboard can also be an appropriate early step in resolving disputes on Wikipedia . Noticeboards are best used for simple and urgent matters. If an editor needs a more complex response, and is willing to wait for it, the WP:Requests for comment process may be more suitable. Noticeboards are not places to advocate for change to Wikipedia's existing policies. Instead, such suggestions should be taken directly to the talk page of the applicable policy or guideline. Noticeboards are also not good places to recruit more editors to work with you. If you want to edit collaboratively, try posting a message at a relevant WP:WikiProject instead. If you need general help with creating and editing articles on Wikipedia, try Wikipedia:Questions . New editors may find the Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia page a valuable resource. If you want feedback on an article that you have planned, or that you have recently made major changes to, try the Teahouse or help desk . If you have a question about an encyclopedic subject, leave a note for the Wikipedia:Reference desk . Suggestions for success WP:PNBSUCCESS WP:PNBSUCCESS Posting a message at a noticeboard does not guarantee a response. Editors are more likely to respond to straightforward questions from friendly, productive editors. If you want to increase your odds of receiving a constructive response, try this: Messages should be concise. Long diatribes or sprawling monologues are likely to be ignored or dismissed as "Too long, didn't read" . Provide links to the relevant articles and diffs. Try to frame your issue as a specific, direct question: "Can this source be used to support this statement?" "Is this an acceptable external link for this article?" "Do you think this editor's account should be blocked for vandalism?" Some noticeboards have standardized formats for common requests; read and follow the directions to the best of your ability. Be civil. Sarcasm, slurs, and snide remarks should be avoided at all costs. If you are dealing with a heated dispute or are very frustrated, make an effort to present your question with a calm, detached, professional demeanor. See Wikipedia's pages on civility and personal attacks for additional advice. If the editors that respond to you disagree with you, don't argue with them — but do, if necessary, correct any factual misunderstandings or request further clarification. Sign and date all contributions, by appending four tildes "~~~~" to the end of every message. This simplifies page administration by allowing automatic archiving of older messages. Watch the page. Editors responding to your message are most likely to reply at the noticeboard. Responding to requests Any editor familiar with the relevant policies, guidelines, or procedures is encouraged to respond to requests on noticeboards. Responses that are direct, informed, concrete, and specific are particularly appreciated by editors that post questions. Some questions benefit from responses by multiple editors. Replies are generally given at the noticeboard; if you respond on another page, it may be helpful to leave a link to your response for the convenience of other editors at the noticeboard. List WP:PNBD WP:PNBD Select the noticeboard most closely connected to the question you have. Avoid posting the same situation to more than one noticeboard at a time. If an issue crosses boundaries, such as a WP:BLP issue involving vandalism , then choose one or the other, and if necessary, post a very brief message at the other board to point interested editors to the first noticeboard. Incidents for administrator attention Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard : coordinating and discussing tasks carried out by Wikipedia administrators . Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents : for reporting incidents requiring urgent attention by administrators. Wikipedia:Administrative action review : A noticeboard where administrative actions by administrators and the use of other advanced user rights can be discussed and reviewed by the community. Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring : for reporting edit warring and three-revert rule violations. Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism : for reporting vandalism requiring immediate administrator intervention. Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard : to assist Bureaucrats on project-related activities. Wikipedia:VRT noticeboard : Wikimedia's volunteer response team (VRT) handles copyright permissions, email inquiries from the public, reuse inquiries, article errors, and a wide range of non-public inquiries. Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee . Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for discussing the aforementioned announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests : request Arbcom cases, clarification and amendment. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement : request administrator enforcement of Arbcom decisions. Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for discussing the aforementioned announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests : request Arbcom cases, clarification and amendment. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement : request administrator enforcement of Arbcom decisions. Other administrator assistance Wikipedia:Closure requests : is for posting requests to have an uninvolved editor assess, summarize, and formally close a discussion on Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Requests for oversight : suppress edits that breach somebody's privacy, or defame somebody. Wikipedia:Requests for page protection : for requesting that a page, file or template be protected. Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations : for requesting for an investigation on whether two or more Wikipedia accounts are being abusively operated by the same person . Wikipedia:Requests for permissions : for requesting changes in user access levels Wikipedia:WikiProject Open proxies seeks to identify, verify and block open proxies and anonymity network exit nodes. Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention : for usernames that are such blatant and serious problems that they need to be immediately blocked. MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist : title and user name blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist : title and user name blacklist requests. Mergers, splits, and moves Wikipedia:Proposed article mergers : lists proposals merge articles Wikipedia:Proposed article splits : lists proposals to split articles Wikipedia:Requested moves : for requesting the retitling (moving) of an article, template, or project page on Wikipedia (but not a category ) Wikipedia:Requests for history merge : proposals for mergers of page edit-histories Wikipedia:Requests for page importation : requests that pages be imported with edit-history from other Wikimedia Foundation wikis to English Wikipedia Content dispute resolution Dispute resolution ( Requests ) Tips Assume good faith Use etiquette Be civil Be open to compromise Discuss on talk pages Failure to discuss Help desk ( Request ) Assume good faith Use etiquette Be civil Be open to compromise Discuss on talk pages Failure to discuss Help desk ( Request ) Content disputes Third opinion ( Request ) Mediation Noticeboards Requests for comment Resolution noticeboard ( Request ) Third opinion ( Request ) Mediation Noticeboards Requests for comment Resolution noticeboard ( Request ) Conduct disputes Administrator assistance ( Request ) Arbitration ( Request ) Administrator assistance ( Request ) Arbitration ( Request ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Wikipedia:Requests for comment/All : an informal process for requesting outside input concerning disputes, policies, guidelines, article content, or user conduct. Wikipedia:Third opinion : Third opinion (3O) is a means to request an outside opinion in a content or sourcing disagreement between two editors. Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard : to help resolve general disputes between editors. Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard : about maintaining Wikipedia's high standards for statements about living people in any kind of article. Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard : about WP:Conflicts of interest . Wikipedia:External links/Noticeboard : about selection and location of WP:External links (links not used to verify article content). Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard : about WP:Fringe theories . Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard : about achieving and maintaining a neutral point of view in articles. Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard : about synthesis and other kinds of WP:Original research . Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard : about identifying and correctly using reliable sources to verify article content Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard : about maintaining Wikipedia's high standards for statements about living people in any kind of article. Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard : about WP:Conflicts of interest . Wikipedia:External links/Noticeboard : about selection and location of WP:External links (links not used to verify article content). Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard : about WP:Fringe theories . Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard : about achieving and maintaining a neutral point of view in articles. Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard : about synthesis and other kinds of WP:Original research . Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard : about identifying and correctly using reliable sources to verify article content Copyright and spam Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations : to identify users who have repeatedly introduced copyright violations. Wikipedia:Copyright problems : for listing and discussing possible copyright problems involving text on Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Media copyright questions : a place for help with image copyrights, tagging, non-free content, and related questions. Wikipedia:Files for discussion : for reviewing compliance with non-free content criteria for media. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spam : for reports of spam . MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist : spam blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-whitelist : spam whitelist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist : spam blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-whitelist : spam whitelist requests. User and article sanctions Wikipedia:General sanctions : sanctions for editing certain articles inappropriately. Wikipedia:Editing restrictions : restrictions on particular users' behavior. Wikipedia:Long-term abuse : summarises a limited number of long term abusers. Other editor assistance and debates Wikipedia:Teahouse : a friendly place to help new editors become accustomed to Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Help desk : for questions about how to use or edit Wikipedia. Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style : for questions about Wikipedia writing style (tone, spelling, punctuation, abbreviations, layout, images, linking, etc.) Wikipedia:Education noticeboard : discussions relating to student assignments and the Wikipedia Education Program. Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk : for questions about article submissions to Wikipedia. Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request : requests for sharing the vast resources available to Wikipedians. Wikipedia:Village pump : a set of pages used to discuss the technical issues, policies and operations of Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab) : to discuss ideas and solutions to issues before proposing them to the community. Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) : to discuss existing and proposed policies. Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) : to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) : to discuss technical issues. Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) : for messages that do not fit into any of the other categories. Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF) : to discuss topics and ideas related to the Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab) : to discuss ideas and solutions to issues before proposing them to the community. Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) : to discuss existing and proposed policies. Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) : to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) : to discuss technical issues. Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) : for messages that do not fit into any of the other categories. Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF) : to discuss topics and ideas related to the Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia:Discussions for discussion : for discussion closers to discuss their evaluation of consensus in preparation for closing specific discussions. Other support Wikipedia:Bot owners' noticeboard : a message board for coordinating and discussing bot-related issues on Wikipedia (also including other programs interacting with the MediaWiki software). Wikipedia:Edit filter noticeboard : for coordination and discussion of edit filter use and management. Wikipedia:Main Page/Errors : to report an error you have noticed on today's or tomorrow's Main Page. See also Help portal For ongoing discussions and current requests, see Wikipedia:Dashboard . Wikipedia:Village pump Wikipedia:Negotiation Wikipedia:Mediation Wikipedia:Requests Wikipedia:List of WikiProjects Wikipedia:Regional notice boards v t e Noticeboards v t e Wikipedia's centralized discussion, request, and help venues . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the dashboard . For a related set of forums which do not function as noticeboards see formal review processes . 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) 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P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. FAQs (?) Reference desks (?) Noticeboards (?) Cheatsheet (?) Directories (?) Village pumps (?) About Wikipedia (?) Administration Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Administration Purpose Principles Purpose Principles Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests Who writes Wikipedia? Help for readers (?) FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media Contributing to Wikipedia (?) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule-set "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" "Ignore all rules" "The rules are principles" Style-tips Tip of the day Your first article ( article wizard ) Getting started (?) Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Why create an account? Introductions by topic Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial Picture tutorial IRC (live chat) tutorial VisualEditor user guide Dos and don'ts (?) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) Accessibility Biographies Biographies (living) Categorization Consensus Discussions Disambiguation Images Leads Links Lists References Tables Titles (of articles) How-to pages and information pages (?) Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations/references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Minor edit toolbar edit conflict Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging New page review Page name Renaming pages Renaming pages Redirect Passwords Email confirmation Email confirmation Reverting Simple vandalism cleanup Simple vandalism cleanup Talk pages ( archiving simple archiving ) User contributions WP search protocol Coding (?) Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Columns Elevation Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables Templates Transclusion URL Visual files Directories (?) Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Abbreviations Contents (Encyclopedia proper) Departments Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Tasks Tips Tools Missing Manual Ask for help on your talk page (?) v t e Wikipedia referencing v t e Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot v t e Wikipedia technical help v t e Get personal technical help at the Teahouse , help desk , village pump (technical) , talk pages , or IRC . General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Wikitext Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Wikitext Cheatsheet Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Links and diffs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Media files: images, videos and sounds Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Templates and Lua modules Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Data structure Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Automated editing AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki igloo STiki See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes Userboxes User talk Wikipedia WikiProject banners WikiProject banners All namespaces Deletion Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Deletion Speedy Speedy Formatting Maintenance Merging Moving Requested Requested Navigation Redirect pages Functional index Language codes Functional index Language codes Splitting Wikimedia sister projects Navboxes with templates Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Archiving Articles for deletion Birth, death and age Button Category header Citation and verifiability Citation Style 1 Deletion review Editnotice Hatnotes Help desk Inline cleanup Introduction cleanup IPA Math Notice and warnings Organization infoboxes Proposed article mergers Protection Quotation Redirects Search Semantics Speedy deletion Notices Notices String-handling Sup and sub-related Top icon Transwiki maintenance Unicode User talk pages User noticeboard notices Userboxes User rights User rights Userspace linking Userspace disclaimers Wikibreak WikiLove Inline images Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Wikipedia icons Discussion icons Comment icons Emoji Help pages Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Template documentation Examples of templates Maintenance template removal Requested templates Template help Quick guide Quick guide Favorite templates Template namespace Related topics WikiProject Templates Index Category WikiProject Templates Index Category Category Search Category Category v t e Awards, decorations, and medals of Wikipedia v t e Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country also by country Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 Ribbons Barnstar awards by topic by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 2.0 Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links v t e Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives Wikipedia information pages Wikipedia directories Wikipedia noticeboards Wikipedia pending changes protected pages This page was last edited on 20 August 2025, at 03:13 (UTC) . 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